natural disasters in kazakhstan essay

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Causes and Impacts of Land Degradation and Desertification: Case Study from Kazakhstan

• First Online: 20 December 2018

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• Aigul Тokbergenova 3 ,
• Gulnara Nyussupova 3 ,
• Mehmet Arslan 3 &
• Shnar Kairova Lyazat Kiyassova 3  

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The problem of desertification is a serious threat that is causing a variety of negative social and economic effects. It is always accompanied by soil degradation as the result of human overuse of the land. During the past few decades this process has accelerated because of population growth, and the forecast is that this growth will continue to increase, which necessitates increased food production. Estimations depict that nearly 50,000–70,000 km 2 of fertile land becomes unusable annually. The main reason for this disastrous phenomenon is desertification. Natural factors are contributing toward the desertification processes in Kazakhstan as well, as it is a landlocked country. The country experiences a continental and arid climate together with the scarcity and uneven distribution of water resources. All these factors are responsible for the spread of sandy habitats and saline soils. The land degradation processes are enhanced by the seasonal changes in the characteristics of soils as well as impacts from drought. Nearly 75% of the countries are exposed to a high risk of ecological destabilization, and Kazakhstan is no exception. Natural habitats in the country show a weak environmental resistance to anthropogenic influences. The degradation is most severe in the pastures adjacent to the rural settlements, milking machines, wells, and distant pasturing territories. Several workers have been studying this phenomenon to identify the agricultural lands most vulnerable to desertification. These workers have proposed measures for the prevention of desertification. Some of the key measures are forest plantation and a sustainable use of pasture ecosystems through conservation programs for restoring the functional integrity of steppe ecosystems.

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Department of Geography, Land Management and Cadastre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Aigul Тokbergenova, Gulnara Nyussupova, Mehmet Arslan & Shnar Kairova Lyazat Kiyassova

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Dilfuza Egamberdieva

Vice President “The Islamic World Acadmey of Sciences” Amann-Jordan and Centre for Environmental Studies-Botany Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

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Тokbergenova, A., Nyussupova, G., Arslan, M., Kiyassova, S.K.L. (2018). Causes and Impacts of Land Degradation and Desertification: Case Study from Kazakhstan. In: Egamberdieva, D., Öztürk, M. (eds) Vegetation of Central Asia and Environs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99728-5_11

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Explore historical and projected climate data, climate data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and what adaptation measures are being taken. Explore the overview for a general context of how climate change is affecting Kazakhstan.

• Climate Change Overview
• Country Summary
• Climatology
• Trends & Variability
• Mean Projections (CMIP6)
• Extreme Events
• Historical Natural Hazards
• Sea Level Rise

Extreme Precipitation Events

This page presents a high-level insight into extreme events and how extreme events differ from mean climate.  Extremes are often related to different physical processes than those that govern long-term means . While an average change in precipitation is primarily due to circulation changes, extremes are much more sensitive to the thermodynamic state and conditions during specific days. Therefore, it is important to compare and contrast trends and projections in means against those of rare events.

Extremes only occur in a conjunction of several preconditions. For example, extreme rainfall requires maximized (“potential”) moisture transport into the region, high temperatures (or large temperature gradients) and significant instability of the atmosphere. An alignment of these “ingredients” is relatively rare. Under climate change, however, some of these conditions might see a systematic increase in occurrence, which is particularly true for temperatures across the globe. If that one condition – higher temperatures – is more often fulfilled, then the chance for a combined occurrence can also increase. Warmer temperatures are especially important for precipitation because the Clausius-Clapeyron-Relationship dictates that for every 1ºC of increased air temperature, that air’s potential to carry moisture increases by 7%. Thus, the warmer the air, the much more moisture it “can” carry , and therefore if rain were to form, much more water could be tapped into.

Where exactly the most extreme precipitation then might happen is also somewhat uncertain as current local conditions over a broader region can dictate the dynamical process of triggering an event, although sometimes physical settings (e.g., topography) can lead to areas with higher likelihood of occurrence. Overall, extreme events have to be seen as requiring a set of pre-conditions tied with a probabilistic element of initiation. This is why extreme thunderstorms can affect one place, while a few kilometers away there is hardly any precipitation registered.

In summary : (1) Extreme precipitation events might show different signs and commonly larger magnitudes of change when compared to mean precipitation. (2) In a warmer world, the potential of air to carry moisture goes up exponentially, and thus the potential for heavier precipitation goes up. This means that intense events will likely recur more frequently, which can negatively affect the flooding risk. Only in areas where the occurrence of precipitation goes down significantly can the trend towards heavier rainfall be overcome and return periods of large events increase rather than decrease.

