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Short Biography of Second Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.)

Praise be to Allah, and prayers and peace be upon the Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.) and his sanctified and dedicated Companions (R.A.), as well as all their followers till the Day of Judgment.

The life of Al Farooq Umar ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.) is a shining page of Islamic history, which outshines and supersedes all other histories. The history of all nations put together does not contain even a part of what his life contained of noble conduct, glory, sincerity, jihad, and calling others for the sake of Allah.

His Ancestry and Attributes:

His full name is Umar ibn Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl ibn Abdul- Uzza.  He was known as Abu Hafs and earned the nickname of Al Farooq (the Criterion) because he showed his Islam openly in Makkah and through him Allah distinguished between disbelief and faith.  He was born in 583 AC (Cristian Era), thirteen years after Amul-Fil (the year of the Elephant) . His father was Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl, and his grandfather Nufayl was one of those whom Quraish Tribe used to refer for judgment. His mother was Hantamah bint Hashim bin Al Mugheerah.

His Physical Appearance:

With regard to his physical characteristics, he was white with a reddish complexion. He was muscular, tall, solid and bald. He was very strong, not weak or puny. When he walked, he walked quickly, when he spoke, he spoke clearly, and when he stuck, he caused pain.

His early Life in the Pre-Islamic Society:

Umar spent half of his life in the pre-Islamic society (Jahiliyah), and grew up like his peers of Quraish, except that he has an advantage over them in that he was one of those who had learned to read, of whom there were very few. He bore responsibility at an early age, and had a very harsh upbringing in which he knew no type of luxury or manifestation of wealth. His father Al-Khattab forced him to tend his camels.  His father's harsh treatment had a negative effect on Umar which he remembered all his life.

From his early youth he also excelled in many kinds of sports, such as wrestling, riding and horsemanship. He enjoyed and narrated poetry, and he was interested in the history and affaires of his people.  He was keen to attend the great fairs of the Arabs such as Ukaz, Mijannah and Dhu al-Majaz, where he would make the most of the opportunity to engage in trade and learn the history of the Arabs, and the battles and contests that had taken place among the tribes. Besides, he engaged in trade and profited, which made him one of the rich men of Makkah. He became acquainted with many people in the countries that he visited for the purpose of trade. He travelled to Syria in the summer and Yemen in the winter. Thus, he occupied a prominent position in Makkan society during the pre-Islamic era.

Umar (R.A.) was wise, eloquent, well spoken, strong, tolerant, noble, persuasive and clear of speech, which made him qualified to be an ambassador for Quraish, to speak up for them before the other tribes. Ibn Al-Jawzi said:

“The role of ambassador fell to Umar ibn Al-Khattab. If there was a war between Quraish and another tribe, they would send him as an ambassador, and if another tribe was boasting against them, they would send him to respond in kind, and they were pleased with him.”

Before converting to Islam, Umar (R.A.) opposed Islam and he even threatened to kill Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W). He was adamant and cruel in opposing Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.) and very prominent in persecuting Muslims.

Umar lived during the pre-Islamic era and knew it inside out. He knew its true nature, its customs and traditions, and he defended it with all the power he possessed. Therefore, when he entered Islam, he understood its beauty and true nature, and he recognized the great difference between guidance and misguidance, disbelief and faith, truth and falsehood, and he spoke his famous words:

" The bonds of Islam will be undone one by one when there will be a generation brought up in Islam who do not know what ignorance is.”

His Conversion to Islam:

When a small group of Muslims migrated to Abyssinia, Umar (R.A.) became worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.) assassinated. On his way to murder Prophet (S.A.W.), Umar met his best friend Nuaim bin Abdullah (R.A.) who had secretly converted to Islam but had not told Umar. He told Umar (R.A.) to inquire about his own house where his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found his sister and brother-in-law Saeed bin Zaid (R.A.) reciting the verses of the Quran from SurahTaha (20th Surah of Quran) . He started quarreling with his brother-in-law. When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started quarreling with her. Yet still they kept on saying: "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground bleeding from her mouth. When he saw what he did to his sister, he calmed down out of guilt and asked his sister to give him what she was reciting. His sister replied in the negative and said "You are unclean, and no unclean person can touch the Scripture."

The first ray of the light of faith that touched his heart came on when he saw the women of Quraish leaving their homeland and travelling to a distant land because of the persecution that they were facing from Umar (R.A.) and other unbelievers. His conscious was moved and he felt remorse and pity for them, and he spoke kind words to them which they had never expected to hear from his person beforehand.

Umm Abdullah bint Hantamh said:

“When we were migrating to Abyssinia, Umar, who used to persecute us mercilessly, came and stood over and said to me: are you leaving? I said: Yes, for you have persecuted us and oppressed us, and by Allah we are going out in the land of Allah until Allah grants us a way out.”

Then Umar said:

“May Allah be with you. And I saw kindness that I had never seen before.”

Umar was moved by this woman's attitude and he felt distressed. How much suffering the followers of this new religion were putting up with, but despite that they were standing firm. What was the secret beyond this extraordinary strength? He felt sad and his heart was filled with pain. Shortly after this incident, Umar (R.A.) became Muslim as a result of the prayers of the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.), which was the main reason for his acceptance of Islam. The Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.) had prayed for him saying:

"O Allah honor Islam through Abu Jahl bin Hisham or through Umar bin Al-Khattab."

Umar (R.A.) came the next day to the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.) and accepted Islam.

(Tirmidhi: 3683)

Umar became Muslim in 616 AD, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia, when he was twenty-seven years old. He accepted Islam three days after Hamzah (R.A.), the Prophet’s uncle. At that time the Muslims numbered thirty-nine. Umar (R.A.) said:

"I remember that when I became Muslim, there were just thirty-nine men with the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.), and I brought the number to forty."

Thus, Allah caused His religion to prevail and grant glory to Islam.

Abdullah Ibn Masood (R.A.) said:

"We felt a sense of pride when Umar became Muslim, for we could not circumambulate the Holy Mosque and pray, until Umar became Muslim. When he became Muslim, he fought them until they sent us free. Then we prayed and circumambulated the Kaaba."

He also said:

"Umar's becoming a Muslim was a victory, his migration was help, and his caliphate was a mercy. We could not pray or circumambulate the House until Umar became Muslim. When he became Muslim, he fought the unbelievers until they left us alone and let us pray."

His Migration to Madinah:

When Umar (R.A.) decided migrate to Madinah, he insisted on doing so openly. Ibn Abbas (R.A.) said:

"Ali bin Abi Talib said to me: 'I do not know of any of the migrants who did not migrate in secret, except Umar ibn Al-Khattab. When he decided to migrate, he put on his sword, put his bow over his shoulder, picked up his arrows and carried his stick. He went out to the Kaaba, where a number of Quraish were gathered in its courtyard and circumambulated the House seven times, at a leisurely pace. Then he went to the Maqam [Place or the stone on which Ibrahim (A.S.) stood while he was building the Kaaba] and prayed tranquilly. Then he went to the circles of people, one by one, and said to them, 'May your faces become ugly! Allah will only rub theses noses in the dust. Whoever wants his mother to be bereft of him and his children to become orphans and his wife to become a widow, let him meet me behind this valley.’ Ali said, 'No one followed him except a few of those who were weak and oppressed. He taught them and told them about Islam, then he went on his way.'

Revelation of the Quran Agreeing with His Opinion:

Narrated Anas: that Umar (R.A.) said, "I had the same idea as Allah in three things: I said, 'O Allah's Messenger (S.A.W.), I wish that you take the station (Maqam) of Ibrahim as a place of prayer.' So Allah revealed: "And take you (people) the Maqam (place) of Ibrahim [or the stone on which Ibrahim stood while he was building the Kaaba] as a place of prayer." (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:125)

He also said,

'O Allah's Messenger (S.A.W.), Good and bad people enter upon your wives, I wish that you order them to cover themselves with veils.' So the verses of Al-Hijab (i.e. veiling of the women) were revealed. The wives of the Prophet (S.A.W.) gathered against him and I said to them: 'It may be If he divorced you (all) that his Lord will give him instead of you, wives better than you.' Thereupon Allah revealed a verse with similar wordings. (Surah At-Tahrim 66:5) " (Bukhari: 4483) .  

His Title “Al-Farooq”:

Umar was an expert jurist and is best known for his justice, in the same way for Muslims and non-Muslims. This value earned him the title of ‘Al- Farooq’ (the one who distinguishes between wright and wrong).

His Asceticism:

Umar (R.A.) was most humble to Allah and led an austere life. His food was very coarse and he would patch his cloth with leather.  He used to carry a water skin on his shoulders in spite of his great esteem.  He used to laugh little and never joked with anyone.  Engraved on his ring was: "Death is sufficient as an admonition, O' Umar."

When he was appointed as the Caliph, he said: "Nothing is permissible (for me) from the treasury more than two clothes, one for the cold season and the other for the dry season. The sustenance of my family will be the equivalent of an average man of Quraish and not the rich amongst them, for I am just an ordinary man among the Muslims (i.e. nothing special about me)."

Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufian (R.A.) said: "As for Abu Bakr (R.A.) , he never desired the world and the world did not desire him. As for Umar, the world desired him but he never desired the world. As for us, we have been soiled by the world inside-out."

At the time of drought, Umar (R.A.) ate bread and oil until his skin turned pale dark and he would say: "What a bad leader I am if I eat my fill and the people go hungry."

His Appointment as Caliph and Successor of Abu Bakr (R.A.):

When Abu Bakr's (R.A.) sickness grew intense, the people gathered around him and he said:

"There has befallen me what you see and I think I am going to die soon. Allah has freed you from your oath of alliance to me, and your oath is no longer binding. Your affairs are in your hands, so appoint over you whomever you like. If you appoint someone whilst I am still alive, I think it is less likely that you will become divided after I am gone."

The Companions consulted one another, each of them trying to refuse the position of Caliph for himself and seeking it for his brother whom he thought was fit and qualified for it. Hence they came back to him and said:

"We have decided to leave it to you, O' Successor of the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.)."

He said: "Give me time so that I may choose someone who will be most pleasing to Allah, most protective of His religion and His slaves.”

So he looked out over the people and said to them:

"Do you accept the one whom I appoint as your leader? For by Allah I have tried to appoint the best; I have not appointed a relative. I have appointed as your leader Umar ibn Al-Khattab, so listen to him and obey."

Companions said: "We will listen and obey."

Then Abu Bakr (R.A. ) turned in supplicating to Allah, expressing his concern to his Lord. He said:

"I have appointed him not by the command of Your Prophet, seeking nothing but what is in their best interests. I fear sedition for them and I have thought long and hard about the matter. I have appointed over them the best of them and the one who is keenest to lead them in the right way. Now here I am with Your decree about to be fulfilled. Take care of them after I am gone for they are Your salves."

Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.) started to act as the caliph of the Muslims as soon as Abu Bakr (R.A.) passed away.

The above conversation clearly shows that Abu Bakr's (R.A.) nomination of Umar ibn Al- Khattab (R.A.) as caliph was based on the consent of the majority of the Companions (R.A.). Hence, we see that the appointment of Umar (R.A.) was done in accordance with the soundest and fair principles of Consultation (Shura). Hence, Umar (R.A.) succeeded Abu Bakr (R.A.) as a second Caliph on Monday, 22nd of Jumada Al-Akhirah, 13th AH (August 23rd, 634 AD).

His Reign as Caliph:

He was the first Caliph to be nominated as "Prince of the Believers".  His achievements, during his reign as Caliph, are so many and cannot be mentioned in this article. However, following are some highlights of his accomplishments during the tenure of his ‘Khilafat’:

1.He is the one who founded the Lunar Calendar (Hijri Year i-e according to the date of Prophet Mohammad's (S.A.W.) migration to Medinah).

2.   In his era Islam gained a great position, as the Islamic Empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Tripoli, Persia, Khurassan, Eastern Anatolia, South Armenian and Sajistan. Jerusalem (first Qiblah) was conquered during his reign alongwith the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire.

3.   Introduction and implementation of different Political and civil administration jobs such as Chief Secretary (Khatib), Military Secretary (Khatib ud Diwan), Revenue Collector (Sahib ul Kharaj), Police Chief (Sahib ul Ahdath), Treasury Officer (Sahib Bait-ul-Maal) and many other official posts.

4.   Umar (R.A.) was the first to establish a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the State.

5.   Umar (R.A.) was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He was also the first person ever to appoint police forces to keep civil order. Another important aspect of Umar's (R.A.) rule was that he banned any of his governors/officials from engaging in trade or any sort of business dealings whilst being in a position of power.

