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Literature research refers to the scholarly, critical study of literature, generally for analysis purposes. It is often done as part of a degree program, such as a degree in English, but some people simply choose to study literature on their own as part of a hobby. Basic literature research may also take place in high school, but most students don't really begin diving into true literary analysis until college. For professors of literature, this type of research will generally continue throughout their careers, as they publish scholarly papers on their topics of choice. Many universities require this of their professors.

The methods for literature research are generally fairly similar across the board. An individual wanting to study a certain aspect of a piece of literature, such as a certain theme, piece of imagery, type of characterization, etc., will generally form a question about this idea. It is necessary that the question be debatable in order to produce a truly interesting, worthwhile paper. Then, the individual will begin examining the research that already exists in this topic from other scholarly researchers.

In most cases, the researcher will make sure to study and respond to all sides of a debatable issue when writing his or her own literature research. Of course, it is entirely possible that no one else has written about one specific idea for one specific piece of literature before; in this case, the researcher will need to find related examples for similar ideas or other similar pieces of literature. It is also common practice for literature researchers to compare a few different works to each other; this can be different works by the same author or by different authors.

The process of literary review, critique, and analysis can be lengthy and challenging. It is necessary in literature research for the researcher to add his or her own ideas in addition to the primary and secondary sources she collects for the research. If the research will eventually be published in a scholarly journal, it will be necessary for the piece to go through a lengthy peer review process as well. In this process, the researcher's colleagues will review the piece and offer critical feedback on it to ensure that the piece is the best it can be. Students completing this type of research that will not be published will not need to go through the peer review process, though some instructors will encourage peer reviews in the classroom to get students in practice of critiquing others' work.

What Are the Best Tips for Writing a Literature Review?
What Is Classic Literature?
What Is Involved in the Study of Literature?
What Is Literature Analysis?
What Is Comparative Literature?
What Is Literary Criticism?
What is Jungian Literary Criticism?

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Demetrius Davis

Virginia Tech – Computer Science PhD Candidate

Lit Research 101: Tools and Tips

So, what exactly is “literature research”? This is also referred to as “literature review” but (in my honest opinion) the word “review” just doesn’t do adequate justice to the level of searching, archiving, reading and note-taking that is involved. In short, lit research is a one-person quest to discover and review the full body of published, authoritative materials pertaining to a specific research area or topic. In previous eras, this meant spending hours in the stacks at the local library and if sufficiently dedicated, utilizing the inter-library loan to get your hands on the latest-and-greatest publications and journals. However, in today’s hyper-connected society, literature research involves a lot of web searches using software tools to help you mine the vast collections of research publications and related information freely available via the internet.

(here’s a good YT video if you’re interested in a more in-depth understanding of the lit review/research process)

If lit research seems like a tedious and odious ordeal, it is because it IS a tedious and odious ordeal! For the first leg of your journey to becoming a recognized expert on a given academic subject — and to produce some meaningful and original contribution to your field’s body of knowledge — you must first sit at the feet of the sages who paved the road before you. By “sit at their feet”, I mean you have to read their publications and understand their various approaches to solving your research topic or question. While the initial goal is to learn what has been accomplished in your chosen field of study, there is a second objective that you need to keep an eye out for as your pore over COUNTLESS papers and articles (notice that I didn’t say “books”): gaps or shortcomings in past research endeavors. These gaps may present opportunities for future research questions or topics.

Here’s another quick, free lesson: not all publication sources are created equal! One thing I learned from my initial web searches for research papers was that there is a conference or journal out there for everyone and everything. If you have high aspirations as a researcher (or attend a school with a research reputation to uphold), then you may want to apply some discretion in the venues from which you select reference materials (see my post on Journals & Conferences ). IEEE and ACM are the usual sources for high-quality, peer-reviewed research papers but not all of their conferences are deemed equal. There are multiple ways to elicit the prestige level of various globally-dispersed conferences but the quickest way for me was to simply ask my faculty advisor! She quickly pinpointed the top-tier conferences and similarly identified ones that I should stay away from. Since then, I’ve learned that the top papers commonly cite publications from the top conferences and journals.

Every week of this lit research phase brings new lessons for what to do and definitely what NOT to do! I am amassing a core set of tools that is making my time digging through papers well-spent and organized. Here’s a glimpse at my current “go to” tools:

Mendeley : Mendeley is my lit research “command center”. All of my sources, citations and documents are collected and managed by Mendeley. There are other reference management tools out there — EndNote , BibTex , etc. — but I settled on Mendeley after using their Web Importer plug-in for my Chrome browser. While I can use the Mendeley app for my literature searches, I typically opt for Google Scholar or IEEE/ACM online libraries. With the Mendeley plug-in, I can find a document or citation or interest and simply push a button to have it catalogued in my local research database by whatever topic/subtopic I choose. Since it is still early in my lit research phase, I am still narrowing down my research topic and greatly appreciate binning references into topical buckets that may one day fall off of my research radar.

Google Scholar : Backed by Google’s amazing search engine, Google Scholar is a god-send for research authors. I just learned TODAY(!) that Scholar shows the number of times the paper has been cited (my Simulation Interoperability Workshop whitepaper is stuck on 3 citations). This indicator reflects a paper’s relative “popularity” and can loosely be used to ascertain “goodness”. I can retrieve some of the same results as Scholar by using Google’s regular search engine and filtering by ‘site:ieee.org’ or ‘site:acm.org’.

Overleaf : When I first started my doctoral studies many — many — moons ago, I was perplexed by academia’s fixation with the industry standard for typesetting, LaTeX. Now mind you, back in those days, PCs were just growing out of its primitive MS-DOS phase and into its first edition of MS Windows. Needless to say, Microsoft Word and other word processing applications were a long way away from being the robust tools they are today. Well, this LaTex was all the rage back then but during my extended break from the research world, I’d assumed that LaTex went extinct liked I’d secretly hoped for vi and emacs! So imagine my surprise when I learn that LaTex is still going strong and a whole new suite of tools are now available to help you keep the long-standing tradition of authoring research papers in LaTeX alive and well. I first downloaded TexMaker on my desktop and then I found Overleaf , an online LaTex editor that allows collaborative writing and editing. After just a short time using Overleaf, I am slowly shaking off my early LaTex misgivings and appreciating the opportunity to get my advisor’s markups without seeing the dreaded, mood-crushing RED INK !

