computer organization and architecture assignment topics

• Engineering Mathematics
• Discrete Mathematics
• Operating System
• Computer Networks
• Digital Logic and Design
• C Programming
• Data Structures
• Theory of Computation
• Compiler Design
• Computer Org and Architecture

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

• Basic Computer Instructions
• What is Computer
• Issues in Computer Design
• Difference between assembly language and high level language
• Addressing Modes
• Difference between Memory based and Register based Addressing Modes
• Computer Organization | Von Neumann architecture
• Harvard Architecture
• Interaction of a Program with Hardware
• Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC)
• Instruction Set used in simplified instructional Computer (SIC)
• Instruction Set used in SIC/XE
• RISC and CISC in Computer Organization
• Vector processor classification
• Essential Registers for Instruction Execution
• Introduction of Single Accumulator based CPU organization
• Introduction of Stack based CPU Organization
• Machine Control Instructions in Microprocessor
• Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture
• Input and Output Systems
• Computer Organization | Different Instruction Cycles
• Machine Instructions
• Computer Organization | Instruction Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address Instruction)
• Difference between 2-address instruction and 1-address instructions
• Difference between 3-address instruction and 0-address instruction
• Register content and Flag status after Instructions
• Debugging a machine level program
• Vector Instruction Format in Vector Processors
• Vector instruction types
• Instruction Design and Format
• Introduction of ALU and Data Path
• Computer Arithmetic | Set - 1
• Computer Arithmetic | Set - 2
• Difference between 1's Complement representation and 2's Complement representation Technique
• Restoring Division Algorithm For Unsigned Integer
• Non-Restoring Division For Unsigned Integer
• Computer Organization | Booth's Algorithm
• How the negative numbers are stored in memory?
• Microprogrammed Control
• Computer Organization | Micro-Operation
• Microarchitecture and Instruction Set Architecture
• Types of Program Control Instructions
• Difference between CALL and JUMP instructions
• Computer Organization | Hardwired v/s Micro-programmed Control Unit
• Implementation of Micro Instructions Sequencer
• Performance of Computer in Computer Organization
• Introduction of Control Unit and its Design
• Computer Organization | Amdahl's law and its proof
• Subroutine, Subroutine nesting and Stack memory
• Different Types of RAM (Random Access Memory )
• Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM)
• 2D and 2.5D Memory organization

Input and Output Organization

• Priority Interrupts | (S/W Polling and Daisy Chaining)
• I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)
• Direct memory access with DMA controller 8257/8237
• Computer Organization | Asynchronous input output synchronization
• Programmable peripheral interface 8255
• Synchronous Data Transfer in Computer Organization
• Introduction of Input-Output Processor
• MPU Communication in Computer Organization
• Memory mapped I/O and Isolated I/O
• Memory Organization
• Introduction to memory and memory units
• Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics
• Register Allocations in Code Generation
• Cache Memory
• Cache Organization | Set 1 (Introduction)
• Multilevel Cache Organisation
• Difference between RAM and ROM
• What's difference between CPU Cache and TLB?
• Introduction to Solid-State Drive (SSD)
• Read and Write operations in Memory
• Instruction Level Parallelism
• Computer Organization and Architecture | Pipelining | Set 1 (Execution, Stages and Throughput)
• Computer Organization and Architecture | Pipelining | Set 3 (Types and Stalling)
• Computer Organization and Architecture | Pipelining | Set 2 (Dependencies and Data Hazard)
• Last Minute Notes Computer Organization

COA GATE PYQ's AND COA Quiz

• Computer Organization and Architecture
• Digital Logic & Number representation
• Number Representation
• Microprocessor
• GATE CS Preparation

Computer Organization and Architecture is used to design computer systems. Computer Architecture is considered to be those attributes of a system that are visible to the user like addressing techniques, instruction sets, and bits used for data, and have a direct impact on the logic execution of a program, It defines the system in an abstract manner, It deals with What does the system do.

Whereas, Computer Organization is the way in which a system has to structure and It is operational units and the interconnections between them that achieve the architectural specifications, It is the realization of the abstract model, and It deals with How to implement the system.

In this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial, you’ll learn all the basic to advanced concepts like pipelining, microprogrammed control, computer architecture, instruction design, and format.

Recent Articles on Computer Organisation

• Computer Arithmetic
• Miscellaneous
• Quick Links

Basic Computer Instructions :

• A simple understanding of Computer
• Computer System Level Hierarchy
• Computer Architecture and Computer Organization
• Timing diagram of MOV Instruction in Microprocessor
• Assembly language and High level language
• Memory based Vs Register based addressing modes
• Von Neumann architecture
• Data Transfer instructions in AVR microcontroller
• Arithmetic instructions in AVR microcontroller
• Conditional Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
• CALL Instructions and Stack in AVR Microcontroller
• Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
• Logical Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
• Data Manipulation Instructions

Instruction Design and Format :

• Different Instruction Cycles
• Instruction Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address Instruction)
• 2-address instruction and 1-address instructions
• 3-address instruction and 0-address instruction
• 3-address instruction and 2-address instructions

Computer Arithmetic :

• Computer Arithmetic | ALU and Data Path
• Computer Arithmetic | Set 1
• Computer Arithmetic | Set 2
• Difference between 1’s complement and 2’s complement
• Booth’s Algorithm

Microprogrammed Control :

• Micro-Operation
• Hardwired v/s Micro-programmed Control Unit

Memory Organization :

• What’s difference between CPU Cache and TLB?
• Different Types of RAM
• Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM)
• Introduction to solid-state drive (SSD)

Input and Output Systems :

• Asynchronous input output synchronization

Pipelining :

• Execution, Stages and Throughput
• Types and Stalling
• Dependencies and Data Hazard

IEEE Number Statndards

Miscellaneous :

• Generations of computer
• Introduction to quantum computing
• Conventional Computing vs Quantum Computing
• Flynn’s taxonomy
• Clusters In Computer Organisation
• Program for Binary To Decimal Conversion
• Program for Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Program for decimal to octal conversion
• Program for octal to decimal conversion
• Program for hexadecimal to decimal

Quick Links :

• ‘Quizzes’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !
• ‘Practice Problems’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !

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COA Tutorial

Computer organization and architecture.

