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The Ultimate Guide to Gender Reassignment in Thailand

Top clinics in thailand.

. Table of content

Introduction.

Last fact-checked: 4 January 2023

Gender reassignment surgery (also known as sex-change, gender affirmation, or sex reassignment surgery (SRS)) refers to medical procedures sought by transgender or non-binary individuals which align one’s physical appearance or functional ability with the gender to which they identify.

While such surgeries have become increasingly more commonplace around the world thanks to improved techniques and greater awareness of this often-stigmatized issue, the cost of gender reassignment surgery still poses a major stumbling block.

When traveling to Thailand, however, patients save between 60% to 70% on the cost of their surgery (which can total more than $40,000 in countries like Australia, the UK and the US), as well as skip the long waiting lists often found in the West.

Use Medical Departures to find a world-class surgeon in Thailand, one of the world’s leading destinations for gender reassignment.

What Is the Cost of Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand?

For many patients, the cost of undergoing gender reassignment surgery in their own country can be prohibitive. By choosing to undergo treatment in Thailand, treatment becomes a much more realistic and attainable dream.

The overall cost will depend upon the extent of the work to be carried out; as a general guide:

• A male-to-female sex change (genital reconstruction only) operation in the US could cost as much as USD $25,000 - 30,000 (AUD 36,000 - 44,000)
• In Thailand, the same medical treatment at an established, well-regarded facility costs around USD $7,000 - $12,000.

For patients seeking to add breast augmentation (implants), voice feminisation surgery, and Adam’s apple reduction (tracheal shave), prices may often exceed $50,000 in the West.

In Thailand, these surgeries generally cost around two-thirds less than in the US, UK or Australia. Thus, for a package that includes genital reconstruction, breast augmentation and voice feminisation surgery, the total cost is estimated to be USD $15,000 - $25,000.

See the table below comparing SRS prices in Thailand with other countries:

Is Gender Reassignment Surgery Covered by Insurance Companies for Healthcare Providers at Home?

Finding coverage for any transition-related surgery can be a long and challenging process for those who would normally rely on private health insurance.

Many states in the US, for example, have laws that explicitly exclude such coverage, while those companies that do offer financial help typically require patients to endure prolonged hormone therapy, show proof of “ persistent and well-documented gender dysphoria ” over a set period of time and present numerous referral letters from doctors, mental health professionals and even family.

Why Choose Thailand for Gender Reassignment Surgery?

At its peak, Thailand welcomes more than 40 million international visitors a year. And while most tourists are drawn thanks to the allure of the country’s beautiful beaches, ancient temples, sprawling jungles, luxury shopping and exotic cuisine, many others travel for the sole reason of taking advantage of affordable plastic surgery prices–which includes SRS–with treatment carried out in state-of-the-art clinics and hospitals by highly skilled, specialist doctors who are often recognised for their expertise at a global level.

Below, we sum up the reasons to choose Thailand for SRS and related sex affirmation treatments.

Quality of Care: The continued growth of medical tourism in Thailand has seen the emergence of a wealth of world-class facilities, staffed by internationally-trained medical experts.

From modern beauty centers focusing on only select treatments to specialized departments within larger private hospitals, medical travelers now enjoy a healthy choice of well-established facilities that have all been fully verified by Medical Departures. In fact, Thailand is home to the most Joint Commission International (JCI) hospitals in the region and is the gold standard of international medical accreditation.

Some of the Gender Reassignment Specialists:   It is also worth noting here that Thailand has been a pioneering country for gender reassignment ; the first surgery was carried out here in 1975. Today, around 90% of the patients undergoing surgery in Thailand are welcomed from abroad.

Scroll down to examine some of our top-rated SRS clinics and hospitals and Thailand, with each dedicated listing page providing more information about the facility, as well as photos, prices, doctor profiles and patient reviews.

Prices: As we have looked at above, patients can typically look forward to saving at least 50% on the price of an SRS procedure in Thailand; many indeed find that the total cost is closer to 70% less than private care in the US, UK and Australia–as these countries will often not include other essential expenses in initial price quotes, such as anesthesia, in-patient care, medication and even consultation fees.

To find out how much you can save in Thailand on sex reassignment surgery, as well as how you can benefit from our Best Price Guarantee , you can connect with our Customer Care Team any time of the day or night.

How to Find the Best Gender Reassignment Surgeons in Thailand

Considering this is a highly-specialized procedure, we make sure that every surgeon performing the procedure is a member of professional organizations both in Thailand and abroad. These can be found listed in the ‘Doctors’ section on each of our clinic/hospital listings, and include:

• The Thai Medical Council
• Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons of Thailand
• Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons of Thailand
• International Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand
• Medical Association of Thailand

We also ensure that surgeons have undertaken rigorous training in the field, such as completing courses provided by the Global Education Institute (GEI) that follow globally-recognised guidelines, standards of care and best practices as set out by the WPATH World Professional Association for Transgender Health .

Best Sex Change Surgeons in Thailand

One of the top facilities in the country for various gender-affirming procedures is the highly-rated Kamol Hospital . Located in Bangkok, Dr. Kamol is globally recognized as one of the most experienced surgeons in the world for gender reassignment. A large team of surgeons is led by Dr. Kamol Pansritum, a world-renowned specialist in plastic surgery who has performed more than 10,000 cases of sex reassignment and facial feminization surgeries.

Kamol Hospital's specialists consist of gynecologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, dermatologists, anesthesiologists and other clinical professionals who work as a team to provide the utmost care in the Thai capital.

For more options, take a look at three more trusted facilities in Thailand that offer sex-change surgery to international patients:

• Wansiri Hospital  (Bangkok)
• Yanhee Hospital Health & Beauty   (Bangkok)
• MAXi Cosmetic Surgery  (Bangkok)

> All Clinics and Hospitals for Gender Reassignment in Thailand

> Clinics and Hospitals for Gender Reassignment in Bangkok

About Gender Reassignment Surgery

Sometimes referred to as Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS), the treatment is designed to provide the patient with the physical appearance of their identified gender. The process is also known as sex realignment surgery, gender confirmation surgery or genital reconstruction surgery.

In Brief: What Surgical Procedures Can Gender Reassignment Entail?

There are numerous procedures that can fall under the gender reassignment umbrella, and these surgeries differ between trans men (female to male) and trans women (male to female). The main genital reconstruction procedures (m2f / f2m), are:

For trans men, genital reconstruction usually involves the construction of a penis through either a metoidioplasty or a phalloplasty.

For trans women, the surgical construction of a vagina usually entails a penile inversion or a process known as the sigmoid colon neovagina technique.

For both trans men and trans women, any genital reconstruction surgery will usually involve other procedures, such as:

• Vaginectomy
• Orchiectomy

Other Gender-Affirming Procedures & Plastic Surgery

• “Top” surgery, to masculinise the chest
• Facial feminization procedures, such as chin augmentation and rhinoplasty
• Reduction thyroid chondroplasty (tracheal cartilage shave)
• Voice feminisation surgery
• Tracheal shave (Adam’s apple reduction)
• Augmentation mammoplasty
• Hysterectomy/oophorectomy

What Does Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment Surgery Entail?

Ultimately, male-to-female surgery entails reshaping the male genitals into a form that has the appearance of and, where possible, the function of female genitalia. Before any surgery can take place, patients are usually required to undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and, possibly, facial hair removal. Other procedures that a patient may decide to undertake include breast augmentation and facial feminization surgery.

Genital surgery, or vaginoplasty, involves the removal of the testicles before the skin and foreskin of the penis are inverted, keeping the blood and nerve supplies intact to retain sensitivity. A section of the glans penis can also be used to create a clitoris that is fully supplied with nerve endings.

Once this procedure is complete, further surgery (known as labiaplasty) is usually undertaken. This is usually carried out once the surrounding tissues, nerves and blood supply have recovered from the vaginoplasty and is designed to enhance the aesthetic appearance of the newly-created outer vulva.

Apart from genital surgery, patients may opt for other procedures to enhance the overall results. These can include:

Breast augmentation–otherwise known as breast enlargement, can be utilized if hormone therapy fails to yield the desired results (normally with the use of implants)

Facial feminization surgery–a range of cosmetic surgeries designed to modify bone or cartilage structures in areas such as the cheeks, nose, forehead, brow and jaw to give a more feminine appearance

Voice feminization surgery–called glottoplasty, this procedure is used to alter the range or pitch of the patient's vocal cords

Tracheal shave–the reduction of cartilage in the throat to reduce the size of the Adam's apple, giving a more feminine appearance

What Does Female-to-Male Gender Reassignment Surgery Entail?

Unlike the male-to-female procedure, many trans men considering female-to-male surgery do not always undergo genital reassignment surgery.

Specialists usually place more focus on altering the existing physical female anatomical traits to conform to a more masculine appearance. However, it is usual for a patient to undergo hormone treatment using testosterone before any gender reassignment surgery takes place.

Procedures usually include having the internal female sex organs removed (hysterectomy), undergoing a bilateral mastectomy (breast removal) and attaining a more typically male shape to the chest through chest contouring techniques:

Mastectomy–sometimes referred to as "top surgery," this involves the removal of the breasts, repositioning of the nipples, and subsequent reshaping of the chest to give a more masculine, contoured appearance.

Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: a hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus, whilst a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) is the removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes. For some trans men, this is undertaken to alleviate the discomfort of having female internal reproductive organs, but for many, it is done to reduce the risk of cancer.

Metoidioplasty and phalloplasty–these are genital reconstructive procedures (GRT) used to construct a new penis, either by enlarging the clitoris with androgenic hormones (metoidioplasty) or through using tissue grafts from other parts of the body in conjunction with an erectile prosthetic.

Risks and Complications

As with any other surgical procedure, sex change surgery comes with a set of potential complications, although risk factors can be mitigated by choosing a trusted surgeon (who will be working with an experienced anesthesiologist) as well as following the correct pre-surgical protocols.

Postoperative care is just as important as preoperative care: events such as genitalia swelling, bleeding, nerve damage, pain, inability to walk and difficulties with urination are some of the most reported complications in regard to sex change surgery.

Your surgeon will thoroughly explain any risks associated with surgery and anesthesia during an initial consultation.

For more information, read these  safety considerations regarding transfeminine bottom surgery  provided by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

Where to Go in Thailand for SRS

The first and most-traveled destination in Thailand for sex reassignment surgery is the capital, Bangkok.

Home to the best SRS specialists in the country, sex-change surgery—or at least the concept of it—is fairly commonplace here in this sprawling megacity and does not carry the same negative stigma that it can in many parts of the US, Australia and Europe.

Bangkok is one of the world’s leading medical tourist destinations and also one of the world's most popular spots in Asia for families, couples and solo backpackers looking for an exotic getaway. Before or after your surgery, you will discover a long list of attractions and activities to enjoy. From food, shopping and thriving nightlife districts to taking in the sights and culture of this temple-packed city – you’ll find this fascinating city provides endless opportunities for enjoying Thai hospitality.

Bangkok’s attractions are varied –from dazzling temples and floating markets to designer shopping malls and effervescent nightlife–where you can eat some devilishly delicious street food on the cheap, or indulge in a high-end dining experience at one of the city’s glitzy rooftop restaurants. Bangkok has everything a modern city should have while retaining the allure and uniqueness of the old city.

> Read More:   Ultimate Guide to Doctors in Bangkok

Another destination to consider for gender affirmation surgery in Thailand is Phuket. As the country’s largest island province, Phuket offers the same modern infrastructure and amenities as Bangkok–plus the welcome addition of tropical, white-sand beaches that are synonymous with this southern region next to the Andaman Sea.

Although not offering the same wide choice as the capital, we can recommend the superb Phuket Plastic Surgery Institute , which works with a team of more than 10 plastic surgery specialists. These English-speaking doctors are highly experienced and have earned international recognition as leaders in their particular disciplines, which include sex reassignment procedures.

> Read More: Ultimate Guide to Doctors in Phuket

Other Destinations in Thailand

If you are planning to enjoy some downtime before surgery, Thailand has a wealth of other top locations to choose from. Check out these destination guides aimed at medical tourists visiting Northern Thailand (Chiang Mai) and Chonburi province (Pattaya city).

> Ultimate Guide to Doctors in Chiang Mai

> Ultimate Guide to Doctors in Pattaya

In certain cases, medical tourists in Thailand do travel to another location following surgery to complete their recovery. This is usually only permitted following a set number of days or even weeks of bed rest after being discharged from the hospital. Always consult your surgeon about any travel plans you may have and follow aftercare instructions carefully (such as not swimming, engaging in vigorous activity and avoiding the hot sun).

Sex Change FAQs

Q. How old do I need to be for sex change surgery in Thailand?

A. Anyone 20 years old and older is eligible for gender reassignment surgery in Thailand. A person aged between 18 and 20 must receive consent from an authorized guardian.

Q. Will I have to undergo hormone therapy before getting a sex change in Thailand?

A. Yes, hospitals will typically require patients to have undergone hormone therapy for at least one year; reach out to one of our representatives for more information before you book.

Q. Can different sex reassignment procedures be performed concurrently?  A. Yes, a team of surgeons can perform certain procedures during the same session of surgery, such as penile inversion vaginoplasty combined with voice feminisation. Other reconstructive surgeries, such as breast/chin augmentation may need to be done separately.

Q. How long do I have to wait to see an SRS surgeon in Thailand?

A. Waiting times for any type of surgery in Thailand are generally much shorter than in the West; Medical Departures can facilitate an initial consultation in a matter of days, depending on the hospital/surgeon of choice.

Q. How long will I need to stay in Thailand to complete my sex change?

A. This will depend on the number and type of procedures to be performed; on average, inpatient length of stay is estimated to be between 5 - 14 days. Your doctor will advise how long you’ll need to stay in the country for recovery and post-surgery care.

Q. How much Is sex change surgery in Thailand?

A. SRS surgery in Thailand typically costs between $7,000 - $12,000 (penile inversion); other associated surgeries generally cost around one-third of prices in the West. You will want to confirm pricing and treatment plan with your chosen clinic(s).

How Do I Get Started?

Our Best Price Guarantee which ensures that you pay the lowest rate possible for your treatment. We can even help with additional medical insurance by putting you in touch with a number of independent insurance providers who can offer you preferential rates on their policies.

In Thailand, gender reassignment is affordable and delivers outstanding results. To find out how much you can save, get in touch with a member of our Customer Care Team now and start planning your life-changing surgery today.

How Thailand Became a Global Gender-Change Destination. Bloomberg. 17 October 2015. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-10-26/how-thailand-became-a-global-gender-change-destination

WPATH World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Website accessed: 28 November 2022. https://www.wpath.org/gei

International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Website accessed: 28 November 2022. https://www.isaps.org/

Joint Commission International. Website accessed: 28 November 2022. https://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/

Brazier, Yvette. What you need to know about breast augmentation. Medical News Today. 3 April 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263567.php

Vaginoplasty and Labiaplasty. WebMD. 19 April 2019. https://www.webmd.com/women/guide/vaginoplasty-and-labiaplasty-procedures

A, Brooke. Is Gender Reassignment Surgery Covered by Health Insurance? Mira. 23 August 2022 .https://www.talktomira.com/post/is-gender-reassignment-surgery-covered-by-health-insurance

Transfeminine Bottom Surgery. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Website accessed: 28 November 2022. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/reconstructive-procedures/transfeminine-bottom-surgery/safety

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Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand

Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is a life-changing procedure that can help transgender individuals feel more comfortable and confident in their own body. Thailand is a leading destination for sex reassignment surgery, offering world-class facilities, experienced surgeons, and affordable prices.

The plastic surgeons in Thailand are known for their exceptional skills and their ability to achieve natural-looking results, ensuring that you feel like the best version of yourself.

Thailand has become a global hub for gender reassignment surgery (GRS), attracting individuals from all over the world who seek not just medical expertise but also a level of care and understanding that is sometimes hard to find elsewhere. The cost of SRS surgery in Thailand is also more affordable compared to other countries, making it an accessible option for those seeking the procedure.

Compare prices

$12,000 - $25,000

$50,000 - $60,000

$50,000 - $100,000

$50,000 - $80,000

$25,000 - $40,000

Please note that the prices provided are estimations and may vary based on various factors. Additionally, these prices do not include flights or accommodation. All prices are in USD.

