i see problem solving year 6

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Problem-solving maths investigations for year 6.

Hamilton provide an extensive suite of problem-solving maths investigations for Year 6 to facilitate mathematical confidence, investigative inquiry and the development of maths meta skills in 'low floor – high ceiling' activities for all.

Explore all our in-depth problem solving investigations for Year 6 .

Use problem-solving investigations within every unit to encourage children to develop and exercise their ability to reason mathematically and think creatively.

Investigations provide challenges that offer opportunities for the development of the key mathematical skills while deepening conceptual understanding. They are designed to be accessible in different ways to all children. An added bonus is the substantial amount of extra calculation practice they often incorporate! The problems are designed to help children identify patterns, to explore lines of thinking and to reason and communicate about properties of numbers, shapes and measures.

Hamilton provide a mix of our own specially commissioned investigations, that include guidance for teachers together with a child-friendly sheet to guide your pupils through the investigation, as well as links to investigations on other highly regarded websites.

I am very grateful for Hamilton Trust resources, particularly the maths investigations. Julia, teacher in Wiltshire

You can find Hamilton's investigations for Year 6:

• Individually, they are incorporated into every unit in our Year 6 flexible maths blocks .
• Collectively, they appear on our resources page where you can explore all our in-depth problem solving investigations for Year 6 .

Do read our extensive range of advice for more information about the investigations and for tips on how to use them effectively.

Hamilton’s problem-solving investigations are 'low floor, high ceiling' activities that give all children opportunities to develop mastery and mathematical meta-skills. Explore a set for a whole year group.

Hamilton’s Problem-solving Investigations provide school-wide solutions to the challenges of building investigative skills from Early Years to Year 6.

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Year 6 rapid reasoning (weeks 1-6).

Six weeks of daily reasoning and problem-solving questions (approximately three per day)

• Mapped to a progression document for Year 6
• Use in conjunction with daily arithmetic practice from Fluent in Five
• An excellent and simple resource for daily classroom use

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Year 6 Maths Worksheets UK Hub Page

Welcome to our Year 6 Maths Worksheets area.

Here you will find a wide range of free printable Year 6 Maths Worksheets for your child to enjoy.

Come and take a look at our rounding decimal pages, or maybe some of our adding and subtracting fractions worksheets. Perhaps you are looking for some worksheets about finding angles in a triangle, or need some ratio problem worksheets to help your child learn about ratio?

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Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser .

• This page contains links to other Math webpages where you will find a range of activities and resources.
• If you can't find what you are looking for, try searching the site using the Google search box at the top of each page.

Year 6 Maths Learning

Here are some of the key learning objectives for the end of Year 6:

• know and use Place value up to 10 million
• Counting on and back in steps of powers of 10 from any number up to 10 million
• Round numbers to any given degree of accuracy.
• Count forwards and backwards through zero with positive and negative numbers.
• Read Roman numerals to 1000 and recognise years written in Roman numerals
• solve multi-step problems using addition and subtraction in a range of contexts
• identify multiples and factors including common factors
• multiply and divide up to 4-digit numbers by up to 2 digits
• Use their knowledge of the order of operations to carry out calculations involving the four operations.
• Identify common factors, common multiples and prime numbers.
• solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
• simplify fractions
• compare and order fractions including mixed numbers
• add and subtract fractions with different denominators including mixed numbers
• multiply simple fractions together and simplify the answer
• divide proper fractions by whole numbers
• recall and use equivalence between simple fractions, decimals and percentages.
• Multiply and divide whole numbers and decimals up to 3dp by 10, 100 or 1000
• read, write, order and compare numbers up to 3dp
• round decimals with up to 3dp to the nearest whole
• solve problems with numbers up to 3dp
• work out percentages of different amounts
• solve problems using percentages
• use simple formulae
• express missing number problems using algebra
• find pairs of numbers that satisfy equations with two variables
• solve problems involving simple ratios
• solve problems involving similar shapes where the scale factor is known
• use, read, write and convert between standard units of measure
• measure, compare and calculate using different measures
• know that shapes with the same area can have different perimeters
• find the area of parallelograms and right triangles
• find the volume of cubes and cuboids
• convert between miles and km
• name and understand the parts of circles - radius, diameter and circumference
• draw 2D shapes accurately using dimensions and angles
• compate and classify 2D shapes by a range of properties
• find missing angles in triangles, quadrilaterals and regular shapes
• use coordinates in all 4 quadrants
• draw and translate simple shapes in all 4 quadrants
• interpret and construct pie charts and line graphs
• calculate the mean as an average

Please note:

Our site is mainly based around the US Elementary school math standards.