The computer organization and architecture ( COA )  is one of the most important and comprehensive subject that includes many foundational concepts and knowledge used in the design of a computer system.

The COA also continues to be the most important part of the syllabus for computer science courses across all universities and also for various competitive examinations.  

This tutorial is specially designed for absolute beginners to study all the relevant topics related to computer organization and architecture .

Computer Organization and Architecture (COA) is a field of study that delves into the fundamental principles underlying the design, performance, and operation of computer systems.

It encompasses both the physical components of computers (organization) and the conceptual framework guiding their design and functionality (architecture). COA plays a crucial role in shaping the efficiency, performance, and capabilities of modern computing systems.

The COA important topics include all the fundamental concepts such as computer system functional units , processor micro architecture , program instructions, instruction formats , addressing modes , instruction pipelining, memory organization , instruction cycle , interrupts, instruction set architecture ( ISA ) and other important related topics.  

Let us first start with simple introduction to the computer architecture.  

COA Table Of Contents

• Introduction To COA .

What Is Computer Architecture ?

What is computer organization .

• Computer Architecture Block Diagram ?
• Computer System Functional Units.
• Computer Input Unit.
• Computer Output Unit.
• Central Processing Unit ( CPU ).
• Control Unit ( CU ).
• Arithmetic Logic Unit ( ALU ).
• Memory Unit ( MU ).
• CPU Registers.
• Computer Hardware.
• Computer Software.
• Application Software.
• System Software.
• Memory Organization.
• Instruction Cycle.
• Instruction Pipelining.
• Instruction Set Architecture ( ISA ).
• Instruction Format.
• Instruction Addressing Modes.
• Interrupts.
• Interrupt Types.
• Computer Bus System.
• Binary Number System.

In order to understand the term computer architecture , let us first discuss what is an architecture. The term architecture can be defined as an art and science of designing an object.

We generally relate the term architecture with the building because the building is one of the most common object in the human world. The architecture helps us to define the functional , physical and the performance  standards for any object.

Every object in the real world is based on some architecture. For example an architect will define the building in terms of building drawings and specifications for various building components.

Similarly , the system architecture defines various functional units of the computer system and how these units are interconnected and performance standards. It defines the system performance specifications and what system should achieve in terms of performance.

In simple words , the computer architecture is all about computer system design details expressed in terms of functional units and interconnection between these units.

The computer architecture helps us define the functional capabilities and the requirements for the computer system. The system architecture is a high level design specification that does not specify any specify details of the hardware components.

The computer architecture gives an abstracted view of the structure of various functional units and its behaviour.

In order to build a computer system , the first step is to design and develop the  system architecture. The next step in the system design process is to finalize the computer organization details.

Let us first understand the meaning of term organization in the context of computers. The term organization is defined as arranging , classifying things together logically to maximize the functional convenience.

The computer organization is based on the computer architecture. The computer organization implements the system architecture.

In simple words , the computer organization is all about organizing various system hardware components and how these components are interconnected.

The computer organization describe the details of the various hardware components related to the various functional units present in the system.

The computer organization deals with the arrangement of various system hardware components and the function performed by the components.

The computer organization defines the existence of various functional units and its components . It also defines the interaction between various functional component.

The computer organization defines the structure and behaviour of the digital computers. The main objective of the computer organization is to understand the various computer hardware components and the interaction between these components.

Difference Between Computer Architecture And Computer Organization

In general the terms “computer organization” and “computer architecture” are often used interchangeably. However, they can be distinguished by the following characteristics:

Computer Architecture

Computer architecture refers to the design and organization of computer systems, including their components and how they interact with each other. It encompasses both the hardware and software aspects of a computer system. Computer architecture defines the structure, functionality, and behavior ( Performance Standard ) of a computer system, enabling the execution of programs and the processing of data.

Computer architecture can be classified into different types. For example, von Neumann architecture , which is based on the concept of a stored-program computer, and more specialized architectures like Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) or Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC).

It also encompasses concepts like instruction pipelining, memory hierarchy, and multiprocessing, which further enhance system performance and functionality.

Computer architecture is concerned with the broader design principles and conceptual structure of a computer system. It encompassing both hardware and software aspects to achieve the desired level of system performance.

2. Level of Abstraction

It deals with a higher level of abstraction compared to computer organization. It focuses on the organization and behavior of the system in terms of system performance as seen by software developers and how it supports the execution of programs.

3. Instruction Set Design

Computer architecture defines the instruction set architecture (ISA), which specifies the set of instructions, addressing modes, and data types that a computer system supports.

4. Performance Evaluation

It involves evaluating and comparing different architectural designs based on performance metrics like execution time, throughput, and energy efficiency.

5. Examples

Examples of topics studied in computer architecture include instruction set design, pipelining, memory hierarchy, parallel processing, virtual memory, and overall system performance.

Computer Organization

Computer organization deals with the physical and implementation details of a computer system , focusing on the hardware components and their interconnections. On the other hand, computer architecture focuses on the conceptual design and structure of the system, considering both hardware and software aspects. It aims to optimize system performance and functionality.

Computer organization primarily concerns itself with the physical aspects of a computer system and how the hardware components are interconnected and operate together.

2. Level of Detail

It deals with the low-level details of a computer system, such as the design and organization of individual hardware components, circuits, and logic gates.

3. Implementation

Computer organization is concerned with the implementation details of a computer system architecture, including the design of registers, buses, memory systems, and Input and Output interfaces.

4. Performance Optimization

It aims to optimize the performance of the computer system by considering factors like clock speed, latency, bandwidth, and hardware-level optimizations.

Examples of topics studied in computer organization include CPU design, memory systems, cache hierarchies, bus protocols, and I/O subsystems.

Computer System Functional Units

In computer organization and architecture , the computer system can be classified into number of functional units. This classification is based on the specific function performed in the computer system.

The basic functional units ( operational Units ) of a computer system include following units.

• 1. Input Unit.
• 2. Central Processing Unit ( CPU ).
• 3. Control Unit ( CU ).
• 4. Arithmetic And Logic Unit ( ALU ).
• 5. Output Unit.

Computer System Input Unit

The main function of the input unit is to provide the data that will be operated by the CPU as per the program instructions.

The most commonly used input devices for any general purpose computer system include keyboard and mouse. However , computer can also accept the input from other input devices such as camera , scanner and mike.  