This page is designed to offer the user high-level insight into how CMIP6 models represent extreme events at global and country scales. The visualizations present different perspectives on historical conditions as well as future scenarios to enable understanding of shifts in extreme events. The baseline climate (Historical Period, 1985-2014, centered on 2000) can be compared with future time periods and scenarios, centered on 2025, 2050, 2075 as well as 2085 (using data to the end of the century). Please note, the presented extreme indicators offer qualitative projection results, which directly reflect global model output, and should not be mistaken for location-specific (“station-level”) extremes.

I – How Extremes Differ from Mean

Extreme events reflect rare (weather) events and therefore represent different characteristics of climate than the long-term means. Compare the maps to recognize potentially contrasting trends and different magnitudes of change between mean precipitation (top left) and the largest event during the period (top right) with the extreme statistics indicators for different return periods for the globe (bottom left) and country (bottom right).

Historical : Return Levels (precipitation amounts shown in "mm") are available for a select list of recurrence intervals (Return Periods). Equally, the spatial pattern of fixed precipitation magnitudes (return levels) can be inspected with respect to their corresponding Return Periods (shown in “years”). Sometimes the inverse of Return Period is needed as it represents the “Annual Exceedance Probability” (how many events can be expected per year).

Projections : The return levels established over the historical period are then used to determine possible changes in their associated recurrence interval (Return Period in “years”). Colors show, for example, if an event that is historically a 20-yr event (20-yr return level during historical period) is happening more (green) or less frequently (brown) in the future. Therefore, projections are shown as future return periods (in “years”) that indicate to the present-day reference. That potential shift in return period can also be formulated as a change in Future Annual Exceedance Probability. This product, shown as a factor, offers a view of how much more or less frequent an event might become.

Larger rainfall events are sometimes simulated in the tropics where large scale monsoonal rains and tropical cyclone-like processes lead to maximum rainfalls in global models. However, the global model data can not always properly resolve small-scale convective processes, and therefore there is an upper limit of magnitude of "single" events that can be simulated.

II – Distribution to Return Levels / Periods

Analyzing extreme events requires specialized statistical tools that make use of Extreme Value Theory (EVT). Means and standard deviations are not suited to describe the behavior at the tails (rare occurrence) of the data distribution. EVT employs flexible functions that estimate the frequency of rare, high magnitude events. The following graphs illustrate the process of (1) fitting a continuous generalized EV-function to the data as represented in form of a histogram (number of sample in different magnitudes bins), and (2) a comparison of the quantiles between empirical (actual model values) and their function-fitted representation ( Density Plot ). The closer the functional representation can follow the data, the better is the fit throughout the range of values.

While hard to see in the histogram, the QQ-Plot highlights the challenges towards the highest, most extreme values. There, it is normal that the fit starts to deviate somewhat. Confidence bands are important to recognize at what level of magnitude the fit starts to fail (where there is not enough data to offer robust estimates).

The Return Level Plot offers the link between frequency (return periods) and the magnitude of events (return levels). The further the extrapolation (note, these calculations used 30-years of data), the wider the confidence bands.

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Preservation of forests of Kazakhstan for the well-being of people

March 20, 2023.

Forests are vital. They provide necessary services to humanity: clean air, housing, food, medicines and they protect against natural disasters.  Forest ecosystems are home to many plants and animals – 80 percent of amphibian species, 75 percent of birds and 68 percent of mammals inhabit them. In addition, forests play a key role in combating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide and regulating the temperature on the planet.  They contain 660 million tons of carbon, which is more than half of the global carbon stock in soils and vegetation.

The twentieth century was marked by the active growth of economies and the welfare of people became a central concern of governments – new cities were built, existing areas were expanded, the volume of mining and production increased, agriculture and tourism actively developed. Such a leap forward was accompanied by both economic recovery and by negative consequences for nature.

Only from 1990 to 2020, our planet lost up to 420 million hectares of forests. Despite the fact that the rate of deforestation is decreasing, we are still losing up to 10 million hectares of forests per year. The reason for the loss of forests is anthropogenic human activity, forest fires, illegal felling and logging, unsustainable agriculture and pests.

Every time forests are lost, biodiversity is also reduced, ecosystems are destroyed, desertification is growing, animal and plant habitats are disappearing. All these factors directly affect the economic and social vulnerability of local populations, since the reduction of forest areas, in first place, threatens food security.

In Kazakhstan, forests occupy a relatively small territory – the country's forest cover is only 5 percent of the total land area.  Forests are represented by main types such as forests of the forest-steppe and steppe zones, mountain forests, tugai and saxaul forests.