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Literature Review

What is a Literature Review?
What is NOT a Literature Review?
Purposes of a Literature Review
Types of Literature Reviews
Literature Reviews vs. Systematic Reviews
Systematic vs. Meta-Analysis

Literature Review is a comprehensive survey of the works published in a particular field of study or line of research, usually over a specific period of time, in the form of an in-depth, critical bibliographic essay or annotated list in which attention is drawn to the most significant works.

Also, we can define a literature review as the collected body of scholarly works related to a topic:

Summarizes and analyzes previous research relevant to a topic
Includes scholarly books and articles published in academic journals
Can be an specific scholarly paper or a section in a research paper

The objective of a Literature Review is to find previous published scholarly works relevant to an specific topic

Help gather ideas or information
Keep up to date in current trends and findings
Help develop new questions

A literature review is important because it:

Explains the background of research on a topic.
Demonstrates why a topic is significant to a subject area.
Helps focus your own research questions or problems
Discovers relationships between research studies/ideas.
Suggests unexplored ideas or populations
Identifies major themes, concepts, and researchers on a topic.
Tests assumptions; may help counter preconceived ideas and remove unconscious bias.
Identifies critical gaps, points of disagreement, or potentially flawed methodology or theoretical approaches.
Indicates potential directions for future research.

All content in this section is from Literature Review Research from Old Dominion University

Keep in mind the following, a literature review is NOT:

Not an essay

Not an annotated bibliography in which you summarize each article that you have reviewed. A literature review goes beyond basic summarizing to focus on the critical analysis of the reviewed works and their relationship to your research question.

Not a research paper where you select resources to support one side of an issue versus another. A lit review should explain and consider all sides of an argument in order to avoid bias, and areas of agreement and disagreement should be highlighted.

A literature review serves several purposes. For example, it

provides thorough knowledge of previous studies; introduces seminal works.
helps focus one’s own research topic.
identifies a conceptual framework for one’s own research questions or problems; indicates potential directions for future research.
suggests previously unused or underused methodologies, designs, quantitative and qualitative strategies.
identifies gaps in previous studies; identifies flawed methodologies and/or theoretical approaches; avoids replication of mistakes.
helps the researcher avoid repetition of earlier research.
suggests unexplored populations.
determines whether past studies agree or disagree; identifies controversy in the literature.
tests assumptions; may help counter preconceived ideas and remove unconscious bias.

As Kennedy (2007) notes*, it is important to think of knowledge in a given field as consisting of three layers. First, there are the primary studies that researchers conduct and publish. Second are the reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new interpretations built from and often extending beyond the original studies. Third, there are the perceptions, conclusions, opinion, and interpretations that are shared informally that become part of the lore of field. In composing a literature review, it is important to note that it is often this third layer of knowledge that is cited as "true" even though it often has only a loose relationship to the primary studies and secondary literature reviews.

Given this, while literature reviews are designed to provide an overview and synthesis of pertinent sources you have explored, there are several approaches to how they can be done, depending upon the type of analysis underpinning your study. Listed below are definitions of types of literature reviews:

Argumentative Review This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. Given the value-laden nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they are used to to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews.

Integrative Review Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication.

Historical Review Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical reviews are focused on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future research.

Methodological Review A review does not always focus on what someone said [content], but how they said it [method of analysis]. This approach provides a framework of understanding at different levels (i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches and data collection and analysis techniques), enables researchers to draw on a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection and data analysis, and helps highlight many ethical issues which we should be aware of and consider as we go through our study.

Systematic Review This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B?"

Theoretical Review The purpose of this form is to concretely examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review help establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical concept or a whole theory or framework.

* Kennedy, Mary M. "Defining a Literature." Educational Researcher 36 (April 2007): 139-147.

All content in this section is from The Literature Review created by Dr. Robert Larabee USC

Robinson, P. and Lowe, J. (2015), Literature reviews vs systematic reviews. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 39: 103-103. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12393

What's in the name? The difference between a Systematic Review and a Literature Review, and why it matters . By Lynn Kysh from University of Southern California

Systematic review or meta-analysis?

A systematic review answers a defined research question by collecting and summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria.

A meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of these studies.

Systematic reviews, just like other research articles, can be of varying quality. They are a significant piece of work (the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination at York estimates that a team will take 9-24 months), and to be useful to other researchers and practitioners they should have:

clearly stated objectives with pre-defined eligibility criteria for studies
explicit, reproducible methodology
a systematic search that attempts to identify all studies
assessment of the validity of the findings of the included studies (e.g. risk of bias)
systematic presentation, and synthesis, of the characteristics and findings of the included studies

Not all systematic reviews contain meta-analysis.

Meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of independent studies. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates of the effects of health care than those derived from the individual studies included within a review. More information on meta-analyses can be found in Cochrane Handbook, Chapter 9 .

A meta-analysis goes beyond critique and integration and conducts secondary statistical analysis on the outcomes of similar studies. It is a systematic review that uses quantitative methods to synthesize and summarize the results.

An advantage of a meta-analysis is the ability to be completely objective in evaluating research findings. Not all topics, however, have sufficient research evidence to allow a meta-analysis to be conducted. In that case, an integrative review is an appropriate strategy.

Some of the content in this section is from Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: step by step guide created by Kate McAllister.

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The research anthology “Translanguaging in Science Education”, edited by LIT Researchers Anders Jakobsson, Pia Nygård Larsson and Annika Karlsson. In this edited volume, published by Springer, 35 authors from around the world explore diverse translanguaging practices in multilingual science classrooms in Hong Kong, Lebanon, Luxembourg, South Africa, Sweden and the United States. It presents novel […]

The anthology “Ämneslitteracitet och inkluderande undervisning”, published in June 2022 by Studentlitteratur. In this book, the LIT researchers collaborate in an extensive exploration of disciplinary literacy and inclusive teaching in various school subjects, and in teacher students’ development of academic literacy in higher education.

