essay on kashmir is lifeline of pakistan 100 words

100 Words Essay On The Kashmir Issue In English

The Kashmir Issue is one that is complex. It can be traced back to the time of partition. 

With the end of British rule, conflicts emerged between the Hindus and the Muslims, with the latter wanting a separate country of their own. 

After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated country while India emerged as a secular, democratic country. The province of Kashmir, situated at the border of the two countries, got tangled and entrapped between them.

Today, POK, PoK, or Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, in India remains the portion of Kashmir under the Pakistani administration. 

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Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words

• Updated on  
• Jan 20, 2024

Essay on Kashmir for Students: Kashmir is a region situated between India and Pakistan in South Asia. It is believed that the name Kashmir originated from the word ‘Ka’ which means water, and ‘shimera’ to desiccate. 

The story of Kashmir is complex and has historical, cultural, and political dimensions. Over the years, many rulers and empires, like the Mauryas , Kushans , and Mughals have influenced the paradise of the Earth. The region especially had the special influence of Mauryan ruler Ashoka who contributed to the cultural as well as the architectural heritage of the region.

Cultural Diversity of Kashmir

Kashmir is a region that has a rich history and ancient roots. The place has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties, such as the Mauryas , Kushnas , and Guptas . On top of that, these dynasties contributed to the cultural and geographic location of Kashmir, which includes the influence of the Silk Road and the blend of Hindu, Buddhist, and later Islamic influences.

Kashmir Issue

The dispute related to the sharing of borders didn’t stop after Independence. Whether it was India, Pakistan, or China, tensions related to the disputes of the region always created a heat of fire between the countries that led to wars. The list of some important wars are as follows:

1. First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948) : Fought for Jammu Kashmir shortly after India’s independence.

2. Sino-Indian War (1962): A conflict between India and China for the territorial region Aksai Chin. 

3. The War of (1965): Fought mainly over Kashmir.

4. Kargil War (1999): A conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 370 Scrapped

Geographically, Kashmir lies in the northwestern region of the Indian continent. Its total area is around 225,000 square kilometers, which is comparatively larger than the member countries of the United States. 

Out of the total area, 85,800 square kilometers have been subject to dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It is important to note that the areas with conflict consist of major portions called the Northern, Southern, and Southeastern portions. The 30 percent of the northern part comprises Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and is administered by Pakistan.

India controls the portion which is more than 55 percent of the area of the land. The area consists of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Kashmir Valley, and Siachen Glacier which is located in the southern and southeastern portions of India. The area is divided by a line of control and has been under conflict since 1972. 

Also Read: Speech on Article 370

Sadly, the people living near the International Border and the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir pose not only a life threat but also do not have a stable life. Replacement and relocation affect the people living in the line of control not affect the people physically but also psychologically and socially aspects. In a survey conducted by the National Library of Medicine 94 percent of the participants recognize stress. Furthermore, the youth population was facing stress and anxiety regularly.  

However, a historic decision from the Supreme Court of India that nullified Articles 370 and 35A and permitted the state to have its constitution, flag, and government except in defense, foreign affairs, and communications decisions. After the decision, many initiatives were taken by the government of India to strengthen the democratic rule of the state. Schools, colleges, and universities were opened regularly in the union territories to develop the youth academically, socially, and as well as physically. 

Furthermore, strict measures to control criminal assaults such as stone pelting have started showing positive impacts on the continuance use of technologies such as mobile networks, and internet activities. Further, the discontinuity of Technology has started showing positive impacts on the lifestyle of people. Regular opening of schools, colleges, and universities, on the one hand, is helping the students to have good career prospects. 

Additionally, the fear-free environment that further increases tourist activities will further improve the local economy and contribute to the local as well as the national economy of the country. 

Also Read: Essay on Indian Independence Day

Kashmir is also called the Paradise on Earth. The region is blessed with natural beauty, including snow-capped mountains and green and beautiful valleys. The region is surrounded by two countries, which are Pakistan and China.