Today, the conservation and restoration of forests in the country is a top priority. Thanks to initiatives aimed at reforestation a tendency has emerged to increase the area of the state forest fund. Over the past 10 years, this area has grown by 8 percent, and today it accounts for more than 11 percent of the country's territory.  The protection of forests in Kazakhstan is provided by 122 forestry institutions and 31 protected areas. 

UNDP – a key player in forest revival

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports Kazakhstan's efforts at conserving and restoring forests, helping to increase the country's forest cover. Special attention is paid to modern approaches based on the international practice of conservation and on the certification of high value forests. It is for this purpose that the UNDP and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) project on the development and implementation of the concept of high conservation value forests (HCVF) was launched in Kazakhstan in 2019. This work is being implemented in Kazakhstan for the first time and is carried out jointly with the Kazakh Forestry Enterprise, which is engaged in forest management within the state forest fund and keeps a records of the forests in Kazakhstan.  

During the three years of the project implementation, a concept was developed for HCVF categorization in Kazakhstan which is based on the analysis and assessment of the state of the country's forest fund. The implementation of the Concept will help Kazakhstan identify both high value forests and additional measures for their conservation in the course of forestry activities. 

In total, the HCVF is divided into six categories, whose definitions took account of international legislation and Kazakhstan legislation, as well as the results of scientific and socio-economic research.

New tools for forest protections and conservation

According to Nurlan Suleimenov, Deputy Director of the Kazakh Forestry Enterprise, the work on HCVF categorization is of great value in the field of forest protection and can bring economic benefits to Kazakhstan.

"To date, the project has covered eight pilot forestry enterprises of Kazakhstan, where work is being carried out to categorize high conservation value forests. These data can serve as a basis for voluntary forest certification, for example, according to the scheme of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), in case of its development in Kazakhstan," says Nurlan Suleimenov.  

The labeling of forest products with the FSC certificate implies that they are obtained in forests where the balance of social, economic and environmental principles of forest management is observed. In Zharkent forestry in Zhetysu region, the work on HCVF categorization has already been completed. To date, 35 percent of the forestry territory is covered by mountains, floodplains and saxaul forests. The saxaul forests make up more than half the forestry fund –covering 32,000 ha while mountain forests occupy 8,000 ha. In addition to the saxaul, the forest fund is represented by such valuable species as the turanga, feathery elm, Tianshan fir.  

Bauyrzhan Tuyebayev, Deputy Director of Zharkent Forestry, believes that the forest categorization will have a positive impact on the targeted use of forests and their management. 

"UNDP experts have categorized forests that need the most attention, providing them with proper protection. These forests are not only represented by particularly valuable tree species, such as turanga and feathery elm, they are home to some of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species that are of particular value to the world's biodiversity," says Bauyrzhan Tuyebayev .

He notes that today in Kazakhstan forest ecosystems include not only forests, but also pasture lands, which are most often used for cattle grazing. Use of state forest fund lands by the rural population for pastures is widespread in Kazakhstan. However, due to the lack of regulations for forest management, this practice has negative consequences, such as land degradation.   

The introduction of the concept of HCV and voluntary FSC forest certification in the forest sector of Kazakhstan will enable another step to be taken towards sustainable management of forest resources and towards ensuring a balance between the interests of local communities, conservation of biodiversity and the ecosystem functions of forests.

Developing eco-tourism can bring rural populations economic benefits

One of these opportunities is the development of ecotourism. In recent years, the role of forests as objects of recreation and tourism has been rapidly increasing. Kazakhstan has great potential for ecotourism development due to its vast natural territories, the diversity of flora and fauna, natural monuments and sites with UNESCO World Heritage status. Therefore, the Concept also proposes to monetize HCVF in protected areas near the places where the rural people live.

Today, rural people have the least economic stability being often without a permanent source of income, while forest institutions do not have the opportunity to receive income from the use of forest resources. However, as practice shows, in recent years there has been a trend towards tourism in Kazakhstan, including eco-tourism – the country is of interest to foreign tourists due to the diversity of its natural landscapes.

The introduction and use of the HCVF Concept will help to introduce a new approach whereby valuable forests in protected areas and forestry enterprises could contribute to the empowerment of local communities, taking into account the conservation of valuable sites of the country's natural, historical and cultural heritage.

“Certification of forests will open up new opportunities for developing ecotourism in Kazakhstan, thereby bringing economic benefits to the local population,” adds Nurlan Suleimenov.

The time has come when, through maintaining a balance between people and nature, humanity can move to the monetization of forest resources, receiving benefits for a worthy sustainable future.