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ProQuest One Literature Contains 3 million literature citations from thousands of journals, monographs, dissertations, and more than 500,000 primary works – including rare and obscure texts, multiple versions, and non-traditional sources like comics, theatre performances, and author readings. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Oxford Bibliographies Online Provides sophisticated online recommendations to the core scholarship on a subject as determined by experts in the field. Each module constitutes a convenient and comprehensive introduction to the essential body of literature that has shaped research on a topic. At the click of a mouse, you therefore have 24/7 access to expert recommendations that have been rigorously peer-reviewed and vetted to ensure scholarly accuracy and objectivity. Each OBO subject database allows you to identify the core authors, works, ideas, and debates that have shaped the scholarly conversation so you can find the key literature. All the bibliographic essays have been peer-reviewed, and the specific entries are linked to full-text content available through the web or the UNC Library. The "My OBO" feature also allows you to create a personalized list of citations. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill student, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users
Gale Literature Resource Center Offers a wealth of critical and biographical information about more than 120,000 authors from the Classical period to the present. It provides several hundred thousand full text journal articles and other critical essays, thousands of plot summaries and links to authoritative Web sites, over 100,000 author biographies, several thousand author portraits, and the Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. North Carolina residents with a borrower's card may access from off campus by visiting NCLive directly. Contact the Davis Library Service Desk for the NCLive password (instructions) . Coverage: Classical Period to Present
Oxford English Dictionary Widely regarded as the accepted authority on the English language, a comprehensive dictionary of the English Language that stresses the historical origins of words, the OED is the world's leading authority on the history and development of the English language since 1150. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
ABELL (Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature) A major index for English language literatures, linguistics, folklore & cultural studies. ABELL aims to list monographs, periodical articles, critical editions of literary works, reviews of scholarly books, collections of essays and doctoral dissertations published anywhere in the world. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1892 - present
Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism This resource for scholars and students of literary theory and discourse has been revised extensively to reflect rapidly changing scholarship. The Guide presents a historical survey of the field's most important figures, schools, and movements. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Oxford Scholarly Editions Online (OSEO) Provides full-text access to hundreds of editions, showcasing their authoritative editorial notes directly alongside the text and enabling advanced searches within and between editions. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
ProQuest Historical Newspapers Search hundreds of thousands of pages of full-text and full-image newspaper articles. Includes news, editorials, letters to the editor, obituaries, and birth and marriage announcements; historical photos, graphics, and advertisements are also included; display the complete image of any page in any issue or browse the database to scan individual issues page by page. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
African American Periodicals 1825-1995 Features more than 170 wide-ranging periodicals by and about African Americans. Published in 26 states, the publications include academic and political journals, commercial magazines, institutional newsletters, organizations' bulletins, annual reports and other genres. Similar to African American Newspapers, 1827-1998, this new collection is based upon James P. Danky's monumental African-American Newspapers and Periodicals: A National Bibliography (Harvard, 1998). more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
American Antiquarian Society Historical Periodicals Collection Partnering with the American Antiquarian Society (AAS), the premier library documenting the life of America's people from the Colonial Era through the Civil War and Reconstruction, EBSCO provides digital access to this comprehensive collection of American periodicals published between 1684 and 1912. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
American Periodicals Series Online Contains over 1,000 journals published between 1740 and 1900. American Periodicals From the Center for Research Libraries provides full text to nearly 400 journals. The collection contains special interest and general magazines, labor and trade publications, scientific and literary journals, and photographic periodicals,. See "About" within the database for a fuller description. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
British Periodicals British Periodicals I and II includes the searchable full text and facsimile page images of 500 periodicals published between 1681 and 1921, a significant time not only for British history, but, given the growth and dominance of the British Empire for most of that period, world history. British Periodicals III extends the scope of British Periodicals by focusing on the first half of the twentieth century. All of this content is available in full page images with searchable full text. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1681 and 1921
Illustrated Civil War Newspapers and Magazines: Important and Rare Periodicals from Confederate, Union, Abolitionist, and British Presses Contains articles, illustrations, cartoons, and maps drawn from rare periodicals and campaign newspapers representing Union, Confederate, Abolitionist, and British viewpoints. Published between 1860 and 1865, the titles enable users to browse issues week by week to follow the election of Lincoln in 1860; the subsequent course of the Civil War from Fort Sumter through Appomattox; Lincoln's re-election in 1864; his assassination in 1865; and the beginning of Reconstruction under President Andrew Johnson. In addition Illustrated Civil War Newspapers and Magazines contains dozens of scholarly contributions, including an introduction by the Pulitzer Prize-winning scholar, James McPherson, making the database the definitive online Civil War media resource. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1860 - 1865
Nineteenth Century UK Periodicals An online collection of British magazines, journals and specialty newspapers, 19th Century UK Periodicals provides an in-depth view of British life in the Romantic & Victorian age. Series I: New Readerships: Women's, Children's, Humor and Leisure/Sport. Series II: Empire: Travel and Anthropology, Economics, Missionary and Colonial. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Periodicals Archive Online Provides access to millions of articles in the humanities and social sciences disciplines from 1802 to 2000, many of which are not in English. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
ARTFL Project (American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language) The ARTFL Project is a consortium-based service that provides its members with access to North America's largest collection of digitized French resources. Along with ARTFL's flagship database ARTFL-FRANTEXT, ARTFL members are also given access to a large variety of other Subscriber Databases. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Language: French
Brill's Medieval Reference Library Online Provides the full text of three print Brill encyclopedias - Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage (2009) , Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle (2010), Encyclopaedia of Medieval Dress and Textiles of the British Isles c. 450-1450 (2012). more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Dictionary of Old English: A to I Online Defines the vocabulary of the first six centuries (C.E. 600-1150) of the English language. The DOE complements the Middle English Dictionary (which covers the period C.E. 1100-1500) and the Oxford English Dictionary, the three together providing a full description of the vocabulary of English. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Early English Books Online (EEBO) "Digitized copies of approximately 128,000 titles included in the two Short-Title Catalogues [see below], in the Thomason Collection ... Although most of the images are captured from the microfilms that make up Early English Books, 1475–1640 and Early English Books, 1641–1700 ... and thus are not searchable, an increasing number of titles (approximately 44,000 of a planned 69,000) can be searched by keyword in a rekeyed full text." (James Harner, Literary Research Guide) Consult About EEBO in the database to check the status. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1475-1700 Language: Primarily English
English Poetry, Second Edition "An archive of rekeyed texts of more than 183,000 English-language poems by writers of the British Isles, Commonwealth, and former colonial countries from the Anglo-Saxon era to the early twentieth century." (James Harner, Literary Research Guide) These texts are also searchable from within Literature Online. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.Coverage: 8th-20th Centuries
English Short Title Catalogue 1473-1800 (ESTC) Lists over 480,000 items published between 1473 and 1800: mainly but not exclusively in English; published mainly in the British Isles and North America. The full text of most of the items indexed in ESTC may be available in: Early English Books Online, Eighteenth Century Collections Online or Early American Imprints I & II & Supplements. The ESTC does include items that have not or will not be digitized so it is the most complete Index for the period. more... less... Access: No restrictions. Coverage: 1473-1800
International Medieval Bibliography The International Medieval Bibliography covers the European Middle Ages (c 450-1500) and indexes periodicals, books, essay collections, etc. Note: Please click on the 'Enter Databases' link. Then select 'International Medieval Bibliography - Online'. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1967-
ITER: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance Iter, meaning a journey or a path in Latin, is a not-for-profit partnership dedicated to the advancement of learning in the study and teaching of the Middle Ages and Renaissance (400-1700) through the development and distribution of online resources. (Vendor Website) more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: Varies (indexes complete runs of more than 300 scholarly Renaissance & Medieval journals)
Medieval Travel Writing Provides direct access to a widely scattered collection of original medieval manuscripts that describe travel - real and imaginary - in the Middle Ages. Included are translations and supporting materials (all of which are fully searchable); maps showing the routes of the travelers; introductory essays by leading scholars. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Middle English Compendium Covers 'three major Middle English electronic resources: the Middle English Dictionary, a HyperBibliography of Middle English prose and verse, based on the MED bibliographies, and an associated network of electronic resources, including a large collection of Middle English texts. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1100-1500