Though the links on this page are all designed primarily for students in the US, but they are also at the correct level and standard for UK students.

The main issue is that some of the spelling is different and this site uses US spelling.

Year 6 is generally equivalent to 5th Grade in the US.

On this page you will find link to our range of math worksheets for Year 6.

Quicklinks to Year 6 ...

• Place Value Zone
• Mental Math Zone

Word Problems Zone

Fractions percents ratio zone.

• Percentages Zone
• Measurement Zone

Geometry Zone

Data analysis zone.

• Fun Zone: games and puzzles

Coronavirus Stay At Home Support

For those parents who have found themselves unexpectedly at home with the kids and need some emergency activities for them to do, we have started to develop some Maths Grab Packs for kids in the UK.

Each pack consists of at least 10 mixed math worksheets on a variety of topics to help you keep you child occupied and learning.

The idea behind them is that they can be used out-of-the-box for some quick maths activities for your child.

They are completely FREE - take a look!

• Free Maths Grabs Packs

Place Value & Number Sense Zone

Year 6 number worksheets.

Here you will find a range of Free Printable Year 6 Number Worksheets.

Using these Year 6 maths worksheets will help your child to:

• use place value with numbers up to 10 million;
• use place value with up to 3 decimal places;
• understand how to use exponents (powers) of a number;
• understand and use parentheses (brackets);
• understand and use multiples and factors;
• extend their knowledge of prime and composite (non-prime) numbers up to 100;
• know and be able to use the PEMDAS (or PEDMAS) rule.
• Place Value Worksheets to 10 million
• Place Value to 3dp
• Ordering Decimals Worksheets
• PEMDAS Rule Support Page
• PEMDAS Problems Worksheets
• Balancing Math Equations
• Roman Numerals worksheets

Ordering Large Numbers and Decimals to 3dp

The sheets in this section involve ordering lists of decimals to 3 decimal places and also large numbers up to 100 million.

There are sheets with decimals up to 10, and also sheets with numbers from -10 to 10.

• Ordering Large Numbers up to 100 million
• Ordering Decimals to 3dp

Rounding Decimals

• Rounding to the nearest tenth
• Rounding Decimal Places Sheets to 2dp
• Rounding Decimals Worksheet Challenges

Year 6 Decimal Counting Worksheets

Using these sheets will support you child to:

• count on and back by multiples of 0.1;
• fill in the missing numbers in sequences;
• count on and back into negative numbers.
• Counting By Decimals

Year 6 Mental Maths Zone

Each worksheet tests the children on a range of math topics from number facts and mental arithmetic to geometry, fraction and measures questions.

A great way to revise topics, or use as a weekly math quiz!

• Year 6 Mental Maths Tests

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Year 6 Addition Worksheets

• add decimals including tenths and hundredths mentally;
• add a columns of multi-digit numbers, including decimals.
• Decimal Addition Fact Worksheets
• 5th Grade Addition Worksheets BIG Numbers
• Decimal Column Addition Worksheets
• Money Worksheets (randomly generated)

Year 6 Subtraction Worksheets

Using these sheets will help your child to:

• subtract decimals including tenths and hundredths mentally;
• subtract multi-digit numbers, including decimals using column subtraction.
• Subtracting Decimals Worksheets (mental)
• Subtraction Worksheets up to Billions (columns)
• Column Subtraction with Decimals

Year 6 Multiplication Worksheets

• extend their knowlege of multiplication to decimals;
• use their multiplication tables to answer related facts, including decimals;
• multiply a range of decimals with up to 2 decimal places (2dp) by a whole number;
• multiply different money amounts by a whole number.
• Multiplying Decimals by 10 and 100
• Multiplication Fact Sheet Decimals
• Decimal Multiplication Worksheets to 1dp
• Decimal Multiplication Worksheets to 2dp
• Free Multiplication Worksheets (randomly generated)
• Multiply and Divide by 10 100 (decimals)
• Multiplication & Division Worksheets (randomly generated)
• Multiplication Word Problems