The computer system can accept the input from number of input devices such as keyboard , scanner , camera , mouse or any other input devices connected to the computer system.

Input Devices

Output Unit

Computer system output unit.

The main function of the output unit is to present the data to the user that is processed by the CPU as per the program instructions.

The most commonly used output devices for any general purpose computer system include display monitor , speaker and printer. However , computer can also send the output to other output devices such as projector, speaker and disk memory.  

The computer system can send the output to number of output devices such as display monitor , printer , projector , speaker or any other output devices connected to the computer system.

Output Devices

Micro-processor

Central processing unit ( cpu ).

The central processing unit ( CPU ) is said to be the brain of the computer system. It is the CPU that provides the processing power to the computer.

The CPU internally consist of three important units. These three units are control unit , Arithmetic And Logic Unit and memory unit. These three units together are referred as CPU.

The main function of the CPU is to execute the computer program. The CPU executes the program by fetching program instruction one by one from the main memory ( RAM ).

The control unit of the CPU decodes these instructions and performs the desired arithmetic and logical operations.

The CPU executes the program instruction by repetitively performing the instruction cycle . The Instruction cycle consist of four steps that include Fetch , Decode , Execute And Store.

What Is Central Processing Unit ?

Control Unit

Computer system control unit ( cu ).

The control unit ( CU ) is an important component of the central processing unit. The control unit of the CPU is responsible to control the working of all the hardware components connected to the system.

In other words , the main function of the control unit is to direct the various operations performed by the computer system. The control units transmit the control signals that directs the hardware components to perform specific operations.

The control unit  of the CPU is also responsible to decode the program instructions fetched from the memory. The CU decodes the program instruction as per the instruction format.

The CU after the decode operation directs the arithmetic and logic unit ( ALU ) of the CPU to perform the desired operation as per the Instruction Set Architecture ( ISA ) of the CPU.

What Is Control Unit ?

CPU Control Unit

How CPU Control Unit Works ?

Arithmetic and logic unit, computer system arithmetic and logic unit ( alu ).

The arithmetic logic unit ( ALU )  is the  mathematical brain of the computer placed inside the processor chip ( Central Processing Unit ).

The ALU essentially performs all the arithmetic and the logic operations performed by the CPU. It is the ALU that actually operates on the data.

The CPU initiates the program execution by fetching the program instructions from the main memory ( RAM ) . The control unit of the CPU decodes the instruction and directs the ALU to perform the desired operation on the data.

The ALU is an essential fundamental component of many digital computing circuits and also for all central processing unit CPU.

In order to operate on the data , the ALU perform three types of operations. The ALU operations include arithmetic , logical and shift operations.

What Is Arithmetic Logic Unit ( ALU ) ?

Memory Unit

Computer system memory unit ( mu ).

The main function of the memory unit is to store the data. The computer system memory unit consist of different types of memory.

The computer system memory can be grouped into two basic types that is primary and secondary memory.

The primary memory ( main memory RAM ) is called temporary or volatile memory. The secondary memory ( disk memory) is called permanent or non-volatile memory.

Different types of  memory used in a computer system are organized in a hierarchical order in order to optimize the system performance.

The CPU executes the program instructions at very high speed. Whereas the data transfer from the main memory RAM to the CPU is relatively slow.

And therefore , high speed cache memory is placed between the CPU and main memory RAM. The CPU stores the frequently used data into the cache memory that can be accessed at high speed as compared to the RAM.

The CPU also makes use of another very high speed memory called CPU registers built right inside the processor chip.

The processor micro-architecture consist of number of very high speed internal memory inside the CPU called registers .

The processor internally use different types of registers at different stages of the instruction cycle during the program execution.

Computer Memory Unit

CPU Registers

In processor micro architecture, the CPU registers are vary high speed memory placed inside the processor chip. In memory hierarchy , the register is the smallest in size but has the highest data access speed.

Depending upon the processor architecture , the CPU can have number of registers. The registers are used by the CPU during the execution of program instructions.

The registers plays an important role during the execution of instruction cycle performed by the CPU.

CPU Registers Example

Intel 8085 architecture registers.

The registers are high speed temporary memory area built into the processor chip. The registers are integral part of every processor internal memory unit.

The registers provide very high data access speed that is much faster than the cache memory. And therefore , the registers are used by the processor as temporary memory during the program execution.

What Are CPU Registers ?

Intel 8085 Registers

Computer Hardware

In computer architecture , the computer hardware are the physical components either connected inside the computer cabinet or connected externally.

The main function of the hardware components is execute the operation as directed by the CPU. The hardware system components can be electronic , electrical or mechanical components.

The computer hardware components can be electronic components such as motherboard , processor , display monitor , storage disk and main memory RAM.

The computer hardware components can also be electrical components such as power supply unit SMPS and electrical wires used to supply electric supply.

The hardware components also include mechanical parts such as computer cabinet where internal system components are assembled and interconnected.

The hardware components are driven by a system software called device driver . The operating system communicates with hardware through device driver.

What Is Computer Hardware ?

Computer Software

The computer software and hardware are two essential components of the computer system.

The software is designed to direct the computer to perform specific operations. Whereas , the computer hardware actually executes the program instructions to perform the desired operation.

A software is simply a computer program or a group of programs created for the purpose of providing a specific service. A software can be written in any programming language such as C language , Java , Python or any other language.

For example , we use MS word for creating documents , web browsers for browsing the internet , media players for watching video contents and so on.

In computer architecture , the computer system essentially make use of two types of software. The first type of software is called an application software and the second type is called a system software.

What Is Computer Software ?

Application Software

In computer architecture , the application software is designed and developed to allow the system user to perform various tasks on the  computer.

The application software provides an interface to the user to use the computer for various applications. The user can install various application software on computer as per the user requirements.

For example , we use accounting software to perform accounting work . Similarly , each application software has specific purpose to provide service to the user.

What Is Application Software ?

System Software

In computer architecture , the system software works as an interface between the operating system and the hardware components.

The operating system communicates with hardware component through a special software called a device driver . The computer system also needs other system software essential to perform some important functions.

The system software is used by the computer itself to communicate and control various hardware components connected to the computer.

The operating system is also a type of system software that is essential for every computer system . The operating system handles all the crucial functions and the system resources.