BBC Shakespeare Plays Streaming video of full length classic dramatic performances of 37 Shakespeare plays produced by BBC and Time-Life films. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Early English Prose Fiction (1500-1700) Contains 211 works in English prose by writers from the British Isles from the period 1500-1700. These texts are also searchable from with Literature Online. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1500-1700
Early Modern England: Society, Culture & Everyday Life, 1500-1700 Primary sources materials documenting the lived experience in England from 1500-1700. The material is sourced from the following libraries and archives: the British Library, Canterbury Cathedral Archives, Lambeth Palace Library, London Metropolitan Archives, the National Archives UK, the Newberry Library and the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Materials range from legal records, to family correspondence, administrative records, wills, inventories, and commonplace books, and also include images of everyday objects used in early modern households. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Editions and Adaptations of Shakespeare (1591-1911) Editions and Adaptations of Shakespeare contains eleven major editions from the First Folio of 1623 to the Cambridge edition of 1863-6, twenty-eight separate contemporary printings of individual plays and poems, selected apocrypha and related works. In addition it contains more than one hundred adaptations, sequels and burlesques from the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1591-1911
MIT Global Shakespeares The Global Shakespeares Video & Performance Archive is a collaborative project providing online access to performances of Shakespeare from many parts of the world as well as essays and metadata provided by scholars and educators in the field. more... less... Access: No restrictions.
Perdita Manuscripts I: Women Writers 1500-1700 Complete facsimile images of over 230 manuscripts written or compiled by women living in the British Isles from 1500-1700. Contents include account books, advice, meditations, receipts, travel writing, and verse. Perdita manuscripts can be searched by name, genre, and first lines of both poetry and prose. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1500-1700
Sabin Americana: 1500-1926 An online collection of books, pamphlets, serials and other works about the Americas, from the time of their discovery to the early 1900s. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Language: Various
American Broadsides and Ephemera Part of the Archive of Americana, this database includes broadsides printed between 1820 and 1900 and pieces of ephemera printed between 1760 and 1900. Based on the American Antiquarian Society's collection of broadsides and ephemera. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Early American Imprints, Series I. Evans (1639-1800) "A bibliographical database and digital archive based on Evans, American Bibliography, and Bristol’s Supplement ... that reproduces the c. 37,000 works in the original microprint and microform version of Early American Imprints along with 1,080 additional titles; the Supplements add nearly 2,000 titles." (James harner, Literary Research Guide) EAP I is a subset of America's Historical Imprints, in turn a subset of the Archive of Americana. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1639 - 1800
Eighteenth Century Collections Online Provides access to 40 million full-text images and text-searchable pages of nearly 180,000 English-language titles and editions (200,000 volumes) published between 1701-1800. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 18th Century Language: Primarily English
Eighteenth Century Drama: Censorship, Society And The Stage Comprises primary source documents from the collection of John Larpent, the English Inspector of Plays from 1778-1824, including more than 2,500 plays. Also includes the diaries of Anna Larpent, his professional collaborator and wife, recording her criticisms of the plays and insights into the theatrical culture of the time. The companion text The London Stage, 1660-1800, listing every traceable performance, is included as a searchable database, as is A Biographical Dictionary of Actors etc. 1660-1800. Useful for researching such topics as censorship and politics; satire and social commentary; celebrity culture; fashion; the rise of opera in Britain; women and theatre; staging, technology, and performance practice; and the business of theatre. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Eighteenth-Century Fiction (1700-1780) A collection of 96 complete works of English prose from the period 1700–1780 by writers from the British Isles. These text are also searchable from within Literature Online. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1700-1780
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Burney Collection Newspapers Documents 200 years of cultural, political, social and historical events. This database is also searchable via British Newspapers, 1600 - 1950, and also via Gale Artemis: Primary Sources. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Black Drama Contains the full text of over 1400 plays written from the mid-1800s to the present by more than 200 playwrights from North America, English-speaking Africa, the Caribbean, and other African diaspora countries. Many of the works are rare, hard to find, or out of print. James Vernon Hatch, the playwright, historian, and curator of the landmark Hatch-Billops Collection, is the project's editorial advisor. Nearly a quarter of the collection will consist of previously unpublished plays by writers such as Langston Hughes, Ed Bullins, Willis Richardson, Femi Euba, Amiri Baraka, Randolph Edmonds, Zora Neale Hurston, and many others. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: Mid 1800s to present
Gale Primary Sources: British Library Newspapers A collection of national, regional, and local newspapers from Britain (1732-1950) and Ireland (1797-1950), sourced from the British Library. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Early American Imprints, Series II. Shaw-Shoemaker (1801-1819) "A bibliographical database and digital archive based on Shaw and Shoemaker, American Bibliography, that reproduces the c. 36,000 works in the original microprint and microform version of Early American Imprints, Series II: Shaw-Shoemaker (New Canaan: Readex) along with about 975 additional titles (however, the microprint and microform collection omits serial publications listed in Shaw-Shoemaker); the Supplement adds nearly 2,000 titles. " (James Harner, Literary Reseearch Guide) EAP II is a subset of America's Historical Imprints, in turn a subset of the Archive of Americana. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Coverage: 1801 - 1819
Literary Manuscripts: Berg Collection 19th century manuscripts from the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Nineteenth Century Collections Online A large, deep, and rich collection of primary sources documenting the 'long 19th Century.' Materials include books, newspapers, periodicals, diaries, photographs, pamphlets, maps, and more. See "About" within the database for fuller description. Also searchable from within: Gale Artemis: Primary Sources. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. Language: English, French, German
Nineteenth Century Literary Society Primary source materials from the archive of the John Murray publishing company, held at the National Library of Scotland, from its inception in 1786 through the long nineteenth century. A highlight of the collection are the manuscripts and personal papers of Lord Byron. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Nineteenth Century U.S. Newspapers Provides access to about 500 newspapers from localities all across the United States during the 19th Century. Also searchable from within Gale Artemis: Primary Sources. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Nineteenth-Century Fiction A collection of 250 British and Irish novels from the period 1782 to 1903. Major novelists of the period such as Austen, Scott, Mary Shelley, Dickens, Eliot, Hardy and the Brontës feature alongside popular romances, sensation fiction, colonial adventure novels and children's literature. (Vendor website) Nineteenth Century Fiction is also searchable from within Literature Online. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.Coverage: 1782-1903
Poverty, Philanthropy and Social Conditions in Victorian Britain Primary source materials exploring the interactions between government policy and public philanthropy in Victorian and early twentieth-century British society, and demonstrating a shift in welfare reform, and the social tensions surrounding poverty and public welfare. Materials are sourced from the National Archives at Kew, the British Library and Senate House Library. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Romanticism: Life, Literature and Landscape Manuscript collection of William Wordsworth and other Romantic poets, writers and artists. Includes notebooks, diaries, correspondence, travel journals and autograph books. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users.
Wright American Fiction, 1851-1875 This is a collection of 19th century American fiction, as listed in Lyle Wright's bibliography American Fiction, 1851-1875. The Wright American Fiction online collection attempts to include every novel published in the United States from 1851 to 1875. more... less... Access: No restrictions.Coverage: 1851-1875
Twentieth-Century African American Poetry The full text of 12,000 poems by more than 100 poets. The Database of Twentieth-Century African-American Poetry documents the unique voices of this century's critically acclaimed African-American poets. The collection opens the door to literary scholarship by providing access to the full text of 12,000 poems by more than 100 poets. Works by poets like Audre Lorde, Langston Hughes and Rita Dove enrich the collection, as well as emerging poets who will shape a new era of poetry. Biographical profiles accompany each poet's work, and the complete database can be searched by a number of fields, including keyword, first line or title keyword, and poet name. (Source: vendor website.) more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. North Carolina residents with a borrower's card may access from off campus by visiting NCLive directly. Contact the Davis Library Service Desk for the NCLive password (instructions) . Coverage: 20th century
Twentieth-Century American Poetry This collection includes 50,000 poems drawn from 750 volumes by over 300 American poets. (Source: vendor website.) This database is also searchable from within Literature Online. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. North Carolina residents with a borrower's card may access from off campus by visiting NCLive directly. Contact the Davis Library Service Desk for the NCLive password (instructions).
Twentieth-Century English Poetry A collection of more than 600 volumes of poetry by 283 poets from 1900 to the present day, including W.B. Yeats, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, Wilfred Owen, Thom Gunn, Fleur Adcock, Paul Muldoon, Tony Harrison, Benjamin Zephaniah and Carol Ann Duffy, and incorporating the poets in The Faber Poetry Library.(Source: vendor website.) This database is also searchable within Literature Online. more... less... Access: Off Campus Access is available for: UNC-Chapel Hill students, faculty, and staff; UNC Hospitals employees; UNC-Chapel Hill affiliated AHEC users. North Carolina residents with a borrower's card may access from off campus by visiting NCLive directly. Contact the Davis Library Service Desk for the NCLive password (instructions).Coverage: From 1900 to Present
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AcademyHealth Presents a Literature Review Summarizing the Research Findings of the Use of Internet Search Data in the Diagnosis of Diseases and Conditions