Division Worksheets 5th Grade

Using these Year 6 maths worksheets will help your child learn to:

• divide any whole number up to 10000 by a two digit number;
• express any division with a remainder in the form of a mixed number (a number with a fraction part).
• Long Division Worksheets (whole numbers)
• Long Division of Decimal Numbers
• Decimal Division Facts
• Division Facts Worksheets (randomly generated)

Year 6 Maths Problems

• apply their addition, subtraction, multiplication and division skills;
• apply their knowledge of rounding and place value;
• solve a range of problems including "real life" problems and ratio problems.

These sheets involve solving one or two more challenging longer problems.

• Year 6 Math Problems (5th Grade)

These sheets involve solving many 'real-life' problems involving data.

• Year 6 Math Word Problems (5th Grade)

These sheets involve solving a range of ratio problems.

Year 6 Fraction Worksheets

Year 6 percentage worksheets, year 6 ratio worksheets.

• compare and order fractions;
• add and subtract fractions and mixed numbers;
• understand how to multiply fractions by a whole number;
• understand how to multiply two fractions together, including mixed fractions;
• understand the relationship between fractions and division;
• know how to divide fractions and mixed fractions;
• convert decimals to fractions.
• Comparing Fractions Worksheet page
• Adding Fractions Worksheets
• Adding Improper Fractions
• Subtracting Fractions Worksheets
• Adding Subtracting Fractions Worksheets
• Improper Fraction Worksheets
• Converting Decimals to Fractions Worksheets
• Fractions Decimals Percents Worksheets
• Multiplying Fractions Worksheets
• Dividing Fractions by Whole numbers
• Divide Whole numbers by Fractions
• Simplifying Fractions Worksheets
• Free Printable Fraction Riddles (harder)

Take a look at our percentage worksheets for finding the percentage of a number or money amount.

We have a range of percentage sheets from quite a basic level to much harder.

• Percentage of Numbers Worksheets
• Money Percentage Worksheets
• Percentage Word Problems

These Year 6 Ratio worksheets are a great way to introduce this concept.

We have a range of part to part ratio worksheets and slightly harder problem solving worksheets.

• Ratio Part to Part Worksheets
• Ratio and Proportion Worksheets

Year 6 Geometry Worksheets

• know how to find missing angles in a range of situations;
• learn the number of degrees in a right angle, straight line, around a point and in a triangle;
• know how to calculate the area of a triangle;
• know how to calculate the area of a range of quadrilaterals.
• learn the formulas to calculate the area of triangles and some quadrilaterals;
• write and plot coordinates in all 4 quadrants.
• (5th Grade) Geometry - Angles
• Area of Quadrilaterals
• 5th Grade Volume Worksheets
• Coordinate Worksheets (1st Quadrant)
• Coordinate Plane Worksheets (All 4 Quadrants)
• Parts of a Circle Worksheets

Measurement Zone, including Time & Money

Year 6 measurement worksheets.

Using these sheets will help your child understand how to:

• learn how to read a standard scale going up in different fractions: halves, quarters, eighths and sixteenths;
• learn how to read a metric scale going up in 0.1s, 5s, 10s, 25s, 50s & 100s;
• learn how to estimate a measurement of length, weight or liquid;
• convert temperatures in Celsius and Fahrenheit.
• (5th Grade) Measurement Worksheets

Time Puzzles - harder

Here you will find our selection of harder time puzzles.

• Time Word Problems Worksheets - Riddles (harder)

Using these sheets will help you to:

• find the mean of up to 5 numbers;
• find a missing data point when the mean is given.
• Mean Worksheets

Fun Zone: Puzzles, Games and Riddles

Year 6 maths games.

• Year 6 Math Games (5th Grade)

Year 6 Maths Puzzles

The puzzles will help your child practice and apply their addition, subtraction, multiplication and division facts as well as developing their thinking and reasoning skills in a fun and engaging way.

• Printable Math Puzzles

Math Salamanders Year 6 Maths Games Ebook

Our Year 6 Maths Games Ebook contains all of our fun maths games, complete with instructions and resources.