The HCVF Concept is included in the list of business tools to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 15, “Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and stop biodiversity loss”. 

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103 Natural Disaster Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Natural disasters are events that occur in nature and can cause significant destruction and loss of life. They can take many forms, including hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and tsunamis. Writing an essay on natural disasters can be a daunting task, but with the right topic and approach, you can create a compelling and informative piece of writing. Here are 103 natural disaster essay topic ideas and examples to help you get started:

• The impact of climate change on natural disasters
• How do natural disasters affect the environment?
• The role of technology in predicting and mitigating natural disasters
• The psychological effects of natural disasters on survivors
• The economic impact of natural disasters on communities
• The social impact of natural disasters on vulnerable populations
• How do natural disasters affect wildlife and ecosystems?
• The role of government in responding to natural disasters
• The importance of disaster preparedness and planning
• The relationship between poverty and vulnerability to natural disasters
• The connection between deforestation and increased risk of natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on global food security
• The role of international aid in responding to natural disasters
• The long-term effects of natural disasters on communities
• The ethics of disaster response and recovery efforts
• The role of media in reporting on natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on mental health
• The connection between natural disasters and climate refugees
• The role of education in preparing communities for natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on infrastructure and development
• The relationship between natural disasters and disease outbreaks
• The connection between natural disasters and conflict
• The role of insurance in mitigating the financial impact of natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on agriculture and food production
• The connection between natural disasters and water scarcity
• The role of NGOs in responding to natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on tourism and the economy
• The relationship between natural disasters and climate justice
• The role of community resilience in recovering from natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on coastal communities
• The connection between natural disasters and mental health stigma
• The role of technology in tracking and monitoring natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on indigenous communities
• The relationship between natural disasters and climate change adaptation
• The role of gender in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on human rights
• The connection between natural disasters and urbanization
• The role of social media in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on education and schools
• The relationship between natural disasters and biodiversity loss
• The role of community-based organizations in responding to natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on clean water access
• The connection between natural disasters and food insecurity
• The role of preparedness drills in communities at risk of natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on children and families
• The relationship between natural disasters and displacement
• The role of volunteer groups in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on cultural heritage sites
• The connection between natural disasters and environmental racism
• The role of early warning systems in predicting natural disasters
• The impact of natural disasters on small businesses and local economies
• The relationship between natural disasters and social inequality
• The role of faith-based organizations in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on mental health access and services
• The connection between natural disasters and climate migration
• The role of community gardens in disaster recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on access to healthcare
• The relationship between natural disasters and food deserts
• The role of cultural competency in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on LGBTQ communities
• The connection between natural disasters and environmental justice
• The role of indigenous knowledge in disaster preparedness and response
• The impact of natural disasters on marginalized communities
• The relationship between natural disasters and gentrification
• The role of intersectionality in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on mental health disparities
• The connection between natural disasters and climate denial
• The role of community centers in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on immigrant communities
• The relationship between natural disasters and housing insecurity
• The role of community art projects in disaster recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on access to public transportation
• The connection between natural disasters and environmental activism
• The role of community health clinics in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on access to clean energy
• The relationship between natural disasters and environmental policy
• The role of community shelters in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on access to affordable housing
• The connection between natural disasters and community organizing
• The role of community colleges in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on access to mental health services
• The relationship between natural disasters and community gardens
• The impact of natural disasters on access to public libraries
• The connection between natural disasters and community resilience
• The role of community-based organizations in disaster response and recovery efforts
• The impact of natural disasters on access to affordable healthcare
• The relationship between natural disasters and community art projects
• The connection between natural disasters and environmental policy
• The relationship between natural disasters and community organizing
• The connection between natural disasters and community gardens
• The relationship between natural disasters and community resilience
• The connection between natural disasters and community art projects

These natural disaster essay topics cover a wide range of issues and perspectives, allowing you to explore different aspects of this important and timely subject. Whether you choose to focus on the environmental impact of natural disasters, the social and economic consequences, or the role of communities in responding and recovering, there are plenty of opportunities to explore and analyze in your essay. By selecting a topic that interests you and conducting thorough research, you can create a compelling and informative essay that sheds light on the complexities of natural disasters and their effects on our world.

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Natural Disasters Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on natural disasters.

A Natural disaster is an unforeseen occurrence of an event that causes harm to society. There are many Natural disasters that damage the environment and the people living in it. Some of them are earthquakes , cyclones, floods, Tsunami , landslides, volcanic eruption, and avalanches. Spatial extent measures the degree or severity of the disaster.