His Martyrdom:

Imam ibn Kathir said that when Umar (R.A.) concluded his rites of Hajj in 23 Hijri, he prayed and asked Allah to take him to Himself and to grant him martyrdom in the land of the Prophet (S.A.W.) just as it is narrated by Zaid bin Aslam: Umar (R.A.) said:

“Oh Allah! I ask you for martyrdom in Your cause and death in the land of Your Messenger (S.A.W.)."  (Bukhari: 1890)

Allah indeed kind to whom He wishes. It happened that Abu Lulu Al- Fayruz, the Magian (the fire worshiper) and nonbeliever and had a roman origin, stabbed Umar (R.A.) while he was in the Fajr Salah (dawn prayer) with a dagger of two blades. He stabbed him three times, one of these below the naval. Hence, Umar (R.A.) fell down bleeding copiously.

He asked Abdul Rahman bin Awf (R.A.) to replace him to conclude the prayer. Abu Lulu withdrew with his dagger but kept stabbing whoever came his way in the mosque until he stabbed thirteen people out of which six died as a result of their injuries. Abdullah bin Awf (R.A.) threw his robe on him and when he realized that he was going to be overpowered, Abu Lulu stabbed himself to death (may Allah's curse be upon him).

Umar (R.A.), was taken to his house with blood gushing out from his wound.  All of these occurred before sunrise.

Then Umar asked: "Who killed me?" His companions replied, "Abu Lulu, the Magian." Then Umar was delighted and said: "Praise be to Allah who Has not afflicted me from the hands of someone who subscribes to monotheism. I used to forbid you from sending to us any uncouth infidel but you disobeyed me." Then he said: "Call for my brothers." They asked: "Who?" Umar (R.A.) said: "Uthman, Ali, Talhah, Zubair, Abdul Rahman bin Awf, and Sad bin Abi Waqas."  When they arrived, Umar (R.A.) said: “I have looked into the affairs of the Muslims and I found you six the foremost and the smart. I do not see the authority fitting for anyone except one of you. If you are upright, then the affair of the people will be upright. If there is disagreement, it is because you had disagreed (amongst yourselves)." His blood was mopped for him, and he said: "Consult for three days, and in the meantime, Suhayb Ar-Rumi should lead the people in prayer." They asked: "Who should we consult with, O' Prince of believers?" He replied: "Consult with the Immigrants and the Supporters as well as the commanders of the armies."

He requested for a drink of milk. When he drank it, the whiteness of the milk could be seen oozing out from his wounds and it was clear for them that he would die. He said:

"The time is now (i.e. of death). If I were to have the entire world, I would have given it out to ransom myself from the horror of the point of departure."

Then, his soul was taken. This happened on 26 Dhul Hijjah, 23 AH (Wednesday 7th of November 644 AD). He was sixty-three years old and his era extended for ten years.

As per Umar's (R.A.) will, he was buried, with the permission of Aishah (R.A.), alongside Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.) and caliph Abu Bakr (R.A.) in Masjid Al-Nabawi.

Sayings of Umar (R.A.) that Became Well Known Wisdom:

Umar (R.A.) said: "Whoever concealed his secrets will have the choice (of telling whomever he wants to tell), but whoever speaks or acts in a specious manner should not blame anyone who thinks badly of him. Do not think badly of a word spoken by your brother (fellow) when you can still find good ways to interpret it. Think positively of your brother until you are certain that he is not like that. Do not swear a great deal lest Allah humiliate you. There is no better reward for one who disobeys Allah concerning you that your obeying Allah concerning him. You should seek sincere friends and maintain good relations with them, for they are a pleasure at times of ease and a support at times of hardship."

Whenever Umar (R.A.) sent forth an army he would advise them to fear Allah. Then he would say when the standard of war is hoisted:

“In the name of Allah and upon the help of Allah, proceed with the backing of Allah and His support. Adhere to truth and patience. Fight in the cause of Allah against those who disbelieve in Allah and do not disobey, for Allah does not like the disobedient. Do not be coward at the time of meeting (the enemy) and do not mutilate when you have the upper hand and do not be immoderate when you conquer. Do not argue during fighting. Do not kill women, the aging, and the children. Avoid killing them when two enemies meet and in the heat of attack (in front of your enemy). Do not go to the extreme with regard to spoils of war, distance (your intention for) the sacred war –Jihad- from seeking with it worldly honors, and rejoice at the profit that you have gained from the transaction you have entered. That is indeed the great success.

Peace be upon Umar ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.) for eternity.

Book Name                 Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (May Allah be pleased with him)

Managed by                Kamal Ahmad

Translated by              Manal Qutub

From the Series of     Men and Women around Muhammad (S.A.W.)

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Biography Online

Umar Ibn Al-Khattab Biography

Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (586 – 684)

Umar was born c. 585 AD in Mecca, Arabia (now Saudi Arabia). He was an influential member of the Adia Clan of the Meccan tribe of Quraysh – at that time following a polytheistic religion. He was tall, physically strong, a renowned wrestler and fighter. He also was well-educated, the time period, and a skilful orator for A charismatic figure he became an influential person in dealing with local politics and business. In his early days, he worked as a merchant.

Umar was originally one of the bitterest opponents of Muhammad and persecuted the new followers of Islam with cruelty; at the time, he was committed to defending the old traditions of the Quraysh. However, in 616 AD at the age of 39, on his way to murder Muhammad, he underwent a radical transformation after being influenced by his friend and sister who had already converted. After being humbled by their devotion, he became a devoted follower and confidant of the prophet Muhammad.

Umar became influential in helping the new religion of Islam to be accepted by local residents. Umar had the courage to practise the new religious duties openly, without fear of retribution. However, due to ongoing friction with the authorities, in 622, Muhammad took Umar and his followers to Medina where there was greater safety.

Umar played a key role in collecting all the verses of the Qu’ran and having them published in one book. It was Umar who advised Abu Bakr to request Zayd ibn Thabit to compile the Quran into a single book.

After the death of the prophet Muhammad on 8 June 632, there was uncertainty over who would serve as his successor. Umar promptly supported the candidacy of Abu Bakr – a close associate and father-in-law of Muhammad. This helped prevent conflict over who would become leader. Though the decision is viewed negatively in the Shia tradition, who believe Ali ibn Abi Talib (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad) to be the rightful successor to Muhammad.

After only two years, Abu Bakr died, but Abu Bakr had nominated Umar to be the second Caliph. Umar was Caliph for ten years from 634 to 644. During this time, Umar expanded the area of Arab conquest. Under Umar, the Arab armies took Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and entered Iraq and Iran. In all countries, the Arab armies were successful in creating one of the largest Empires of the time.

A key battle was the Battle of Qadisiya (637) which led to Arab armies defeating the Sassanid Empire of Persia and opening Iraq to the Muslim Arab armies.

As well as being military successful, Umar was successful in cementing the long-term success of the Empire. Arab armies were given strict instruction to allow the native population to continue with their peaceful occupations – so long as they paid tribute to the Empire. They were not forced to convert to the new religion, and the armies lived at a distance from the towns they conquered. Umar promoted out of loyalty, paid officers high salaries and sought to avoid corruption by allowing official complaints to be made against transgressors. Umar himself was known for his simple and austere lifestyle. This was in contrast to his pre-Islam days and also in contrast to the pomp and display many rulers displayed.

He devotedly followed the Muslim religion and, as ruler, was concerned with the well-being of the poor and disadvantaged. At the time, it was the custom to cut off the hands of thieves. However, Umar did not allow this to be carried out because he felt responsible for not being able to provide full employment for his citizens. In the latter part of his rule, he developed a form of the welfare state, which offered aid to both Muslim and non-Muslim poor, elderly and the disabled.

He used his skill as an orator to gain the loyalty of his subjects. Although he was often feared rather than loved. He cultivated the respect and authority of the population.

In 644, during a Hajj to Mecca, Umar was assassinated by stabbing by a Persian slave name Abu Lulu. Umar died on 3 November 644.

Citation:  Pettinger, Tejvan . “Biography of Umar Ibn Al-Khattab ”, Oxford, www.biographyonline.net, 23/05/2014. Updated 22 June 2017.

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Hazrat Umar Ibn Khattab R.A. Biography, History & Life

Table of Contents

When we look back at the history of Islam, we find amazing stories about the friends of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). These were the people who truly believed in Islam. One of these remarkable people was Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His dedication and hard work for Islam are truly remarkable and continue to inspire Muslims even today.

We thank Allah, and we send blessings and peace upon Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.) and his devoted Companions (R.A.), and all who follow their path until the end of time.

Early Life of Hazrat Umar Ibn Khattab in the Pre-Islamic Society

Hazrat Umar grew up during the time before Islam, known as the Jahiliyah period. He lived much like other kids from the Quraish tribe, but he was different because he could read, which was rare back then. Umar had a tough childhood, having to take care of his father’s camels from a young age. His father, Al-Khattab, was strict and made life difficult for him. Umar never forgot the tough treatment he endured from his father, and it affected him deeply throughout his life.

From a young age, Umar was good at sports like wrestling, riding horses, and horsemanship. He also liked poetry and was curious about the history and events of his people. He often went to big gatherings like fairs to trade and learn about Arab history, battles, and competitions between tribes. Through trade, he became wealthy and travelled to places like Syria in the summer and Yemen in the winter. Because of his success and connections, he was respected in Makkah even before Islam.

Hazrat Umar (RA) was born in 583 AC, thirteen years after the Year of the Elephant. His full name was Umar ibn Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl ibn Abdul-Uzza, and he was also known as Abu Hafs. He earned the nickname Al Farooq, meaning “the Criterion,” because he openly embraced Islam in Makkah, distinguishing between disbelief and faith.

Hazrat Umar (RA) was from the Quraish tribe. His father was Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl, and his mother was Hantamah bint Hashim bin Al Mugheerah. They were respected in their community, and people sought their advice.

Umar (R.A.) was known for his wisdom, eloquence, strength, and clear speech. Because of these qualities, he was chosen as an ambassador for the Quraish tribe. Whenever there was a conflict or boasting between tribes, Umar was sent to represent Quraish, and he always did so effectively. He became very successful in business and became one of the richest men in Makkah.

Before Umar (R.A.) became a Muslim, he strongly opposed Islam and even threatened to harm Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.). He was harsh and cruel towards the Muslims, persecuting them severely. Al Farooq Umar ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.) had a remarkable life, shining brightly in Islamic history. His story is filled with noble deeds, bravery, sincerity, and calling others to the path of Allah.

Acceptance of Islam

Before embracing Islam, Hazrat Umar (RA) opposed the teachings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and was against him. When the Quraysh discovered that the Prophet’s uncle, Hazrat Hamza (RA), had embraced Islam, they feared that Islam would gain strength and more people would become Muslims.

When a small group of Muslims migrated to Abyssinia, Umar (R.A.) got worried about the unity of the Quraish tribe and decided to assassinate Prophet Mohammad (S.A.W.). On his way, he met his friend Nuaim bin Abdullah (R.A.), who secretly embraced Islam but hadn’t told Umar. Nuaim advised Umar to check on his own house, where his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. At that moment, Hazrat Umar (RA) resolved to assassinate the Holy Prophet (PBUH).

Hazrat Umar (RA) was really upset when he found out his sister and brother-in-law had become Muslims. He went straight to their house, where they were studying the Quran with a teacher. They quickly hid the teacher when they saw Umar coming. Umar angrily asked his sister why she converted, and she admitted to following the Prophet Muhammad’s teachings. Umar couldn’t control his anger and hit his sister and brother-in-law.

When Umar heard them reciting verses from the Quran, he argued with them. They refused to give up Islam even though Umar threatened them. Umar hit his sister so hard that she started bleeding. Seeing her bleed made him feel bad, so he calmed down and asked for the scripture they were reading. But his sister refused, saying he was unclean and couldn’t touch it.

After some time, when he had calmed down, Hazrat Umar (RA) asked his sister what she was reading, and he expressed his desire to hear it. His sister replied that he needed to purify himself before listening to the Quran. Hazrat Umar (RA) agreed and cleansed himself, then he began to listen to the verses of the Holy Quran. As he listened, the words of the Quran touched his heart and made him realize the error of not following the true religion.

He decided to embrace Islam, and the same Umar (RA) who had once planned to harm the Holy Prophet (PBUH) now chose to accept Islam and follow the teachings of the Prophet (PBUH).

After accepting Islam, Umar (RA) ensured that a small number of Muslims could pray openly without fear. Abdullah Ibn Masood (R.A.) said, “We felt a great sense of pride when Umar became Muslim because we were not able to freely perform our prayers and circumambulate the Holy Mosque until Umar accepted Islam. When he became Muslim, he stood up for us and fought for our freedom. Then we were able to pray and perform tawaf around the Kaaba without hindrance.”