What Is System Software ?

Computer Memory Organization

The memory unit is another important functional unit present in the computer organization and architecture. The computer memory is a finite resource that is managed by the operating system ( OS ).

The computer memory is used to store the data and the program instructions. In computer system , the random access memory ( RAM )  is considered to be the primary memory ( main memory ).

The primary memory RAM is a temporary ( volatile ) memory and the  secondary disk memory is referred as permanent ( non-volatile ) memory.

In computer architecture , the memory is divided into large number of memory cells ( block ). The computer memory is linear and organized as series of group of bits ( 8 Bits = 1 Byte ) called byte .

A single block of memory consist of eight bits ( 8 Bits ) that is equal to one byte ( 1 Byte ). Each byte in the computer memory represents a unique memory location with unique memory address .

The computer memory is also organized as word addressable memory. In computer organization, the term word is defined as group bits ( 8 Bits , 16 Bits , 32 Bits ) that can be transferred simultaneously between the CPU and main memory RAM.

The word size in memory organization defined the number of bits that can be processed together in a single CPU operation.

Instruction Cycle

The main function of the central processing unit ( CPU ) is to execute the program. The computer program consist of number of instructions . These instructions direct the computer to perform the desired operations.

In order to execute the program , the operating system allocates the necessary resources. The operating system loads the program instructions along with associated data into the main memory RAM.

The CPU initiates the program execution by fetching the data and instructions from the main memory RAM. The CPU execution mechanism is called instruction cycle.

The instruction cycle is the basic operation of the CPU which essentially consist of  which essentially consist of sequence of three operations. These three operations include fetch , decode and execute .

The CPU repetitively performs the   instruction cycle to perform various operations as per the program instructions. The instruction cycle internally consist of another CPU operation called machine cycle .

The CPU operations and the instruction cycle is synchronized by the stream of clock signals. The clock signals are generated by the timing and control signal generator of the control unit .

CPU Instruction Cycle

Instruction Pipelining

Instruction Pipeline Architecture

The processor chip manufacturing companies have to constantly innovate the new technology and the microprocessor design in order to improve the processor performance.

In computer architecture, the instruction pipelining is a technique used that helps to utilize the processing power of the CPU. The instruction pipelining aims to significantly improve the CPU performance.

The computer program consist of multiple instructions. The CPU repetitively performs the instruction cycle to execute the program instructions.

The instruction cycle is executed in four stages or operations . These four operations are fetch , decode , execute and store. Each stage is designed to perform a certain part of the instruction  cycle  .

The instruction pipelining technique allows the processor to concurrently execute different stages of the instruction cycle for multiple instructions.

Instruction Non-Pipeline Architecture

The pipelined concurrent execution of the instructions allows  the processor to simultaneously initiate the execution of multiple instructions.

In simpler CPUs, the instruction cycle is executed sequentially.  The CPU executes each instruction one by one. Such sequential execution is referred as non-pipelined architecture.

However , In  most  modern  processors use the pipelining technology which allows the CPU to simultaneously execute more number of instructions.   

In instruction pipelined architecture , the next instruction processing  starts even  before  the  previous instruction  has finished. This  results into  improved  CPU  performance.

Instruction Set Architecture ( ISA )

In computer organization and architecture , the instruction set architecture ( ISA ) is defined as a set of binary commands supported by the processor chip.

Each processor chip design is based on the specific Instruction set architecture ( ISA ). The ISA merely defines the set of operations that must be supported by the CPU that implements a specific ISA.

The ISA does not specify the details of its implementation inside the processor chip. Rather , the ISA only specify the capability of the processor in terms of binary operations performed by the processor.

For example , you will find many processor that implement x86 ISA . However , each processor can have different ISA implementation despite being based on the same x86 architecture.

The instruction set architecture ( ISA ) also defines the maximum length of the program statement. And therefore , the implementation of the ISA, the statement length is restricted within maximum permissible limit.  

Similarly , the ISA also defines the instruction format for different types of instructions. The instruction format defines how the entire instruction is encoded within the specified instruction format.

The processor micro-architecture is referred to the actual implementation of the ISA into the processor chip. The micro-architecture defines the performance and the efficiency of the processor design.

Instruction Format

The CPU is responsible to execute the program. However, the CPU can decode and execute only machine instructions in the binary format.

And therefore , all computer programs written in any high level programming language must be first converted machine instruction .

During the program compilation stage, the compiler converts the high level program instructions into low level standard machine instructions in a specific format. This standard machine instruction format is defined as “ Instruction Format ”.

These machine instructions can be directly decoded and executed by the processor. The instruction format defines the pattern of bits that consist of three parts.

Each part of the instruction format directs the CPU while decoding the program instructions. The instruction format consist of addressing mode , operation code ( OPCODE ) and the data ( OPERAND ).

The addressing mode helps to decode location of the data , the OPCODE specify the operation to be performed and the OPERAND specify the integer data value.

What Is Instruction Format ?

Addressing Modes

Instruction Format Addressing Modes

In simple words , the addressing mode is the field ( single bit ) in the instruction format that directs the processor regarding how to locate the data that is to be operated by the CPU.

The addressing mode is represented by a single bit in the instruction format. It provides the information about the operand whether it contains either the data or address of the data.

In microprocessor architecture,  the instruction format is a standard machine instruction format that CPU can decode and execute.

Depending upon the instruction type , the pattern of bits in the machine instruction format consist of three parts.

The first part indicates the addressing mode , the second part OPCODE specifies the operation to be performed and the third part OPERAND either data or address of the data.

the addressing mode for the machine instruction specifies the rules for the CPU while operating on the OPERAND .

The addressing mode part of the machine instruction format  allows to specify whether the OPERAND value is a direct data Or It is an indirect referencing.

If the addressing mode specified is indirect  then the OPERAND contains a memory address that points to the actual data. However , If the addressing mode specified is direct   then the OPERAND contains the actual data .

The machine code instruction format can use different types of addressing mode depending upon the type of the instruction and the processor architecture.

Interrupts In COA

Hardware and software interrupts.

In computer architecture , the interrupts are defined as signals ( service call ) sent to the processor either by the hardware components or by the software to seek the processor response.