Sex reassignment surgery, also known as gender affirmation surgery, is usually the final step in the transgender process. Before this surgery, patients may go through a period of living as the gender they desire, taking hormones to make physical changes, and undergoing other surgeries such as breast or cosmetic surgery. This type of surgery is intricate and irreversible, and is done to address both psychological and physical needs. Gender Reassignment Surgery (GRS) usually refers to multiple procedures that are done at the same time or in succession to transition your body from one gender to another. The procedures are usually referred to as top surgery (removal of breasts or implanting breast implants), bottom surgery which transitions your genitals to that of the opposite gender and cosmetic surgery to align more with your desired appearance such as facial feminization surgery.

Cost of Gender Reassignment Surgery

The cost of gender reassignment surgery in Thailand can vary depending on the specific procedures performed, the surgeon's fee, and other factors such as the type of anesthesia and the hospital or clinic.

On average, the cost of gender reassignment surgery in Thailand is significantly lower than in other countries, making it a cost-effective option for those seeking transition.

Male to Female (MTF)

MTF surgery includes various procedures such as vaginoplasty, breast augmentation, and facial feminization surgery, tailored to the individual's needs and goals.

Female to Male (FTM)

FTM surgery can involve mastectomy, hysterectomy, and phalloplasty or metoidioplasty, among others, focusing on masculinizing the body.

It's important to note that these costs are estimates and can vary depending on the surgeon's experience, the complexity of the procedures, the type of anesthesia used, and the chosen facility. Additionally, other expenses such as pre-operative tests, post-operative care, medication, and accommodation should also be considered.

To obtain an accurate and personalized quote for your facial feminization surgery, it is recommended to schedule a consultation with our team. We will be able to provide you with detailed information regarding the costs and help you plan your surgery journey accordingly.

Before the surgery

Who makes the ideal candidate?

• ‍ ‍ You are 20 years or older. Those between age 18 and 20 can also undergo gender reassignment surgery but need permission from their guardian
• You have undergone a psychiatric assessment that supports your desire to change gender and/or are 100% sure you want to do the procedure.
• You have been on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for a significant period before surgery to align their physical appearance more closely with their gender identity
• You are aware of any legalities around doing this procedure both in Thailand as well as you're home country, such as changing your name or gender in official government records

‍ ‍ How to prepare for the surgery? In the months leading up to the surgery, it is best to focus on optimizing your health as this will make recovering from the surgery easier and decrease the possibility of complications. Eat healthy, exercise regularly and get enough rest. We also strongly urge candidates who smoke regularly to stop, as smoking can cause problems with your blood circulation which can cause complications after the surgery. Before the surgery, the doctor will do a physical evaluation as well as discuss your physical and mental wellbeing, existing medical conditions, allergies or any medication that you are currently using.

After the surgery

After the surgery, you'll be admitted to the hospital to monitor your recovery progress and for any complications that might arise from the surgery. Generally, after a gender reassignment surgery, patients will spent around 14 nights in the hospital but it depends on which procedures were performed during the surgery. For single procedure surgeries like Penile - Peritoneal Vaginoplasty (PPV), the length of hospital admission can be as little as 7 days. To protect the surgical site, you need to sleep with your legs separated during the first 5-7 days after the operation. After about a week, you can slowly start walking again. It is common to experience pain and discomfort during this period, your doctors will manage this by prescribing painkillers.

It is recommended to stay in Thailand for multiple weeks after the procedure before flying home to ensure you are fit enough to fly home.

Why Thailand for Gender Reassignment Surgery?

• Quality of Care: Thai hospitals and clinics specializing in GRS are known for their high standards of care. They utilize the latest surgical techniques and adhere to international healthcare standards, such as JCI accreditation, ensuring patients receive top-notch medical care.
• ‍ Cost-Effectiveness: One of the primary reasons many opt for Thailand is the cost. Despite the high quality of service, procedures in Thailand can be significantly less expensive than in Western countries, without compromising on the outcome. ‍
• Experienced Surgeons: Thailand boasts some of the world's most skilled and experienced GRS surgeons in the world. Many have trained internationally and are well-versed in the latest surgical techniques, contributing to the country's reputation as a leader in the field. ‍
• Hospitality and Privacy: The Thai culture is known for its hospitality, and this extends into its healthcare system. Clinics offer a welcoming environment where privacy and discretion are paramount, ensuring patients feel secure throughout their journey.

Plan Your Medical Procedure with Our Dedicated Care Team

Personal information, additional information, best hospitals for sex reassignment surgery in thailand.

Yanhee International Hospital

Yanhee International Hospital was opened in 1994 and is best known for its expertise cosmetic procedures and sexual reassignment surgery. Out of all foreign patients that visit this hospital, 72% receive cosmetic care. The hospital has several accreditations - such as JCI - and is popular among foreigners not only for cosmetic purposes, but general health purposes as well.

Kamol Cosmetic Hospital

Kamol Hospital is a word leading cosmetic hospital, specializing in gender reassignment and facial surgery. Led by Dr. Kamol, who has performed more than 5000 sex reassignment surgeries since 1997, making him one of the most experienced surgeons working in the world in for this surgery. Located in the center of Bangkok and JCI-accredited since 2015.

Phuket Plastic Surgery Institute

Originally formed by the merger of two reputable international hospitals in Phuket, this state-of-the-art facility has been providing exceptional aesthetic plastic surgery services for over a decade. The Institute boasts the highest standards of quality, safety, and cleanliness, making it one of the best options for those looking to enhance their appearance and recover in a tropical atmosphere.

Common Questions

How much does mtf surgery cost in thailand.

MTF surgery generally costs between $12,000 and $25,000 when the procedure is done in Thailand, which is 2-4 times cheaper than doing the same procedure in the US.

The exact cost of the procedure depends on which procedures are done, which techniques, implants or equipment is used and also on the doctor, hospital and admission fees. Please contact us directly for a free quote.

Who is the best MTF/FTM surgeon in Thailand?

Dr. Kamol and Dr. Suthat are widely regarded as the best SRS surgeons in Thailand. They are the most experienced surgeons working at Kamol Cosmetic Hospital and Yanhee hospital. Two world-class and JCI-accredited hospitals, well-known for their specialism and experience in facial feminization surgery and other transgender-related surgeries.

Which hospital is best for gender reassignment surgery in Thailand?

Kamol Cosmetic Hospital and Yanhee Hospital are widely regarded as the best hospitals in Thailand to do gender reassignment surgery. Both hospitals are JCI-accredited, have experienced staff and have modern facilities.

How old do you have to be to get gender reassignment surgery in Thailand?

According to Thai law, you will need to be above the age of 18 for this surgery. However, if you are under 20 years old, you will need consent from at least one guardian before the surgery can go ahead.

You also need to have a psychiatric assessment done, if you are a foreign patient who had this assessment done outside of Thailand, a Thai psychiatric has to conduct another assessment to confirm the correctness before you can have the surgery.

The doctor performing the surgery also has to be a certified specialist before they can perform the surgery. These laws have been instituted in 2009 and you can find them online, Sex change operations law and Guidelines for sex change operations . Foreign patients should be very cautious if a medical tourism facilitator does not work in accordance with these laws!

Is gender reassignment surgery legal in Thailand?

Yes! Gender reassignment surgery is completely legal in Thailand. Thailand has built an international reputation for specializing in this specific procedure and many foreign patients come to Thailand every year to have the procedure done in Thailand as the procedure might be illegal, very expensive or part of a very long process.

Is it safe to do Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand?

Thailand has some of the best hospitals and medical facilities in the world, with highly skilled doctors and state-of-the-art technology. These facilities are accredited by international organizations, such as the Joint Commission International, ensuring that they meet global healthcare standards.

Konkai only works with accredited facilities to ensure that our clients receive safe, effective, and reliable medical care. We have done extensive research and vetting to ensure that the hospitals and clinics we work with provide the highest quality of care and meet the same standards as medical facilities in developed countries. We prioritize your well-being and only recommend medical facilities that we would trust to provide care to our own loved ones.

Does my insurance cover Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand?

Whether medical insurance covers Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand or not depends on the individual policy. Some policies cover the procedure, while others may not. It's important to check with your insurance provider to find out if Sex Reassignment Surgery is covered and if there are any restrictions or limitations on coverage for medical procedures performed outside of your home country.

Some policies may require pre-authorization or pre-approval for medical procedures performed outside of your home country.

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Gender Change Surgery in Thailand

Thailand is known to accommodate a large transgender population in the world for Gender Reassignment Surgery and it is one of the most accepting cultures.

Every year, the number of international patients traveling to Thailand to undergo sex change surgery continues to increase. Health care in Thailand offers affordable prices, highly trained and experienced surgeons, and the culture's open-mindedness towards gender identity makes the Country the Gender Reassignment Capital of the World.

Gender identity is a very important characteristic of human beings, and a change in sexual identity is a vital change that a person can experience.

Gender Identity Disorder (GID) or gender dysphoria is defined by an intense, persistent feeling of identification with the opposite gender and discomfort with one’s own assigned sex.

The ratio of the Thai/ Foreign MTF (Male to Female) transsexual patients operated in Thailand:

What is sex reassignment surgery (gender change surgery).

Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is a surgical procedure, or a series of procedures, that alters a transsexual person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to resemble those associated with their identified gender.

The term SRS is also known as Gender Reassignment Surgery (GRS), Gender Confirmation Surgery (GCS), and several other names.

Professional Medical Organizations have established Standards of Care, which apply before someone can opt for and receive reassignment surgery, including psychological evaluation, and a period of real-life experience living in the desired gender.

Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) involves multiple procedures which can be performed on males or females who are transitioning into the opposite gender, respectively.

Feminization Surgeries (Male to Female)-

Vaginoplasty

Penile inversion

Bowel vaginoplasty

Vulvoplasty

Orchiectomy

Chest reconstruction

Vaginoplasty : 

Vaginoplasty is a surgical procedure in which neovagina or neovulva is constructed from existing genital or abdominal tissue.

During a vaginoplasty, the surgeon forms the inner and outer labia of the vagina by utilizing skin from the penis and scrotum. Tissue from your other body parts can also be used such as a foreskin to build a vaginal opening, create a clitoris with skin from your penis, and create a new urethra so you can urinate.

After the vaginoplasty surgery, you will have to stay in the hospital for about five days. 

Aftercare - For six months, you will need to dilate your vagina two to three times a day with the help of a lubricated dilator by inserting into the vaginal canal and holding it there for a set number of minutes. 

Penile Inversion:

Penile inversion is a common vaginoplasty technique. The testicles and scrotum are removed and the glands of the penis are made into a clitoris.

Bowel Vaginoplasty:

Bowel vaginoplasty is a common type of vaginoplasty technique. 

As with penile inversion, in vaginoplasty the testicles and scrotum are removed, the glands made into a clitoris, and the neovulva constructed from scrotal and urethral tissue.

Vulvoplasty:

In Vulvoplasty, the surgeon takes tissue from the penis to create the external parts of the vagina such as the clitoris, inner and outer labia, the vaginal opening. 

After a Vulvoplasty, patients will have to stay in the hospital for three days.

What is the difference between Vulvoplasty and Vaginoplasty?

The main difference between a vulvoplasty and a vaginoplasty is the absence of a vaginal canal. A vulvoplasty is not performed to create a vaginal canal, so you cannot have vaginal intercourse after a vulvoplasty.

Orchiectomy :

Orchiectomy is the surgical process by which testicles are removed from the body. It is a much simpler procedure as compared to vaginoplasty or vulvoplasty and can be performed under local anesthesia in under 20 minutes. 

The benefit of orchiectomy - the body will naturally produce less testosterone.

Recovery is usually mild, although some may experience bruising or bleeding for a few days after surgery.

It may be performed with or without the removal of the scrotum.

Tracheal Shave:

A tracheal shave is a procedure done to reduce the size of an Adam’s apple, often it is done as part of facial feminization surgery. 

Procedure - the surgeon will make a small incision under the chin, folding back the muscles covering the thyroid cartilage, and then stitch up the incision.

Chest Reconstruction :

This procedure is for transgender men to transition physically to their self-affirmed gender.

In this, a special technique is used to reshape and reduce the chest wall, adjust the nipple and areola, and reduce scarring.

Note - Research suggests that most transgender men are satisfied with the results of their surgery.

Masculinization Surgeries (Female to Male)-

Before starting the female-to-male gender-affirming surgery, a person will receive testosterone replacement therapy.

Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Genital reassignment (Genital reconstructive procedures)

Phalloplasty

Metoidioplasty

Penile implants

Facial masculinization

Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy:

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the uterus.

total hysterectomy includes the removal of the uterus and cervix

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) is the removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

Hysterectomy can be performed through three methods: 

Laparoscopic

After SRS treatment, patients may need to follow a lifelong course of masculinizing or feminizing hormone replacement therapy.

Phalloplasty:

Phalloplasty is done to construct a neopenis using a flap (graft) from the patient's arm, thigh, abdomen, or back.

Complication:

Scarring in the area where the graft was taken

Skin graft failure or tissue death

Metoidioplasty:

A metoidioplasty is a process of constructing a new penis or neopenis.

Metoidioplasty is performed after the clitoris has been enlarged using hormone replacement therapy. The neopenis is built through an enlarged clitoris, with or without extension of the urethra to allow urine to flow while standing. 

The surgeon also removes the vagina, during the surgery.

The advantage of a metoidioplasty is that the neopenis may become erect, due to the erectile abilities of clitoral tissue but neopenis resulting from a metoidioplasty is often too small for penetrative sex.

A metoidioplasty procedure typically takes 2–5 hours. 

Note : Following the initial surgery, additional procedures may be necessary.

Penile Implants :

A penile implant is used for phalloplasty surgery when the neophallus is to achieve a proper erection. Penile implants are used in cisgender men to treat erectile dysfunction, and in transgender men during Gender Reassignment Surgery.

Facial Masculinization:

Facial masculinization alters anatomical features to achieve an appearance that aligns more closely with desired gender identity. 

This can be achieved by:

Surgical options - by reconstruction of the forehead, nose, upper lip, or chin. 

Non-surgical options - with injections to alter the jawline and chin.

The recovery time from Sex Reassignment Surgery varies, depending on the procedure and factors such as the person’s overall health and lifestyle choices. For example,

Smoking slows down the healing process and increases the risk of complications following surgery. If a person smokes or uses any substance with nicotine, the medical team may not consider them eligible for this type of surgery.

After gender-affirming surgery, most people need to stay in the hospital for at least a couple of days, rest and only engage in very limited activities for about 6 weeks or longer.

In the case of the urethral extension procedure, the patient needs to use a catheter for 3–4 weeks.

What are the complications that might occur after gender-affirming surgeries?

Urethral fistula — it is a tunneled connection that forms between the urethra and another part of the body

Urethral stricture — it is a narrowing that causes a blockage of urine flow within the urethra

reactions to anesthesia

dissatisfaction with the results  

How much does Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand costs?

The cost of a Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) in Thailand is nearly one-third the price of those performed in the U.S. 

Thailand is leading in the manner of health care facilities, affordable prices, as well as surgeons trained to perform a gender transformation procedure.

Cost for Male-to-Female Surgery (MTF) -  The average gender reassignment surgery cost in Thailand for male-to-female (MTF) ranges around 257,250 THB (8,400 USD) to 577,500 THB (18,850 USD), depending on the procedure you opt for.  Some clinics in Thailand even provide lower male-to-female (MTF) gender reassignment surgery prices which can be as low as 89,000 THB (2,948 USD).  However, this cost might not be all-inclusive.

 Cost for Female-to-Male Surgery (FTM) - The average gender reassignment surgery cost in Thailand for female-to-male procedures ranges from around 74,000 THB (2,451 USD) to 336,000 THB (11,130 USD), depending on the clinic or hospital chosen. 

Top Hospitals for Gender Reassignment Surgery

• Yanhee Hospital, Bangkok   Established in 1984, Yanhee Hospital is a multi-specialty treatment center providing healthcare services to both national and international patients. The broad range of cosmetic and plastic surgery services offered in the hospital, from breast augmentation, facelift, tummy tuck, liposuction, botox injection, dental whitening, facial treatment, hair transplant, butt lift, cheek implants, cosmetic gynecology, etc., makes it an ideal stop for beauty and cosmetic needs.
• Kamol Cosmetic Hospital, Thailand The center was founded by Dr. Kamol Pansritum, who is one of the best surgeons for gender reassignment surgeries. The hospital performs over 700 sex reassignment surgeries and other procedures per year successfully and has gained a position worldwide as one of the leading centers in sex reassignment surgery (SRS) and cosmetic surgery.
• Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok It is a one-stop healthcare destination for all types of patients with the ability to handle complex care needs. The Hospital is a global pioneer in giving the best international standard healthcare services and one of the largest private multi-specialty hospitals in South East Asia with patients coming from over 190 countries annually.