Levels of Disaster

The severity or degree of damage can be further divided into three categories:

Small Scale Disasters: Small scale disasters are those that extend from 50 Kms. to 100 Kms. So this kind of disasters does not cause much damage.

Medium-scale disasters: Medium Scale disasters extend from 100 Kms to 500 Kms. These cause more damage than a small scale disaster. Moreover, they can cause greater damage if they occur in colonial states.

Large Scale Disasters: These disasters cover an area of more than 1000 Kms. These cause the most severe damage to the environment. Furthermore, these disasters can even take over a country if the degree is high. For instance, the wiping out of the dinosaurs was because of a large scale natural disaster.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Types of Disasters

Causes: These can cause of releasing of the energy. This release is from the core of the earth. Furthermore, the release of energy causes seismic waves. Rupturing of geological faults causes earthquakes. But other events like volcanic eruptions, landslides mine blasts can also cause it.

Landslides: Landslides is the moving of big boulders of rocks or debris down a slope. As a result, landslides occur on mountains and hilly areas. Moreover, landslides can cause destruction to man-made things in many ways.

Causes: Gravitational pull, volcanic eruptions , earthquakes can cause landslides. Moreover, soil erosion due to deforestation is also a cause of landslides.

Avalanches: Avalanches are like landslides. But instead of rocks thousand tons of snow falls down the slope. Moreover, this causes extreme damage to anything that comes in its way. People who live in snowy mountains always have fear of it.

Causes: Avalanches takes places when there is a large accumulation of snow on the mountains. Moreover, they can also occur from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, the chances of surviving an avalanche are very less. This is because people die of hypothermia in it.

Tsunami: Tsunami is the production of very high waves in oceans and seas. Moreover, the displacement of the ground causes these high waves. A tsunami can cause floods if it occurs near shores. A Tsunami can consist of multiple waves. Moreover, these waves have a high current. Therefore it can reach coastlines within minutes. The main threat of a tsunami is if a person sees a Tsunami he cannot outrun it.

Causes: Tsunami is unlike normal eaves that occur due to the wind. But Tsunami is waves that occur by ground displacement. Thus earthquakes are the main causes of Tsunamis.

FAQs on Essay on natural disaster

Q1.What are natural disasters?

A1. Natural Disasters are unforeseen events that cause damage to the environment and the people.

Q2.Name some Natural disasters.

A2. Some Natural Disasters are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Landslides, floods, Tsunami, avalanches. Natural disasters can cause great damage to human society. But preventive measures can be taken to reduce the damage from these disasters.

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Kazakhstan: rainy season causes major floods.

April 21, 2017 - 10:11am, by Aktan Rysaliev

Areas of northern and central Kazakhstan has been hit by intense floods caused by heavy rainfall and overflowing rivers, forcing thousands to flee their homes.

The crisis began unfolding on April 11 with the outbreak of intense downfalls. Rivers bursting their banks have barred roads in several northern regions of the country, including around the capital, Astana.

A detailed account of the crisis has been provided by Sputnik news agency.

Rescue workers have evacuated around 5,000 people to safer locations. Many thousands of heads of livestock have been similarly driven to more secure ground.

The worst situation has been recorded in the town of Atbasar, in the northern Akmola region, around 260 kilometers west of Astana. Over the past weekend, levels of a river coursing past the town rose around six meters because of a combination of rainfall and snowmelt, causing it to spill over into the town. Water rushed into the first floor of numerous apartment blocks.

Those remaining in the town told stories of wailing sirens, helicopters whirring overhead and rescuers going around town in boats. More than 500 people were mobilized into the mammoth task of mitigating the fallout of the flood.

The Interior Ministry said that this year 10 billion tenge ($32 million) were allocated to local governments to help prevent and mitigate similar calamities. Questions are being raised about whether the resources are either enough or have been spent efficiently.

Residents of Astana are gripped by panic that they could be next to be inundated. On April 20, Atameken Business Channel reported on flooding in the village of Talapker, on the northwestern edge of Astana. More than 5,000 square cubic meters of water were pumped out of the village as overflow from the Yesil and Nura rivers poured in.

Back on March 18, the chairman of the water resources committee at the Agriculture Ministry, Islam Abishev, vowed that Astana was at no risk of flooding and that neither were nearby settlements. He conceded that Astana reservoirs was seeing the largest ever inflows of water, but that this was not a matter for concern.

Exactly one month later, he was forced to re-issue the same reassurances, which already sounded less convincing. To avoid any risk of dams cracking, he said, water will periodically be dumped from the reservoir.

Experts have said it may be another week or so before the danger has passed.

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