This ebooklet is available in our store - use the link below to find out more!

• Year 6 Maths Games Ebook

Other UK Maths Worksheet pages

See below for our other maths worksheets hub pages designed for children in the UK.

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Outstanding Maths Lesson for Interview/Lesson Observation Problem Solving - Years 5 and 6

Subject: Mathematics

Age range: 7-11

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

10 May 2024

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An exceptional maths problem solving lesson, complete with written lesson plan and interactive slides. Crafted to engage and challenge high-ability Year 5/6 students, this lesson offers a rich tapestry of activities and tasks designed to ignite mathematical thinking.

Perfect for a lesson observation or job interview, these comprehensive materials will impress all observers and demonstrate your expertise in delivering high-quality maths education.

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Not quite what you were looking for? Search by keyword to find the right resource:

I See Problem-Solving - LKS2

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Number and algebra

• The Number System and Place Value
• Calculations and Numerical Methods
• Fractions, Decimals, Percentages, Ratio and Proportion
• Properties of Numbers
• Patterns, Sequences and Structure
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• Coordinates, Functions and Graphs

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Working mathematically

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For younger learners

• Early Years Foundation Stage

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Resources tagged with: NC Yr 6

There are 50 NRICH Mathematical resources connected to NC Yr 6 , you may find related items under NC .

4 by 4 Mathdokus

Can you use the clues to complete these 4 by 4 Mathematical Sudokus?

Different Deductions

There are lots of different methods to find out what the shapes are worth - how many can you find?

Name That Triangle!

Can you sketch triangles that fit in the cells in this grid? Which ones are impossible? How do you know?

Number Lines in Disguise

Some of the numbers have fallen off Becky's number line. Can you figure out what they were?

Price Match

Can you find pairs of differently sized windows that cost the same?

Finding 3D Stacks

Can you find a way of counting the spheres in these arrangements?

Extending Fraction Bars

Can you compare these bars with each other and express their lengths as fractions of the black bar?

More Fraction Bars

What fraction of the black bar are the other bars? Have a go at this challenging task!

Always, Sometimes or Never? Shape

Are these statements always true, sometimes true or never true?

Always, Sometimes or Never? Number

Round the Three Dice

What happens when you round these three-digit numbers to the nearest 100?

Round the Four Dice

This activity involves rounding four-digit numbers to the nearest thousand.

Use the information on these cards to draw the shape that is being described.

Dicey Perimeter, Dicey Area

In this game for two players, you throw two dice and find the product. How many shapes can you draw on the grid which have that area or perimeter?

Domino Sets

How do you know if your set of dominoes is complete?

Making Spirals

Can you make a spiral for yourself? Explore some different ways to create your own spiral pattern and explore differences between different spirals.

Round a Hexagon

This problem shows that the external angles of an irregular hexagon add to a circle.

Have a look at this data from the RSPB 2011 Birdwatch. What can you say about the data?

So It's Times!

How will you decide which way of flipping over and/or turning the grid will give you the highest total?

After training hard, these two children have improved their results. Can you work out the length or height of their first jumps?

Button-up Some More

How many ways can you find to do up all four buttons on my coat? How about if I had five buttons? Six ...?

Counting Cogs

Which pairs of cogs let the coloured tooth touch every tooth on the other cog? Which pairs do not let this happen? Why?

Doughnut Percents

A task involving the equivalence between fractions, percentages and decimals which depends on members of the group noticing the needs of others and responding.

Next Size Up

The challenge for you is to make a string of six (or more!) graded cubes.

I've made some cubes and some cubes with holes in. This challenge invites you to explore the difference in the number of small cubes I've used. Can you see any patterns?

What can you see? What do you notice? What questions can you ask?

Treasure Hunt

Can you find a reliable strategy for choosing coordinates that will locate the treasure in the minimum number of guesses?

First Connect Three

Add or subtract the two numbers on the spinners and try to complete a row of three. Are there some numbers that are good to aim for?

This challenge is a game for two players. Choose two of the numbers to multiply or divide, then mark your answer on the number line. Can you get four in a row?

Factor-multiple Chains

Can you see how these factor-multiple chains work? Find the chain which contains the smallest possible numbers. How about the largest possible numbers?