Top Doctors for Gender Reassignment Surgery

• Dr. Krairit Tiyakul Dr. Krairit Tiyakul is a plastic surgeon having more than 30 years of expertise. Services provided by him include eyelid uplift surgery, chin advancement and implant, facelift surgery, mandible angle reduction, nose augmentation, nose lift, and many more. 
• Dr. Pramote Manurangsee Dr. Pramote Manurangsee has a rich 20 years of experience in cosmetic surgeries. He provides services like breast augmentation, Face Lifting, Breast Lift Surgery, Breast Reconstruction Surgery, Liposuction, and many more. 
• Dr. Kamol Pansritum Dr. Kamol Pansritum is one of the renowned Plastic Surgeons in Bangkok, Thailand, having 27 years of experience. He performs more than 2,000 male-to-female sex reassignment surgeries each year. Since 1997, he has performed over 10,000 related procedures on transsexuals and over 5,000 sex reassignment surgeries.
• Dr. Akaradech Attainsee Dr. Akaradech Attainsee is a well-known Plastic Surgeon with 23 years of experience. His specialization is in face modifying surgery and has performed more than 100 face surgery cases.
• Dr. Preeyaphas Nilubol Dr. Preeyaphas Nilubol is one of the most reputed Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeons having 57 years of rich experience. He did MD from Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand, in 1964 and Diplomate of The American Board of Plastic Surgery in 1973.  

Conclusion:

Thailand offers high-standard medical services to native citizens and to foreign medical travelers seeking medical care. Since Thailand offers health care services at much lower prices, and with its advanced techniques for gender reassignment procedures which is why it is the most preferred destination for people looking for quality medical services.

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Dr. Muskan Singh is a Dentist by education but found her interests in research and writing. Her vast knowledge of medical sciences gives her an edge in healthcare content writing. She is passionate about traveling and exploring different cultures. 

The motto I live by is “Trying to be the best version of myself I could be.”

With over 12+ years of experience, Dr. Shruti Rastogi has expertise in managing patients suffering from various ailments. She contributes to improving public health literacy helping people make informed decisions about their well-being. Her keen eye for detail and strong medical knowledge help maintain the highest healthcare information standards.

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• Breast Surgery
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Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS)

Also known as gender reassignment surgery

Sex Reassignment

• Scrotal Skin Graft Vaginoplasty
• Penile Inversion Technique
• Sigmoid Graft Vaginoplasty
• Peritoneal Vaginoplasty
• Jejunum Vaginoplasty

SCROTAL SKIN GRAFT VAGINOPLASTY

Scrotal skin graft vaginoplasty is a common surgery method that is recommended for many SRS patients. A skin graft from the scrotum is used to construct the labia, urethra, vestibule, clitoris, and clitoral hood. Due to the fact that the vagina is created from existing genitalia, this technique allows for nerves to remain intact, allowing for the functionality and sensitivity of a natal vagina. srs surgery

PENILE INVERSION TECHNIQUE

In the penile inversion technique, skin from the outside of the penis is used for the lining of the neovagina. The clitoris is built from the sensitive skin at the tip of the penis. Finally, scrotal skin is used to construct the labia majora. This technique provides patients with a sexually functional and aesthetically pleasing neovagina with excellent sensation but without the higher risk of complications of the more invasive procedures, such as sigmoid colon vaginoplasty. However, because of the shallow depth of the neovagina, the procedure is best suited for patients who do not wish to have vaginal intercourse after surgery. mtf surgery

SIGMOID GRAFT VAGINOPLASTY

This technique transforms a penis and scrotal tissue into an aesthetically-pleasing and functional vagina. It is currently the most widely-chosen SRS surgery. A graft of the patient’s colon is used to create the vaginal wall and the scrotal tissue is used to create labia majora, labia minora, and vaginal opening. Because the vagina is grafted from the colon, it is self lubricating. Mtf surgery can be done either laparoscopically or with a horizontal incision.

PERITONEAL PULL-THROUGH VAGINOPLASTY

Peritoneal Pull-Through Vaginoplasty is currently the most advanced mtf surgery. It is based on the Davydov Procedure. During the PPV surgery, the peritoneum, the moist inner lining of the abdominal wall, is pulled down between the rectum and prostate, to create the vaginal lining and vaginal reconstruction. The remainder of the vaginoplasty procedures (labiaplasty, clitoroplasty, penectomy, orchiectomy, partial urethrectomy, and other associated procedures) are created from a scrotal skin graft, similar to that of the penile inversion technique. srs surgery transgender mtf thailand

JEJUNUM GRAFT VAGINOPLASTY

Jejunum graft vaginoplasty is a surgical technique employed in gender-affirming procedures to construct a neovagina for transgender women. In this process, a segment of the jejunum, part of the small intestine, is shaped into a functional vaginal canal. This method is particularly notable for its ability to provide a self-lubricating neovagina, enhancing overall satisfaction and functionality. Jejunum graft vaginoplasty contributes to the physical and psychological well-being of individuals undergoing gender confirmation surgery by creating a durable and anatomically precise neovaginal structure with innate lubricating capabilities.

IMPORTANT:  Please note the importance of hair removal prior to surgery. This hair removal could take up to 5-7 months to be effective. The location(s) of hair removal depends on the type of SRS surgery you choose to have. The hair removal process should be completed a minimum of 2 months prior to the surgery to ensure skin strength and elasticity. Please contact someone from Amani Thailand’s Patient Advocacy Team for more detailed information regarding this hair removal process. mtf surgery

MTF SRS Surgical Results.

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‘They just go to Thailand’: the long and costly wait for gender-affirming surgery in Australia

Transgender Australians seeking lower body procedures can go to just a handful of local surgeons. It means long waits, huge costs and difficult decisions

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T wo years ago, Kavitha Sivasamy, an articulate, elegant Canberra lawyer, began to face her fears about undergoing gender-affirming surgery. “It’s really scary to go through something so invasive,” she says.

Gender dysphoria had been causing “a lot of distress” in Sivasamy’s day-to-day life. “It can prevent you getting out the door, having and keeping a job, sustaining healthy relationships,” the 27-year-old says. “The list goes on.”

She embarked on a course of hormone replacement therapy, and she liked the physical changes she was seeing, but this meant her “genital dysphoria became more salient”. There was a disconnect between her aspirations for her body and how it looked in the moment.

But Australia is facing a shortfall in surgeons who perform lower body gender-affirming procedures. So , in a route that experts say more Australian trans people are taking, Sivasamy will travel to Thailand for surgery under a medical tourism company’s “one-month care package”. Like some others, she will access her superannuation to pay for the $30,000 procedure.

Sivasamy made her choice after spending many months researching the experiences that others had of surgery. She decided a peritoneal pull-through, adapted from a procedure pioneered in India on cisgender women born without a vagina, was the type of vaginoplasty with the most positive benefits for her.

The standard vaginoplasty has long been a penile inversion, where penis skin is refashioned as the lining of a new vagina. The newer method, using tissue from the patient’s peritoneum membrane in the abdominal cavity, is said to offer greater vaginal depth. However, there is a lack of data on post-surgical quality of life for trans patients.

Sivasamy had been referred to Dr Kieran Hart , a Canberra-based urologist who performs this procedure, but she soon learned that she might have to wait a year and a half to have the surgery here. The idea of delay only compounded her distress.

“Having overcome family, workplace and social barriers, why put the critical years of your 20s and 30s on hold because of the wait in Australia?” she says. She will fly to Bangkok in May.

One surgeon, 120 patients waiting

Only a handful of Australian surgeons offer lower body gender-affirming surgery such as vaginoplasty for trans women, with even fewer offering phalloplasty (penis creation) for trans men. No surgical college offers formal training guidelines, forcing doctors to learn overseas.

Trans health advocates say Medicare is “woeful” and failing to offer any item numbers for medical procedures specifically for gender incongruence, causing confusion about what, if any, aspects of gender-affirming surgeries are eligible for government subsidy.

Private health insurance coverage for gender-affirming surgery is often prohibitively expensive. Even a fully insured person is left out of pocket by up to $20,000 for a vaginoplasty performed in Australia.

An evidence brief prepared in 2021 by the New South Wales community health organisation ACON found that most states and territories have elective surgery policies that “explicitly restrict access to surgical interventions for trans people through public health systems”, forcing trans people into local private care or surgery abroad.

Dr Clara Tuck Meng Soo , a GP and the president of the Australian Professional Association for Trans Health (Auspath), says a lot of her patients “now don’t even bother to go on the waitlist; they just choose to go to Thailand”.

“We have very high rates of mental health harm , and this care and affirmation and support is critical to reducing that harm,” says Soo, who is a trans woman. “But shouldn’t we also be able to access care that we feel we need as a human right?”

Hart says he has 120 trans patients booked and waiting for gender-affirming surgeries, with another 70 scheduled for consultations, and estimates “probably 10 times more” trans people are waiting for surgery across Australia.

Hart has closed his bookings and will reopen them in the second half of this year for consultations to be held in 2024 – with potential surgeries months later.

However, he says he will expedite a surgery if a psychiatrist or family is worried a patient might not survive an 18-month wait. Transgender people have vastly higher self-harm rates than the general population – a 2021 study found 43% of trans Australians surveyed had attempted suicide .

Like others performing lower body gender-affirming surgeries in Australia, Hart came by training in the area by chance: he was taught by the late Phil Thomas at London’s Charing Cross hospital. Hart had only travelled there to train in prostate and bladder cancer surgery.

Based on follow-ups of how patients fared physically and mentally after the procedures, Hart is “convinced” that surgery “must drop the suicide rate”.

Over the past year, Hart’s workload increased in part because of the waves of referrals he was getting from two surgeons winding down their vaginoplasty procedures, including Melbourne plastic surgeon Andrew Ives . Until recently Ives a high profile in the field, but, as his office confirmed in an email, he ceased performing vaginoplasty and labiaplasty procedures at the end of 2022.

In February, Melbourne’s Monash Gender Clinic told patients that it was only then booking appointments for patients referred in August 2021, and that Melbourne plastic surgeon Cheng Lo , trained in vaginoplasty and labiaplasty by Ives, has “very long wait lists”. Cheng did not respond to interview requests.

Hart says: “Andy Ives and I were looking at doing a formalised training program [for gender-affirming surgery], and as he stepped back I’ve looked at doing it myself, but it’s a daunting task. The [Royal Australasian] College of Surgeons has been a bit slow on the uptake for it, like every facet of the transgender sphere.”

In May, the college will hold a scientific congress titled Equity in Surgery in Adelaide, including for the first time talks on transgender healthcare. The college’s president, Sally Langley, admits in the program that the college’s surgeons “have not fully represented the gender … composition of our community”, but declined an interview request.

The many kinds of risk

Sivasamy acknowledges there are “risks” in having surgery in Thailand, but says the country “pioneered a lot of these procedures”.

Travelling abroad for these surgeries, even to a country that has pioneered them, comes with warnings of caution. Soo mentions reports of trans women suffering vagina narrowing or urethra complications after surgery, both in Australia and overseas. The question is: once the patient is back in Australia, who corrects the error?

Hart says surgeons are reluctant to fix another surgeon’s mistakes: “It’s impractical coming from Perth to Canberra to have it fixed up, but it’s far more practical than getting to Bangkok. As a developed nation there’s no reason people should be going overseas.”

Soo says there is also a shortfall of GPs, psychologists and other practitioners in trans health, but evidence “shows if you provide gender-affirming care, be it hormone treatment, surgery and/or social affirmation, [trans] people have very good mental health virtually indistinguishable from cisgender peers”.

Associate Prof Nicola Dean, the president of the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons, says the federal government must create a dedicated suite of Medicare rebate item numbers for procedures for people with gender incongruence. This would encourage more surgeons into the field, Dean says, giving the surgeries a “stamp of legitimacy”.

For instance, the Medicare item number for a mastectomy was created on the assumption the procedure would be for a cisgender woman with breast cancer. “So using it for a trans man having surgery [to affirm his identity] leaves the doctor feeling vulnerable about whether they’re allowed to use those item numbers,” Dean says.

“It leaves the patient vulnerable because they’re often not sure of the financial implications.”

Associate Prof Peter Haertsch , a Sydney-based plastic surgeon, says he continues to perform about six vaginoplasty procedures a year. At his peak he was performing 30 gender-affirming procedures a year in Australia, beginning in the late 1980s after training in London.

Heartsch says some Australian surgeons have recently exited the field, but he doesn’t know why. “I have tried and am still trying to get some form of help in the way of government funding,” he says.

Another Sydney plastic surgeon, Dr David Caminer, says he performed his first vaginoplasty on a trans person in 2015, after which he toured the US and Europe to watch surgical units perform gender-affirming surgeries.

Up to the end of 2022 he had performed only a few vaginoplasties on trans patients, mainly with the penile inversion technique. But Caminer says so far in 2023 he has performed seven vaginoplasties due to the growing demand. “It was really since Andy Ives stopped doing it that I’ve been inundated with requests,” he says.

The Brisbane-based Dr Hans Goossen , who did not respond to interview requests, performs nearly all the phalloplasty procedures on trans men in Australia, according to the various trans health advocates Guardian Australia spoke to. Another surgeon, the Melbourne-based Dr Gideon Blecher , “has trained in phalloplasty and he is still trying to establish the program in Melbourne”, a spokesperson for Blecher said.

Fiona Bisshop, a Brisbane-based GP and former president of Auspath, says phalloplasty is particularly difficult for trans men to access in Australia, costing more than twice as much as a vaginoplasty. Bishop says almost all phalloplasty procedures have some complication, but three of her trans male patients who went overseas had particularly “terrible outcomes”.

“You can have some very bad experiences over in Thailand,” she says. “There are communication difficulties: the surgeons and hospital staff don’t speak very much English.”

Bisshop says many of her trans patients have “given up on gender-affirmation surgeries, because it is completely out of financial reach”, and she calls the “lack of respectability” afforded to gender-affirming surgery a “vicious circle”, because it is not offered in Australian teaching hospitals where physicians would normally train.

Gender-affirming care

Sydney-based Teddy Cook , ACON’s director of community health, says gender-affirming care means many types of “health interventions of critical need”, and such needs must be “depathologised” and trans people given autonomy.

The lack of comprehensive gender-affirming healthcare in Australia may be because this care is misunderstood as simply cosmetic or solely related to genital surgery, and because trans people are “seen through a lens of being mentally ill, as opposed to just being a natural part of human diversity”, Cook says.

Cook, who is a trans man, says not all trans people seek surgical intervention: “It’s up to the individual what sort of steps they take medically, but cruel legal gender recognition laws in NSW and other states still force surgical sterilisation to update a birth certificate.”

Cook says no reliable figures exist on how many trans people there are in Australia to better plan health services. When unveiling a 10-year national action plan for LGBTQ+ health in March, the assistant health minister, Ged Kearney, said attorney general Mark Dreyfus “might have things to say” about counting LGBTQ+ people in the census, but no announcement has been forthcoming.

As Sivasamy readies for her flight to Thailand, she knows she is one of the lucky ones, not least because she has enough money at a young age to finance the trip.

“The majority of people my age don’t have the superannuation funds to get this done,” she says.

She then opens her palms and waves her hands away, as if to banish doubts about a lack of contingency plan after the procedure. “Definitely, if there’s a readmission surgery necessary, I don’t have the money for that, you know?”

She laughs. “I have no idea what would happen. We’ll just have to cross that route if we come to it.”

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Life-Changing Surgeries: Male-to-Female and Female-to-Male in Thailand

Many forms of surgery can be life-changing, but there are few quite so impactful as male-to-female and female-to-male procedures in Thailand. Of course, when having to make such a big decision, changing one’s gender, it is important that you have all the facts before signing on the dotted line and taking the proverbial plunge.

In this article, we’re going to take a closer look at what sex change surgery is, what is meant by gender affirmation, how much sex change surgery costs on average in Thailand, and what kind of questions you should ask a prospective surgeon before making a commitment.

If you’ve been teasing the idea of seeking sex change surgery in Thailand, read on and we’ll tell you everything you need to know…

What is sex change surgery?

Sex change surgery, also known as gender reassignment surgery or gender affirmation surgery, refers to surgical procedures that allow a transgender person to align their physical appearance with their internal gender identity.

For male-to-female surgery, this can involve ‘vaginoplasty’ (which refers to the creation of a vagina), breast augmentation, facial feminisation surgery, and other procedures that help the individual shed their inherent masculinity and embrace a whole new identity.

For female-to-male surgery on the other hand, common procedures include mastectomy (which refers to the surgical removal of the breasts), hysterectomy (the removal of the uterus), and ‘phalloplasty’ (the creation of a penis).