Sponsored by a grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and in partnership with Innovation Horizons, AcademyHealth conducted a literature review on the use of patient-generated data to assess the capability of the internet as a tool to inform clinical diagnosis practices.

As a component of an ongoing research project to address the gaps in medical care that contribute to delayed or missed diagnosis of serious disease and conditions, AcademyHealth has engaged in a study to examine how the use of a patient’s internet search data can be applied as a data source and tool to inform clinical diagnosis practices. Sponsored by a grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, a literature review and comparative analyses were conducted utilizing data from internet searches by patients; the purpose of the review and analyses was to identify correlations (or a lack thereof) between each patient's searches and the corresponding patient's medical diagnoses. While many scientific reviews have previously summarized the utility of population-level internet search data for public health and health outcomes research, this is the first documented assessment of peer-reviewed publications focused on personalized medical diagnostic use. AcademyHealth conducted this study to help guide health services researchers, patient advocates, health care policy makers, and others to learn more about these data resources and their potential to inform new approaches to address diagnostic gaps and opportunities. This approach applies patient-generated data to assess the capability of the internet as a tool to improve understanding of symptoms, illuminate warning signs leading to a medical diagnostic workup, and empower caregivers to more effectively respond to health concerns.

The study design and findings represented in this report were reviewed by an Academy Health multidisciplinary steering committee that approved the report. The report details how researchers obtained and analyzed patient data from Microsoft and Google search engines to then link the data with the corresponding patient’s clinical information. All patient-generated data was provided by patients retrospectively with informed consent for research use. Of the 43 pee-reviewed publications identified and reviewed by AcademyHealth for inclusion in the report, all were retrospective analyses. The analyses included in the report represented a variety of medical and health considerations including cancer, mental health conditions, vulnerability, violence, and personal safety associated with neurodegenerative and aging disorders. Also included in the report were features published by researchers about tools that were developed to enable large data sets to be analyzed and integrated with other data, such as clinical trials and clinical care data. Cumulatively, these publications provide unique insights into the patient information needs, informed consent, and clinical research overview requirements needed to meet standards of conduct for research involving human subjects.

While many of these research publications identified signals of potential clinical use in diagnosis for specific diseases and conditions, none of the studies offered the type of confirmatory evidence that are required for medical use; at a minimum, evidence required would include prospective randomized studies. Therefore, this nascent type of diagnostic application research using large patient internet search data sets needs additional sponsorship to support infrastructure, analytic approaches, and importantly, innovative study design that enables prospective data collections to avoid bias and ultimately better understand the clinical efficacy and utility of this practice.