Fraction Fascination

This problem challenges you to work out what fraction of the whole area of these pictures is taken up by various shapes.

Triangles All Around

Can you find all the different triangles on these peg boards, and find their angles?

Diagonal Sums

In this 100 square, look at the green square which contains the numbers 2, 3, 12 and 13. What is the sum of the numbers that are diagonally opposite each other? What do you notice?

Ten Hidden Squares

These points all mark the vertices (corners) of ten hidden squares. Can you find the 10 hidden squares?

Orange Drink

A 750 ml bottle of concentrated orange squash is enough to make fifteen 250 ml glasses of diluted orange drink. How much water is needed to make 10 litres of this drink?

Each of the nets of nine solid shapes has been cut into two pieces. Can you see which pieces go together?

Sponge Sections

You have been given three shapes made out of sponge: a sphere, a cylinder and a cone. Your challenge is to find out how to cut them to make different shapes for printing.

Factor Lines

Arrange the four number cards on the grid, according to the rules, to make a diagonal, vertical or horizontal line.

Would You Rather?

Would you rather: Have 10% of £5 or 75% of 80p? Be given 60% of 2 pizzas or 26% of 5 pizzas?

Plenty of Pens

Amy's mum had given her £2.50 to spend. She bought four times as many pens as pencils and was given 40p change. How many of each did she buy?

Mystery Matrix

Can you fill in this table square? The numbers 2 -12 were used to generate it with just one number used twice.

The Moons of Vuvv

The planet of Vuvv has seven moons. Can you work out how long it is between each super-eclipse?

Where Are They?

Use the isometric grid paper to find the different polygons.

Rectangle Tangle

The large rectangle is divided into a series of smaller quadrilaterals and triangles. Can you untangle what fractional part is represented by each of the shapes?

Pumpkin Pie Problem

Peter wanted to make two pies for a party. His mother had a recipe for him to use. However, she always made 80 pies at a time. Did Peter have enough ingredients to make two pumpkin pies?

Quadrilaterals

How many DIFFERENT quadrilaterals can be made by joining the dots on the 8-point circle?

Two and Two

How many solutions can you find to this sum? Each of the different letters stands for a different number.

Making Cuboids

Let's say you can only use two different lengths - 2 units and 4 units. Using just these 2 lengths as the edges how many different cuboids can you make?

Round and Round the Circle

What happens if you join every second point on this circle? How about every third point? Try with different steps and see if you can predict what will happen.

Doplication

We can arrange dots in a similar way to the 5 on a dice and they usually sit quite well into a rectangular shape. How many altogether in this 3 by 5? What happens for other sizes?

35 year 6 maths questions

Practise 35 year 6 maths questions that will help your child stay on track!

Author Amber Watkins

Published February 2024

• Key takeaways
• Year 6 maths word problems help students apply mathematical concepts to real-world scenarios.
• In year 6 maths, it’s important to master fractions, decimals, and order of operations.
• Hard problems  can be simplified by drawing a picture or using a method that makes them easier to solve.

Table of contents

• Word problems

Numbers & place value

Multiplication.

If this maths page has 5 sections of maths questions  with an average of 7 questions in each section, can you guess how many problems there will be in all? That’s right, there will be a total of 35 year 6 maths questions for us to practise. Without realising it, you just solved one of our first year 6 word problems . Excellent work! Together we will review year 6 maths problems with decimals, fractions, order of operations, and rounding. We will even consider hard maths problems, like multiplying using square models and number lines. Don’t worry about getting the answers right the first time, each section includes answers if you need a sneak peek. So grab a pad and pencil and let’s begin.

Year 6 maths word problems

Let’s begin by covering maths word problems.

Mia’s water bottle can hold 300 millilitres of water. She drinks two and a half water bottles each day. How many total millilitres of water does Mia drink each day? 

The playground is made up of four rectangular lots that are each 10 metres by 7 metres. What is the total area of the playground?

 Josh lives 2.5 kilometres away from the park. Josh rides his bike to the park and back home four days a week. How many kilometres does Josh ride his bike each week?

Since we are solving word problems, a word should always be in our answer.

In this section, we will cover maths questions that use place values, word form to standard form, standard form to word form, and expanded form.