What is meant by gender affirmation?

Gender affirmation refers to the process of aligning one’s outward appearance and social presentation with their internal gender identity. This can include:

• Legally changing one’s name and gender marker to match their identity on all official documentation.
• Using pronouns that align with their identity (e.g., changing from he/him to she/her or they/them.
• Wearing clothing typical of their gender associated gender.
• Undergoing medical treatments like hormone therapy and gender affirmation surgeries to match their physical appearance with who they see themselves as on the inside.

For many people, understanding the need for gender affirmation can be quite difficult. After all, if you have lived your whole life feeling comfortable in your birth gender and being happy with oneself, it is hard to imagine ever feeling completely lost when you look at yourself in the mirror. However, for certain individuals, when they look in the mirror, or open their mouth to speak, or walk out the front door, they do not see, hear, or feel like the person that everyone else encounters; instead they feel alienated and alone.

This is why gender affirmation is so important. It transforms lives and saves people from a life of feeling disconnected with themselves and their communities. 

Why do people opt for sex change surgery?

So, why do people opt for sex change surgery? Is it really worthwhile? Is it something that people commonly regret?

• To align their physical characteristics with their gender identity.
• To reduce feeling of gender dysphoria and to improve their overall mental health.
• To be recognised socially and legally as their affirmed gender.
• To have an outward appearance that matches how they feel internally.

What is the average cost of sex change surgery in Thailand?

More importantly, how much is it going to set you back if you opt for sex change surgery in Thailand? Is it affordable?

As you may have already guessed, the cost of sex change surgery in Thailand varies significantly, depending on a wide variety of factors. In any case, here are some rough averages to guide you:

• Male-to-female: $10,000-$20,000.
• Female-to-male: $15,000-$25,000.
• Thailand is recognized for its cost-effective medical procedures, offering significant savings on surgeries compared to the US and other Western countries, where costs can exceed $50,000. For those considering this life-changing step, medical agencies like ImagineHealth Thailand can provide invaluable assistance, guiding you through the process with expertise and care.

Is sex change surgery in Thailand safe and effective?

Another important question is whether sex change surgery in Thailand is safe and effective. The good news is yes, Thailand has become a world leader in gender reassignment surgery with skilled, experienced surgeons.

Thailand introduced national standards of care in 2009 and there are many reputable clinics which adhere to strict medical protocols.

Thailand’s extensive experience in gender affirmation surgery , combined with affordable prices and a culture of inclusivity towards the LGBTQ+ community, positions it as a top global destination for these procedures. Navigating this transformative journey is made smoother with the support of a medical travel agency like ImagineHealth Thailand , which specializes in connecting individuals with the country’s leading medical experts and facilities.

Benefits of surgery in Thailand

Here are some additional benefits of having surgery in Thailand:

• High success rates.
• Short waiting times.
• Personalised care and support.
• Modern hospital facilities.

What questions should you ask a clinic before choosing them?

Another important consideration is choosing the right clinic before making any commitments. Here’s a list of some questions you should ask while on the search for your perfect surgeon:

• How long have they been performing gender reassignment surgery? Look for at least 5+ years of experience.
• How many successful procedures have they completed? Aim for as many surgeries as possible.
• What are their outcomes like? Ask for before/after photos and patient reviews.
• What aftercare do they provide? Look for support groups and counselling.
• Do they have specially trained staff to support transgender clients? Cultural awareness is important.

The Pros and Cons of Gender Reassignment Surgery

Finally, let’s take a look at some of the pros and cons of having gender reassignment surgery; what are the potential risks and complications one should be aware of?

Potential benefits:

• Improved mental health and quality of life.
• Reduction in gender dysphoria.
• Alignment with gender identity.
• Improved body image and self-esteem.
• Contrary to popular belief, a very, very small percentage of patients ever regret sex change surgery.

Potential risks and complications:

• Surgical complications like infections.
• Need for follow-up/revision surgeries.
• Permanent infertility.
• Dissatisfaction with surgical results.
• Ongoing mental health issues.

It’s important to have realistic expectations about the results and understand that recovery can be challenging. Professional counselling before and after surgery is highly recommended.

And that about sums it up! Let’s finish off with a quick recap:

–  Overall, sex reassignment surgery can be life-changing for those with severe gender dysphoria when carried out by a reputable surgeon.

–  Thailand offers high-quality options for those seeking an empowering, affirming surgery overseas.

–  The average cost of sex change surgery in Thailand can range between $10,000 and $30,000+ depending on a number of factors.

We hope that you have found this article insightful and that you now have a better understand of what is involved with sex change surgery in Thailand. Whatever you decide, we wish you the very best of luck on your gender affirmation journey. 

Henning Kalwa is the Founder and CEO of ImagineHealth, a company revolutionizing the medical travel industry by prioritizing patient care over profit. With a career that began in health travel in 2010, Henning was inspired to start ImagineHealth after witnessing the industry's frequent preference for profit at the expense of patient well-being. Under his leadership, ImagineHealth prioritizes patient-centered approaches, integrating Thailand’s tranquil environment with advanced medical treatments. Through services like Healthy Aging Diagnostics and Next-Gen Cancer Care, Henning's commitment to enhancing quality of life is evident. Passionate about reforming medical travel to focus on superior health outcomes and informed decision-making, Henning invites patients to experience healthcare characterized by empathy and expertise.

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Gender Reassignment Surgery in Thailand

Bangkok Thailand is the undisputed leader of high quality Gender Reassignment surgeries for decades. Thai Medical offers you the ability to make your dreams come true with one of the best SRS surgeons in the world, using the latest and most advanced surgical techniques. The expertise of Thai SRS surgeons is second to none. Our doctors have performed thousands of natural looking sex Reassignment surgeries for clients across the globe. From Australia,UK,France,Middle East,America and Brazil, our clients are looking for the best results at the best prices.

SRS Interview with Loren – SRS Surgery in Thailand

Changing the gender you were born with is a serious life long commitment so we help our clients get the information they want about their surgeries before they even arrive. We are 100% independent and can offer you impartial and honest opinions about the best doctors and top hospitals in Thailand for SRS surgery.

Not everyone is a candidate for SRS Sex Change Surgeries. Clients must be over 18 years of age to apply for surgery. Candidates for SRS surgery should also already have been clinically diagnosed with gender identity or gender dysphoria disorders along with any anxiety or depression that comes with feeling trapped in the wrong body. Doctors also recommend that you have atleast one year of hormone replacement before having surgery.

Other recommendations before having surgery include actually living full-time in the desired cross-gender role. This crucial step is often the most important step a person should take before committing to having Gender Reassignment Surgery in Thailand.

Types of Treatments Available

Male to Female Sex Reassignment Surgery  – MTF 

Male to Female Sex MTF SRS Thailand

  Female to Male Sex Reassignment Surgery – FTM

If you are interested in changing your birth gender, or to get more information about Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand please contact us today .

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GENDER REASSIGNMENT SURGERY Overseas

Also commonly called Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS), this procedure helps individuals become the person they want to be by transitioning them into the gender they associate with. It is becoming a very common procedure with more and more individuals taking the next step in their transition. At the moment we offer male to female transition only.

INDIVIDUAL HOSPITAL PRICING IS LISTED FURTHER DOWN THE PAGE

If you would like to obtain a personalised quote for Gender Reassignment Surgery Overseas, please refer to our Enquiry page.

Procedure Pricing

Beverly Wilshire Medical Centre +

Phuket Plastic Surgery Institute (PPSI) +

Phyathai 2 Hospital +

Yanhee International Hospital +

What you need to know

BEST CANDIDATES +

The best candidate for Gender Reassignment Surgery (GRS) is someone who is:

• unhappy with the gender they are and wish to become the gender they associate with
• fully aware that this is a permanent procedure
• aware of all of the steps involved
• aware of any legalities that are required in their country for changing their name, gender etc

Because this is significant, life-changing surgery, it is important that you are physically, mentally and emotionally ready. As with any cosmetic surgery procedure, it is imperative you speak to someone you trust, are happy in your life and are psychologically ready.

PREPARING FOR YOUR PROCEDURE +

It is important to discuss with your doctors and with us any:

• Medical conditions you have
• Any medication you are taking - prescription, herbal and non-prescription

Once you arrive at your destination you will have a physical evaluation with your surgeon, where you will discuss your goals and concerns and finalise the plan for surgery. At this examination your surgeon will determine the best procedure for you and explain it to you in detail, including any limitations. It is important that you head into surgery with realistic goals. It is during this examination that your surgeon may also make recommendations for other procedures. 

In the lead-up to your surgery, it is important you do the following:

Stop smoking. Smoking can cause problems with circulation and increase the possibility of complications.

What does gender reassignment surgery include?

The process of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is to help people transition into the gender they align themselves with. There are various procedures, some of which can be done at the same time and some that must be staggered for medical purposes. There is female to male transitioning, but we currently only offer male-to-female transitioning. The five common procedures Beautiful You Holidays offers are; Orchiectomy, Penectomy, Vaginoplasty, Facial Feminisation and Body Contouring (including breast augmentation). 

At what age can you change your gender?

In New Zealand, the minimum age for considering gender reassignment surgery is currently adults over 18 years of age. Anyone under this minimum age is not legally entitled to undergo any of the procedures above, even with the consent of an adult.

Can you reverse gender reassignment surgery?

The decision to undergo SRS isn’t one to be taken lightly. We ensure candidates understand the steps and legalities involved, and that patients understand that this is a permanent procedure. In the extremely rare case that someone who has undergone gender reassignment surgery wants to reverse the surgery, please consult a doctor. 

WHAT TO EXPECT +

Surgical Procedures:

There are several procedures involved with a male to female gender reassignment, some of which can be performed at the same time. How many procedures you have done at the same time will depend on your own wishes along with the recommendations of your surgeon.

Orchiectomy (removal of the testicles)

An orchiectomy is a quick procedure and is often performed as part of a more comprehensive reassignment process. It is imperative to understand that without testicles the male hormone testosterone will not be produced. 

Penectomy (removal of the penis)

This procedure can be performed as a single procedure or as part of the gender reassignment process should you want to create female genitals. During the penectomy, the urethra will be shortened and redirected. 

Vaginoplasty (creating a vagina)

A vaginoplasty is used to create a vagina and is often done by using the skin of the penis and turning it inside out to create the walls of the vagina. The specifics depend on the size of the penis and the surgeon's techniques. During this procedure, it is also common to alter the urethra by is shortening and repositioning it so that it functions as it would in a female body.

A vaginoplasty is done to improve the function of the body part and should not be confused with labiaplasty, which is more of an aesthetic change. While performing a vaginoplasty, it is common to include a labiaplasty and clitoroplasty to create female genitals that are aesthetic, minimally scarred, and sensitive to sexual arousal.

Facial Feminisation  

The techniques used to feminise a face vary based on the client’s facial structure and features, with the following procedures used:

• Face lift 
• Otoplasty (ear pinning)
• Rhinoplasty (nose surgery)
• Tracheal shave (reducing the size of the Adam’s Apple)

Body Contouring

The techniques used vary from client to client, with the following procedures used:

• Tummy tuck 
• Breast augmentation
• Buttock implant 

LENGTH OF SURGERY +

The length of surgery depends on the procedures performed, your body and your surgeon’s recommendations. It is common to stay in the hospital for 14 nights. 

Recovery and post-op care:

While your recovery will depend on the procedures performed, it is common to experience pain and discomfort following the surgery, which will be managed by painkillers prescribed by your surgeon.

Your surgeon will give you instructions on how to perform periodic dilation (stretching the vagina walls). You will be given a dilator to wear inside the vagina to ensure it does not close over or change in shape. It is common to do this for eight weeks following your vaginoplasty, with the frequency gradually reducing. The vagina should be cleaned regularly as per your surgeon’s specific instructions.

You will be able to return to light work 4 to 6 weeks after surgery, and slowly being more strenuous work and exercise around 6 to 8 weeks after surgery.

Length of stay:

Most surgeons recommend staying on holiday for at least 21 days, during which time you will have regular follow-up appointments with your surgeon. To get the most out of your recovery time we suggest you partake in gentle exercise, yoga classes and treat yourself to some pampering. If you are feeling up to it, there is plenty to see and do in Phuket, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur.

PRECONDITIONS AND RISKS +

Risks and complications are minimised by using the care and services of our highly-skilled, trusted doctors and nurses. However, with every precaution taken complications can still occur. These are rare and few patients experience any issues. If you have any concerns about your procedure and the possible preconditions and risks, please discuss them with your doctor and nurses.

Potential risks include:

• Hematoma (which can be treated either through puncture or surgery, depending on the size)
• Nipple necrosis (which can be corrected with aesthetic procedures to reconstruct the nipples should this happen)

OTHER PROCEDURES TO CONSIDER +

If you would like to take advantage of your time away, there are other non-surgical procedures you can add so you return home feeling refreshed. These include cosmetic fillers, laser resurfacing and chemical peels.

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Transgender Thailand - Free Assistance For Transgender Surgeries

Pay directly to the hospital, no markups., we're here to make this easier, you have full control, years of experience with srs consultancy, no hidden fees, our featured thai partners.

Kamol Hospital

Bumrungrad Hospital

Bangkok Hospital

Bangkok sex change surgery, gender reassignment surgery.

Gender reassignment surgery is a life-saving procedure for transgender individuals and is considered the last step in transitioning from one gender to the other one. Sex reassignment surgery can help all those people who identify themselves with the opposite gender to live a more comfortable and confident life.

Here at Transgender Thailand, we take care of every step during the process of “transitioning” from one gender to the other one. Most of all, we make sure our partner doctors are highly professionals and experts in their fields. This ensures that we grant Trans Men and Trans Women an impeccable service and a true help along the path of the discovery of their new self.

Thailand's Superior Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

Gender reassignment surgery excellence.

At Transgender Thailand, the mission is to provide effective, efficient, and safe services for all patients. The team never stops learning, improving, and exploring innovations in cosmetic and aesthetic surgery. ‍ Our specialists act as a liaison between patients and accredited high-advanced hospitals and surgeons specializing in sex reassignment surgery. Patients can expect a world-class aesthetic and sex reassignment hospital with a top-notch team bolstered by highly skilled nurses and operating personnel to handle all pre and post-operative concerns. Coupled with excellent surgeons, the team ensures patients a smooth, efficient, and rewarding experience.

Accreditation and Affiliation

Linking patients with the most experienced surgeons for their needs is a priority. Transgender Thailand’s specialists act as a liaison between patients and accredited high-advanced hospitals and surgeons specializing in sex reassignment surgery.

Patients can expect a world-class aesthetic and sex reassignment hospital with a top-notch team bolstered by highly skilled nurses and operating personnel to handle all pre and post-operative concerns. Coupled with excellent surgeons, the team ensures patients a smooth, efficient, and rewarding experience. This stewardship starts from initial inquiries all the way through consultations, surgery scheduling, and even post-operative follow-up and care. Patients can expect a partner who will help them navigate and understand every step of the journey.

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Full spectrum transgender surgery options, thailand as a sex reassignment surgery destination.

Thailand is the most popular overseas “destination of choice” for surgical and non-surgical services for the transgender community.

Trans Surgery in the Country of Smiles: Thai Specialist Support in World Recognized Hospitals

Transgender Thailand provides access to low-cost transgender health care that features top-of-the-line facilities with modern technological advancements, as well as compassionate and highly-trained doctors and clinicians currently leading most sex reassignment surgeries and procedures in the country and around the world.

Thailand also has another big advantage as a highly competitive destination for reassignment surgeries as most reassignment surgeries are offered at low cost. You still get the best treatments and facilities at a low cost.

Trans Women

A full suite of services for male to female sex reassignment surgery. This includes tracheal shave (adam’s apple surgery), vocal feminization, facial feminization, breast augmentation, and full-body feminization, genital surgery, and gender confirmation surgery.

We also provide a full suite of services for female to male sex change operation . This includes mastectomy, facial masculinization, body masculinization , and gender confirmation surgery.

Breast Surgery

Plastic surgery in Thailand is topnotch and patients can choose from breast augmentation to mastectomy procedures with highly skilled surgeons.

Body Surgery

Body reconstruction surgery is an integral step in gender reassignment surgery. There are several body procedures available for trans men and trans women. Initial surgeries include feminization and masculinization procedures as well as the final gender confirmation surgeries.

Facial Surgery

For patients taking the first steps in transitioning or those looking for plastic surgery specifically for the face, there are options for male to female feminization procedures and female to male masculinization procedures available. This may also be bolstered with voice-altering procedures.