The first spark of faith in Umar’s heart ignited when he witnessed the women of Quraish leaving their homeland to escape persecution from him and other non-believers. Seeing their suffering moved him, and he felt pity and regret for his past actions. Surprisingly, he spoke kind words to them, which they never expected from him before.

One of the women, Umm Abdullah bint Hantamh, recounted:

“When we were migrating to Abyssinia, Umar, who used to persecute us harshly, approached me and asked if I was leaving. I replied, ‘Yes, because you have persecuted and oppressed us. By Allah, we are leaving to seek refuge in Allah’s land until He provides us with a way out.'”

Then Umar said:

“May Allah be with you. And I saw kindness that I had never seen before.”

Umar was deeply affected by the women’s bravery and strength despite the hardships they faced. He wondered what gave them such extraordinary courage. This made him feel sad and troubled. Soon after, Umar became a Muslim due to the Prophet Muhammad’s prayers for him. The Prophet had prayed, “O Allah, honour Islam through Abu Jahl bin Hisham or Umar bin Al-Khattab.” The next day, Umar went to the Prophet Muhammad and embraced Islam. (Tirmidhi: 3683)

Umar became Muslim in 616 AD, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia when he was twenty-seven years old. He accepted Islam three days after Hamzah (R.A.), the Prophet’s uncle. At that time the Muslims numbered thirty-nine. Umar (R.A.) said:

“I remember that when I became Muslim, there were just thirty-nine men with the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.), and I brought the number to forty.”

Thus, Allah caused His religion to prevail and grant glory to Islam.

Abdullah Ibn Masood (R.A.) said:

“We were proud when Umar became Muslim because we couldn’t openly pray and go around the Holy Mosque until Umar accepted Islam. After he became Muslim, he defended us and fought against those who opposed us until we were free to pray and go around the Kaaba.”

He also said:

“Umar becoming Muslim was like a victory for us, his migration helped us, and his leadership as caliph was a blessing. We couldn’t freely pray or go around the Kaaba until Umar accepted Islam. Once he did, he fought against those who opposed us until they stopped bothering us and allowed us to pray.”

Even though Umar (R.A.) had great intelligence and strength, he hadn’t accepted Prophet Muhammad (SAWW) and Islam. He was one of Prophet Muhammad’s (SAWW) strong opponents.

He strongly opposed Islam and even planned to kill Prophet Muhammad (SAWW). But on his way, he discovered that his sister and brother-in-law had embraced Islam. He went to confront them, and in the heat of the argument, he hit his sister so hard that she started bleeding. Feeling guilty, he asked to see the pages of the Quran they were reading. After purifying himself, he read the verses from Surah Ta Ha, and it was a turning point for him.

“Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me, so worship Me and establish prayer for My remembrance.” Quran [20:14]

After reading the verses of the Quran, Umar was deeply moved and recognized them as the words of Allah. Then, Khabbab (R.A), who was hiding in the house, revealed himself and told Umar that Prophet Muhammad (SAW) had prayed for him the previous night. The prayer was: “O Allah, strengthen Islam with either Umar bin Khattab or Abu Jahl, whomever You please.”

Hazrat Umar then went to Muhammad (SAW). When Muhammad (SAW) saw him, he asked, “Umar! What brings you here?” Umar replied, “I am here to accept Islam.” That’s how he embraced Islam. He was 39 years old at that time.

Migration to Madinah

When Umar (R.A.) decided to migrate to Madinah, he did it openly, unlike others who migrated in secret. Umar put on his sword, and carried his bow, arrows, and a stick. He went to the Kaaba where many Quraish were gathered, and he circled the Kaaba seven times slowly. Then he prayed at the Maqam calmly. After that, he approached different groups of people and warned them sternly. He said whoever wants trouble should meet him behind a valley. Only a few weak and oppressed people followed him. Umar taught them about Islam and then continued his journey.

Revelation of the Quran Agreeing with His Opinion

Narrated Anas: Umar (R.A.) said, “I had the same idea as Allah in three things: I said, ‘O Allah’s Messenger (S.A.W.), I wish that you take the station (Maqam) of Ibrahim as a place of prayer.’ So Allah revealed: “And take you (people) the Maqam (place) of Ibrahim [or the stone on which Ibrahim stood while he was building the Kaaba] as a place of prayer.” (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:125)

He also said, ‘O Allah’s Messenger (S.A.W.), Good and bad people enter upon your wives, I wish that you order them to cover themselves with veils.’ So the verses of Al-Hijab (i.e. veiling of the women) were revealed. The wives of the Prophet (S.A.W.) gathered against him and I said to them: ‘It may be If he divorced you (all) that his Lord will give him instead of you, wives better than you.’ Thereupon Allah revealed a verse with similar wordings. (Surah At-Tahrim 66:5)” (Bukhari: 4483).

Prophet (PBUH) Saying about Umar Ibn al-Khattab

Ibn Abbas (R.A.) tells us that one day, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) looked at Umar and smiled. Then he asked Umar if he knew why he was smiling. Umar replied, “Only Allah and His Messenger know.” The Prophet said, “Allah is proud of the people of Arafat, and He is especially proud of you.”

Abu Dhar (R.A.) tells us that the Prophet Muhammad saw Umar and said, “As long as he is among you, you will not face many troubles.”

Abu Sa’id Al-Khudari (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Prophet Muhammad said, “Whoever dislikes Umar dislikes me. Whoever loves Umar loves me. Allah is proud of the people of Arafat, and He is especially proud of Umar. In every nation, there is someone who speaks for the prophet, and if there were one for my nation, it would be Umar.” They asked how he speaks, and the Prophet said, “Angels speak through him.”

Reign as Caliph

He was the first Caliph to be honoured with the title “Prince of the Believers.” His achievements during his leadership are numerous and noteworthy. Here are some highlights:

He introduced the Islamic Lunar Calendar (Hijri Year), which begins with the migration of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) to Medina.

Under his rule, Islam expanded greatly, conquering territories including Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Tripoli, Persia, Khurasan, Eastern Anatolia, South Armenia, and Sajistan. Jerusalem, the first Qiblah, was captured, along with major parts of the Sassanid Persian Empire and two-thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire.

He established various political and civil administration roles such as Chief Secretary, Military Secretary, Revenue Collector, Police Chief, Treasury Officer, and others.

Umar (R.A.) established a department to investigate complaints against state officials, ensuring accountability.

He pioneered the public ministry system, maintaining records of officials and soldiers. He also established police forces to maintain civil order. Additionally, Umar (R.A.) prohibited his governors and officials from engaging in trade or business while in office.

Services of Hazrat Umar (RA) as the Second Caliph of Islam

After Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) passed away, Islam needed a strong leader to guide and protect the Muslim community. Hazrat Umar (RA) was chosen as the second Caliph. He took this responsibility very seriously and worked tirelessly for the progress of Islam. Hazrat Umar (RA) set up a fair judicial system based on Islamic principles. He also appointed good governors to different regions to keep peace and unity among Muslims.

Hazrat Umar (RA) did many important things to help Islam grow during his time as Caliph. He spread Islam to new places like Egypt, Persia, and the Levant. He also started programs to help people in need, like widows and orphans. Hazrat Umar (RA) made sure that everyone got a fair share of wealth and resources, and he worked to make the economy strong for Muslims.

When Abu Bakr (R.A.) got very sick, he gathered the people and told them:

“I’m very sick, and I might die soon. Allah has released you from your promise to me, so you can choose whoever you want to lead you. If you pick someone while I’m still alive, it might help keep you united after I’m gone.”

The companions discussed among themselves, each thinking someone else was better suited for the position of Caliph. They eventually returned to Abu Bakr and said:

“We trust your judgment, O Successor of the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.).”

He replied: “Let me take some time to choose someone who will be righteous and protect Islam and its followers.”

Then he asked the people: “Will you accept the person I choose as your leader? I have chosen Umar ibn Al-Khattab because I believe he is the best choice, not because he is my relative. Listen to him and obey him.”

The companions agreed, saying, “We will obey.”

Then Abu Bakr (R.A.) prayed to Allah, expressing his concerns. He said:

“I have chosen Umar not by the Prophet’s command, but for the people’s well-being. I fear discord among them and I’ve thought deeply about this decision. I’ve chosen the best among them, one who is most eager to guide them rightly. Now, Your decree is about to be fulfilled. Take care of them after I’m gone, for they are Your servants.”

After Abu Bakr passed away, Umar Ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.) immediately took on the role of leading the Muslims.

The conversation shows that most companions agreed with Abu Bakr’s decision to appoint Umar as the caliph. This means that Umar’s appointment followed the principle of Consultation (Shura), where decisions are made by seeking the opinions of others. So, Umar became the second Caliph after Abu Bakr passed away on August 23rd, 634 AD.

After the death of Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) Umar (RA) was in deep grief, at that time Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) consoled him. At that time, a dispute arose as to who would take responsibility after the death of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. Hazrat Umar, while addressing the Muslims, approached Hazrat Abu Bakr, may God bless him and grant him peace. He said to make him the first Caliph of Islam. After the death of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), Hazrat Umar (RA) took over and became the second Caliph. He followed the footsteps of Muhammad (PBUH) to the fullest extent. It was Hazrat Umar under whose reign Islam became an international power and the powerful empires of Persia and Byzantium collapsed before the army of Islam. Within ten years of his glorious reign, the entire empire of Persia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and a part of Turkey came under the banner of Islam and the nations of the world entered the fold of Islam.

Participation in Key Events & Battles with the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

After accepting Islam, Hazrat Umar (RA) became a strong pillar of support for the Muslim community. He worked tirelessly to expand and defend Islam. He played crucial roles in many important events and battles during the time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Some of these events include:

• Battle of Badr
• Battle of the Trench
• Battle of Uhud
• Migration to Madina
• Conquest of Makkah
• The Final Pilgrimage of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Title of Al-Farooq

Before Hazrat Umar (R.A) embraced Islam, Muslims were afraid to pray openly because of the powerful leaders of Quraish. But when Umar (R.A) became a Muslim, he was so respected and strong that believers felt safe to pray openly. He even suggested to the Holy Prophet (SAW) that they should pray in the Holy Kaaba. This was a brave idea, and because of it, the Prophet (SAW) led the Muslims in prayer there. Because of his courage and wisdom, Hazrat Umar (R.A) earned the title “Al-Farooq,” which means “the one who distinguishes between right and wrong.”

Hazrat Umar (RA) Personal Qualities and Characteristics

Hazrat Umar (RA) was known for his wisdom and strength. Despite being wealthy, he lived a simple and modest life. He was bold and honest, fearing only Allah. As the Caliph of Muslims, he prioritized justice and unity, always making fair decisions.

Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA) was a close friend of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and supported him through all difficulties. The Prophet (PBUH) showed his affection and admiration for Hazrat Umar (RA) on numerous occasions.

Some of his sayings about Hazrat Umar (RA) are;

“No doubt, ALLAH has issued truth, on the tongue and in the heart of Umar.” (Source ~ Tirmizi-Shareef)

“If there were to be a Prophet it would have been Umar bin Khattab.” (Source ~ Tirmizi-Shareef)

Umar ibn al-Khattab’s Contributions

Umar ibn al-Khattab made many important contributions during his rule. He worked hard to keep the state stable and fair, always dealing with problems right away. Here are some of his greatest achievements:

• He set up a Public Treasury to manage the state’s finances.
• Umar established courts of justice and appointed judges to ensure fairness.
• He organized the reserve army and managed the War Department.
• Umar introduced a Postal Service for communication.
• He created the Land Revenue Department and assessed lands for taxation.
• Umar conducted a public census to understand the population.
• He punished those who monopolized goods by sending them away.
• Umar built canals, bridges, rest areas, hostels, and ablution stations.
• He divided the state into provinces and founded new cities like Kufah, Basrah, and Fustat.
• Umar imposed Zakat on sea produce and supported imams, teachers, and the poor.
• He established guilds for different trades and organized Ramadan prayers in congregations.
• Umar provided lighting in mosques at night for convenience.
• He persuaded Abu Bakr to compile the Quran into one book.
• Umar built military bases and established a police department for security.
• He checked on people’s well-being at night.
• Umar formulated the principle of Qiyas for new legal matters.
• He improved the system for calculating inheritance.
• Umar regulated merchandise prices and enlarged the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, covering the Kaaba.