Place value

Which digit in the number 245 is in the hundreds place?

Which digit in the number 4,602 is in the tens place?

Which digit in the number 752 is in the ones place?

Word form to standard form

Standard form to expanded form.

4,000 + 300 + 2 = 4,302

600 + 50 + 4 = 654

20,000 + 2,000 + 300 + 60 + 5 = 22,365

In this section, we will cover year six maths questions that include comparing decimals and rounding decimals to the nearest tenth, hundredth, and thousandths place. Let’s get started.

8.9 and 8.900 are the same.

Remember if the number to the right is 5 or larger, you can borrow and become one digit larger. If the number to the right is between 0 and 4, you can’t borrow and the number remains the same.

In this section, we will review maths questionss for year six that cover the topics of adding and subtracting two and three-digit numbers using transformation, division using area models, and the order of operations.

Adding and subtracting whole numbers by transformation

A large portion of year 6 maths problems can be made easier to solve by transformation or changing numbers to make the problem simpler. Let’s practise adding and subtracting two and three-digit numbers by transformation.

How to add numbers using transformation?

When adding or subtracting numbers, look for ways to round to make the problem simpler. Don’t forget what you do to one number, you have to do the opposite to the other. This makes sure the problem stays balanced. Let’s see how this is done. What is 48 + 52? 48 + 2 = 50

52 – 2 = 50 

50 + 50 = 100.

It may be difficult to add 48 + 52 in your head, so we round 48 to 50 by adding 2. Since we added 2 to the first number, we have to make sure to subtract 2 from the second number. So now the problem is 50 plus 50, which is much easier to calculate! 

32 – 2 = 30 68 + 2 = 70 30 + 70 = 100 The answer is 100.

208 – 8 = 200 432 + 8 = 440 200 + 440 = 640 The answer is 640.

321- 1 = 320 199 + 1 = 200 320- 200 = 120 The answer is 120

Division using area models

Don’t know what an area model is? See our area model guide to help with these problems.

Using an area model find the quotient of 365 ፥ 5 =

Using an area model find the quotient of 504 ፥ 6 =

Using the area model below, find the quotient of 872 ፥ 2 =

Order of operations

Many people remember the Order of Operations with the acronym PEMDAS- “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally”, with each letter representing an operation: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply or Divide, Add or Subtract. Solve the following equations using the order of operations.

Remember that the steps Multiply or Divide can be done in any order. Also, the steps Add or Subtract can be done in any order, do the operation that comes first.

Some of the hardest maths questions involve multiplying: multiplying using square models, multiplying fractions and whole numbers using expanded form, and multiplying fractions using number lines. Let’s practise a few of each!

Multiplying using square models

Multiplying using square models is a method to help students “see” multiplication problems in a simpler way.

Multiply 42 x 35 using the square model below.

Multiply 55 x 76 using the square model below.

Multiply 98 x 42 using the square model below.

Multiplying fractions and whole numbers using expanded form

Multiply ½ x 5 using expanded form.

Multiply ⅔ x 6 using expanded form.

Multiply ⅙ x 7 using expanded form.

Multiplying fractions using a number line

For more maths practice for year 6 , our app for maths help provides year 6 maths help in a way that makes maths fun, rewards effort over being correct, and scaffolds learning. Plus, you’ll get access to a dashboard that displays your child’s participation and progression on maths topics they struggle with. Check it out today !

Parents, sign up for a DoodleMaths subscription and see your child become a maths wizard!

Word problem answer sheet

Mia drinks 750 millilitres  of water each day.

Explanation: 300 x 2 = 600. 300 / 2 = 150. 600 + 150 = 750.

280 square metres.

Explanation: The area of one lot is 10 x 7 = 70 metres. Take that area and times it by four, so 70 x 4 = 280 metres.

Josh rides 20 kilometres on his bike each week.

Explanation: Each day Josh rides 5 total kilometres: 2.5 kilometres to the park and 2.5 kilometres back home. If we multiply that number by 4 days a week, it equals 20 kilometres in all.

Writing numbers answer sheet

2 is in the hundreds place.

0 is in the tens place.

2 is in the ones place.