Transgender Thailand: Frequently Asked Questions About Sex Change Surgery

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Find a Surgeon

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Dr. Pichet Rodchareon

Male-to-Female SRS in Thailand – Bangkok Plastic Surgery

Dr. Pichet Rodchareon, MD is a board-certified plastic surgeon who is widely recognized as one of top surgeons in Thailand offering Gender Reassignment Surgery and Facial Feminization . Dr. Pichet has extensive training and a great deal of experience, and is able to provide patients with superior aesthetic and functional results.

Dr. Pichet obtained his B.Sc. and medical degree at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok and is a Diplomate in Plastic Surgery. He is an active member of the Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons of Thailand and the Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons of Thailand, as well as the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). His extensive training includes plastic surgery, hand surgery, craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery. In total, Dr. Pichet has completed more than 3,000 procedures.

World-Class Surgical Care in Bangkok

Dr. Pichet is the Chief Plastic Surgeon at the Bangkok Plastic Surgery private hospital located in the heart of exciting downtown Bangkok, Thailand. The facility features the most advanced medical equipment available, modern patient rooms and an elegant reception area.

“From the moment we arrived, Dr Pichet & his staff were very helpful & always smiling. Dr Pichet’s clinic is quite impressive, very very nice. I think Dr Pichet is a very good surgeon, & I would recommend his services to anyone.” — MTF Breast Augmentation patient Read the full review here: www.bangkokplasticsurgery.com

Dr. Pichet offers the following gender affirming surgery procedures:

Prices are general estimates (January 2019.) Exact pricing can only be determined following a consultation. Surgery pricing is all-inclusive! Pricing includes surgeon, anesthesiologist and OR fees, your recovery room, nursing, medications, and meals. For those traveling to Thailand alone for surgery, a 24-hour in-room attendant is also included. After your stay in the Bangkok Plastic Surgery Clinic, transportation to and from your daily post-operative appointments is provided, as are airport transfers to and from the hospital.

The Vaginoplasty method Dr. Pichet usually uses is the Penile Inversion technique where construction of a vagina is done through inversion of penile skin and involves removing the organs and erectile tissue of the penis. The skin and tissue is used to create a vaginal opening, clitoris, clitoral hood, and labia (lips). The urethra is kept for urination and the skin and nerves of the glans (head) of the penis can be salvaged for sensitivity. Dr. Pichet also performs the Sigmoid Colon method of Vaginoplasty. Each patient is unique and the procedures that are done are based on the individual need and budget.

“I looked at surgeons all over the world and was in constant contact with Dr. Pichet and many others for 2 solid years before my decision was made to fly to Bangkok. In my opinion ladies, (and this is only mine), Dr. Pichet is the very, very best. Dr. Pichet has made me the happiest woman alive today.” — SRS and Breast Augmentation patient Read the full review here: www.bangkokplasticsurgery.com

Before & After Photos Thai Law prevents Dr. Pichet from publishing before and after photos online but you can request to have photos sent to you via email.

Consultations Dr. Pichet is available for FREE phone and in-person consultations. Interpreters for English, Japanese and Chinese speaking patients are available at no charge.

Wait List Your surgery date can be booked within 1 month of your consultation.

Financing Cash (USD), VISA and Mastercard are accepted. Insurance, Medicare and Medicaid are not accepted.

Surgery Requirements

• Letter from a licensed psychologist recommending surgery;
• Documentation (prescription, letter) indicating that you have been taking hormones for at least 1 year;
• Lab Tests: chest X-ray, EKG, CBC, blood sugar, HIV, HBsAg, UA, Bun/Cr, electrolytes, LFT;
• Dr. Pichet will operate on minors with parental consent.

Practice Details

Contact info.

Phone: 668-1813-0373

Address: Bangkok Plastic Surgery, 422-426/1 Indramara Soi, 20 Suthisarn Rd., Din Daeng, Bangkok, 10400, TH

Website: bangkokplasticsurgery.com/

Send Inquiry

Cosmetic Services – Gender Affirmation

Male to female surgery.

Male to Female Gender Affirmation Surgery (Sex Reassignment Surgery) involves remodeling the male genitals into a form with the appearance of, and the function of female genitalia. Our comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know about the procedure, from initial consultation to post-operative care.

What is Male to Female Gender Affirmation Surgery?

Male to Female Gender Affirmation Surgery, also known as MtF GRS, is a surgical procedure that transforms male anatomical features into female ones to align a person’s physical characteristics with their gender identity. This comprehensive surgery typically involves procedures such as penectomy, orchiectomy (removal of the testes), vaginoplasty (creation of a neovagina), and possibly other feminizing surgeries like breast augmentation. It is a crucial step for many transgender women in their gender affirmation journey, helping alleviate gender dysphoria and enabling them to live more authentically.

The Medical Council of Thailand defines “Gender Affirmation Surgery (Sex Reassignment Surgery)” as surgical techniques conducted to change the gender of a patient from male to female or female to male, including the use of hormones from one gender to the other.

A simpler explanation is that it is a surgical procedure in which the patient’s sex organs are altered as well as function to satisfy their desires.

Male to female gender affirmation surgery, then, is surgery that involves transforming the male genitalia into the female genitalia, which comprises the following procedures:

• Creation of the External Female Genitalia (vulva)
• Design of the New Vagina (neovagina)

In most cases, your surgeon performs sex reassignment surgery during the last phase of the transgender process.

Transgender reassignment is a complex process that begins with the patient living in the gender they desire for some time, taking hormones to achieve the necessary physical changes, and undergoing surgery on other bodily parts, such as the breasts and genitals.

Gender affirmation surgery is a delicate and complex type of surgery and, once done, cannot be easily reversed. The primary purpose is to fulfill psychological and physical needs.

Patients who wish to undergo this surgery must first meet the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria. This criterion ensures that the individual will live happily with the new gender they desire to be transformed to after the procedure and minimize the possibility of making a significant “Wrong Decision” and regretting it for the rest of their life.

Not all transgender people undergo SRS. Those who do have SRS for a variety of reasons.

Some people use it to alleviate bodily dysphoria — intense discomfort caused by a mismatch between identity and body.

Others are comfortable with their bodies but are incredibly uncomfortable with how others see them (social dysphoria) and wish to alter their physical appearance to live a life more consistent with their identity.

Choosing surgery for any health problem is a significant decision, and Sexual Reassignment Surgery is no exception.

This guide’s objective is to:

• describe MTF-SRS alternatives,
• identify potential risks and consequences associated with MTF-SRS,
• detail what to expect before and after MTF-SRS, and
• explore factors to consider when deciding to have SRS.

MTF patients who are considering SRS will find this guide very helpful. It may also benefit partners, family members, and others curious about SRS.

• Surgical Procedures for MTFs
• Breast Augmentation Surgery
• Procedures of the Face & Neck
• Genital Surgery

SRS’s goals for MTFs are to diminish “male” traits and make the body appear more “feminine.”

MTF SRS may entail some or all of the following surgeries. These surgical procedures carry risks but have improved the quality of life for MTFs experiencing physical or social dysphoria.

Breast surgery, facial surgery, and genital surgery are all addressed in length here. In addition, you can read about voice change surgery here.

Estrogen causes breasts and nipples to grow, but there is a limit to how much breasts can grow on their own.

MTFs who want larger breasts or a change in breast shape can have implants inserted through an incision under the breast, armpit, or around the nipple.

What will the appearance and feel of my breasts be like after implants?

Surgically augmented breasts typically look and feel different than non-implanted breasts. For example, augmented breasts are generally wider, firmer, and rounder than naturally developed breasts.

This difference is especially true for MTFs or non-trans women who get implants later in life because their breasts have not gone through the age-related process seen in non-trans women without implants (the skin stretches and the breasts droop as we get older).

Furthermore, MTFs frequently have larger chest muscles and a broader chest than non-trans women.

Working with a surgeon who understands how MTF skin, muscle shape, and breast development differs from that of non-trans women can be beneficial in deciding on an implant shape and technique that will produce the desired result.

Viewing photos of MTFs who have had breast implants can give you an idea of what to expect. You can also request that surgeons show you before and after pictures of their patients.

Materials used to make breast implants

Most breast implants are made of saline (salt water) or silicone.

A word of caution regarding silicone injections

Semi-solid implants are used for breast augmentation, with the liquid filler surrounded by a solid shell that keeps the fill contained. Some MTFs who cannot afford surgery have attempted to augment their breasts, hips, cheeks, lips, or buttocks by purchasing liquid silicone and injecting it themselves or having an injection performed by a friend or unlicensed health worker.

Injection of liquid silicone (also known as “free silicone”) is extremely dangerous and, as a result, is not permitted as a medical procedure.

There are serious health risks associated with liquid silicone, including permanent disfigurement, lung disease, brain damage, and death.

If you have ever received a liquid silicone injection, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible.

When deciding whether or not to get breast implants, it is essential to keep in mind that all types of breast implants frequently leak or rupture and must be removed.

Breast implants are not considered lifetime devices. Therefore, you will almost certainly require additional surgeries and visits to your surgeon in the future.

Your implants will almost certainly have to be removed at some point, and you will have to decide whether or not to replace them.

Implants stretch the skin. If implants are removed but not replaced, your skin will be wrinkled, dimpled, or puckered.

Breast augmentation timing

In some MTFs, estrogen can significantly alter breast size and shape. While breast growth begins soon after beginning estrogen therapy, it is slow and gradual, and it typically takes two or more years for breasts to reach their maximum size.

If you can take hormones, it is recommended that you wait at least 18 months to allow your breasts to develop.

Hormonal development will aid in the growth of your nipples and the stretching of your chest skin, resulting in a more natural-looking implant.

Instead of being implanted into a flat chest, implants look more natural when augmenting existing breasts.

Some MTFs are unable to take hormones due to medical reasons, do not want the side effects of hormones, or enjoy breasts without the other effects of hormones. If you are unable to take hormones, implants may be an option.

Breast surgery can be performed as the first (or only) step in surgery or after you’ve had other types of SRS (e.g., genital surgery).

What to Expect Before and Following Breast Augmentation

In a hospital

You will come to the hospital on the day of your surgery to review pre-surgery information and have a last-minute physical exam.

You will be instructed not to eat or drink after midnight the night before surgery.

After your surgery, hospital personnel will monitor you as you awaken from anesthesia.

You will most likely be given antibiotics to help reduce the risk of infection while your wounds heal in the hospital.

Following breast surgery

You will be required to wear a special bra and leave the surgical dressings on for as long as the surgeon requires.

Your surgeon or nurse will determine the right time for you to take a shower.

It is usual for the incisions to be red, but the redness should not extend beyond the incision for more than 1–2 cm (if this occurs, see a doctor immediately because it could be a sign of infection).

It is also customary to see or feel the knot in the stitches at the incision’s end. But, again, the stitch knot is not a problem; it will either dissolve on its own or come to the surface of your skin, where it can be clipped free by a doctor or nurse.

A moderate amount of bruising and swelling is expected. Your breasts will most likely be sore and swollen for at least a month following surgery. Consult a doctor if you have a lot of swelling. During the healing process, sharp shooting pain, burning pain, or general discomfort are expected and eventually subside.

Severe discomfort usually subsides 1–2 days after surgery.

You can resume your routine when you feel well enough to do so (i.e., regular movements do not cause pain). This usually takes 1–2 weeks, but it can take longer in some cases.

For the next 3–4 weeks, avoid any activity that causes your heart rate to rise.

Breast implant dangers and potential complications

Any surgery requiring general anesthesia is a serious medical procedure. There is a risk of blood clots (which can be fatal) or an adverse reaction to the anesthetic with any surgery.

Surgeons, anesthetists, and surgical nurses have extensive experience preventing problems and responding to emergencies during surgery. To avoid blood clots after being discharged from the hospital, move around as much as you feel comfortable and drink plenty of water.

Obtain immediate medical attention if you experience sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or tender, warm, and swollen legs. You may have a blood clot and require immediate medical attention.

Aside from the risks of blood clots, every surgery carries the risk of infection, bleeding, pain, and thick red scars. Antibiotics are commonly administered in hospitals to reduce the risk of infection.

It is usual for the breasts to be sore and the incision line to be red after surgery. If the redness extends more than 1–2 cm beyond the incision, the skin is tender or warm, and you don’t feel well, see a doctor to rule out an infection.

The following are some of the potential complications associated with breast implants:

• Capsular contracture: thickening and contraction of scar tissue that forms naturally around the implant (some scar tissue is okay; an excess can be problematic).
• Lopsided breast size, shape, or position (one side appears larger or smaller than the other)
• Asymmetrical placement of the nipple (one side looks higher than the other)
• Rippling of the skin over the implant is more likely if you are thin or your breasts haven’t appropriately developed after hormone therapy.
• Implant problem: leakage, rupture, infection, or implant coming out of the body Change in sensation to nipples/breast skin: less or more intense feeling.

You will almost certainly require additional surgery if:

• there are implant problems: the surgeon will have to remove your implant but can replace it later
• your breasts or nipples are lopsided: the surgeon will wait 4–6 months after surgery to see how the implant settles
• you have severe capsular contracture (the scar tissue is making your breasts excessively firm, distorting their shape, or causing you pain)

During puberty, testosterone causes numerous changes in MTF bodies, including the formation of skull and face bones and cartilage in the face and neck.

Although hormone therapy can soften the skin of the face and cause minor changes in the fat/muscle structure of the face after puberty, hormones cannot change the basic structure of the face and neck; only surgery can reshape the contours of bone and cartilage.

MTFs have varying perspectives on face and neck surgery. Some believe it is critical in reducing gender dysphoria and enhancing passability.

Others are concerned that MTFs may feel pressured to undergo face and neck surgery to meet conventional standards of female attractiveness.

There is no right or wrong answer regarding whether to have a face or neck surgery, as with any other type of SRS: it is a personal decision.

Tracheal shave

In the throat/neck, cartilage rings surround the windpipe. The thyroid cartilage juts forward more pronouncedly in “males” than in “females.”

This point is also known as the “Adam’s apple” or the laryngeal prominence.

The thyroid cartilage can be surgically altered (“tracheal shave” or chondrolaryngoplasty) to reduce the size and visibility of the laryngeal prominence.

This surgery can be done concurrently or separately from voice surgery.

Facial feminization surgery (FFS)

FFS techniques are divided into surgery into the bones or cartilages of the skull and work on the soft tissue that covers the bone/cartilage.

The differences between the average “male” and “female” skulls are used to reconstruct bones in FFS. In addition, soft tissue work may be performed to supplement or replace bone reconstruction if only minor changes are desired.

Soft tissue surgery is less invasive than bone surgery.

FFS can include surgical modifications to any of the following areas:

Based on three differences in the facial structure of non-trans women and men, FFS creator Douglas Ousterhout emphasizes the surgical change of the forehead as a crucial part of facial “feminization”:

• As shown in the image below, “male” skulls have a relatively flat slope from the hairline to the brows, whereas “female” skulls are more curved.
• As shown in the image below, “males” have a thicker bony ridge just above the eyes (brow bossing).
• “Males” have a longer distance between their brows and their hairline than “females,” even if they do not have “male”- pattern baldness (which further increases this distance).

The following surgical changes to the forehead can be performed as part of FFS:

• Brow shave: removing brow bossing by grinding down the orbital rims (upper edge of eye sockets).
• forehead implant: using synthetic bone-filler to round out a flat forehead;
• brow lift: tightening of the skin on the brows and raising of the brows
• hairline and scalp advancement: bringing the hairline and scalp forward

Surgical Procedures of the Chin and Jaws

FFS creator Douglas Ousterhout describes three differences in the structure of non-trans women’s and men’s chins and jaws:

• As shown in the image below, “male” chins are broader and squarer, whereas “female” chins are pointed and narrower.
• The distance between the bottom lip and the base of the chin is shorter in “females” than in “males.”
• “Male” jaws have fuller back corners, with the bone having a sharper angle and flaring out away from the face and a more prominent masseter (chewing) muscle.

Female jaws have a gradual curve from the ear to the chin, with a less square and full shape in the back.

The chin and jaw FFS is performed through the mouth and incisions around the lower gums.

The following surgical changes to the chin and jaw can be performed as part of FFS:

• removing bone from the back corner of the jaw to make it less prominent;
• removing bone from the chin and reshaping it to look more tapered, less square, and shorter;
• using implants if the chin is receding;
• liposuction under the chin to make the lower part of the face appear less heavy;

Rhinoplasty is the surgical procedure used to alter the appearance of the nose. Some MTFs want to change the appearance of their nostrils or the tip of their nose.