The interrupt signals generated by the hardware is called as hardware interrupt . Whereas, the interrupt signals generated by the program is called as software interrupt ( also called as traps ).

The interrupt events or signals are called interrupt because these events  prompts the processor to pause the normal execution of the CPU instruction cycle and respond to the interrupt signal.

The processor response to the interrupt signals depends upon the priority and the type of interrupt.

The processor responds to an interrupt by pausing the current process execution and an interrupt service routine ISR ( also called as an interrupt handler ) is executed by the processor.

After executing the ISR, the processor then resumes its previous process after the service routine (  interrupt handler )  is executed in response to an interrupt signal.    

What Are Interrupts ?

Computer Bus

Computer Bus Architecture

In computer system architecture , the computer buses are defined as the wired connections that connect the CPU and various hardware components.

The computer buses are group of wires running across the computer system. The computer buses transfer data , control signals and memory address.

In order to execute the program , the CPU needs to communicate with main memory RAM and other hardware components. The computer system makes use of three types of buses which include data bus , control bus and address bus .

The CPU continuously perform the memory read and write operations. The data transfer take place using the data bus. The CPU also transmits control signals through control bus .

Similarly , the CPU communicates with the memory controller and the main memory ram using the address bus. The address bus is used to transfer the memory address required for memory read and write operations.

Binary Number System

In simple words , the number system is a system of counting. There are many number systems exist in mathematics. We are all familiar with decimal number that we use in our everyday life.

However , the computer and other digital devices do not understand the decimal number system. Rather , the computers can understand and execute only machine instructions in binary .

In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number system that uses only two numbers ( either zero 0   OR  one 1 ) to represents any number.

A computer system is a digital device. The micro processor ( CPU )  inside the computer functions as a system’s brain. The processor internally consist of millions of tiny components called transistor .

These transistors can be programmed to function like a micro switch that can be switched on or off . And therefore , the processor can execute commands represented only two states ( on or off ).

These two states can be easily represented in the binary. The binary commands use only two digits that is 0 ( zero ) and 1 ( one ).

Why Computer Use Binary Number System ?

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Computer Organization and Architecture Notes PDF | B Tech (2024)

• Post last modified: 11 January 2023
• Reading time: 25 mins read
• Post category: B Tech Study Material

Download Computer Organization and Architecture Notes PDF, syllabus for B Tech, BCA, MCA (2024). We provide complete computer organization and architecture pdf. Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book , computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus , computer organization and architecture question paper, MCQ, case study, computer organization and architecture questions and answers and available in computer organization and architecture pdf form.

Computer Organization and Architecture subject are included in B Tech CSE, BCA, MCA, M Tech, ESE, Engineering. So, students can able to download computer organization and architecture notes pdf .

Table of Content

• 1 Computer Organization and Architecture Syllabus
• 2 Computer Organization and Architecture PDF
• 3.1 What is Computer Organization and Architecture?
• 4 Computer Organization and Architecture Questions and Answers
• 5 Computer Organization and Architecture Question Paper
• 6 Computer Organization and Architecture Book

Computer Organization and Architecture Notes can be downloaded in computer organization and architecture pdf from the below article

Computer Organization and Architecture Syllabus

Detailed computer organization and architecture syllabus as prescribed by various Universities and colleges in India are as under. You can download the syllabus in computer organization and architecture pdf form.

Unit I – Basic structure of Computers Operational concepts – Bus structures – Arithmetic operations – Memory operations – Addressing modes – Basic I/O operations – Performance-RISC – CISC.

Unit II – Arithmetic Unit Addition & subtraction of signed numbers – Binary Multiplication: Booth‟s algorithm – Bit pair recoding – Carry save addition – Unsigned Integer multiplication & division algorithm – Floating point operations.

Unit III – Processing unit Control unit – Pipelining – Multiple bus organization – Hardwired control – Micro programmed control – Hazards – Data path – Embedded systems.

Unit IV – Memory System Basic concepts – Semiconductor RAM memory – Cache memory – Performance considerations – Virtual memory – Secondary storage.

Unit V – I/O Organization and Logic Circuits Accessing I/O devices – Interrupts – DMA -Buses – Interface circuits – Serial communication links – Logic Circuits – Practical Implementation of Logic Gates – Case studies of various computer architectures

Computer Organization and Architecture PDF

Computer organization and architecture notes, what is computer organization and architecture.

Definition: Computer Organization and Architecture is the study of internal working, structuring and implementation of a computer system. Architecture in computer system, same as anywhere else, refers to the externally visual attributes of the system.

Organization of computer system is the way of practical implementation which results in realization of architectural specifications of a computer system.

Architecture of computer system can be considered as a catalog of tools available for any operator using the system, while Organization will be the way the system is structured so that all those cataloged tools can be used, and that in an efficient fashion. ( wikiversity )

Computer Organization and Architecture Questions and Answers

Some of the computer organization and architecture question bank with answers pdf are mentioned below. You can download the QnA in computer organization and architecture pdf form.

Computer Organization and Architecture Question Paper

If you have already studied the computer organization and architecture notes , now it’s time to move ahead and go through previous year computer organization and architecture question paper .

It will help you to understand question paper pattern and type of computer organization and architecture questions and answers asked in B Tech, BCA, MCA, M Tech computer organization and architecture exam. You can download the syllabus in computer organization and architecture pdf form.

Computer Organization and Architecture Book

Below is the list of computer organization and architecture book recommended by the top university in India.

• C. Hamacher, Z. Vranesic, S. Zaky, “Computer Organization”, Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, 2011.
• David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy, “Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface”, Fifth Edition, Elsevier 2013.
• W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture”, Tenth Edition, Pearson Education, 2015.

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Computer Organization and Architecture (2-1-1)

SPRING 2019-20

Lecture: monday(8:45 am-10:45 am); lab: monday(10:50 am - 1:50 pm); tuesday(8:45 am - 10:45 am);.

Venue: Room-5006, CC3 Building

Course Objective:

Course Outline:

References:

2.       Carl Hamachar, Zvonco Vranesic and Safwat Zaky, Computer Organization, McGraw Hill

3.       William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, Pearson Education

4.       John P. Hayes , Computer Architecture and Organization, McGraw Hill

5.       Morris Mano , Computer System Architecture, Pearson Education

6.       Michael D. Ciletti , Advanced Digital Design with the Verilog HDL, 2nd Edition, Pearson

Important Instructions:

1.          Classes will be conducted using slide presentation as well as chalk-board.

2.          Official slide sets and miscellaneous study materials from some of the main text books and elsewhere will be uploaded on the web site on a regular basis.