Umar Ibn al-Khattab’s Greatest Achievements

Umar Ibn al-Khattab achieved many things in his life. Here are some:

• When he became a Muslim, he encouraged Prophet Muhammad to spread Islam openly in Mecca, which was very difficult before Umar joined.
• He is one of ten companions who promised paradise.
• He became the second Caliph of Islam.
• Umar gave a woman named Shifa Abdullah the important job of overseeing commercial transactions in the marketplace of Medina.
• During his rule, Muslims gained control over most of the Sasanian Empire and a big part of the Byzantine Empire.
• He led Muslims to victory over the Persians in 14 A.H.
• Umar founded the cities of al-Fustat in Egypt, Basra, and Kufah in Iraq.

Sayings of Umar (R.A.) that Became Well-Known Wisdom

Umar (R.A.) advised: “If someone keeps their secrets, let them do so, but if they speak or act suspiciously, don’t be surprised if others doubt them. Try to interpret your brother’s words and actions in a positive light before assuming the worst. Avoid swearing excessively to avoid humiliation from Allah. The best response to someone disobeying Allah regarding you is to obey Allah regarding them. Seek genuine friends and nurture those relationships, as they provide comfort in times of ease and support in times of difficulty.”

When Umar (R.A.) sent out armies, he reminded them to fear Allah. As the war banner was raised, he would say:

“In the name of Allah and with His help, proceed with His backing. Stay true and patient. Fight for Allah against those who reject Him, but do not disobey Him. Allah dislikes disobedience. Be brave when facing the enemy, and do not mutilate or be excessive in victory. Do not argue during battle. Spare women, the elderly, and children. Avoid excessive greed in war spoils and remember that Jihad is for the sake of Allah, not worldly gains. Find joy in your success, for that is true victory.”

Omar Ibn Khattab Series

“Farouk Omar” is a TV series about the life of Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, one of Prophet Muhammad’s companions and the second Caliph of the Islamic state. It was co-produced by MBC1 and Qatar TV in 2012 and directed by Hatem Ali. The series consists of 30 episodes, covering Umar’s life from before he embraced Islam until his assassination. It sticks to historical facts, so it didn’t receive criticism like other movies on similar topics.

The series begins during the 23rd year of Hijra in Makkah, where Muslim pilgrims are gathering for Hajj. Among them is Umar Ibn Al Khattab, praying to Allah while circling the Ka’abah. On their way back to Medina, they encounter a group of people taking care of their camels in the desert. Umar remembers his past, when he used to take care of his father’s camels and how hard his father was on him. But now, after embracing Islam, Umar feels closer to Allah without anyone in between. The series then recounts various events from Umar’s life, bringing back memories for him.

Martyrdom of Hazrat Umar Ibn Khattab

Umar ibn al-Khattab was killed by Abu Lulu Feroz the Magian in 644. Abu Lulu had a strong dislike for Umar, so he attacked him during morning prayers. He stabbed Umar in the back and then in the side with a poisoned dagger. After the prayers, people hurried to Umar and saw that he was badly hurt and dying.

He asked Abd al-Rahman bin Awf (may Allah be pleased with him) to take his place to finish the prayer. Abu Lulu retreated with his dagger but continued to stab anyone who entered the mosque until he stabbed thirteen people, six of whom died of their wounds. Abdullah bin Auf threw his cloak over him and when he realized that he was going to prevail, Abu Lulu stabbed himself to death.

Umar was taken to his house, bleeding from his wound. All this happened before sunrise.

Umar asked, “Who killed me?” His friends said, “Abu Lulu, the Magian.” Umar felt relieved and thanked Allah for not letting him die at the hands of someone who didn’t believe in one God. He reminded them that he had warned against dealing with non-believers, but they didn’t listen. Then he asked for his close friends: Uthman, Ali, Talhah, Zubair, Abdul Rahman bin Awf, and Sad bin Abi Waqas.

Imam Ibn Kathir mentioned that when Umar (R.A.) finished his Hajj in the year 23 Hijri, he prayed to Allah. He asked to be taken to the Prophet’s land and to be granted martyrdom there, just as narrated by Zaid bin Aslam.

Umar (R.A.) said:

“Oh Allah! I ask you for martyrdom in Your cause and death in the land of Your Messenger (S.A.W.).” (Bukhari: 1890)

When they came, Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said, “I’ve thought about how things are going for the Muslims, and I see you six (Uthman, Ali, Talha bin Abdullah, Zubair bin al-Awam, Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf, and Saad bin Abi Waqas) as the best and most capable. I think the leader should be one of you. If you lead honestly, the people will be treated fairly. If there’s a disagreement, it’s because you didn’t agree among yourselves.” They cleaned his wounds, and he said, “Take three days to think, and meanwhile, let Suhayb Ar-Rumi lead the prayers.” They asked, “Who should we talk to, O leader?” He answered, “Talk to the immigrants, the supporters, and the army commanders.”

He asked for some milk to drink. When he drank it, they could see the milk coming out from his wounds, and they knew he was going to die. He said, “It’s time for me to go. Even if I had all the wealth in the world, I would give it away just to avoid this moment.” Then he passed away. This happened on 26th Dhul Hijjah, 23 AH (7th November 644 AD), when he was sixty-three years old. According to Umar’s wish, with Aishah’s permission, he was buried next to Prophet Mohammad and caliph Abu Bakr in Masjid Al-Nabawi.

He wasn’t just a skilled leader, but also an exceptional organizer who established an effective administrative system. As the second Caliph, he laid the groundwork for the political structure of Islam. He implemented Islamic law as the basis of governance, ensured internal security with the introduction of a police force, provided financial aid to the needy, built military headquarters and forts for defence, established new cities to promote Islamic culture, improved agriculture and the economy, and initiated an educational system. In essence, he was the architect of a flourishing Islamic State.

In short, Hazrat Umar (RA) is a role model for every Muslim. He was an embodiment of justice, principles, piety, humility, and character. He performed all his roles whether personal or professional with intensity and not a single example can be put forward that shows that he performed his role less than perfectly.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the title of Hazrat Umar (R.A.)? Ans: Farooq was the title of the Hazrat Umar (R.A.). What were the major reforms introduced by Hazrat Umar (R.A.)? Ans: Hazrat Umar (R.A.) introduced the administrator courts. He also reformed the Army, Police Force and Tax System. How long did Caliph Umar (R.A.) rule? Ans: Hazrat Umar (R.A.) ruled for 10 years. How did Hazrat Umar (R.A.) administer justice? Ans: Hazrat Umar (R.A.) gave great importance to justice. He wouldn’t spare anyone, not even his son, if he committed something wrong. What did the Caliph hear while passing by the poor Widow’s house? Ans: When Hazrat Umar (R.A.) was passing by the widow’s house, he heard of hungry children.

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By Muhammad Ibrahim

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Umar the great 5 min read.

By: Salman Yazdani

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: The Unparalleled Ruler Who Transformed History with His Conquests and Leadership

Whenever we talk of great generals or kings of the world one name usually comes to our mind, i.e., Alexander the Great. For obvious reasons he deserves this reputation, but many of us don’t know that there was another ruler in history who was greater than many influential kings in every respect, even greater than Alexander the Great. He was Umar ibn Al-Khattab, a companion of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and the second caliph of Islam.

During Umar’s reign, the Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate, taking Mesopotamia and parts of Persia, effectively ending the Persian Empire, and taking Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Byzantines. The Battle of Yarmouk, fought near Damascus in 636 C.E., permanently ended Byzantine rule south of Anatolia.

He defeated two super powers of his time – Rome and Iran, and even today no country is as big as Umar’s empire. He not only conquered these countries on horse back but also ruled them effectively.

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: The Great Conqueror and Exemplary Leader in Histor

The  Encyclopedia Britannica  (9th edition, “Popular Reprint”, 1888) acknowledges Umar’s achievements as follows: “To ‘Umar’s ten years’ Caliphate belong for the most part the great conquests. He himself did not take the field, but remained in Medina; he never, however, suffered the reins to slip from his grasp, so powerful was the influence of his personality and the Moslem community of feeling. … The saying with which he began his reign will never grow antiquated: ‘By God, he that is weakest among you shall be in my sight the strongest, until I have vindicated for him his rights; but him that is strongest will I treat as the weakest, until he complies with the laws.’ It would be impossible to give a better general definition of the function of the State.”

Umar is regarded as one of the greatest political geniuses in history and his leadership is exemplary. We see that not only the empire was expanding at an unprecedented rate under his command, but its political structure was also being built and strengthened to create the strongest cohesion within. This was a challenging task but Umar was a gifted orator, and this ability won him a soft corner in the hearts of people.

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: Visionary Leadership and Compassionate Ruler in Islamic History

In his research paper  Vision and Visionary Leadership – An Islamic Perspective Saeed M. Mohtsham writes about Umar’s rule, “ He used to monitor very closely the public policy and had kept the needs of the public central to his leadership approach. As second caliph of Islam, he refused to chop off the hands of the thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all his subjects. As a ruler of a vast kingdom, his vision was to ensure that every one in his kingdom should sleep on a full stomach .”

Another evidence of Umar’s extraordinary caliber can be seen in Washington Irving ’s book  Mahomet and His Successors , where he writes, “ The whole history of Umar shows him to have been a man of great powers of mind, inflexible integrity, and rigid justice. … The rigid hand which he kept upon his most popular generals in the midst of their armies, and in the most distant scenes of their triumphs, gave single evidence of his extraordinary capacity to rule .”

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: A Humble Leader’s Journey to Jerusalem and Legacy of Simplicity

In 637 C.E., Muslims finally entered Jerusalem peacefully after a prolonged siege.  Umar personally came to Jerusalem to sign a treaty, and entered the city humbly.  People saw him walking beside a camel upon which his servant was sitting. They shared turns over it, and it was his servant’s turn when they reached the city.  He was so down to earth and humble that he never ate two curries in one meal; he would sleep on the ground with a stone under his head for a pillow. He wore coarse clothes and his shirts had as many as 14 patches on torn places. When he died he was under debt and his house was sold to clear the money owed.

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: An Exemplary Leader of Faith and Integrity

Professor  Philip Khuri Hitti  acknowledged this fact in his book “ History of the Arabs ”: “ His irreproachable character became an exemplar for all conscientious successors to follow. He owned, we are told, one shirt and one mantle only, both conspicuous for their patchwork, slept on a bed of palm leaves and had no concern other than the maintenance of the purity of the faith, the upholding of justice and the ascendancy and security of Islam and the Arabians. Arabic literature is replete with anecdotes extolling Umar’s stern character. ”

The sense of duty and fear of God made Umar exceedingly painstaking in every matter.  He was very meticulous in appointment of governors and judges and made them follow strict codes of conduct.  It was mandatory for them to reach Mecca on the occasion of Hajj, so that people could present their complaints. Umar allowed very high salaries to these officials to minimize the chances of corruption.

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: A Just and Humble Leader

Washington Irving mentions in book  Mahomet and His Successors, “In his weekly distributions of the surplus money of his treasury he proportioned them to the wants, not the merits of the applicants. ‘God,’ said he, ‘has bestowed the good things of this world to relieve our necessities, not to reward our virtues: those will be rewarded in another world. ’”

Umar’s general instructions to his officers were, “ Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them. ”

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: A Visionary Reformer and Administrator

Umar was a pioneer in many affairs. Most of the reforms and administrative systems introduced by him are still in force today. For the first time in the world, Umar allocated stipends for infants, disabled, widows and helpless people. Under his rule, state intervention to control the price of merchandise was introduced.

He initiated the concept that rulers and government officials must declare their assets. He alsUmar ibn Al-Khattab: Innovator of Modern Administrative Systems and Judicial Reformo started giving punishments to dishonest judges. For the first time, elite and ruling class had to undergo accountability. Umar began the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept, including all of his messages to Governors and heads of states.

Umar ibn Al-Khattab: Innovator of Modern Administrative Systems and Judicial Reform

For the first time in history, he established a special cell that investigated the complaints against the officers of the State. This department acted as  administrative court , where the legal proceedings were personally led by him. He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order. He started the concept of jail and introduced complete judicial system to the society. He created army garrisons and many other things as well.

Today, when a letter is sent through a post office, when a police officer wears uniform, when a soldier goes on leave after six months, when government gives grants to children, disabled, widows or helpless people, they only follow the system which was initiated by Umar.

Indeed, Umar was a great ruler and he had a lasting impact on not only his reigning region but the entire world.

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Sparing worshippers of Christianity in the Realm of War, but killing your own son for drinking alcohol?! Welcome to the world of Umar Ibn Khattab , the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate!