Other times, MTFs who have forehead surgery will be advised to have surgery on the nose bridge so that the flow from nose to forehead appears smooth.

Among the nose changes that can be made as part of FFS are:

• removing bone from the bridge of the nose to make it flatter;
• removing width from the nose to make it thinner;
• shortening the nose by removing some cartilage at the tip of the nose; and narrowing the nostrils

Cheek augmentation can be performed to highlight the “cheekbones” (zygomatic arch), making the cheeks more prominent and the chin/jaw appear smaller.

Bone grafts, synthetic implants, and fat implants can all be used for augmentation.

Among the lip surgical changes that can be performed as part of FFS are:

• removing skin from the area between the nose and the top lip to raise the upper lip
• using implants to make the lips appear fuller

Face/neck surgery timing

Most FFS techniques can be performed at any point in the transition (at the beginning, middle, or end of the process).

If you want both forehead and nose surgery, it is best to have them done simultaneously because changes to the forehead can affect the shape of the nose.

Multiple surgeries close together are generally not recommended because they put a lot of strain on your body.

What to Expect Before and Following Face/Neck Surgery

If you have electrolysis to help remove facial hair, you must stop it at least two weeks before having face surgery.

If you are having chin or jaw surgery, you will not be able to resume electrolysis for at least three months.

Talk with your surgeon about ways to temporarily remove facial hair before and after surgery as part of your pre-surgery planning.

In the hospital

You may be asked to come to the hospital on the day of the surgery to review pre-surgery information and have a last-minute physical exam. In addition, you will be instructed not to eat or drink after midnight the night before surgery.

What to expect immediately following surgery is determined by whether a local or general anesthetic was used.

Minor procedures are typically performed under local anesthetic (similar to having a tooth drilled), and you can return home shortly afterward. However, a general anesthetic is usually required for bone reconstruction or tracheal shave.

If you have a general anesthetic, hospital staff will monitor you as you awaken. For minor procedures, you will be sent home the same day as surgery with pain medication; for more extensive procedures, you will be admitted to the hospital for the night.

You will need to have someone drive you to your hotel or take a taxi when you are discharged because it is unsafe to drive right after surgery.

You will be given antibiotics to help reduce the risk of infection as your wounds heal in the hospital.

Following surgery

The aftercare instructions differ depending on the type of facial surgery and the technique used. Discuss pain management options with your surgeon before surgery to ensure you understand what to expect and what you need to do after being discharged from the hospital.

Dr. Douglas Ousterhout, the creator of FFS, provided the following information:

• The surgeon usually removes sutures and staples used to close scalp incisions within eight days of surgery. Most people feel well enough to return to work by this point (though vigorous activity should be avoided for the first two weeks after surgery).
• Within 10–12 days of surgery: Swelling and bruising around the eyes usually resolve by this time.
• Within two weeks of surgery: Swelling should have subsided by this point.
• For the first 1–2 days after surgery, internal nasal packing will be left to support nasal tissues during the healing process.
• Bruising around the nose and eyes usually fades within two weeks of surgery.
• One month after surgery: It is safe to resume strenuous activity. You can continue wearing your glasses as usual.
• You can usually return to light work 5–6 days after surgery.
• The face is usually moderately swollen and bruised after surgery.
• Jaw reduction: Pain medication will be prescribed. Most of the swelling fades gradually over 10–14 weeks, but it can be difficult to see improvement until the swelling has completely subsided. You can usually return to work 10–14 days after surgery.
• Lip augmentation: This is usually a minor procedure. Swelling may occur, but it usually subsides within 10–14 days of surgery.

Face/neck surgery risks and potential complications

Every surgery carries the risk of infection, bleeding, pain, and the formation of thick red scars. Antibiotics are commonly administered in hospital to reduce the risk of infection.

It is usual for swelling and bruising to occur after facial surgery. If your skin is very tender or warm, and you are not feeling well, consult a doctor to determine whether you have an infection.

Any surgery requiring general anesthesia is a serious medical procedure. There is a risk of an adverse reaction to general anesthesia or, if you are lying flat for an extended period, of blood clots (which can be fatal). However, surgeons, anesthetists, and surgical nurses have extensive experience preventing problems and responding to emergencies during surgery.

To avoid blood clots after being discharged from the hospital, move around as much as you feel comfortable and drink plenty of water. If you experience sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or tender, warm, and swollen legs, seek emergency medical attention. These symptoms may indicate a blood clot, and you may require immediate medical attention.

The following are some of the risks associated with face/neck surgery:

• numbness, pain, or difficulty controlling the muscles of the operated-on area: this can be temporary (due to swelling) or permanent (from nerve damage)
• Implant, wire, or screw issue: infection, reabsorption, or coming out of the body
• tracheal shave: possible voice damage
• difficulty adjusting to looking different after surgery (some people describe this as feeling like a stranger is looking back at them when they look in the mirror)
• Disappointment with the appearance of results: eyebrows raised too high, the nose looks unnatural, etc.

Preparation for Genital Surgery at Yanhee Hospital

Preparing for Genital Surgery begins with the physician taking a medical history, assessing the patient’s desire to be transgender, and reviewing the transgender procedures done previously.

The doctor will then perform a complete physical examination of the patient and assess if the individual is ready for the surgery according to the following assessment criteria:

• If you are under the age of 18 years, you are ineligible to have surgery. If you are over the age of 18 but under the age of 20, you must submit consent signed by your legal guardians.
• The patient must have undergone psychiatric evaluation from 2 psychiatrists and been diagnosed as having “Gender Dysphoria,” to be written by both psychiatrists in two separate medical certificates.
• The patient must have no underlying physical or psychiatric diseases that will pose potential threats or dangers to the patient when going through anesthesia or the major surgical procedure.
• The patient must have undergone hormonal replacement therapy for at least one year.
• The patient must have lived in the opposite gender for at least one year.

After that, the doctor will perform a complete physical examination on the patient, perform blood tests, and do an x-ray. If abnormalities or congenital diseases are detected, the patient will consult with corresponding specialists to participate in the assessment.

A patient must stop taking medicines or supplements that may increase bleeding tendencies, such as aspirin, clopidogrel, herbs like cordyceps, ginkgo, ginseng, garlic, cod liver oil, collagen, and vitamin E at least two weeks before the surgery.

The patient must refrain from taking the hormones for replacement therapy for at least a month before surgery to prevent deep venous thrombosis as a postoperative complication.

Patients who smoke or use products containing nicotine, such as e-cigarettes, nicotine gum, or the nicotine patch, must discontinue using these for at least two months before and after surgery because nicotine slows down the healing process of the surgical wound.

Patients taking alcoholic beverages should refrain from taking these a week before the surgery. In addition, patients should eat soft food with less dietary fiber a week before surgery to avoid the accumulation of much residue in the intestines and leave it cleaner and more ready for surgery.

Proper genital hygiene must be done by regularly washing well with soap and water.

Patients’ diseases or conditions that require more intensive examination or correction before sex-change surgery can be done:

• Congenital diseases or congenital disabilities that affect body functions such as heart, lung, liver, or severe kidney diseases
• Chronic diseases that are in the process of treatment, such as cancer, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
• HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C
• Reproductive disorders such as phimosis and paraphimosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, lumps or tumors of the sexual organ, or a history of introducing foreign substances into the sexual organ, etc.
• Inguinal and abdominal hernias

Diseases or conditions in patients that will disqualify them from undergoing Sex Change Surgery:

• Congenital diseases that are not completely treated
• Unstable patients with psychiatric disorders
• Patients using illegal narcotics

Techniques for Male-to-Female Gender Affirmation Surgery

Male-to-female gender affirmation surgery (sex change surgery) is divided into two major types according to the technique used to create the vagina:

• Graft Technique (Penile Skin Inversion Technique)
• Techniques that use tissue from the abdomen, including Colon Vaginoplasty Technique and Peritoneal Vaginoplasty Technique

The Graft Technique means sex change surgery using the same genital skin to create a new vagina. This method does not require abdominal surgery and can avoid scarring around the abdomen.

The depth of the vagina depends mainly on the natural anatomy of the patient’s pelvis. However, on average, the vaginal depth is 5.5-6 inches.

The graft technique is the standard method used for the first sex-change surgery, is not very complicated, and does not put the patient at high risk. However, after the surgery, the new vagina must be taken care of by regularly dilating the vagina, especially during the first year.

The graft technique is used to create a complete external female genitalia, including the clitoris, clitoral hood and frenulum, labia majora, labia minora, and urethral orifice. It can also keep the sensory nerves in different strategic points entirely.

Suppose the patient has less genital skin, which may not be enough to perform the graft method, but does not want to undergo abdominal surgery. In that case, he may still choose the graft method using skin from other areas, such as from the groin or thigh, but the disadvantage is that there will be additional scars in those areas.

Advantages-Disadvantages of Graft Technique Sex Change Surgery

Advantages:

• Able to create a complete external genitalia
• Create a vagina that is deep and functional
• No abdominal surgery is required

Disadvantages:

• The vagina can be constricted or shallower if not adequately and adequately dilated.
• No lubricant inside the vagina
• There may be additional scars if graft from the other areas is used.

Colon Vaginoplasty Technique

The Colon Vaginoplasty Technique requires abdominal surgery, and the colon is used to create a vagina. This method has the advantage of creating a deeper, more durable vagina without any constriction.

However, the “vulvar entrance” area may still be constricted or narrowed due to the contraction of the wound. Therefore, the transgender patient who underwent this method still has to dilate the vagina to prevent narrowing at the area of the vaginal entrance.

The Colon Vaginoplasty Technique is often used in corrective surgery to increase vaginal depth. It may also be done as the first surgery if the patient has less genital skin. The appearance of the external genitalia is the same as that of the graft method in all aspects.

The walls of the vagina formed from the colon have mucous membranes that look sticky and stagnant inside so that the entrance area is often dry.

Consequently, doctors recommend that patients use lubricants each time they engage in sexual intercourse to prevent abrasions due to excessive friction.

Patients who have had recto-sigmoid vaginoplasty sex change will need more long-term self-care than those using the other surgical techniques. In addition, patients must have regular follow-up visits to the doctor.

The patient must monitor the patency of the entrance and see that it is always open so that the mucus can be drained. Otherwise, the neovaginal closed-loop obstruction may occur. If patients want to be examined or screened for colon cancer by colonoscopy, an endoscopic examination of the internal aspect of the vagina will also be required.

In addition, intra-abdominal surgery may create an adhesion band, which may later cause abdominal pain.

Advantages-Disadvantages of Colon Vaginoplasty Technique

• The vagina is deep and has strong durability.
• Creates a mucous membrane inside the vagina
• Able to develop complete external genitalia
• Entails abdominal surgery where the colon is cut and sutured
• The entrance to the vagina created may be constricted if the dilation is not good.
• There is a chance of the patient developing various colonic diseases such as colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease.
• May develop peritoneal adhesions due to intra-abdominal surgery.
• It creates a scar on the abdomen.

Penile-Peritoneal Vaginoplasty technique (PPV)

The PPV technique entails abdominal surgery, but it will use the peritoneum to create a new vagina (not the colon). This technique is often used for reconstructive surgery but can also be done as a first surgery if the patient does not have enough genital skin for grafting.

The peritoneum can produce a lubricant which is a clear yellow liquid.

However, the entrance to the vagina is still made of skin so it can be dry and prone to abrasions as well. Hence, the doctor always recommends using a lubricant each time the patient engages in sexual intercourse.

The characteristics of the external genitalia created through peritoneal surgery are the same as those made through the grafting and bowel technique in all aspects.

Pros-Cons of the PPV Technique

• The vagina is deeper than that created through the grafting technique.
• Lubrication present inside the vagina
• Creates a complete and functional external genitalia
• Entails abdominal surgery
• If not dilated well enough, the peritoneal junction at the entrance may be constricted.
• Peritoneal tissues may form adhesions due to abdominal surgery.
• There will be scar formation on the abdomen.

How deep will the vagina be after gender affirmation surgery?

Gender Affirmation Surgery can create a vagina with a depth equal to its usual depth in a patient’s pelvis, about 5.5 – 6 inches. However, the vagina created may be deeper by about 1-2 inches more, depending on where the surgery was done using the PPV technique.

Will the new genitals have sensation?

The surgeon will collect sensory nerves to build a new genitalia sensation spot which consists of the clitoris, inner labia, and around the urethra, all of which can be capable of external sexual stimulation. The internal aspect of the vagina will not have direct sensory nerves. However, the patient may still feel sexual pleasure from external stimulation around the prostate gland area in some cases.

Recovery Time for Each Surgical Technique

The Grafting Technique

• The patient will stay in the hospital for 9 days.
• The doctor will not allow the patient to get off the bed for the first three days after the surgery, will only allow him to eat soft meals, and will see to it that the wound is covered with two layers of gauze urinary catheter and drainage.
• During the 4th day after surgery, the doctor will remove the outer layers of gauze and allow the patient to get off the bed.
• During the 7th day after surgery, the doctor will remove the remaining gauze, the urinary catheter, and drainage and give the patient instructions about vaginal dilation. The patient will then be discharged from the hospital if no complications are encountered.
• After surgery, the patient should rest for about one month to recover from all the inconvenient movements. Vaginal dilation has to be performed every day.

The Colon and PPV techniques

•  For the colon and PPV techniques, the patient has to stay in the hospital for 9 days. The doctor will remove all gauze, urinary catheter, and drainage on the 4th day and give the patient instructions on dilating the vagina. The patient will be discharged from the hospital if no complications are encountered.
• The patient should rest for full recovery after sex reassignment surgery with the colon and PPV technique, for about one month if it is the first operation and for about two weeks if it is reconstructive surgery.

Postoperative care

External Wound Care

There are two kinds of medications for external use to be used for dressing:

• Povidone Iodine Solution – to be applied over the wound around the outer labia
• Povidone Iodine Gel – to be applied over the wound around the inner labia and around the urethra

Always dress the wound using these two medications for external use after urination and vaginal dilation. In addition, the patient has to wear sanitary napkins to absorb any bloodstains. Usually, the surgical wound will be healed within 2-3 weeks without post-surgical complications.

Vaginal Care

The patient must use the douching method after performing vaginal dilation by mixing the saline solution with Povidone Iodine Solution with a 1:10 ratio (Ex. Saline 100 cc. with Povidone Iodine Solution 10 cc) and douche for 100-200 cc. at a time.

Postoperative Instructions

Do not squat or spread the legs before the surgical wound is completely healed, as activities like these may cause surgical wound dehiscence. Also, do not use soap and water for douching the vagina as these may irritate.

The doctor will usually allow the patient to engage in sexual intercourse after the surgery (if the wound in the vagina is already completely healed). However, an unpleasant vaginal odor may be present during the first 3-6 months due to the residual bloodstains.

The patient must avoid sour or fermented food because it may cause the surgical wound area to swell for a long time.

Information/Instructions about Vaginal Dilation

• Vaginal dilation is essential, especially during the first year after surgery, due to the wound healing process, which causes the contraction of the vagina (contraction can occur in whatever surgical technique is used). Contraction is more intense during the first year after surgery but will gradually decrease after one year.
• The patient should use the rigid dilators properly prepared by the doctor. The patient should perform vaginal dilation two times a day for 30-60 minutes per session, increasing the size of the dilators according to the doctor’s instructions during the first year after surgery. After one year, the patient should perform vaginal dilation once a week, using the dilator with the biggest size.
• For additional vaginal dilation, the patient is instructed to insert a soft silicone dilator into the patient’s vagina before she goes to sleep. The patient must also wear panties to prevent the soft silicone dilator from slipping out.

Information by: Dr.Worapon Rattanalert

WHAT SRS CANNOT PROVIDE

SRS can provide significant relief to trans people and live more comfortably. But there are some things that SRS will not do.

1. SRS will not solve all body image issues.

The goal of SRS is to make you feel more at ease in your own skin by bringing physical characteristics closer to your internal sense of self. This alleviation can boost your self-esteem and make you feel more confident and attractive.

However, you will discover that there are attractiveness standards after SRS that you may not meet.

The social pressures and gender stereotypes about appearance make it difficult to be comfortable in your own skin. Unfortunately, some MTFs respond by obsessively dieting, exercising, or undergoing endless surgical revisions to achieve an idealized stereotype of attractiveness.

It can be challenging to distinguish between gender dysphoria and body image issues. Professional and peer counseling can help you sort out your appearance expectations and work toward greater self-acceptance after SRS.