3.          Every student is expected to have access to at least one of the references mentioned above .

4.          Attendance in the classes is mandatory. If the attendance of a student falls below 75% at the end of the C2 component, he/she will be dropped from the course

5.          Grading Policy :

o    30%: Component 1 - Closed book exam (10%); Take home assignment (10%) and Lab assignment (10%)

o    30%: Component 2 - Closed book exam (10%); Take home assignment (10%) and Lab assignment (10%)

o    40%: Component 3 - Closed book written exam

6.          Take home assignments : They will be assigned at the beginning of a module (announcements will be made on the course web-site every week). These assignments will not only help you in development of an in-depth idea of each topic of the course but will also serve to prepare for your written examinations. They will be evaluated during tutorial classes. You will have to explain your solution to the TAs during tutorial classes ( deadlines will be mentioned on the course website) and you may be assigned group projects which have to be demonstrated during tutorial sessions.

Lab Course Outline:

The lab classes will mainly consist of (a) Simulation of Verilog models for digital systems (including data path and control path design of a simple hypothetical CPU) using proprietory/open source simulation tools (b) simulation of MIPS32 programs using MARS/SPIM simulator. It is expected that students perform the lab assignments seriously to have a more refined knowledge of the topics.

Tools and Language

Regarding Modelsim

Regarding MARS

Open Source Simulators

Machines, OS and Editors

Lab Related Instructions

Announcements:

1.          C1 review test solutions

2.          Semester Project

3.          C2 review test solutions

4.          C3 review test solutions

1.          Quiz1 solutions

2.          Mid-sem solutions

3.          Quiz2 solutions

4.          End-sem solutions

         Click to view your marks (midsem- updated and quizzes)

Important Links: WWW Computer Architecture

Tutorial/Resources

Lab Assignments

Lab Resources

Introduction

An Introductory Lecture - IITM

Installing Modelsim

Modelsim Setup - Linux ( .run file)

modelsim.sh

Basics of Logic Design - Part 1

Logic Design

Data Representation

Instructing the Computer-1

Instructing the Computer-2

Assignment 1

Tut 1 : Getting Started with Modelsim

Tut 2 : Verilog Modelling using Modelsim

Detailed Tutorial on Modelsim

Verilog modelling

Combinational Circuit Design Using Verilog

Basics of Logic Design - Part 2

Sequential Circuits

Design of Sequential Circuits

Design of Finite State Machines

Home-Work Assignment 1

MIPS Instruction Set Architecture

MIPS Instruction Set

Assignment 2

Sequential Circuit Design Using Verilog

FSM Design Using Verilog

Discussion on Homework / Evaluation 1

Assembly Language Programming Using MIPS Instruction Set

Home-Work Assignment 2

Getting Started with MIPS using MARS

JRE Download

MARS Download

Discussion on Homework / Evaluation 2

MIPS Assignment 1

Tut 1: MIPS Programming Using MARS

Expected leave on account of ASMITA

Arithmetic for Computer Systems

MIPS Assignment 2

Tut 2: MIPS Programming Using MARS

C1 Component Period

Memory System

Exploiting Memory Hierarchy

MIPS Assignment 3

Cache Memory

Tut 3 : Cache Simulator

Additional Resources

Assignments

Combinational Circuits

Logic Gates

Problem Set 1

Registers and Counters

Problem Set 2

Finite State Machine Design

1. Integer representation

2. Floating Point representation

Problem Set 3

Problem Set 4

Computer Arithmetic

Arithmetic Circuits

Instruction Set Architecture

MIPS Programming

Data Path Design

Control Unit Design

Input/Output

Input Output Organization

Programming the Basic Computer

Simple RISC Instruction Set

ARM Instruction Set

A GUI based SimpleRisc emulator

Problem Set : ARM

Designing the CPU

Input/Output System

Ch 12 slides from book Computer Organization and Design by S.Sarangi

Browse Course Material

Course info, instructors.

• Dr. Joel Emer
• Prof. Krste Asanovic
• Prof. Arvind

Departments

• Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

As Taught In

• Computer Design and Engineering
• Theory of Computation

Learning Resource Types

Computer system architecture, assignments.

This section contains the problem sets assigned for the course. Each of the problem sets is related to a module. Although problem solutions do not have to be handed in (and consequently, are not graded), it is essential that students become thoroughly familiar with the material and therefore are encouraged to work through all problems.

The self-assessment test was handed out during the first lecture and used to assess each student’s preparation for the course. The test was due one week later in the lecture. The handouts were provided to students to assist them in completing the problem sets. Students were expected to study the handouts before solving the problems. Instructors may request the solutions for these assignments by using the MIT OpenCourseWare feedback form.