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Umar Ibn Khattab Biography

Umar Ibn Khattab was a different leader from his predecessor, Abu Bakr , who served as the first caliph of the Rightly Guided Caliphs or Rashidun Caliphate . A significantly younger man, born in 585 in Mecca , he was the initial choice of the Council of Medina to replace the Prophet Muhammad as the caliph of Islam in 632. In the end, as elders command respect in Islam, Umar convinced the council to elect the more senior Abu Bakr .

Derived from the Arabic for 'follower', this was the name given to leaders of Islam after the death of the Prophet Muhammad.

While Abu Bakr was a calming influence, humble, taking a small salary and keeping his day job of milking cows, Umar was an intimidating man. A warrior with a reputation for a short temper, he was also a heavy drinker of alcohol before his conversion to Islam in 615.

Umar Ibn Khattab failed to agree with the ideas of the Prophet initially. He was in the Adi clan, part of the Quraysh tribe that dominated Mecca , but became a key player in Islam after he converted. Khattab accompanied Muhammad on his 'hijira' to Medina to avoid persecution. Just as he had done with Abu Bakr, the Prophet married Umar's daughter Hafsah in 625. This helped convince the Medinans of his worth and was certainly a significant factor in the initial choice of Umar as the first caliph, a duty which he refused.

The name given to the period of exile for Muhammad, when he fled Mecca to go to Medina and escape persecution from the Quraysh tribe.

The Second Caliph

With the sudden death of Abu Bakr after only two years of rule in 634, Umar was a unanimous replacement. There were no disputes about his ascension to power and he had the endorsement of Muhammad's relative and future caliph Ali .

As the military exploits of Umar Ibn Khattab were a key part of his period as caliph, let's look at some of the key empires and regions that defined this period.

Umar quickly set about continuing the expansion of the Islamic state. Now that the Muslims controlled the Arabian Peninsula, they were on the doorstep of the Byzantine and Sassanid empires.

Abu Bakr, who sent war veteran Khalid ibn al-Walid to attack and defeat the Sassanid army in Firaz , pre-empted an invasion from one of the two empires. Umar streamlined his plans, winning control of the countryside and then the important Byzantine stronghold of Damascus in 634.

The Byzantine Emperor Heraclius did not expect an attack from the south. His army had just beaten the Sassanid Empire in the east in 628 in a gruelling conflict that lasted more than two and a half decades. Moreover, seizing the Levant was of great strategic importance to the Muslims, as it was a gateway into Mesopotamia and the Maghreb .

What was the Islamic justification for war?

Although the Qu'ran did not endorse violence, the caliphs justified their military campaigns through the concept of 'jihad' or 'struggle'. As they believed there was only one God, there could only be one community or 'ummah' to worship him. The 'Dar al-Islam' was the name that they coined for this community, meaning 'Realm of Submission to God and Peace'. As a result, anything outside of their ummah was labelled the 'Dar al-Harb' or 'Realm of War'.

For Umar, t he Byzantines and Sassanids were non-believers that needed to be converted into the Dar al-Islam.

Umar Ibn Khattab Jerusalem

After taking Damascus, Umar set his eyes on Jerusalem , deciding that the Byzantine Empire posed a greater threat than the defeated Sassanids. Eager for revenge and fearing further progress into Syria, Heraclius aligned with the Sassanids and sought to buy time by assembling an army from across his empire in northern Syria. Umar's commanders tactically pulled back towards the Yarmouk river at the bidding of al-Walid.

The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 was the crowning glory of Khalid ibn al-Walid's glittering military career. He united and pooled together all the Muslim forces and lurked in waiting at the Yarmouk river, near the Arabian Peninsula for access to resources and the possibility of retreat. He made expert use of the terrain, tempting tens of thousands of Byzantines and their allies to their deaths in the steep valley. Although the true figures are up for debate, the victory was resounding. Despite being heavily outnumbered, al-Walid's army inflicted around 40,000 losses on their enemy and only sacrificed 4000 men to do so.

The road to Jerusalem was now clear and the Muslim armies besieged the city. Sophronius , the man in charge, refused to surrender. He stated that he would only relinquish Jerusalem to Caliph Umar in person. Umar ingratiated himself to the local population with his arrival from Medina at the city gates. Showcasing his humility, Umar also wore the clothes of a poor man, which shocked Sophronius. His rule of Jerusalem was successful, as he made the following changes that mirrored Muslim treatment of conquered territories across the caliphate:

These actions perfectly capture the ability of Umar to synergise the religious with the political, but they were not his only accomplishments.

Umar Ibn Khattab Achievement

The second caliph referred to himself as 'commander of the faithful', and he truly was a commander in many senses of the word. Let's see what made him such an effective CALIPH by examining his achievements:

C reation of a proto-welfare state: Under Umar's rule, bounty from defeated cities went to the poor in Medina. Taxes were low (even for non-Muslims) and Umar granted free trade across the caliphate.

A ppointment of a successor: Uthman . Despite being on his deathbed, Umar commissioned a council to choose the next caliph, who continued his military successes.

L evant: A region of huge strategic importance was now in the hands of the Rashidun Caliphate , having conquered Jerusalem, paving the way for future conquests into the Maghreb and beyond Mesopotamia into Central Asia.

I slamic Doctrine: In 639 Umar created the Islamic or Hijri Calendar , which began from the forced emigration of Muhammad to Medina from Mecca in 622. It had twelve months, but around ten fewer days than the Julian Calendar. He also created a culture of study surrounding the Qu'ran and developed a sunnah .

P rofit from territories: The caliphate accumulated collective wealth through their taxing system and also their ability to share profit from conquered lands. It was distributed equally among soldiers, rather than being funnelled straight to the elite.

H umility and hierarchy: Umar showed that he was not a tyrant, casting himself as a peasant upon his arrival in Jerusalem. He also set up provincial leaders and rulers of individual communities in a standardised system of hierarchy.

A body of traditions and practices enforced by the Islamic religion.

Umar Ibn Khattab Death

Despite all these successes, fate cut the life and reign of Umar short. In 644, a Sassanid slave named Firoz attacked and wounded him during morning prayers. He would die shortly after, with the council choosing Uthman as his successor, despite the claim to power of Ali.

Legacy of Umar Ibn Khattab

Along with all of his achievements, many of Umar's decisions have permeated into Islamic doctrine today. He helped create a culture of scholarship in terms of the Prophet's teachings, reduced sexual temptation by having men and women pray separately and characterised drinking alcohol as slander, to be punished by lashing .

The act of beating with a whip. The whip was synonymous with the image of Umar.

Though seemingly pious and tolerant, certainly in his treatment of conquered cities and by the standards of the period, Simon Sebag Montefiore paints a different picture of the second caliph, reminding us of the fearsome warrior image from his younger days:

It was said that when Muhammad entered a room, women and children would continue to laugh and chat, but when they saw Umar they fell silent. It was he who started to collate the Qu'ran, created the Muslim calendar and much Islamic law. He enforced far more severe laws on women than the Prophet himself. When his own son got drunk, Umar had him scourged with eighty lashes which killed him."

-Simon Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem: The Biography (2020) 1

We will never be able to assert any certainty about Umar the man. However, we can characterise his rule as successful, through his pragmatism. It was a continuation of Abu Bakr's groundwork and (until his assassination) a period of stability and growth in what would turn out to be a turbulent Rashidun Caliphate.

Umar Ibn Khattab - Key takeaways

• Umar Ibn Khattab was the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate . He ruled from 634 to 644.
• His reign was successful and characterised by important military victories against the Byzantine and Sassanid empires.
• Umar conquered Jerusalem and allowed the different religions to continue their beliefs if they paid a tax to the caliphate.
• A sunnah with different Islam traditions and practices was developed under Umar, with some enduring features today, such as the outlawing of drinking alcohol and the decision of men and women to pray separately.
• Despite his humility and mercy as a conqueror, Umar was also ruthless and feared. His uncompromising nature contributed to his success but also meant he ordered the death of his son by lashing .
• Simon Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem: The Biography (2020) , pp 209-210.

Frequently Asked Questions about Umar Ibn Khattab

--> what was umar ibn al-khattab known for.

The second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, Umar Ibn al-Khattab is known for his successful military campaigns in Damascus and Jerusalem and his foundations for aspects of Islamic governance. 

--> What is the greatest achievement of Umar Ibn al-Khattab?

Al-Khattab's most outstanding achievement was his conquering of the Byzantine stronghold of Jerusalem. In addition to this, his ability to unite the different religions through his progressive policies of tolerance.

--> What did the Prophet Muhammad say about Umar Ibn al-Khattab?

Muhammad said that if one of his followers would succeed him as a prophet of God it would be Umar.

--> How did Umar expand the empire?

Having control of the Arabian Peninsula, there were already plans under the first caliph Abu Bakr to expand into Byzantine and Sassanid territories. Umar continued these plans and won the pivotal Battle of Yarmouk in 636, exploiting weaknesses with the expert military tactics of his generals.

--> Who was Umar Ibn Khattab?

Umar Ibn Khattab was the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate who ruled the Islamic state from 634 to 644.

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Father-in-law

Why was Abu Bakr put forward to be the first caliph by Umar?

Because he was his elder, an important factor in Arabic culture.

He milked cows while he was caliph

Who was the key military leader in the Battle of Yarmouk?

Khalid ibn al-Walid

What does 'jihad' mean for Muslims?

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A Perspective: The Life and Reforms of Umar ibn Khattab

Under his reign, Islamic territories expanded to 2.2 million square miles to Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Armenia, Eastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Roman Empire. Despite ruling over such a vast empire, he used to sleep on the bare ground, making his hands the pillow.

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Umar Ibn Khattab was the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate according to Sunni Muslims, and was born in Makkah. Umar belonged to one of the strongest tribes in Arabia, known as Quraish. He was a man of tall stature and used to do wrestling – his father raised him with harsh discipline as he was often made to look after cattle.

Umar was also one of the few literates of Arab society at that time. He was wise, eloquent, and well-spoken. Despite this, however, Umar used to have a negative perception of Islam during its early days.

While Muslims were going through adversities, it is said that Prophet Muhammad (sallalahu alayhi wassalam) used to supplicate to God to guide one of the two: Amr ibn Hisham or Umar ibn Khattab to Islam since they both were among the most powerful men of Arab. The Prophet’s supplication was answered for Umar ibn Khattab.

Gems from the Seerah: Leadership Qualities of Prophet Muhammed in Battle

Umar was one of the staunchest enemies of Islam at that time and even wanted to kill Prophet Muhammad (sallalahu alayhi wassalam). One day he took out his sword and rode his horse down the streets of Makkah where he encountered one of his friends, Nuaym ibn Abd Allah, who had secretly embraced Islam but didn’t let Umar know of it. He asked Umar about his intentions. As soon as Umar expressed his desire saying, “I am going to kill the man who disunited our people and made fool of us. I am going to kill him”, Nuaym advised Umar to look after the affairs of his house first and told Umar about his sister’s conversion to Islam.

Taken aback by the fact, Umar went straightforward to her house where he secretly heard his sister reciting the Holy Quran. In a chain of incidents, Umar first had a scuffle with his sister and brother-in-law which led to Umar accidentally hitting her sister. Realizing his fault, he asked his sister to give him the Holy Quran to read. His sister asked him to purify himself and proceed.

Touched by the verses of the Holy Quran; Umar embraced Islam on the same day. He went door to door in Makkah and announced his new identity. Umar became Muslim in 616 AD at the age of 27. At that time, the number of Muslims was only 39 and he became the 40 th person to embrace Islam. Umar now turned into one of the staunchest supporters of Islam. It was only after the conversion of Umar that Muslims could pray openly without any fear in Makkah. He now committed himself fully to the cause of Islam. 

He was sworn in as second Caliph of Muslims after the death of Abu Bakr according to Sunni traditions. Mahatma Gandhi is even quoted to have said, “I cannot help but present to you names of Abu Bakr And Umar. They were ruler of vast empire yet they lived a life of austerity.”¹

Umar ibn Khattab embraced severe asceticism and immense piety. Under his reign, Islamic territories expanded to 2.2 million square miles to Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Armenia, Eastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Roman Empire. Despite ruling over such a vast empire, he used to sleep on the bare ground, making his hands the pillow. Out of utter simplicity, he also wore clothes that used to have several patches. He never used to have two dishes on his table. At a time when his reign saw severe drought, he used to eat only oil and bread as he esteemed himself to empathize with the pain of people.