2. SRS will not solve all sexual issues.

Wanting to feel more comfortable about sex is essential for some trans people to have SRS. This is because SRS can help alleviate dysphoria, which harms sexuality. However, dysphoria is not the cause of all sexual problems.

Sexuality is a complex issue that various factors can influence, including physical problems, stress, relationship dynamics, body image issues, past sexual abuse or other types of trauma, and cultural and personal beliefs about sexuality.

SRS will not automatically resolve all of these issues in your life. If you are experiencing sexual difficulties, consider seeking peer or professional counseling to investigate the causes and learn about sexual health treatment options. If you need help finding a trans-positive sexual health professional, the   Transgender Health Program   can help.

SRS frequently has a positive effect on sexuality. Most Trans people who participated in numerous studies reported increased sexual satisfaction after SRS. However, SRS can have a negative impact. Changes in sensation are widespread following surgery. You may discover that touch is less intense or more intense (to the point of being uncomfortable or painful).

Some MTFs report difficulty reaching orgasm following genital surgery or that orgasm is less intense. When deciding whether to have surgery, you must consider the possibility that SRS will harm your sexuality and how you will cope with that possibility.

Whether or not you choose SRS, some trans people find that counseling can help them deal with the effects of internalized transphobia on their sexuality. Many trans people internalize negative messages about being Trans due to growing up in a transphobic society. This can include feelings of shame about erotic cross-dressing or other trans-specific sexual desires and fantasies, as well as feelings of guilt about having a body that does not conform to societal norms.

Peer or professional support can be beneficial in achieving greater self-acceptance of your sexuality (with or without SRS).

3. SRS will not transform you into someone else.

SRS causes many people to experience positive emotional changes. However, once the excitement wears off and you’ve incorporated the changes into your daily life, you’ll likely discover that if you were shy, you’re still shy. If you didn’t like your laugh, you still don’t, and you’re still afraid of spiders.

Whatever you consider being, your strengths and weaknesses will remain. Hopefully, you will be happier, which is beneficial to everyone. SRS may assist you in becoming more accepting of yourself. However, if you expect that all of your problems will go away and that everything will be easy emotionally and socially from now on, you will most likely be disappointed.

This includes mental health issues as well. Trans-people who are depressed due to gender dysphoria may find that SRS significantly reduces their depression. However, if your depression is caused by biological factors, transphobia-related stress, or unresolved personal issues, you may still be depressed after SRS. Similarly, if you have a problem with drugs or alcohol, SRS will not necessarily solve your problem.

4. SRS will not provide you with an ideal community.

For some trans people, SRS is a ritual that confirms that they are who they claim to be. Making physical changes is a way of exposing yourself to the rest of the world so that others can see who you are. This process of self-discovery can be very liberating, but it does not guarantee acceptance or understanding.

Some MTFs believe that by undergoing physical transformations, they will be validated as “real” women or feel more accepted by the trans community. However, the notion that trans people aren’t “real” unless they change their bodies is transphobic, and communities or groups that hold this belief are unlikely to be fully respectful of trans people’s identities and bodies.

It’s common to fantasize about finding an ideal community of trans-people during the various stages of transition. There may be a strong desire to connect with others who have gone through similar experiences when undergoing SRS.

There are a lot of really cool trans-people to talk to about SRS. However, having SRS does not automatically make trans people welcoming, approachable, or sensitive to the needs of others, and you will likely find that no trans person will exactly mirror your personal experiences, identity, and beliefs.

Being realistic about the possibility of feeling lonely and alone after starting hormone therapy is an integral part of emotionally preparing for SRS.

Am I Prepared?

It’s not enough to know if SRS is suitable for you; you should also see if it’s the right time in your life for SRS. Your readiness determines this for the physical stress and mental adjustment that SRS entails and your willingness to deal with the reactions of others.

As discussed in the booklet Getting Surgery (available from the   Transgender Health Program ), the patient must be physically and psychologically prepared for any surgery. Physical readiness denotes that you are in generally good health and have completed any physical requirements imposed by your surgeon (e.g., electrolysis before vaginoplasty).

Physical readiness also includes making plans for the physical care you will require following surgery, such as having a safe place to recover after surgery, understanding what is involved in aftercare, and having friends, family, or health professionals who can assist you.

Mental readiness does not imply that you are free of mental health issues or life stresses; instead, it means that you have:

1. A strong sense of one’s gender identity

SRS is not for people just beginning to question, explore, and think about gender identity issues. Allow yourself some time to get a clear sense of how you identify and how the surgery will contribute to this sense of self if you consider SRS as part of your initial process of exploring gender issues before making a decision.

2. Mental stability is sufficient to make an informed decision about your medical care

Making significant decisions during chaos and crisis is not a good idea. When you’re in a crisis, it can be challenging to think clearly and make fully informed decisions. If you’re having trouble making general life decisions because you’re overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or drug or alcohol issues,

You’re not in a good place to make a big decision like whether to have surgery and what kind of surgery to have if you’re dealing with family problems, work problems, or other issues. So instead, seek peer or professional help to address whatever is interfering with your ability to think clearly, and then return to the question of whether SRS is necessary when your mind is clearer.

3. Sufficient coping skills and supports to withstand the typical SRS stresses after SRS , trans-people often feel exhilarated and liberated, but it is also common to experience emotional ups and downs. It can be challenging to adjust to changes in your body’s appearance and feel, to deal with pain or other physical complications, and to deal with the reactions of others.

For some loved ones, SRS is the first time it truly sinks in that gender issues aren’t going away and that you are, in fact, Trans. This can be a complex emotional process for them, affecting the support they can provide. SRS is not for you if you do not believe you have the emotional fortitude to deal with these possibilities.

If you are confident that SRS is suitable for you but are unsure whether you are ready at this time in your life, you do not have to abandon SRS entirely. Instead, you can still work towards SRS by considering what might help you get to the point where you are ready – counseling, advocacy, peer support, and so on – and gradually but steadily making life changes to get closer to readiness.

WHAT IF I CHANGE MY MIND ABOUT SURGERY?

Surgery is a humbling experience. Dissatisfaction, disappointment, and doubt are relatively common after any surgery, and (for Trans and non-trans people) typically relate to post-operative pain, surgical complications, the discrepancy between hoped-for and actual results, a sense of “now what?”, and other people’s reactions. These are normal parts of the adjustment process and usually resolve within the first year after surgery.

According to studies, approximately 1% of MTFs who undergo SRS have profound and long-lasting regrets.

If you are having difficulty coping with the ups and downs of surgery, peer and professional counseling can be beneficial. However, it is critical that the counselor has extensive experience with Trans issues and understands surgical matters.

Many people who have persistent regret come to terms with their decision to have surgery – even if they wouldn’t do it again, they believe it was the right decision at the time. On the other hand, some people decide that surgery and transition were not for them and wish to return to their pre-transition state. This is a significant decision that should not be made without professional advice.

PRICE AND PACKAGES

Take the first step and reach out to us for a complimentary virtual consultation . Our virtual consultants and surgeons will provide personalized recommendations based on your unique needs. Every client is different, and we tailor each procedure to match your individual requirements.

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Dr. Kittichai Sipiyarak

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Frequently asked questions, in the transgender by penile peritoneal vaginoplasty (ppv) technique, lubrication is like in the vagina. is there no need to use a lubricating gel when having sexual intercourse.

The entrance to the vulva is still a graft (skin), so it tends to be dry. Lubricants are still recommended every time you engage in sexual intercourse to prevent abrasions due to friction at the vulvar entrance.

Is there a need to dilate the genitalia in Penile Peritoneal vaginoplasty (PPV) technique?

Yes, because the contraction of the wound can also narrow the entrance to the vagina.

Is there a chance of contracting sexually transmitted diseases in the new genitalia?

There is a chance of contracting STDs by sexual intercourse at the new genitalia.

Should a patient take hormone replacement therapy after sex reassignment surgery?

After sex reassignment surgery, female hormonal drugs must be used under the supervision of a physician to prevent “surgical menopause” or a sudden lack of sex hormones. Transgender women taking estrogen and anti-testosterone medication before surgery must stop taking the anti-testosterone medicines after surgery, and estrogen can be used singly.

How often should patients visit the surgeon for a follow-up?

The patient should visit the hospital for follow–up during the first year after surgery to check the wound healing process and depth of the genitalia. After one year, the patient should see the surgeon at least once a year for an external genital examination and internal endoscopy.

Will I be asleep during the male to female sex reassignment surgery?

The anesthesiologist will administer general anesthesia to keep you asleep and pain-free during surgery.

How long will I be in the hospital?

After surgery, you will be admitted for at least 7 – 9 days.

What will the post-op period be like?

To protect the surgical site, you will need to sleep with your legs separated for 5-7 days. During this period, you will be on a liquid diet with low fiber content so frequency of defecation is decreased. After about a week, you will be encouraged to start walking. Depending on your rate of healing, your doctor may also resume your hormone prescription after one week.

Why I Chose Thailand for My Gender Reassignment Surgery

By Meredith Talusan

I’ve heard about Thailand’s floating markets, its Buddhist temples, its beaches . I’ve heard about its bustling nightlife. But mine is a Thailand of a kind man under fluorescent light confirming my wish to have gender reassignment surgery. It’s a Thailand of a hospital room in Chonburi, with walls painted lime green, and solicitous nurses dressed in that curious shade of mint-green scrub—bright yet somehow pale, elusive.

That hard-to-describe quality also characterizes the Thailand I experienced in my month-long recovery after that surgery; those days and nights in the same hotel room, the meals and the massages. The sights of the country were largely reduced to my Hilton hotel room overlooking Pattaya beach in the country’s southern, coastal region—the one I splurged on to get view of the ocean, just across the way from my then home in San Francisco .

This was 2002, when options for such surgery were limited, and the idea that it could be covered by insurance unheard of. Thailand was by far a more cost-effective option than anywhere in the West, even with the nice hotel, and because there were so many trans women in the region, it was a place that was also well-regarded. There are trans women who obsess about their surgery, examine every single option available; I chose Dr. Suporn over other surgeons in Thailand without an undue amount of research. To me, it seemed enough that thousands of trans women had gone to him, and from the accounts I read online, seemed happy with his work.

It might seem odd to reflect on such body-altering surgery from the perspective of travel. But I consider how, if I had been born two generations earlier and wanted the same surgery, I would have probably gone to Georges Burou in Casablanca , who developed the technique that formed the basis for modern reassignment surgery—and how different that experience would have been. I also think about Trinidad, Colorado , that small town where noted surgeon Marci Bowers practiced until recently. For many trans women, who often spend years saving up, surgery is one of their few opportunities for extended travel. And for those like me, who decided to stay in Thailand to heal, it also offers us the chance to get used to our new bodies and the lives they foretell, before we go back to our mundane, daily routines.

Most of that month of recovery happened in my hotel room, where a nurse from Dr. Suporn’s office checked in on me: every day at first, then every other day, then only when I needed her. I saw that same nurse perform in a “ladyboy” show on one of my first nights out, a few days after leaving the hospital, in the garish hair and makeup she had arranged for me, which made me feel oddly at one with the trans women performers. I don’t remember much from that night, but I do recall walking gingerly out into the darkness outside my hotel and relishing it after the loneliness of two weeks spent indoors. And while I appreciated the nurse’s effort to cheer me up by inviting me to her show, my body longed to heal as I watched the performers in lavish costumes twirl around on stage to what I can only describe as a Thai version of Vegas showgirl music. I needed to get to my bed and accept the many hours of recuperation I needed.

I passed the following weeks reading—Henry James and E.M. Forster, mostly; tales of adventurous women written by men—and looking out the window into the ocean, as I spent several hours a day managing my post-operative care, which mostly consisted of keeping a dilator in my vagina for a few hours a day, and getting a lot of sleep. My meals became regular, as did my weekly massage, and I receded into myself, only leaving my room to take short walks as my doctor advised, usually just around the hotel. I don’t remember much about outside, but I vividly remember the crisp white sheets on the pale wooden platform bed, and the sparse, off-white walls. It was as if the hotel had anticipated just the kind of cocoon I needed: an uncluttered and comforting place that served as my passage from one gender to another.

I did get to the beach before I left Thailand, and shopped for souvenirs at the mall attached to the hotel, but it all felt perfunctory. I realize now that I didn’t want Thailand to exist for me as a fully-realized place, but as a way station that preceded this major shift in the way the world saw me. When I did get to San Francisco, I found myself wanting to go out and explore—my brain suddenly experienced this city as new and exciting. I was traversing it as a different person. Even though I was still weak, I felt the strong urge to take long walks up the city’s steep hills.

I was on an afternoon walk in the Tenderloin district when I saw a fortune teller sign outside a window. I decided to go in, even though I’d never before had my fortune told. I was a different person, after all, and the woman I was still in the process of figuring out how to be seemed to want her fortune told. As I walked into a dark room lit only with candles, I felt the same sense of in-betweenness that I had in my hotel room in Thailand. I don't remember what the fortune teller looked like, but I do remember her looking at my palm and telling me that I was recovering from an illness. I suppose it wasn’t too hard to figure out given my weak appearance , I thought, as my skepticism interrupted her touch.

“The good thing is that you will heal,” she continued. I was moved. The way she said “heal” made me aware that it wasn’t just the surgery I was healing from, but the larger burden of living in a world that didn’t want me to be who I was. I’d always resisted the idea that surgery would “cure” me; that there was something wrong with me that needed to be cured in the first place. Yet I realized then that while I may not have needed to be cured, I did need to heal.

That month in Thailand gave me the space to make that process easier, and allowed me to find solace and comfort in myself without the world’s expectations of gender. Alone in that Pattaya hotel room on the other side of the ocean, I not only began to recover from the procedure, but from the world’s overwhelming impositions. It was in that room where I began to figure out how to simply be.

Meredith Talusan is the executive editor of Condé Nast's LGBTQ+ platform, Them, and author of the forthcoming memoir, Fairest.

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Gender reassignment surgery (grs), penile skin inversion with scrotal skin graft, penile skin inversion with abdominal skin graft, primary sigmoid colon vaginoplasty, secondary sigmoid colon vaginoplasty, labiaplasty (post-op revision), breast augmentation, facial feminization surgery (ffs), our services, pre-departure, consultation on procedures and health conditions, surgeon recommendation with pricing., trip planning assistance, online support for questions, in thailand, accompany during pre and post-op visits, problem-solving and 24/7 emergency support, online support for surgery queries, return home, online support for post-op concerns, follow-up on post-operative care, 10 years experience with srs consultancy​.

As you begin the journey down the path of transgender surgery, you need a friend and companion who knows how it all works to help you anticipate your needs at every point. At Estetica Thailandia, you can count on me to walk you through each step to make this once-in-a-lifetime decision the most satisfying one for you.

My name is Charee Sripaisalmongkol and I am principal consultant at Estetica Thailandia.

Client testimonials.

Chareetook all the burden off of me making my hotel reservations and shuttling me toall my doctors appointments.

She checked on me at the hospital and made sure every question I had was answered. And all of this with a smile on her face and care in her heart. I am sooooo fortunate Charee was there for me. Having her by my side made my experience in Thailand perfect!!!

Danielle, USA

One year ago today Charee helped change my life. Dr. Burin gave me the freedom to be who I always wanted to be.

Deborah, Italy

SAWADEE KA I had a five stars experience , so SISTERS   if you are seeking a friendly,  caring,   and professional staff where to get your SRS surgery.

I would really recommend PAI and Charee  Estetica Thailandia for their services. thank you from the bottom of my heart

Why does my experience matter?

I have shared the journey with countless girls undergoing SRS, understanding that this path is far from simple. Success in surgery is not only about the procedure itself but also about the post-operative care. Rest assured, I have the expertise to guide you through this journey with peace of mind.

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What we do gender reassignment surgery (grs) penile skin inversion with scrotal skin graft breast augmentation labiaplasty (post-op revision) penile skin inversion with abdominal skin graft facial feminization surgery(ffs), useful links home our services hospitals and stay transgender surgery contact us testimonial.

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Male To Female Surgery in Thailand

Why Choose Thailand for Male to Female Surgery?

Undergoing sex reassignment male to female surgery in Thailand is a popular option for those looking to transition to their identified gender. The country is home to world-renowned SRS specialists, modern clinic facilities, and competitive treatment prices.

Thailand is one of the most popular options for male to female (MTF) surgery anywhere in the world. With its combination of highly trained surgeons and increasingly modernised infrastructure, there’s an increasing number of UK patients choosing to travel to Thailand for treatment.