You are leaving MIT OpenCourseWare

• Computer Science and Engineering
• NOC:Computer architecture and organization (Video) 
• Co-ordinated by : IIT Kharagpur
• Available from : 2017-06-08
• Intro Video
• Lecture 1 : Evolution of Computer Systems
• Lecture 2 : Basic Operation of a Computer
• Lecture 3 : Memory Addressing and Languages
• Lecture 4 : Software and Architecture Types
• Lecture 5 : Instruction Set Architecture
• Lecture 6 : Number Representation
• Lecture 7 : Instruction Format and Addressing Modes
• Lecture 8 : CISC and RISC Architecture
• Lecture 9 : MIPS32 Instruction Set
• Lecture 10 MIPS Programming Examples
• Lecture 11 : SPIM – A MIPS32 SIMULATOR
• Lecture 12 : MEASURING CPU PERFORMANCE
• Lecture 13 : CHOICE OF BENCHMARKS
• Lecture 14 : SUMMARIZING PERFORMANCE RESULTS
• Lecture 15 : AMADAHL’S LAW (PART 1)
• Lecture 16 : AMADAHL’S LAW (PART 2)
• Lecture 17 : DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT (PART 1)
• Lecture 18 :DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT (PART 2)
• Lecture 19 : DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT (PART 3)
• Lecture 20 : DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT (PART 4)
• Lecture 21 : MIPS IMPLEMENTATION (PART 1)
• Lecture 22 : MIPS IMPLEMENTATION (PART 2)
• Lecture 23 : PROCESSOR MEMORY INTERACTION
• Lecture 24 : STATIC AND DYNAMIC RAM
• Lecture 25 : ASYNCHRONOUS DRAM
• Lecture 26 : SYNCHRONOUS DRAM
• Lecture 27 :MEMORY INTERFACING AND ADDRESSING
• Lecture 28 : MEMORY HIERARCHY DESIGN (PART 1)
• Lecture 29 : MEMORY HIERARCHY DESIGN (PART 2)
• Lecture 30 : CACHE MEMORY (PART 1)
• Lecture 31 : CACHE MEMORY (PART 2)
• Lecture 32 : IMPROVING CACHE PERFORMANCE
• Lecture 33 : DESIGN OF ADDERS (PART 1)
• Lecture 34 : DESIGN OF ADDERS (PART 2)
• Lecture 35 : DESIGN OF MULTIPLIERS (PART 1)
• Lecture 36 : DESIGN OF MULTIPLIERS (PART 2)
• Lecture 37 : DESIGN OF DIVIDERS
• Lecture 38 : FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS
• Lecture 39 : FLOATING-POINT ARITHMETIC
• Lecture 40 : BASIC PIPELINING CONCEPTS
• Lecture 41 : PIPELINE SCHEDULING
• Lecture 42 : ARITHMETIC PIPELINE
• Lecture 43 : SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
• Lecture 44 : INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANIZATION
• Lecture 45 : DATA TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
• Lecture 46 : INTERRUPT HANDLING (PART 1)
• Lecture 47 : INTERRUPT HANDLING (PART 2)
• Lecture 48 : DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS
• Lecture 49 : SOME EXAMPLE DEVICE INTERFACING
• Lecture 50: EXERCISES ON I/O TRANSFER
• Lecture 51 : BUS STANDARDS
• Lecture 52 : BUS STANDARDS
• Lecture 53: PIPELINING THE MIPS32 DATA PATH
• Lecture 54: MIPS PIPELINE (Contd.)
• Lecture 55: PIPELINE HAZARDS (PART 1)
• Lecture 56: PIPELINE HAZARDS (PART 2)
• Lecture 57: PIPELINE HAZARDS (PART 3)
• Lecture 58: PIPELINE HAZARDS (PART 4)
• Lecture 59 : MULTICYCLE OPERATIONS IN MIPS32
• Lecture 60 : EXPLOITING INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM
• Lecture 61 : VECTOR PROCESSORS
• Lecture 62: MULTI-CORE PROCESSORS
• Lecture 63 : SOME CASE STUDIES
• Lecture 64 : SUMMARIZATION OF THE COURSE
• Live Session 30-09-2021
• Live Session 26-11-2020
• Watch on YouTube
• Assignments
• Download Videos
• Transcripts
• Lecture Notes (1)

List of Semester Projects for Computer Organization

• Objective: (The objective describes the goal of the project work.)
• Theory: (The theory is formal design comprising descriptions, essential mathematics, formulas, drivations, etc.)
• Design: (The design part comprises flow-charts, algorithms, tables, diagrams, derivations, etc.)
• Implementation: (The implementation is description of functional modules of code, hierarchical relationship, coding with built-in documentation, list of system requirements, like compilers, operating system, etc.)
• Debugging-Test-run: (The Test-run and result part of the report contains detailed method of testing, assuring that the code is fool-proof and fully debugged.)
• Results analysis (if any): (The Analysis part should discuss other aspects, like complexity of algorithms in terms of average and worst case complexity for time and space, robutsness of the approach used, finer technical details, etc.)
• Conclusion and Future Improvements: (The conclusion and future aspect should summarize the project in brief, what improvements can be possible which could not be considered due to time limits, limitations (if any in the design and implementation), various applications of this design, etc.)
• Bibliography: The bibliography section should provide the detailed list of references of books, journals, websites, conferences, and others in the standard accepted formats.
• Design and computer architecture: Design a processor with minimum number of instructions, so that it can do the basic arithmatic and logic operations.
• Design a serial interface to connect the 8085 micro-processor with a keyboard for that on pressing of enter key of keyboard, it can receive the characters typed.
• Design and pipeline architecture for 2,3,4 stages pipeline.
• Using microprogram as instructions directly: Consider that there is no "instruction set", no program counter (but microprogram counter), no instruction fetch in the normal sense. Your machine and "program" is THE microprogram itself. You have to add some fields into microprogram word such as : ADD R0, R1, R2 which hold the appropriate values.
• Give a comparative study of 8085, 6502, and NSC micro-processors
• Design a Turing machine using java, to implement basic operations of TM.
• Write program to generate assembly code from prefix code.
• Simulate a word multiplier.
• Simulate a word divider.
• Suggest a high speed addition method and logic for 4-bit addition.
• Microprocessor-based automatic door opener.
• Microprocessor based furnance temperature controller.
• Microprocessor based water level controller in domestic water storage tank (when water goes above a height, it switches off the pump motor, and when it goes below some level, it switches ON the pump motor).
• Microprocessor based automatic attendance recorder (make use of RFID: a unique for each student).
• Microprocessor based ECG recorder.
• Design and implement an arbitrary precision four function calculator.
• Stack machine ISA : Design a stack machine, its instruction set must be stack oriented (no register!).
• Implement quick sort using 8085 assembly language.
• Implemet binary search using 8085 assembly language.
• Implement matrix multiplication using 8085 assembly language.
• Design a instruction set for a limited functionality machine having all instructions of 8-bits fixed length only, including opcode and operands.
• Write/create a tool for bench-marking of a hardware (CPU).
• Suggest and design a minimal cpu architecture for controlling the washing machine.
• Simulate modern traffic controlsystem.
• Project for piano sound generation.
• Quantum Compters.
• DNA Computers.