Memorandum of Religious Peacemaking: The Companions of the Prophet Advertise on TMV

It was during his reign that Jerusalem was conquered by Muslims. He embarked on the journey to take charge of the newly conquered city not with pomp and glory of his contingents but with a ride of mere servant and camel only. They both would ride the camel alternatively. As they were on the verge of reaching Jerusalem, it was his servant’s turn to ride the camel. Hesitant of watching his master entering the city on foot; he asked him to get on the camel yet he refused, implying that glory belongs to Allah only. He entered Jerusalem on foot to the shock of everyone witnessing this humility. Caliph Umar walked to the army wearing his modest threadbare clothes and took the charge of the city with his God-fearing approach. 

He introduced many reforms in his time. He introduced police departments for the first time in history. He established courts of justice and punished unjust judges. He introduced a department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the state.² He started several funds for the widows, orphans, and other underprivileged.³ He started accountability of the assets of the privileged. He is credited for the creation of the first official postal system in history. He devised the Lunar Hijri Calendar (the religious calendar of Muslims). He established the department of irrigation for the first time in Arab society as they used to face several water issues in the past.⁴

His governance became one of the most just to be ever witnessed in history. He was an expert jurist who got his epithet ‘Farooq’ – meaning the one distinguishing from right and wrong. Every citizen regardless of his race and creed was given their due right. He would inspect the streets of Madinah during the night. He would take special protection of law and order in the land. He was especially careful in the protection of minority rights. Their properties were under the protection of the state. They were guaranteed protection from exile and over-taxation. While collecting taxes from the protected minorities, it was complied with justice and fairness. He was the only ruler to admit that even if a dog die of hunger, he would bear the punishment for this.

Till his very last breath, he served justice. Some people suggested he declare his son as the next caliphate but he refused to do so as he felt it was the right of Muslims to elect their leader. He was stabbed while leading the morning prayers in Madina and died from his wounds three days later.

¹ MK Gandhi, Harijan (1937) 

² Al- Buraey, Muhammad (2002), Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective

³ Crone, Patricia (2005), Medival Islamic Political Thought,  Edinburgh University Press

⁴ Shibli Nomani, Al Farooq (1991) 

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• The Mothers of the Believers (part 1 of 2): Who are theMothers of the Believers?
• The Mothers of the Believers (part 2 of 2): Altruism & Alliances
• Getting Involved in the Muslim Community
• Ummah: The Muslim Nation
• Simplified Rules of Islamic Divorce (part 1 of 2)
• Simplified Rules of Islamic Divorce (part 2 of 2)
• The Role of a Muslim Scholar (part 1 of 2)
• The Role of a Muslim Scholar (part 2 of 2)
• The Benefits of Being a Muslim
• Sacred Cities; Mecca, Medina, & Jerusalem (part 1 of 2)
• Sacred Cities; Mecca, Medina, & Jerusalem (part 2 of 2)
• Prayers – Advanced (part 1 of 2)
• Prayers - Advanced (part 2 of 2)
• The Purpose of Life
• Why & How to Learn the Quran (part 1 of 2)
• Why & How to Learn the Quran (part 2 of 2)
• Miracles of the Prophets
• Meat of the People of the Book (part 1 of 2)
• Meat of the People of the Book (part 2 of 2)
• Dhikr (Remembering Allah): Meaning & Blessings (part1 of 2)
• Dhikr (Remembering Allah): Meaning & Blessings (part 2 of2)
• Intercession on Judgment Day (part 1 of 2)
• Intercession on Judgment Day (part 2 of 2)
• Virtues of the Quran (part 1 of 2)
• Virtues of the Quran (part 2 of 2)
• Good Morals (part 1 of 2)
• Good Morals (part 2 of 2)
• The Islamic Golden Age (part 1 of 2)
• The Islamic Golden Age (part 2 of 2)
• Social Media in Islam
• Leisure, Fun and Entertainment
• Astrology and Fortune-telling
• Miracles of Prophet Muhammad (part 1 of 2)
• Miracles of Prophet Muhammad (part 2 of 2)
• Bad Morals to Stay Away From (part 1 of 2)
• Bad Morals to Stay Away From (part 2 of 2)
• The Spiritual Benefits of Fasting and Charity
• Dream Interpretation
• Detailed Biography of Prophet Muhammad - Meccan Period (part 1 of 3)
• Detailed Biography of Prophet Muhammad - Meccan Period (part 2of 3)
• Detailed Biography of Prophet Muhammad - Meccan Period (part3 of 3)
• What is Jihad?
• Prophet Adam: Beginning of Humankind (part 1 of 2)
• Prophet Adam: Beginning of Humankind (part 2 of 2)
• An Explanation of Surah Az-Zalzalah
• Morals of Prophet Muhammad (part 1 of 2)
• Morals of Prophet Muhammad (part 2 of 2)
• Preserving the Environment
• Crime and Punishment in Islam (part 1 of 2)
• Crime and Punishment in Islam (part 2 of 2)
• Prostration of Forgetfulness
• Introduction to Hadith Terminology
• Detailed Biography of Prophet Muhammad - Madinan Period (part1 of 3)
• Detailed Biography of Prophet Muhammad - Madinan Period (part2 of 3)
• Detailed Biography of Prophet Muhammad - Madinan Period (part 3 of 3)
• Story of Creation (part 1 of 2)
• Story of Creation (part 2 of 2)
• Funeral Rites (part 1 of 2)
• Funeral Rites (part 2 of 2)
• Islamic Wills and Inheritance (part 1 of 2)
• Islamic Wills and Inheritance (part 2 of 2)
• Prophetic Narrations: Sincerity
• Understanding Media Stereotyping
• Health and Fitness (part 1 of 2)
• Health and Fitness (part 2 of 2)
• Intimate Issues
• Islam Began as Something Strange
• Benefits of being a Muslim (3)
• Excellent features of Islam (5)
• Oneness of God (Tawheed) (12)
• Articles of Faith (16)
• Hereafter (13)
• Life of other Prophets (12)
• Coping with Sects Attributed to Islam (4)
• Prayers (36)
• Fasting (6)
• Celebrations (3)
• Various Recommended Deeds (11)
• General Morals and Practices (32)
• Dietary Laws (7)
• Dress Code (3)
• Financial Transactions (2)
• Approaching the Quran (7)
• Explanation of Selected Passages (9)
• Hadith and Sunnah (6)
• Selected Sayings (2)
• His Biography (16)
• His Companions (13)
• Coping with change (8)
• Interaction with non-Muslim (1)
• The Muslim community (14)
• Marriage (7)
• Means to increasing faith (10)
• Self Purification (4)
• Repentance (3)

Description: A short biography of Prophet Muhammad’s companion, friend and the second Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam.

By Aisha Stacey (© 2013 NewMuslims.com)

Published on 23 Dec 2013 - Last modified on 17 Mar 2015

Printed: 540 - Emailed: 0 - Viewed: 21,361 (daily average: 6)

·To learn about the life of Umar ibn Al-Khattab and understand his importance in the history of Islam. 

Arabic Terms:

· Khalifah (plural: Khulafa’ ) – Caliph.   Sometimes spelled Khalif.   He is the chief Muslim religious and civil ruler, regarded as the successor of Prophet Muhammad.   A Caliph is not a monarch.

· Ummah - Refers to the whole Muslim community, irrespective of color, race, language or nationality.

· Kabah - The cube-shaped structure located in the city of Mecca.  It serves as a focal point towards which all Muslims face when praying.

· Rashidun – Those who are rightly guided.  More specifically, a collective term to refer to the first four Caliphs.

· Sunnah - The word Sunnah has several meanings depending on the area of study however the meaning is generally accepted to be, whatever was reported that the Prophet said, did, or approved.

Umar was born into a middle class family approximately 11 years after the birth of Prophet Muhammad.  He had what we would call a harsh upbringing, his father would beat him when he thought it necessary and at times worked his son to the point of exhaustion.  Despite this Umar was literate, an uncommon skill in pre-Islamic Arabia, and grew into a tall, well-built, muscular man known for his fierce demeanour and wrestling skills.

As Umar grew into manhood he supplemented the meagre income he earned from shepherding for his father and aunts, by engaging in wrestling competitions.  His skill increased and so too did his business acumen.  By the time Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of Allah be upon him, began openly calling people to Islam Umar was a successful trader and businessman. 

Umar’s path to the truth began with an intense hatred of Islam.  Umar was one of the men in Mecca that considered Islam to be an obstacle to economic growth and stability, thus he used his immense strength and influence to ridicule the new religion and he openly took part in the abuse and torture of some of the weaker converts to Islam.  Umar’s hatred for Islam was so strong that he volunteered to kill Prophet Muhammad and thus put an end to the changes taking place in Mecca. 

The complete story of Umar’s conversion to Islam can be found on many websites. [1]  However for the sake of brevity we can say that Allah prevented him from killing Prophet Muhammad and instead seized his heart through the beautiful sound of Quran being recited.  When Umar pronounced his intention to murder Prophet Muhammad a young believer tried to divert him by revealing that Umar’s own dear sister and her husband had converted to Islam.   It had the desired effect and Umar changed course.  Umar was so incensed by the turn of affairs that he lashed out at his sister and caused her great harm, even drawing blood, a melee ensued however after some minutes Umar realised how he had nearly hurt his sister and calmed down.  He asked to hear the parts of the Quran his sister had been reciting before he had stormed into their house. 

Umar’s eyes filled with tears of remorse and joy and he rushed to Prophet Muhammad declaring his love for Islam and Allah’s Messenger.  Within days Umar led a procession of believers to the Kabah where they prayed openly.  Islam was strengthened by Umar; his fierce hatred became love and he declared that his life and his death now belonged to Allah and His Messenger, Muhammad.  The first two Rashidun , Abu Bakr and Umar ibn Al-Khattab became close friends and they were the two companions closest to Prophet Muhammad.  Ali ibn Abi Talib is reported to have said that Prophet Muhammad went out in the morning with Abu Bakr and Umar and he would return at night with Abu Bakr and Umar.

Umar ibn Al-Khattab was a pious and generous man.   He would often spend the nights in worship, and he was a staunch believer in Allah’s promise of Paradise.   Umar readily spent his wealth for the sake of Allah and to benefit the believers.   Umar once distributed 22,000 dirhams to the needy and had a habit of giving away bags of sugar.   When Umar was asked why he distributed the sugar he said, “Because I love it and God said, ‘By no means shall you attain piety, unless you spend (in God’s Cause) of that which you love; and whatever of good you spend, God knows it well.’ (Quran 3:92)”

Umar was the best in righteousness after Prophets and Abu Bakr.   Prophet Muhammad said, “Follow the example of the two who come after me, Abu Bakr and Umar. [2]  The Sunnah is filled with examples of the virtues of Umar ibn Al-Khattab including this profound and significant statement from Prophet Muhammad.  “ Among the nations who came before you some were inspired; if anyone from among my Ummah were to be inspired it would be Umar .” [3]

Umar loved Prophet Muhammad so much that he was determined to stay close to him during all the battles the Muslim armies took part in.   It is understood that Umar was present at the first battle, the battle of Badr and all the other battles at which the Messenger of Allah was present.  Umar was a great man and a great leader; in fact his faith, knowledge, intellect, attitude and influence were all exceptional and all based on his strong relationship with Allah and His Messenger.

When Prophet Muhammad died the entire Ummah went into a deep state of shock.  None more than Umar, he found himself feeling lost and out of control, even refusing to believe Prophet Muhammad had now passed away.  Abu Bakr had to take matters into his own hands and call the people away from Umar.  In his famous address he (Abu Bakr) said, “Whoever amongst you worshipped Muhammad, know that Muhammad is dead, but whoever worshipped Allah, know that Allah is alive and will never die.” He then recited Quran 3:144 saying, “ Muhammad is no more than a Messenger and indeed (many) Messengers have passed away before him.  If he dies or is killed, will you then turn back on your heels (as disbelievers)? And he who turns back on his heels, not the least harm will he do to Allah; and Allah will give reward to those who are grateful .” The people were overcome, as if they had never heard this verse before, which of course they had.  They all in their grief started reciting it.  Umar said that on hearing Abu Bakr recite he began to feel dizzy and fell to the ground.  He then understood that Prophet Muhammad was dead .

When Abu Bakr became the first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Umar hastened to swear allegiance to him and to encourage others to do so he took his oath of allegiance publicly.  Little did Umar ibn Al-Khattab know that in just over two years he would be standing in front of the Ummah as the second Caliph .

Continued in Part 2

[1] http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/2100/viewall/

[2] At Tirmidhi

[3] Saheeh Al-Bukhari, Saheeh Muslim

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The Life and Story of Umar Ibn Khattab – An Islamic Lecture on History

Source : A transcribed lecture by Mufti Menk. Original is at Youtube under the title: THE STORY OF UMAR IBN KHATTAB

We want to start with the life story of the next greatest to walk the earth after Abu Bakar Siddiq (RA) and he was none other than Umar ibn Khattab (RA). I want to mention of very few points about this hero of Islam .