Further information can be found at the Exploring Consumer & Patient Internet Search Data to Improve Diagnosis Grant Program webpage . Innovation Horizons provided the research and analysis with support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

Jaw-dropping northern lights from massive solar flares amaze skywatchers around the world. 'We have a very rare event on our hands.' (photos)

A rare G5 geomagnetic storm not seen since Halloween 2003 is supercharging the northern lights around the world.

pink and purple northern lights over a tent that's lit from within in a campground

An aurora show like no other is playing out in the night sky this weekend as a historic northern lights display spawned by intense solar storms paints the sky in spectacular hues of pinks, purples and greens.

"We have a very rare event on our hand," Shawn Dahl, Service Coordinator of NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Group, told reporters on Friday (May 10) just hours before the northern lights spectacle began. In the United States, the northern lights (or aurora borealis) — typically only visible around the Arctic region and northern Canada — were expected to be visible as far south as at least Alabama or Northern California — with NOAA officials reporting sightings from locations even farther south. Space.com Editor Brett Tingley witnessed dazzling event from South Carolina, a surprise light show for a local music festival.

"Auroras surprised us in Greer, S.C. on Friday during the Albino Skunk Music Festival," Tingley told Space.com. "They were highly animated and appeared in shades of reds and greens. A true delight for skywatchers at mid latitudes who rarely get to witness the phenomenon for ourselves."

Related: 4 large solar bursts could supercharge the auroras this weekend

In Middleton, California, north of San Francisco, AFP and Getty photographer Josh Edelson captured stunning views of pink and purple auroras over campers in tents and houses, while in Vienna, Austria, photojournalist Max Slovenick captured a haunting view of a pink aurora wave over the city for AFP, APA and Getty.

NOAA officials said that even if you cannot see the northern lights with your unaided eyes, the night sky settings of many cell phones may be able to pick them up.

"Cell phones are much better than our eyes at capturing light," Brent Gordon, Chief of Space Weather Services Branch for SWPC, told reporters Friday. "Just go out your back door and take a picture with the newer cellphone and you'd be amazed at what is what you see in that picture versus what you see with your eyes."

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Our guide on how to photograph the northern lights has everything you need to capture the aurora display, and our best equipment for aurora photography list can help you find the best gear. You can also check out our guides on how to see the northern lights . We even have a guide on how to edit aurora photos once you have your images.

Related: Photographing the northern lights with the Sony A7R V

Sony A7III was $1799.99, now $1498Check out our Sony A7III review.

Sony A7III was $1799.99 , now $1498 Sony’s third incarnation of the game-changing Sony A7 camera, the Sony A7III is lightweight yet packs a punch. With 4K HDR video, this camera is often used to capture videos of the Northern Lights. Right now, you can find it on sale for 17% off at Amazon. Check out our Sony A7III review .

Unprecedented solar storms

The intense auroras were spawned by a series of massive solar flares and coronal mass ejections that erupted from the sun earlier this week, flinging wave after wave of charged solar particles toward Earth. Those particles slammed into Earth's magnetic field Friday, triggering what space weather scientists called a level G5 geomagnetic storm — something Earth has not seen since the truly epic solar storms of Halloween 2003 .

"The reason for all this, well, there's been two sunspot clusters, one in the northern hemisphere of the sun, one in the southern hemisphere of the sun," Dahl said Friday. Those sunspot groups, one of which is now 17 times the width of Earth , have been unleashing the strongest solar flares since at least 2017 this week. In fact, the sun fired off another massive X5.8 solar flare overnight on Friday, NOAA SWPC officials said. X-class solar flares are the most powerful type of eruption from the sun.

The sun is currently in an extremely active phase of its 11-year solar cycle , and is amid a peak period known as solar maximum in which solar flares and explosive coronal mass ejections can be more frequent.

Related: The worst solar storms in history

Such massive solar flares can trigger radio blackouts and interfere with power systems on Earth, as well as pose a radiation risk to satellites and astronauts in orbit, NOAA officials said, adding that NASA was tracking the event to determine if astronauts would have to take shelter deeper inside the International Space Station . As of early Saturday (May 11), NASA officials had not reported any need for such measures.

"Because the space station is in low Earth orbit, they do receive protection from our magnetosphere, although they're high enough up there, there are some areas that are vulnerable," SWPC space scientist Rob Steenburgh told reporters Friday. "We communicate with NASA daily, at least once a day and during events like this multiple times a day to keep them apprised of the evolving space weather situation."

Related: Where and when to see the northern lights in 2024

Northern lights dazzle down to Florida

With such an intense geomagnetic storm, auroras were visible from areas that normally don't see the northern lights.

" I may write about them a lot but I never once imagined I’d get a northern lights show of this magnitude above my hometown, Nottingham, U.K.," Space.com Reference Editor Daisy Dobrijevic said Friday night. "I've been fortunate to see many northern lights displays but I always say each one is like the first time because they're all different! This was certainly that!"

Related: Northern lights webcams: Watch the aurora borealis online for free

Dobrijevic has observed the northern lights from Sweden in the far north, but Friday night's aurora show in her own backyard was something else entirely. "I've never seen so many vivid colors dancing across the sky," Dobrijevic said. "What a tremendous treat indeed."

Astronomer and avid aurora chaser Tom Kerss managed to capture the northern lights as far south as Florida.

"Never in my life did I imagine I’d capture this! In all my years of aurora-chasing this seemed like the last place I’d ever witness it. The Northern Lights in Florida!" Kerss wrote in a post on X .

🤯 Never in my life did I imagine I’d capture this! In all my years of aurora-chasing this seemed like the last place I’d ever witness it. The Northern Lights in Florida! 🇺🇸 #aurora #solarstorm pic.twitter.com/hYq9NKSNRL May 11, 2024

We had these wonderful images sent in from Kaitlin Moore who saw the northern lights from Madison, Wisconsin.

"Wisconsin has fared well during this period of solar maximum ; most of the state was able to glimpse the aurora borealis both in April of 2023 and this past evening in May 2024, following a pair of uncommonly powerful coronal mass ejections," Moore told Space.com in an email.

"Tonight, the possibility of glimpsing the world-wide aurora was thrown into question due to a few hours of thunderstorms soon after sundown. But the weather system was fast-moving, and by midnight the skies were completely clear!" Moore continued.