Division using area models answer sheet

Multiplying using square models answer sheet

Multiplying fractions and whole numbers using expanded form answer sheet

Multiplying fractions using a number line answer sheet

Explanation – First divide the number line into 6 equal parts and draw up a line up to 4/6. Then find the ½ way mark of that line you drew up to 4/6. You will now see the line is divided into three parts. So the answer would be ⅓. 

Lesson credits

Amber Watkins

Amber is an education specialist with a degree in Early Childhood Education. She has over 12 years of experience teaching and tutoring students in maths. "Knowing that my work in maths education makes such an impact leaves me with an indescribable feeling of pride and joy!"

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Author Talks: How to interrupt bias in the workplace

In this edition of Author Talks , McKinsey’s Mona Hamouly chats with Joan C. Williams, distinguished professor of law, chair of the Hastings Foundation, and director of the Center for WorkLife Law at UC Hastings Law. In Bias Interrupted: Creating Inclusion for Real and for Good (Harvard Business Review Press, November 2021), Williams explains how leaders can use standard business tools—data, metrics, and persistence—to interrupt the bias that is continually transmitted through formal systems in the workplace. That will lead to enhanced diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the workplace. An edited version of the interview follows.

What problem were you trying to solve with this book?

In writing this book, I was trying to solve a really simple problem, which is that companies have been spending about $8 billion a year on DEI initiatives, and unfortunately, not moving the needle very much, if at all. The simple message of the book is that companies have been using the wrong tools.

If a company had a problem with sales, you wouldn’t hold a deep, sincere conversation about how much everybody values sales, dedicate a “National Celebrate Sales Month,” and expect anything to change. Unfortunately, that’s a lot of what we’ve been doing in the DEI context.

Businesses need to use basic business tools to solve this business problem—the same ones they use to solve any business problem: evidence, metrics, and persistence, until they achieve their concrete, measurable goals.

If a company had a problem with sales, you wouldn’t hold a deep, sincere conversation about how much everybody values sales, dedicate a ‘National Celebrate Sales Month,’ and expect anything to change. Unfortunately, that’s a lot of what we’ve been doing in the diversity, equity, and inclusion context.

What surprised you when writing this book?

Not much. I’ve been studying this stuff for over 15 years. I’ll go back and tell you what did surprise me the first time these findings began to emerge—the findings that are now well documented.

One of the very first projects I did was write a book, actually with my daughter, called What Works for Women at Work: Four Patterns Working Women Need to Know [New York University Press, 2014]. For that book, we interviewed highly successful women, and I just told them, “Here are the patterns of gender bias that show up in the literature. Any of that sound familiar?”

I knew a lot of these had happened to me, but I didn’t know how common they were. I was completely shocked to find that 96 percent of the women I interviewed had encountered these commonly documented forms of gender bias.

When I started to study racial bias very intensively, I was really shocked at the level of disrespect that professionals of color report in the workplace. As a White woman, a lot of stuff happens. A lot of it’s great; a lot of it’s not so great. But the kind of raw disrespect reported by people of color, especially by African Americans, I found deeply, deeply shocking.

Describe the five patterns of bias.

One of the things we find with dazzling consistency is that there are five basic patterns of bias. The first is “prove it again.” Some groups have to prove themselves more than others. The second we call the “tightrope,” and that refers to the idea that office politics is more complicated for some groups than others.

Short description: White men just need to be authoritative and ambitious, but other groups need to find a way of being authoritative and ambitious in a way that’s seen as appropriate for their groups. So a woman who is being very hard driving may be seen as difficult or having “sharp elbows.” An African American man, for example, who’s being very assertive in a business context—in a way that, in a White man, might be seen as showing a career-enhancing passion for the business—might be written off as intimidating or angry.

We find, particularly in tech, that Latinas—often when, again, they’re being authoritative in the context of a business disagreement—are seen as being emotional or even feisty. And “feisty” is such an interesting word because it basically says, “You are displaying authoritativeness in a way that I am coding as merely cute.”

The third pattern, which is also triggered both by race and by gender, we call the “tug of war.” That’s when bias against a group fuels conflicts within the group. That syndrome often happens when women are pitted against each other for the one “woman’s slot.” And this can happen if people of color are pitted against each other for the one “diversity slot.” So that’s when bias against a group really freights the relationships within the group.