Early years of Umar ibn Khattab RA 

Umar ibn Khattab (RA) was 13 years younger than Mohammed (SAW). So, when Prophethood was granted to Mohammed (SAW), Umar ibn Khattab was only 27 years old. Although he was young but he was feared. He was known as the ambassador of Quraysh. He was sent to other places to give the message of Quraysh across to other regions in other parts of the Peninsula and whenever there were difficulties and problems where Quraysh had to explain their positions, they sent Umar on their behalf. He was a strong man, powerful, well-spoken and very feared. As a young man he lived a life in the fast lane. You know today you say someone is on the fast lane. What does that mean? I had to pause for a moment because out of respect of Umar ibn Khattab (RA) we don’t want to use low terms. But out of explaining to you that before he became a Muslim he was in involved in a lot of what today’s misguided youth would actually be involved in, we would not be wrong because he said that of himself. He said that he was a womaniser and he was an alcoholic of the worst kind and he used to drink so much he used to worship the idols just like everybody else did, so much so that he made his own idols and he worshipped them. That was Umar Ibn Khatatb before Islam. But the reason why I am mentioning this is to show you that if Allah wills goodness and if you have goodness in your heart , no matter what you have done in the past and no matter what situation you might be in right now there is always hope for you that Allah may eventually bring guidance.

Umar ibn Khattab and Pre-Islamic years 

This man was farthest away from the teachings of Islam . However, something struck him and he immediately turned to Islam . We will come to the exact details of what happened a little later. In his early days, this man hated Islam and the Muslims . When he heard of Mohammed (SAW), he had so much hatred that everyone that Mohammed SAW spoke to he would quietly go afterwards and tell them “Watch out. You better not listen to this man. You watch out.” He had a slave girl whom he used to harm from morning to evening solely because she accepted the message of Mohammed SAW. This was the man. The womaniser. The one who was an alcoholic. Known as Umar ibn Khattab. Where did the change come ? How did it come and why did it come? Later, he became one of Islam’s Heroes .

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Umar at the time when Muhammad became a prophet

When the Prophet (SAW) had achieved prophet-hood, Umar was engaged in all the vices. He said himself that he worshiped idols that he carved with his own hands and he was a person who was involved not only with alcohol but even with women. Then as he grew up, he was well respected in Quraysh because he was a businessman. He used to travel a lot with his own caravans and with his own wealth up to the northern part of the Arabian peninsula and coming down to the south as well and he earned a lot of his wealth. So, at a young age not only was he wealthy and eloquent but at the same time he was quite feared because of his power and might in Quraysh.

And over and above that, he was a person to whom the Quraysh would go to whenever they needed to explain their position because of the difference they may have had with the others. They used him as an ambassador, and he was known as ‘safeer ul Quraysh’ which means one of the spoken persons or ambassadors of Quraysh and an ambassador that they used to send to other regions or parts of the peninsula. So, this was Umar ibn Khattab R.A.

Prophet Muhammad started to teach Islam to Quraish

When Muhammed (SAW) presented Islam to the people of Makkah, Umar ibn Khattab was one of those youths who used to constantly listen to the older people saying “We need to eradicate this man, we need to kill this man, we need to get rid of this man” This is what they used to say. So the young people used to all talk to each other, “who is going to do this?” and each one would say “I would do it” this one would say “I would do it” but no one would actually end up doing it because they were upset that Mohammad (SAW) was telling them that “what your forefathers have been doing is wrong and what I have come with is actually correct, so don’t worship me but worship my maker and yours who is Allah (SWT)”.

Those who grew up in that particular era knew that anyone with a new message had their own agenda. But in this particular case Muhammad (SAW) had no agenda of his own. Rather, he would call people to develop a link with their maker alone and this was something unique. So, Umar ibn Khattab RA detested Mohammad (SAW) at that time and he detested those who were believers. He used to go to everyone whom Mohammad (SAW) used to speak to, after he had left and he would tell them, “Be careful, don’t follow this. Be careful, watch this man, don’t listen to him. If you do, your life will be made difficult and I will be the first one who is going to sort you out”. And so on.

The incident at Safa involving Hamzah Ibn Abdul Muttalib

Then, an incident that occurred in Safa. Safa is one of the mounts where we visit when doing the sa’ee during Umrah and Hajj . We actually have to walk and run between Safa and Marwaha. So, close to where safa was, there was an incident that had occurred and in fact another incident that occurred of importance and we will make mention of it today, was just near the Kaaba. When Muhammed (SAW) was praying, Abu Jahal came to him and struck him with his stick or a part of his bow. This hurt Mohammed (SAW). Abu Jahal was a very strong leader of Quraysh and Muhammed (SAW) said nothing at that time but then came Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib who was the uncle of Mohammed (SAW). He was on a trip to hunt and when he came back from his hunting trip, something strange happened. Someone told Hamzah, “Do you know your nephew was beaten up by Abu Jahal”. So, Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib got so angry and so upset that he went to beat up Abu Jahal and he told him how dare you speak to my nephew in these words when I too am amongst his followers. So, this was a declaration of faith by Hamzah too. No one before that knew that Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib was one of the followers of Mohammed (SAW) but at that stage he became known as one of the followers of Mohammed (SAW).

Umar decides to kill the prophet

Umar ibn Khattab RA was related to Abu Jahal in that Abu Jahal was Umar’s maternal uncle. Umar, therefore, got very upset that his uncle (Abu Jahal) was beaten by Hamza or was disrespected by Hamza. So, as a result he decided to take the revenge from Prophet Mohammad. So Umar ibn Khattab (RA) walked out with his sword. He was angry, ferocious, vicious, and he had bad intentions regarding the Prophet. When he walked out it was clear for all those who saw him that he was angry.

On his way he met Nuaym ibn Abdullah, who although was a Muslim but was not known to be one. He had accepted Islam and was silent about it because he was worried and concerned what the people and his family would say or how would they react. Later on he made his Islam known to the people but not in the initial stages. So as he saw Umar, he asked him, “Where are you going? Is everything okay?” He said, “Today I am going to execute Muhammed (SAW).” On this, Nuaym ibn Abdullah said, “You know you are a man, you are intelligent, you are a strong man, and Quraysh respects you”. Umar ibn Khattab said “I don’t mind, I will execute him and I will hand myself over to his own clan and I will then be executed as a result of him, I don’t mind but I will sort this problem out now because he has split Quraysh into two pieces and we don’t like that”. So Nuaym ibn Abdullah told him (to protect the prophet) that Umar had a problem in his own family as his sister Umm Jameel (Fatima bint al- Khattab) had accepted Islam. So Nuaym says “why don’t you deal with them? Your brother in law, Saeed bin Zaid too has become a Muslim and are openly Muslims. They follow Muhammed, they support Muhammed (S.A.W), so go and deal with them first.”

Umar goes to his sister Fatima

So, Umar ibn Khattab RA diverted and walked and knocked on the door of his sister. At that time, there were three of them in the house. There was Fatima ibn Al-Khattab, his sister; his brother in law Saeed ibn Zaid and a teacher who came to teach them Quran by the name of Khabbab ibn Al -Arat. Khabbab ibn Al -Arat had brought with him some parchments and was teaching them parts of the Quran . So as the door was knocked, according to one of the narrations, Khabbab ibn Al -Arat happened to hide and the parchments were actually hidden as well. Umar ibn khattab (RA) flung the door open and walked in and started beating his sister and brother in law.

Now to pause for the moment, something had happened a little earlier. At the height of the persecution of Muslims , they were given permission to migrate to Abyssinia. There were a few of them who started migrating and at that time there was one of the wives of one of the companions known as Amir ibn Rabia. As she was about to leave for Abyssinia, Umar ibn Khattab saw her and he was very angry at the people’s migration but when he saw that, he felt pity in his heart. As strong as he was, as fearless as he was, as powerful as he was, as fierce as he was, he felt something in his heart seeing this lady go and he told her may Allah be with you. It was a statement before Islam. The wife of Amir ibn Rabia knew then that this man had a soft spot, and there is something in his heart. So, she told her husband that I have hope in this man and he perhaps will understand the truth. However, her husband said “No ways, it is impossible for Umar to accept Islam and the wife said don’t say that, there is nothing impossible. My Allah (SWT) help us learn a lesson from this: Nothing is impossible. No matter where you have been and what you have done, Allah’s mercy is near.

Also, before Islam, Umar amazingly used to tell himself “The Muslims are very strong, no matter how much we persecute them they’re not quitting” That was something that used to impress him because he was a fearless man, when a man is fearless he’s always impressed by others who are fearless as well, to say these people are being persecuted, we are beating them we are doing so much against them. There is a slave girl of my own.” He used to tell himself “I persecute her from morning to evening but she doesn’t quit and she says “No, I still say what Muhammed has brought is correct.” He was amazed by it in a certain way.

No matter who has done what on the global level, if Allah wants, they will turn into the mercy of Allah SWT . Always have hope and always make positive dua, always have hope in the mercy of Allah . So, as Umar ibn Khattab was beating up his sister and his brother in law, he noticed that she began to bleed and when he saw the blood, that’s when the soft spot was struck, the cord was struck and he immediately stopped because he realized, ‘this is my sister; what am I doing, you know, we share the same parents. What am I doing with the sister of mine?’ and he said “Look, what were you people doing here? So, she said we were reading the Quran . “Where is it? I want to see it”. By this time, Khabbab ibn al -Arat had come out and they brought the parchment. They told him “If you would like to read this you first need to wash yourself.” So, he washed himself in the ghusl that he had, in whatever way he did wash himself and then returned.

Now he started reading and co-incidentally for him but not coincidentally for Allah (SWT), the verses he read were the opening verses of Surah Taha . So here, Umar ibn Khattab RA read the verses:

1. Ta-Ha. [These letters are one of the miracles of the Qur’an, and none but Allah (Alone) knows their meanings.] 2. We have not sent down the Qur’an unto you (O Muhammad ) to cause you distress, 3. But only as a Reminder to those who fear (Allah). 4. A revelation from Him (Allah) Who has created the earth and high heavens.

On hearing this, Umar ibn Khattab was drawn to tears. He read these verses and he was shocked and amazed and he said “Take me to Muhammed (SAW).” Imagine all the hatred and all the enmity and all the evil that he was engaged in prior to this moment. Suddenly it came crashing to the ground and his heart was filled with instant love for Muhammed (SAW). So Umar ibn Khattab (RA) was taken to the house of Al- Arkham ibn abdul Arkham where Muhammed (SAW) used to gather. Thirty-nine men had accepted Islam. He was the fortieth, according to most of the narrations to accept Islam. So, he walked into the house of Al-Artham ibn abdul artham and they allowed him to come in. One might ask why didn’t they just allow him to come in when he had this sword with him and according to some narrations there was a sign that he was, in some type of a quarrel situation earlier because of the blood from beating his sister. Also, they allowed him because Muhammed (SAW) had made a dua that the companions were aware of. That dua was: Allahumma aa-izzal Islama bi ahlil umarain: Oh! Allah strengthen Islam through the acceptance of Islam by one of the two strong men either by Umar ibn Khattab or Amru ibn Hishaam who was known as Abu Jahal. And the prophet (SAW) later said, in my heart I always knew that Umar was a better option. Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, may Allah grant us goodness . So, this goes to teach us again: remember to make good prayers for those who sometimes might do something bad. We have a weakness, our own children we curse them sometimes when they do something bad. It happens. It’s the weakness of man, don’t ever do that. It’s the moment of acceptance of prayer. Why don’t you make a good prayer for your children. Ask Allah SWT Oh Allah, my child has disobeyed me. Oh Allah bless the child, make the child obedient to you ya Allah SWT.