EE282: Computer Systems Architecture

Instructor : Caroline Trippel Teaching Assistant : Yao Hsiao , Akshit Goel

• Understand core design paradigms that are foundational to architecting advanced computer systems and how/when they are used, including: pipelining, parallelism, out-of-order execution, prediction (or speculation), locality and caching, indirection, amortization, redundancy, specialization, focus on the common case (for efficiency), focus on the uncommon case (for security).
• Understand the basics of advanced processor design, including core and memory systems architecture.
• Understand the basics of specialized hardware design, including the architecture of GPUs, AI Processors, and other accelerators.
• Understand the basics of hardware support for datacenter workloads, including hardware support for virtualization and networking, and how these hardware features interact with low-level systems software.
• Get hands-on experience in using an architecture simulator to conduct a design space exploration for a multi-core processor implementation.
• Get hands-on experience in implementing advanced processor optimizations in SystemVerilog.
• Get hands-on experience in formally verifying an open-source processor implementation using commercial-grade model-checkers.

News (top is most recent)

• (5/24) Problem Set 3 due date has been extended to May 31, 1pm PST.
• (5/20) Programming Assignment 2 has been released. It is due June 4, 1pm PST.
• (5/10) Problem Set 3 has been released. It is due May 26, 1pm PST.
• (5/6) Programming Assignment 1 has been released. It is due May 20, 1pm PST.
• (4/28) We will not have the office hour on May 4.
• (4/28) We will have the virtual office hour/midterm review session (SCPD students) on May 2 from 5:30AM-6:30PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
• (4/28) We will have the virtual office hour/midterm review session on May 2 from 11:00AM-1:00PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
• (4/28) We will have a review session on April 29 from 2:30PM-5:00PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
• (4/21) Problem Set 2 has been released. It is due May 10, 1pm PST.
• (4/14) We will have a review session on April 15 from 3:00PM-4:30PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
• (4/7) We will have a review session on April 8 from 3:00PM-4:30PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
• (4/5) Problem Set 1 has been released. It is due April 21, 1pm PST.
• Sneha's March 30th office hours will be held over zoom [Password: 101121] from 3:00pm.
• Programming Assignment 3 released here . It is due June 6, 1pm PST on Gradescope. Setup instructions are available here .
• Programming Assignment 2 released here . It is due May 18, 1pm PST on Gradescope. Setup instructions are available here .
• (05/14) Schedule for lectures and homework due date after 5/13 are updated. Please refer new schedule as below, where problem 9 and problem 12 due dates are updated to 5/28 and 5/21 respectively. Still only 1 late day may be used for problem 15 and 16
• Problem 7 due date is postponed to 05/03 and only 1 late day may be used for this problem so we can distribute solution back in time for midterm preparation.
• Problem 8 due date is postponed to 05/14, but is strongly suggested to work through it since the topic will be covered in midterm.
• Schedule for lectures after midterm and homework due date are updated please refer new schedule as below. Only 1 late day may be used for problem 15 and 16
• (04/27) Problem 3 and 4 solutions are shared via email. Please reach out to TA if you submitted them but did not receive the solution.
• (04/24) Problem 9 due date is postponed to 05/14 and Programming Assignment 2 due date is postponed to 05/23 (See update on 04/29)
• (04/22) Problem 1 and 2 solution here
• (04/10) Programming Assignment 1 released here . It is due May 7, 11:59pm PST on Gradescope.
• GCP setup instructions released here .
• (04/04) Problem Set for the quarter released here .
• (04/03) Participation points for SCPD students: Please finish assignments on Canvas within 1 week after the lecture recording is available.
• (04/01) Caroline's and Yao's office hours are updated as follows
• Please make sure you have access to the Canvas, Ed and GradeScope (links posted above).
• Welcome to EE282!

Required Textbook: HP : J. Hennessy & D. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach , 6th edition. MC : Morgan Claypool Synthesis Lectures (available through the library using your SUID). Problem Set (for the Reference Problems in the table below) Programming Assignment 1 Programming Assignment 2 -->

Homework and Projects

• 1 day late: 25% of the maximum allowable marks
• 2 days late: 50% of the maximum allowable marks
• 3+ days late: 75% of the maximum allowable marks

Problem Sets

• Problem Set 3 , due Thursday 5/31, at 1pm PST. Solutions
• Problem Set 2 , due Tuesday 5/10, at 1pm PST. Solutions
• Problem Set 1 , due Thursday 4/21, at 1pm PST. Solutions

Programming Assignments

• GCE Setup Instructions
• Programming Assignment 1 , due Friday 5/20, at 1pm PST.
• Programming Assignment 2 , due Saturday 6/4, at 1pm PST.

Announcements: Visit this web page regularly to access all the handouts, solutions, and announcements. Please check your email regularly as well for announcements from Ed!

• Caroline Trippel: Wednesdays (10:50am - 11:50am, Gates 470) (starting 04/03/2024) or by appointment.
• Yao Hsiao: Following slots (starting 04/02/2024) or by appointment
• Tuesdays 9:00am - 10:00am, Gates 259
• Mondays 10:50am - 11:50am on Zoom
• Akshit Goel: Thursdays 1:30pm - 2:30pm, Packard 107
• Fridays, 9:00AM - 10:00AM, over zoom and it is recorded.
• Midterm on Monday, May 6th (9:30AM - 10:50AM PST) in Thornton 102, covers lectures 1-10.
• Final on Tuesday, June 11th (9:30AM - 10:30AM PST) in TBD, covers lectures 1-18.
• No more than 2 people can collaborate on a homework or project assignment.
• Students working together should submit a single assignment for the pair .
• Any assistance received for homework or programming assignment solutions should be acknowledged in writing with specific details.
• No sharing of code, or partial or complete solutions among groups is permitted.

SCPD Video Recording Disclaimer: Video cameras located in the back of the room will capture the instructor presentations in this course. For your convenience, you can access these recordings by logging into the course Canvas site. These recordings might be reused in other Stanford courses, viewed by other Stanford students, faculty, or staff, or used for other education and research purposes. Note that while the cameras are positioned with the intention of recording only the instructor, occasionally a part of your image or voice might be incidentally captured. If you have questions, please contact a member of the teaching team.

Adapted from a template by Andreas Viklund .

Computer architecture and organization

Note: This exam date is subjected to change based on seat availability. You can check final exam date on your hall ticket.

Page Visits

Course layout, books and references, instructor bio.

Prof. Indranil Sengupta

Prof. Kamalika Datta

Course certificate.

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computer-architecture

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