The fourth pattern, which is actually the strongest pattern of gender bias, is the “maternal wall”: gender bias triggered by motherhood. Mothers are stereotyped as less competent and committed than other people.

The final pattern comprises the racial stereotypes and experiences that differ by group and that haven’t been picked up by these other four patterns. For example, as I mentioned, African Americans often experience very high levels of social isolation and disrespect. Asian Americans are stereotyped by White people as good for technical matters but not having leadership potential.

These are the five patterns that show up with just remarkable consistency in our data sets, which are now approaching 20,000 people.

Is hiring more women and people of color enough?

One of the standard approaches to DEI is to say, “We just need to hire more women and people of color.” That’s a really important initiative; I totally endorse it. But it’s not the answer.

What we have seen over the past 25 years is many organizations hiring women and hiring people of color and then having them leave. The really important message is that you have to interrupt bias in your basic business systems, not only in hiring, but in performance evaluations, where these five patterns of bias very commonly play out.

We’ve done studies and worked with organizations to correct this. If we keep hiring women and people of color, and then they don’t see a future for themselves, because they’re not getting fair access to career-enhancing opportunities, the handwriting is on the wall. They will leave.

What our studies show is that White men report really high levels of fair access to career-enhancing opportunity, sometimes as high as 87 percent. In one data set, we found that only 53 percent of Black women reported fair access to career-enhancing assignments. For far too long, organizations have focused on hiring, but they haven’t focused on changing the conditions once people have been hired.

For far too long, organizations have focused on hiring, but they haven’t focused on changing the conditions once people have been hired.

How can CEOs reach DEI goals?

I have a very reassuring message, first of all, to CFOs. Here’s an invitation to stop throwing money at the problem and not solving it. The reassuring message to CEOs is that all you need to do is use basic business tools.

Very often, in recent years, the solution has been to have a deep, sincere conversation about how much we all value inclusion. Those conversations are not useless. They are helpful. But a sincere conversation is not an effective organizational-change strategy; it just isn’t. What you need to do as a CEO and as a company is to use this 40 years of research on exactly how bias plays out on the ground, to go back in your business systems, and to begin to correct for these various biases.

That really highlights another reason why we’ve seen so little progress. The solution recently has been, “We have a problem; let’s hire a head of DEI.” But often, the heads of DEI are not set up to succeed, because you hire a head of DEI, and then you put on programming. That’s what they have a budget for.

But in order to be successful, that head of DEI needs authority to be able to change the performance-evaluation system. You need very close authority between DEI and HR. Also, the head of DEI needs to be able to change access and equalize access to plum assignments. So the head of DEI, in order to be successful, needs the ability to provide input on who gets that flow of career-enhancing assignments.

How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected this?

The COVID-19 pandemic has made all of this better, and the COVID-19 pandemic has made all of this worse. Both are true.

One of the things that the pandemic did was finally normalize workplace flexibility. I was part of the generation that literally invented those arrangements back in the ’90s, and we knew that the only thing holding them back was a failure of imagination. That failure of imagination was remedied in three weeks’ time in March 2020. Now we have remote and hybrid work that’s been normalized, and that could really enhance opportunities for mothers—and opportunities for people of color because families of color are less likely to have a sole, dominant breadwinner than White families are.

On the other hand, just as the transition to hybrid work could really enhance DEI, it could really corrode DEI goals, as well, if it’s not handled well. For example, if you have a situation where more White men are coming back and working full time on site, and you have on-site favoritism going on, then the people who are working remotely are not going to thrive. They are going to leave, and that’s going to be predominantly women and people of color.

If you start out from the evidence, and you use these very concrete tools, you can make progress on DEI in short order, which I think is welcome news to a lot of people. On the Bias Interrupters website, we have lots of open-access tools. I would really urge people to go to biasinterrupters.org and, please, steal our stuff.

Watch the full interview

Visit Author Talks to see the full series.

Joan C. Williams is a distinguished professor of law, chair of the Hastings Foundation, and director of the Center for WorkLife Law at UC Hastings Law. Mona Hamouly is a manager of social-media content in McKinsey’s New York office.

Comments and opinions expressed by interviewees are their own and do not represent or reflect the opinions, policies, or positions of McKinsey & Company or have its endorsement.

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