Umar ibn Khattab Accepts Islam

So here Umar ibn Khattab (RA) is faced with Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib who was at the door of Arkham ibn abil arkham RA and he was walking in so Hamza says Oh Allah This is Umar. If Allah intends goodness from this man he will accept Islam and Oh Allah if anything else is intended by this man make it easy for us to overcome this man. Oh Allah make it easy for us to overpower and overcome this man if he intends any evil. So, as he walks in, according to some narrations he declared the faith and according to some other narrations Muhammed (SAW) said,” Oh Umar you are welcome into the fold of Islam” and he says, “Ya Rasullallah, inni ashadu al-la ilaha illallha wa ashadu anna ka abduhu wa rasooluhu” I bear witness oh messenger that there is none worthy of worship besides Allah our maker and I bear witness that you are indeed the messenger of Allah (SWT). At that moment, there was a takbeer that was heard, that was heard all the way to the Kaaba. So many people heard it in Makkah, it was an amazing takbeer and this was because the Sahaba were so happy because of what had happened to Umar ibn Khataab. The first thing that happened. He says “Oh Messenger (SAW) Are we not on the right path? Yes, we are. Well what are we fearing for? Let’s just get up and go and pray at the Kaaba? Why must we do it in the house of al- Arkham here.” He was a leader of Quraysh and he says one of the things that delayed him to accept Islam was the fact that he thought to himself. I’m a big ambassador of Quraish , I’m a wealthy businessman. I have so much respect in Quraish and if I accept Muhammed, I’m going to lose everything” and he thought that it actually kept him back. Otherwise he would have been one of the first to accept Islam but because of his top position and his wealth and he was fearing to lose so much. He said “No. Let me not accept this man.” However, this day of turning is so amazing Allah SWT gave him in Islam more than he had prior to Islam in terms of his status and level and respect up to today when we say his name, we say RaziAllahu Anhu May Allah be pleased with him Umar ibn Khattab. So, he got up and the prophet (SAW) got up and they made two lines of people. Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib was the leader of one and Umar ibn Khataab RA was the leader of the other. Twenty people on either side and they marched all the way to the Kaaba and that was the first day that they congregated and they prayed right at the Kaaba and the people of Quraysh were gobsmacked. They did not know what to say, no words to utter. Why? because Umar is with them. What should we do now? They were just watching. A strong man whom we had hoped that he would deal with the crisis became a part of the crisis according to Quraysh.

Days after Umar Accepted Islam

Sohaib Rumi RA said that when Umar RA accepted Islam, that is when Muslims became powerful, that is when the dua of the prophet (SAW) was literally accepted, the strength was granted to Islam. Through the acceptance of Islam of Umar ibn Khattab RA we could sit in groups in public, and we could tell people that we were Muslims and no one would dare lift a finger up on us. This was Umar ibn Khataab RA. The day that Umar ibn Khataab RA migrated to Madina Al-Munawara, he became an instant hero amongst the Muslimeen and he defended them. No one would dare take the name of a Muslim . When it was his time to go for Hijra to Medina Al-Munawara he did not do what the others were doing, which was that they were all quietly going by night because Quraysh and their relatives were persecuting the Muslims. The Quraysh would go on to the road and path and take away whatever the Muslims had, beat them up in some cases, bring them back in some cases and do so much in terms of harm to them.

Umar ibn Khataab migrates to Madinah

So, Umar ibn Khataab heard all this and he knew he had a big family. And he knew Quraysh was large and he went to the Kaaba. According to one narration he made the tawaf around the Kaaba and then he went on to the Maqam and he called out very loudly. He says “Oh Quraysh I am going out for Hijra. I’m leaving to Medina Al-Munawara and if anyone has a problem with that see me on the other side of this valley. Anyone who wants their mother not to see them again and anyone who wants their children to be orphaned and anyone who wants their wives to become widows, see me on the other side. Try to pick a fight with Umar ibn Khataab and then come and see what happens.” Nobody followed him. They saw him leave and he left with his group that he had and nobody dared speak about Umar ibn Khataab. This was the man and this was the hero.

Sulah hudaibiya Incident

During the Sulah hudaibiya incident, when Muhammed (SAW) had intended to make Umrah with his companions, the sixth year of Hijra, they went to Makkah, just outside Makkah and they camped in the place known as Hudaibiyah. Umar ibn Khattab RA was there and Muhammed (SAW) and his companions were denied entry into Makkah. They were told after the agreement that look, come back the following year and the agreement was signed. So, Umar ibn Khattab RA told Muhammed (SAW) that “We intended umrah and we should go in, no matter what happens. Why should we agree to come back next year? I don’t want to do this. I want to go in now, let’s just go” and Muhammed (SAW) said, “you know I am a messenger of Allah . I have been sent by Allah SWT when I told you we will go for umrah I did not say that it has to be this year so we will come back next year. Anyway, he was quite upset in his heart and as he walked away. He was upset to up to the degree that revelation came down when Allah revealed the opening verses of surah- al-Fatah.

Inna fatahna laka fatham mubeena. ( Surah Al-Fath )

Indeed we have granted you a clear victory oh Muhammed (SAW) and this is when Umar ibn Khattab RA and some of the companions asked Is this a victory and the prophet (SAW) says “Yes it is, it is a revelation from Allah” then he was happy . And Umar ibn Khattab RA later on says that in my in life I engaged in so much of seeking forgiveness of Allah , so much of charity and so much of fasting and I freed so many of the slaves because I feared that the speech that I had on the day of Hudaibiyah must never be held against me.

Umar at the time of Prophet’s passing away

When Prophet Muhammad passed away, Umar ibn Khattab said “Whoever says Muhammed (SAW) has passed away I will execute him” and Abu Bakar Siddiq RA got up and explained the truth and this is when Umar calmed down. But one of the famous statements of Umar was that he used to immediately get angry with people who would step out of line and would as the Prophet to “deal with them”. But the prophet (SAW) would say “Relax, relax Oh ibn Khattab, take it easy. I have not been sent to be harsh. I have been sent as a mercy to mankind.”

Umar Ibn Khattab Supported Abu Bakar

So, this was the man, at the time of Abu Bakar Siddiq RA, he was the first person who stretched his hand and said “Oh Abu Bakar! I am the one who pledges my allegiance to you, you are the most worthy of khilafa and of being the leader and successor of Muhammed (SAW) here is my hand I pledge my allegiance” and everyone followed Umar ibn Khattab so much so that Abu Bakar Siddiq RA says that in my life as a Khalifa I love from amongst those who are on the earth, meaning obviously Muhammed (SAW) had passed away but I love from amongst those on Earth the most Umar ibn Khattab RA and he is my helper and he is the one who has been with me all through my period that I have ruled. This was the statement of Abu Bakar Siddiq RA and so when Umar ibn Khattab RA took the reins of leadership, I’m going to go through a list of what he did because he is our hero, really.

Umar’s Accomplishments during his caliphate

He has a lot of accomplishments for during the ten years that he ruled. He was thirteen years younger than Muhammed (SAW) approximately. And he ruled for ten years. So, he too was murdered when he was at the age of 63 approximately, 62 to 63.

He started the use of the Hijri calendar  and said “From now on the Muslims, whenever we talk about the years, we should relate them to the Hijra” and he made it compulsory and that is what we are using to this day. He is the one who gathered the people in taraweeh in Ramadan, so the taraweeh that we read today in the gathering of this nature Umar ibn Khattab RA was the one who started that off because before him they used to read in small groups and the smaller groups later on became larger groups. He said that “Let us read in one group in the masjid and inshallah we will follow one imam”. Even though they were so many reciters amongst them but he put Ubaid ibn Ka’ab RA in the front and he said we will all read behind you.

He was the first person who created the proper army, an army that had the job and that was only to defend the Muslims and he was the first person who had actually sent his army to the borders in order to protect them full time, the borders of the Muslim nation. He was also the first person who created the police department amongst the Muslims where he had people who would walk around at night and he did do himself, finding out what happened and maintaining law and order and seeing that everyone was safe and sound.

There are so many more of his accomplishments that we can mention. In one touching incident, one day Umar ibn Khattab RA decided to walk through the city of Madinah. He decided to walk through the streets of Medina Munawara at night and he was followed by Talha RA and he walked into one home quietly when no one was watching and he came out after the while and he went back and he had a home that no one would distinguish because when he became the Khalifa, he did not change his house, he remained where he was all (alone??). So Talha RA decided to go the following day to that house to see who there was and what happened. And he found there was a very old blind woman there so he asked her, “Who came to you last night and why did he come here?” She said I don’t know but it’s a man who told me that he will come every so often, he brings me some food stuffs and he cleans my whole house and then he goes back.” Talha RA says “Subhanallah, this is Ameer ul mumeeneen, this is the leader of the mumeeneen and he goes himself at night to clean the house of this blind woman and to bring her some food once in a while.”

This was Umar ibn Khattab RA, the same man Muhammed (SAW) says” If Umar walks down the street Shaitan would never walk down the same street. Shaitan would walk down the other street because even Shaitan feared Umar ibn Khattab RA, this was a man, the hero. He was the first man who maintained the roads and built roads between cities and towns. He actually employed these men to service the cities by creating drainage and so many other facilities for the people of the cities and the towns. He was the man. He was the first man who developed what we know today as the Registrar General as he started recording the births, the deaths and other events. He’s the first man who decided that anyone who would memorize the Quran shall get an allowance from the Baitul maal. Today people who memorize the Quran, others question them because in so many countries the imam is the lowest paid in the whole community. This is in contrast to Umar ibn Khattab RA who encouraged such people because he knew that these people are our leaders, they are holding within them the deen, so let them get a stipend from Baitul Maal al Musleemeen from the treasury of the Muslims.

He also developed the treasury of the Muslims in such a beautiful way that he had so much that he used to spend even on the Christians in the non-Muslims who were poor, from the coffers of the Muslims. This was the man who developed the system of taxing imported goods when people brought goods from outside and a certain percentage was taken.

He was a man who developed the currency and decided that the coins need to have specific weight and all the weights should be recorded and when we are spending, we should have these gold and silver coins of specific weight and size. He was a man who told his people never to destroy a place of worship that belongs to those who are non-Muslim. He was the man who was very kind to one and all. He was so just that he was also known as Al-Farooq even prior to him becoming Khalifa, he was known as al Farooq, the one who distinguished. He was a just man. It is reported that one day a man came to him and told him, you know this man was supposed to be penalized because he was a thief. So, he said “Oh Ameer ul mumeeneen, how can I be penalized for having been a thief when it was pre-destined (an Islamic concept of Qada wal Qadr ) that I was supposed to steal?” You see that is a statement he was using against Umar ibn Khattab RA and so the man says “How can this happen?” Umar ibn Khattab RA says, “Well, do you know what it was pre-destined that you were going to be penalized as well.” So here is the man, punish him. Allahu Akbar. So, he was one ahead, always sharp. This was Umar ibn Khattab RA, there are so many other stories of Umar ibn Khattab RA. He was a man who had surveyed the land.

But there came a day, ten years later, there came a day when there was one person who was disgruntled for some reason. His name was Abu Lulu Al Najoosi. Abu Lulu was a man from the Persians and he stabbed Umar ibn Khattab RA whilst he was leading Salatul Fajr, towards the end of 23 rd year of Hijra. He stabbed him six times and Umar ibn Khattab RA fell down. He was taken away and three days later he passed away and that man who was known as Abu Lulu Firoz al Najoosi also stabbed several other companions who tried to catch him, some of them were killed instantly. And at the same time Abdul Rahman ibn Aous RA managed to get hold of him by throwing like a sheet over him and when that happened this man committed suicide and died so to this day we do not know the exact motive behind the killing of Umar ibn Khattab RA but what we do know is that it was a Persian man Abu Lulu Al Najoosi.

We have only touched on his life but I call on you to go through the details of the life of Umar ibn Khattab RA you will find volumes and volumes.

— End

Related Islamic posts:

• The Shia (Shiite) Religion (Sect) – Islamic Lecture on the History
• Good Deeds and Dua Acceptance – Islamic Story from Hadith

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Umar Ibn Al Khattab Volume 1 & 2

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In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful

His Life and Times

By Ali Muhammad Sallaabee. The second caliph of Islam, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattâb faced more struggles than any other Muslim leader in the early onset of Islam. His life began in a time of ignorance and ended during the Golden Age of Islam. Under his leadership, the Muslim world was witnessing some of its most notable conquests in the history of Islam. The strength and resilience of Islam’s leaders were being tested, and ‘Umar ibn al-Khattâb’s true commitment to Allah shone to reveal an Islamic spirit unlike that found in any other Muslim leader. The standards by which he lived can teach us a lot about determination, hardship, and success.

This book was translated into English by Nasiruddin al-Khattab. From the Translator:

For those who would be leaders, this book offers the model of an ideal Muslim leader, one who felt responsible before Allah for the well being of all those under his rule, including his troops, women, infants, non-Muslim subjects and even animals. ‘Umar was a 'hands on' leader who kept himself informed and consulted scholars and experts before every major decision.

For the rest of us, this book offers a window into an exciting and important period of Islamic history, and it also reminds of an important lesson, that our strength comes not from wealth or money or status, but from our submission to Allah and our commitment to the path of Islam.

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