Even the city's light pollution couldn't deter the incredible light show.

"Even in a light-polluted city, surrounded by interstates and a regional airport, the auroral activity was so strong that gossamer veils of atomic oxygen and nitrogen, the luminescent greens and pinks, were visible even with the naked eye," Moore continued.

"Stargazers over Lake Mendota watched the crescent moon set over Madison and even glimpsed a small meteor blazing briefly against the glow of ionized gases," Moore said.

The southern lights get supercharged, too

A person is silhouetted by pink, purple and green northern lights on a lake shore.

The Northern Hemisphere of Earth isn't the only one getting supercharged auroras. The southern lights (or aurora australis) were also visible for closer to the equator than their usual Antarctic locales, NOAA officials said. The result was an absolutely spectacular show for those down under! At Lake Ellesmere, outside of Christchurch, New Zealand, AFP photographer Sanka Vidanagama captured absolutely amazing views of auroras ranging from pink and purple to truly jaw-dropping reds and oranges.

The Aurora Australis, also known as the Southern Lights, glow on the horizon over waters of Lake Ellesmere on the outskirts of Christchurch on May 11, 2024. The most powerful solar storm in more than two decades struck Earth, triggering spectacular celestial light shows from Tasmania to Britain -- and threatening possible disruptions to satellites and power grids as it persists into the weekend.

"Absolutely biblical skies in Tasmania at 4am this morning." Photographer Sean O' Riordan wrote in a post on X.

"I'm leaving today and knew I could not pass up this opportunity for such a large solar storm. Here's the image. I actually had to de-saturate the colours."

Absolutely biblical skies in Tasmania at 4am this morning. I’m leaving today and knew I could not pass up this opportunity for such a large solar storm. Here’s the image. I actually had to de-saturate the colours. Clouds glowing red. Insane. Shot on Nikon. Rt appreciated pic.twitter.com/210hlkmoeg May 10, 2024

— Behemoth sunspot AR3664 unleashes its biggest solar flare yet

— Sun explodes in a flurry of powerful solar flares from hyperactive sunspots (video)

— Wild solar weather is causing satellites to fall. It's going to get worse.

NOAA officials said the impact of this week's solar flares should amplify the northern lights throughout the weekend, so even if bad weather spoiled your view on Friday night (it was raining in New Jersey for Space.com Editor-in-Chief Tariq Malik, for example) you do have more chances. NOAA SWPC officials said the impact of the solar storms could continue through the weekend and well into next week as more solar eruptions occur.

"Nobody should think that the storm is over just because conditions quiet down for a little bit," Dahl said. "It could turn around and be very quick to develop once again."

Editor's note: If you capture a stunning photo or video of the northern lights (or southern lights!) and want to share them with Space.com for a possible story, send images, comments on the view and your location, as well as use permissions to [email protected] .

Space.com Editor-in-Chief Tariq Malik contributed to this story from West Orange, New Jersey. Reference Editor Daisy Dobrijevic contributed to this story from Manchester, U.K.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

Tariq is the Editor-in-Chief of Space.com and joined the team in 2001, first as an intern and staff writer, and later as an editor. He covers human spaceflight, exploration and space science, as well as skywatching and entertainment. He became Space.com's Managing Editor in 2009 and Editor-in-Chief in 2019. Before joining Space.com, Tariq was a staff reporter for The Los Angeles Times covering education and city beats in La Habra, Fullerton and Huntington Beach. In October 2022, Tariq received the Harry Kolcum Award for excellence in space reporting from the National Space Club Florida Committee. He is also an Eagle Scout (yes, he has the Space Exploration merit badge) and went to Space Camp four times as a kid and a fifth time as an adult. He has journalism degrees from the University of Southern California and New York University. You can find Tariq at Space.com and as the co-host to the This Week In Space podcast with space historian Rod Pyle on the TWiT network . To see his latest project, you can follow Tariq on Twitter @tariqjmalik .

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jomamareid I was fortunate enough to have been able to see and get a few photos of the 2003 G5 storm. from Upstate NY Vermont border close to Albany NY. From the pictures and videos I have been seeing from last night this storm has blown away the 2003 storm. of course, digital photography has jumped leaps and bounds since 2003. Unfortunately, it rained here all night but I am grateful for all the millions of people from all over the world. I can't remember a natural happy, event bringing so many people this close together. I still have my fingers crossed for tonight, the is shining today. Thank you, everyone, for the great photos, from this aging man. Now I can die happy Reply
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How to Find Research Topics to Write About

So, you’ve got a research paper due, and the dread sets in – what to research about? We’ve all experienced that frustrating moment when finding a topic feels about as simple as finding a needle in a haystack.

But hold on! Before you check is essay pro legit enough to find someone to write your paper for you (tempting, I know!), take a deep breath. Finding a killer research topic doesn’t have to take weeks. It can actually be the spark that ignites your curiosity and leads you down a fascinating rabbit hole of discovery.

The key is knowing where to look for inspiration and how to narrow down those endless possibilities into a topic that’s manageable, meaningful, and maybe even a little bit exciting.

So, let’s come up with unconventional strategies, look for hidden sources of inspiration, and give you the tools to choose a topic that will give your research paper a head-start.

Source: https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-a-woman-thinking-941555/

Look Beyond the Textbook

Sure, your course material is a good starting point for finding a research topic, but don’t let it be your only source of inspiration. Look around you – the world is full of fascinating questions just waiting to be explored.

What current events spark your interest? What social issues keep you up at night? Maybe there’s a scientific breakthrough that’s left you wanting to know more.

Don’t be afraid to let your curiosity guide you. Some of the most engaging research papers are born out of genuine interest and a desire to learn more about the world.

Another often-overlooked source of inspiration on what to research is your own life experiences. Have you ever faced a personal challenge or overcome an obstacle that could be relevant to others? Maybe you have a unique cultural background or a hobby that could be the basis for an intriguing research question.

Don’t undermine the potential of your own story to spark a meaningful topic.

Digg Deeper With Unconventional Sources

Now, let’s move beyond the obvious. While academic journals and textbooks are important resources, they’re not the only game in town.

Explore documentaries, podcasts, TED Talks, and even social media for potential research topic ideas. These sources often present complex issues in a more accessible way, making them a great way to spark your interest and notice new perspectives.

If you’re feeling stuck, try branching out into different fields of study. Maybe a sociology paper on the impact of social media on mental health or a history paper on the role of music in social movements could pique your interest.