Male to female SRS specialists in Thailand are leading figures in the field of gender reassignment surgery. They have top-level qualifications and years of experience performing treatments at reputable clinics across the country. Thailand’s SRS clinics match the high standards of its specialists. They’re equipped with the latest technologies and many of them have received international recognition — like JCI-accreditation , for example, — for the exceptional standards of care they provide.

While the thought of undergoing male to female surgery in Thailand may feel daunting at first, it can be relatively straightforward. Flying from the UK takes around 11-12 hours, with regular flights operating from most major airports. British citizens don’t need a visa to enter Thailand, as long as your trip isn’t longer than 30 days. But, we recommend checking government advice on entry requirements — and the latest COVID-19 protocols — before booking your treatment.

Is it worth it?

Yes! Based on 500+ Patient Reviews

What is the cost?

Starting at €11,560 in Thailand

Is a visa needed?

A visa is only needed for visits longer than 30 days, but it's important to check the latest government guidance on this before travelling.

Why Choose Qunomedical?

100% free, non-binding assessment

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Still unsure? Feeling overwhelmed? Talking to a real person can give you the guidance and reassurance needed. You don’t have to do it alone. Let’s find the right doctor together.

Gillian Keegan backtracks on trans debate saying biological men can sometimes become women

WATCH: Gillian Keegan talks about Sex Ed in schools

By Millie Cooke

Published: 17/05/2024

The Education Secretary previously said her 'understanding of the debate had evolved"

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Gillian Keegan has backtracked on her stance on transgender people, saying that people who are born men and undergo gender reassignment are women.

In April, the Education Secretary said she would no longer say that trans women are women, arguing that her understanding of the debate had "evolved" since the publication of the Cass Review.

But this morning, she said someone who was born a man is legally a woman if they have obtained a gender reassignment certificate from a doctor.

She denied that they would be a woman if they self-identify.

Gillian Keegan has backtracked on her stance on transgender people, saying that people who are born men and undergo gender reassignment are women

A gender recognition certificate can be obtained if an individual has a signed report from a specialist doctor showing they have "gender dysphoria" - which means a person is distressed as a result of feeling like their biological sex and their gender identity do not match up.

Keegan told the BBC she had "always known that trans women aren't women", but added that there is a "huge difference between self-identification, people who want to identify but still have a male body, biologically are male: and then there are a very, very small number of people … who do have and have had gender reassignment and reassignment surgery".

When asked if she would say people who had undergone gender reassignment were women, the Education Secretary said: "Well, this is what we should say.

"I personally believe if you have gone to that level of, you have got the gender recognition, you have got the reassignment, then you are legally and medically allowed to say that you are a woman.”

She was then asked to confirm if "those who have had their bodies changed" are women, to which she replied: "I think that’s a sensitive way to handle it."

Speaking last month, Keegan said: "Since becoming an MP and later a minister I have learnt a huge amount more about this complex and challenging subject.

"At the time of writing that response, I didn’t have any direct experience of this topic and took advice on how best to respond, given the complexities surrounding individual cases.

"Having now spoken to experts and professionals, like many, my understanding has evolved.

"I have since been crystal clear about my concerns that women are being erased in this debate, and have always been clear that women do not have, nor have ever had, a penis."

The Cass Review, a report into gender identity services, was published earlier this year. The review found that there is "remarkably weak evidence" to support gender treatments for children. It also warned that the "toxicity of the debate" is not helping, claiming that people are afraid of discussing trans issues openly.

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In her report, Dr Hillary Cass said: "I have been disappointed by the lack of evidence on the long-term impact of taking hormones from an early age; research has let us all down, most importantly you.

"The reality is we have no good evidence on the long-term outcomes of interventions to manage gender-related distress."

She said that people have been "caught in the middle of a stormy social discourse".

Cass added: "There are few other areas of healthcare where professionals are so afraid to openly discuss their views, where people are vilified on social media, and where name-calling echoes the worst bullying behaviour."

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NEW YORK , May 17, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- The global  sex reassignment surgery market in us   size is estimated to grow by USD 125.78 mn from 2023-2027, according to Technavio. The market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of  10.84%  during the forecast period. 

For more insights on the forecast market size and historic data (2017 - 2021) -  Download Free sample report in minutes 

Key Market Trends Fueling Growth

The sex reassignment surgery market in the US has witnessed significant growth due to increased transgender visibility through social media and societal acceptance. Transgender individuals, particularly those transitioning, require comprehensive care, including fertility consultations for preservation and counseling for gender identity exploration. Various gender-affirming surgical procedures are available, such as orchiectomy, ovariectomy, vaginoplasty, chest masculinization surgery, and facial feminization surgery. Innovations continue in metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and scrotoplasty. Medicare and Medicaid programs cover some of these procedures for transgender beneficiaries. Hospitals like Mount Sinai and clinics such as the Transgender Surgery Institute offer gender-affirming surgeries. 

Market Challenges

• The sex reassignment surgery market in the US faces challenges due to potential complications from procedures such as facial, top, and bottom surgeries for transgender males and females. Adverse effects include vaginal closure, skin graft rejection, and urinary issues. Rare cases may result in major complications. Common risks include bleeding, infection, and anesthetic side effects. Other gender-affirming care, like hormone therapy and mental health support, are essential components of the transgender population's overall health and well-being. The public health challenge of gender dysphoria requires equitable access to surgical techniques and medical services, including chest surgery, chin augmentation, and facial feminization surgery. Technological innovation and societal stigma also impact the growth of this market.

Research report provides comprehensive data on impact of trend, driver and challenges -  Buy Report

Segment Overview 

This sex reassignment surgery market in US report extensively covers market segmentation by

• 1.1 Male to female
• 1.2 Female to male
• 2.1 Hospitals
• 2.2 Clinics
• 3.1 North America

1.1 Male to female-  The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US is primarily segmented into two categories: transgender males and transgender females, each with unique requirements for gender dysphoria transition. Hospitals specializing in gender affirmation surgeries offer various procedures for these populations, including hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, and mastectomy for transgender females, and phalloplasty, scrotoplasty, and chest masculinization surgery for transgender males. The young transgender population also seeks SRS, with procedures such as reduction thyrochondroplasty for voice feminization and vaginoplasty for neo-vagina creation. The Obamacare legislation and Medicaid program have expanded coverage for transgender beneficiaries, increasing access to gender-affirming care. Key surgical procedures include hysterectomy, orchiectomy, and vaginoplasty, while augmentation mammoplasty, breast reduction, and facial feminization surgery cater to the transfeminine population. Transgender issues continue to evolve, with ongoing research and development in SRS techniques.

For more information on market segmentation with geographical analysis including forecast (2023-2027) and historic data (2017 - 2021)  - Download a Sample Report

Research Analysis

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has witnessed significant growth, driven by the increasing number of transgender individuals seeking gender dysphoria treatment. This cohort includes transgender males and females, particularly among the young population. Gender dysphoria transition often involves self-identified gender exploration and the pursuit of gender-affirming interventions such as Gender-confirming surgeries and hormone therapy. Gender-affirming surgeries encompass various procedures, including genital reconstructive procedures for transgender males and chest surgery (mastectomy) and facial feminization surgery for transgender females. Clinicians play a crucial role in providing mental health support and guiding patients through the temporal trends of SRS. Hormone therapy and gender-confirming surgeries have become increasingly accepted medical interventions for transgender individuals. The National Inpatient Sample provides valuable insights into the utilization and outcomes of these procedures. Overall, the SRS market continues to expand, reflecting the growing recognition and acceptance of transgender individuals and their unique healthcare needs.

Market Research Overview

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has been witnessing significant growth due to increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity. The market encompasses various procedures such as orchiectomy, vaginoplasty, and phalloplasty, among others. These surgeries aim to help individuals align their physical identity with their gender identity. The market is driven by factors like growing awareness and acceptance of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, advancements in surgical techniques, and improved access to healthcare. The market also faces challenges like high costs, lack of insurance coverage, and stigma associated with gender diversity. The market is segmented based on procedures, regions, and end-users. The future outlook of the market is promising with increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity and advancements in surgical techniques.

Table of Contents:

1 Executive Summary 2 Market Landscape 3 Market Sizing 4 Historic Market Size 5 Five Forces Analysis 6 Market Segmentation

• Male To Female
• Female To Male
• North America

7 Customer Landscape 8 Geographic Landscape 9 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends 10 Company Landscape 11 Company Analysis 12 Appendix

About Technavio

Technavio is a leading global technology research and advisory company. Their research and analysis focuses on emerging market trends and provides actionable insights to help businesses identify market opportunities and develop effective strategies to optimize their market positions.

With over 500 specialized analysts, Technavio's report library consists of more than 17,000 reports and counting, covering 800 technologies, spanning across 50 countries. Their client base consists of enterprises of all sizes, including more than 100 Fortune 500 companies. This growing client base relies on Technavio's comprehensive coverage, extensive research, and actionable market insights to identify opportunities in existing and potential markets and assess their competitive positions within changing market scenarios.

Technavio Research Jesse Maida Media & Marketing Executive US: +1 844 364 1100 UK: +44 203 893 3200 Email: [email protected] Website: www.technavio.com/

SOURCE Technavio

Copyright 2024 PR Newswire

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Sex reassignment surgery market in us size is set to grow by usd 125.78 mn from 2023-2027, increase in number of people opting for sex change surgeries in us to boost the market growth, technavio.

NEW YORK , May 17, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- The global   sex reassignment surgery market in us    size is estimated to grow by USD 125.78 mn from 2023-2027, according to Technavio. The market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of  10.84%  during the forecast period.

For more insights on the forecast market size and historic data (2017 - 2021) -  Download Free sample report in minutes  

Key Market Trends Fueling Growth

The sex reassignment surgery market in the US has witnessed significant growth due to increased transgender visibility through social media and societal acceptance. Transgender individuals, particularly those transitioning, require comprehensive care, including fertility consultations for preservation and counseling for gender identity exploration. Various gender-affirming surgical procedures are available, such as orchiectomy, ovariectomy, vaginoplasty, chest masculinization surgery, and facial feminization surgery. Innovations continue in metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and scrotoplasty. Medicare and Medicaid programs cover some of these procedures for transgender beneficiaries. Hospitals like Mount Sinai and clinics such as the Transgender Surgery Institute offer gender-affirming surgeries.

Market Challenges

The sex reassignment surgery market in the US faces challenges due to potential complications from procedures such as facial, top, and bottom surgeries for transgender males and females. Adverse effects include vaginal closure, skin graft rejection, and urinary issues. Rare cases may result in major complications. Common risks include bleeding, infection, and anesthetic side effects. Other gender-affirming care, like hormone therapy and mental health support, are essential components of the transgender population's overall health and well-being. The public health challenge of gender dysphoria requires equitable access to surgical techniques and medical services, including chest surgery, chin augmentation, and facial feminization surgery. Technological innovation and societal stigma also impact the growth of this market.

Research report provides comprehensive data on impact of trend, driver and challenges -   Buy Report

Segment Overview 

This sex reassignment surgery market in US report extensively covers market segmentation by

1.1 Male to female

1.2 Female to male

2.1 Hospitals

2.2 Clinics

3.1 North America

1.1 Male to female-  The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US is primarily segmented into two categories: transgender males and transgender females, each with unique requirements for gender dysphoria transition. Hospitals specializing in gender affirmation surgeries offer various procedures for these populations, including hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, and mastectomy for transgender females, and phalloplasty, scrotoplasty, and chest masculinization surgery for transgender males. The young transgender population also seeks SRS, with procedures such as reduction thyrochondroplasty for voice feminization and vaginoplasty for neo-vagina creation. The Obamacare legislation and Medicaid program have expanded coverage for transgender beneficiaries, increasing access to gender-affirming care. Key surgical procedures include hysterectomy, orchiectomy, and vaginoplasty, while augmentation mammoplasty, breast reduction, and facial feminization surgery cater to the transfeminine population. Transgender issues continue to evolve, with ongoing research and development in SRS techniques.

For more information on market segmentation with geographical analysis including forecast (2023-2027) and historic data (2017 - 2021)  - Download a Sample Report

Research Analysis

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has witnessed significant growth, driven by the increasing number of transgender individuals seeking gender dysphoria treatment. This cohort includes transgender males and females, particularly among the young population. Gender dysphoria transition often involves self-identified gender exploration and the pursuit of gender-affirming interventions such as Gender-confirming surgeries and hormone therapy. Gender-affirming surgeries encompass various procedures, including genital reconstructive procedures for transgender males and chest surgery (mastectomy) and facial feminization surgery for transgender females. Clinicians play a crucial role in providing mental health support and guiding patients through the temporal trends of SRS. Hormone therapy and gender-confirming surgeries have become increasingly accepted medical interventions for transgender individuals. The National Inpatient Sample provides valuable insights into the utilization and outcomes of these procedures. Overall, the SRS market continues to expand, reflecting the growing recognition and acceptance of transgender individuals and their unique healthcare needs.

Market Research Overview

The Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) market in the US has been witnessing significant growth due to increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity. The market encompasses various procedures such as orchiectomy, vaginoplasty, and phalloplasty, among others. These surgeries aim to help individuals align their physical identity with their gender identity. The market is driven by factors like growing awareness and acceptance of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, advancements in surgical techniques, and improved access to healthcare. The market also faces challenges like high costs, lack of insurance coverage, and stigma associated with gender diversity. The market is segmented based on procedures, regions, and end-users. The future outlook of the market is promising with increasing acceptance and recognition of gender diversity and advancements in surgical techniques.

Table of Contents:

1 Executive Summary 2 Market Landscape 3 Market Sizing 4 Historic Market Size 5 Five Forces Analysis 6 Market Segmentation

7 Customer Landscape 8 Geographic Landscape 9 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends 10 Company Landscape 11 Company Analysis 12 Appendix

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Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Face Validation of the Chilean Version of the Operated Male to Female Sexual Function Index

• Original Article
• Published: 16 May 2024

Cite this article

• Betzabe Cueto-Galdames 1 , 2 ,
• Melissa Cifuentes 2 ,
• Francesca Vedovo 3 &
• Cinara Sacomori   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7349-7850 1  

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Introduction and Hypothesis

Transgender and gender-diverse people often experience discrimination or even outright exclusion when undergoing medical attention. It has been shown that gender-affirming treatments improve quality of life in transgender patients, and genital-affirming surgery (GAS) is increasingly spreading worldwide. Sexual function after male-to-female GAS has long been evaluated by using tools designed for assigned female at birth (AFAB), resulting in suboptimal assessments. Currently, the operated Male to Female Sexual Function Index (oMtFSFI) is the only validated questionnaire to assess the sexual function of operated transgender women. The current study was aimed at performing cross-cultural adaptation and to test the face validity of the Chilean version of the oMtFSFI.

We carried out an observational descriptive study. The questionnaire was translated into Spanish, adapted, and face validated in five phases with eight participants. The study was approved by the Universidad del Desarrollo Scientific Ethics Committee.

According to participants, the questionnaire was shown to both pertinently and exhaustively evaluate the sexual function of post-feminizing genitoplasty transgender women. The questionnaire was well understood by the participants, except for a difficulty in understanding certain terms. Some participants criticized the perspective of the instrument in terms of the assumption of having a partner or having penetrative intercourse via the neovagina. The amendments to the Italian version of the questionnaire were discussed until an agreement on adaptation considering the patient´s perspective was reached. The present preliminary data support the face validity of the Chilean version of the oMtFSFI in the assessment of sexual function in operated transgender women.

Conclusions

This adapted questionnaire could be a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the collaboration of Carola Neumann in the process of recruiting patients from the DIVERSALUD Foundation.

This study received no financial backing.

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Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Avenida Plaza 680, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile

Betzabe Cueto-Galdames & Cinara Sacomori

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

Betzabe Cueto-Galdames & Melissa Cifuentes

Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, Urologic Clinic, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Francesca Vedovo

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B.C.-G: protocol/project development, data collection or management, data analysis, manuscript writing and editing; C.S.: protocol/project development, data analysis, manuscript writing and editing; M.C.: protocol/project development, manuscript editing; F.V.: protocol/project development, manuscript editing.

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Correspondence to Cinara Sacomori .

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Informed consent was obtained from all the individual participants in the study.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Universidad del Desarrollo Scientific Ethics Committee (protocol number 2022-50). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Cueto-Galdames, B., Cifuentes, M., Vedovo, F. et al. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Face Validation of the Chilean Version of the Operated Male to Female Sexual Function Index. Int Urogynecol J (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-024-05805-4

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Received : 09 February 2024

Accepted : 08 April 2024

Published : 16 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-024-05805-4

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