Remember, research is about making connections, so don’t be afraid to get a little interdisciplinary with your topic choices.

Source: https://www.pexels.com/photo/box-with-brain-inscription-on-head-of-anonymous-woman-7203727/

Find Out What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic

So, you’ve got a whole bunch of potential research article topics swirling around in your head. Now what? It’s time to narrow it down and find the perfect fit.

A good topic should be several things:

Interesting. You’re going to be spending a lot of time on this topic, so make sure it’s something you actually care about!
Manageable. Choose a topic that’s narrow enough to be thoroughly researched within the scope of your assignment. Avoid topics that are too general or too niche.
Relevant. Make sure your topic is in line with your course or field of study. If you’re unsure, talk to your professor for guidance.
Original. While it’s okay to build on existing research, try to gauge a new angle or perspective on your topic.

If you still feel you can’t come up with the right topic, don’t hesitate to seek out help. Talk to your professor or librarian, or even consider consulting with one of the best coursework writing services to brainstorm ideas and get feedback on your choices.

Choosing a topic for a research paper is just the first step in the process. The real fun begins when you start diving into the research and getting new insights.

The Bottom Line

The journey of finding a research topic doesn’t have to be a dreaded chore. It can be an exciting opportunity to expand your knowledge and bring out new passions. Remember, there are no “easy research topics.” The best topics are the ones that ignite your curiosity and challenge you to think critically about the world around you.

So, feel free to get a little creative with your research topic choices. Whether you’re exploring a current event, a personal experience, or a complex social issue, the most important thing is to choose a topic that inspires you and makes you eager to dive into the research.

Learning how to find a research topic is an essential skill for any college student, and with the right approach, it can even be enjoyable! So, put on your explorer hat, embrace your curiosity, and let your research process begin.

Lauren Boebert lit up by columnist for Trump suck-up 'to save her phony baloney job'

R ep. Lauren Boebert's (R-CO) appearance at Donald Trump's hush money trial in Manhattan last week was trashed by a Colorado columnist who took the embattled Republican lawmaker to task for spending her time in Congress sucking up to the equally embattled former president.

In his column for the Colorado Sun, Mike Litwin lit up the lawmaker and pointed out that family values-touting Boebert felt it was far more important to support Trump who is dealing with the fall-out of having an affair with an adult film star than it was to show up for a recent court hearing for her son Tyler , who is facing criminal charges of his own back home.

Getting right into it, Litwin began, "Lauren Boebert, the carpetbagging canoodler, may be trying to switch congressional districts — from the GOP-leaning 3rd to the GOP-dominant 4th — to save her phony baloney job, but whatever district she’s in, she’s still the same old Boebert."

Want more breaking political news? Click for the latest headlines at Raw Story.

ALSO READ: Delay, delay: Lauren Boebert keeping personal finances secret until after GOP primary

Calling her appearance with GOP lawmakers like Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-FL) outside the Manhattan courtroom "performance art," the columnist claimed her decision to leave D.C. to grandstand before reporters earned her a "front row seat" at the trial and an opportunity to preen for the cameras.

Reporting that Boebert used her time in the spotlight to attack Judge Juan Merchan's daughter, Litwin gave the following review of her comments: "Disgusting? Of course. Sycophantic? Sure. Hypocritical? Definitely."

"You may remember how Boebert has pleaded for privacy for her family amid their many travails. You may remember, too, how that hasn’t stopped her from tweeting about the so-called 'Biden Crime Family' even as her son Tyler was being arrested in Rifle," he wrote before adding, "Is it fair to go after Boebert for her parenting efforts? Normally, I would say no. But we know what Boebert would do if it were, say, a judge’s daughter who had been arrested. We know what she says about a daughter who hasn’t done a single thing wrong."

Pointing to Boeberts comments that a sleeping Trump in court looks "pretty," the columnist asserted, "What doesn’t look so pretty are the MAGA grovelers going after the spirit, if not the law, of the gag order. I’m sure that Trump, when he’s awake anyway, must be watching."

You can read more here .

A Solar Storm Lights Up the Night Sky

The unusual sight of aurora borealis was visible around the world.

The northern lights flared in the sky over a farmhouse in Brunswick, Maine. Credit... Robert F. Bukaty/Associated Press

Supported by

By The New York Times

Published May 10, 2024 Updated May 13, 2024

People in Britain marveled at the unusual and spectacular sight of the northern lights on Friday night, the consequence of a severe solar storm that was brewing and was expected to continue over the coming days.

The northern lights — also known as aurora borealis — usually don’t reach that far south. They are most often seen in higher latitudes closer to the North Pole. People in other European countries, including Denmark and Germany, also reported seeing the lights.

Onlookers marveled at the sight, posting their surprise, delight and sometimes shock on social media. As one user wrote : “Aurora Borealis? At this time of year? At this time of day? In this part of the country? Localized entirely over Edinburgh?”

Another onlooker posted , “It really is gorgeous though.”

The northern lights also made appearances in North America, with some people reporting sightings in Maine on Friday night. They occur when the sun expels material from its surface.

The current solar storm is caused by a cluster of sunspots — dark, cool regions on the solar surface. The cluster is flaring and ejecting material every six to 12 hours.

Earlier Friday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center issued a rare warning about the solar outburst, because it could disrupt communications and even power grids.

A time-lapse video shows the northern lights over Nashville.

The lights were visible in Britain, in locations including Crosby Beach near Liverpool, where they could be seen behind Antony Gormley’s “Another Place” sculpture

The northern lights glow over trees in Markville, Minn.

Lake Balaton near Fonyod, Hungary.

Admiring the northern lights, a rare sight there, in Whitley Bay, England, on Friday.

[Laughing] Holy moly. I know. This — I thought it would just be over on the horizon a little — Behind us, too. Yeah. A little green on the horizon. Nothing like this. This is — This is like, ‘Oh, my god.’ Everywhere.

The northern lights over Puget Sound in Edmonds, Wash.

The lights photographed in the sky over Debrad, Slovakia.

The northern lights casting a glow on a lighthouse in Whitley Bay.

Plum Island and the mouth of the Merrimack River in Newburyport, Mass.

Vancouver, British Columbia.

The northern lights glowing in the sky in the Oder-Spree district of Brandenburg State in Germany.

People watched the southern lights at Port Phillip Bay in Melbourne on Saturday.

The mountains in the Col des Mosses pass in Switzerland.

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