Kashmir is famous for Dal Lake, Pashmina Shawls, beautiful Mughal gardens and pilgrimage sites of Amarnath and Vaishno Devi. 

According to a traditional story, Ka means water and shimira means Desiccate. 

Kashmir is known as the ‘Paradise on Earth.’

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Deepika Joshi is an experienced content writer with expertise in creating educational and informative content. She has a year of experience writing content for speeches, essays, NCERT, study abroad and EdTech SaaS. Her strengths lie in conducting thorough research and ananlysis to provide accurate and up-to-date information to readers. She enjoys staying updated on new skills and knowledge, particulary in education domain. In her free time, she loves to read articles, and blogs with related to her field to further expand her expertise. In personal life, she loves creative writing and aspire to connect with innovative people who have fresh ideas to offer.

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• | Kashmir 2019 Siege |

V eteran civil rights activist and journalist Gautam Navlakha, who surrendered before National Intelligence Agency (NIA) in New Delhi on April 14 following a Supreme Court order on the Bhima-Koregaon case , has had a long and deep engagement with Kashmir.

As an activist and journalist, Navlakha has visited and worked in Kashmir for decades. Anyone who knows him in Kashmir knows how he’s always spoken out, and written about, their political and human rights. He’s also produced a body of work documenting the changing political situation and rights violations in Kashmir over the years. He’s also written extensively on the impact of heavy militarization on the economy and on the lives of people in Kashmir. Navlakha has equally been a part of many ground-breaking, fact-finding delegations and reports on Jammu and Kashmir, some of which are not available online.

While his writings on Kashmir largely focus on state violence and militarization in the region, his writings on the Maoist insurgency focus on both the sociology and organization of insurgency itself.

About a decade ago, I remember Navlakha speaking in a civil society seminar in Srinagar. The pain in his voice showed a rare concern and deep empathy for the struggles of people in Kashmir.

He also spoke about how it’s probably the only movement where so many people have suffered so much and over many decades without achieving anything substantial in return.

“I can’t understand why Kashmir doesn’t get anything concrete despite all the sacrifices people have made here over decades,” he said, wanting the people to also think about protecting their lives while also resisting abusive power. “You ask any sacrifice and people have made it here. You deserve a better future now.”

I’m reminded of what Belarusian writer Svetlana Alexievich, who was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature, said in her moving Nobel Lecture which also sums up the sense of loss and pain in Kashmir.

“Suffering is our capital, our natural resource,” she said. “Not oil or gas – but suffering. It is the only thing we are able to produce consistently. I’m always looking for the answer: why doesn’t our suffering convert into freedom?”

Here’s a list of 10 essays by Gautam Navlakha on Kashmir, with short excerpts and online links to full essays, which were published in different publications, many of them in the reputed Economic and Political Weekly, dating back to the early 1990s.

10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha

“Bharat’s Kashmir War” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, December 21, 1991)

This paper attempts to clarify the Kashmir imbroglio by investigating its genesis in the context of the Indian state’s responses.

“In most Indian writings, however, the characterisation of the movement in Kashmir as communal and fundamentalist proceeds from the argument that the Kashmiri Pandits are being hounded out of Kashmir and since they do not share the desire for referendum the demand cannot be ‘nationalist’ since nationalism is a secular identity. The contrary is however true. Nationalism is not the opposite of religious identity. The point of commonality is not just the religious zeal.”

Bharat’s Kashmir War In the last two years a lot has been written on Kashmir. But arguments on all sides have been more in the nature of assertions rather than informed reasoning. J…

“Kashmir: At the Edge of the Possible” by Gautam Navlakha (Economic and Political Weekly, September 17, 1994)

“…since the Indian army cannot defeat militancy and because the government is not trying hard enough for a political solution, not even when political openings come its way, and with involvement of international agencies being increasingly perceived as the only way in which the Indian government can be dissuaded from persisting with its militaristic response to what has been and remains a political problem, the prospect of peace without the association of Hurriyet to work out the framework and modality of a referendum remains remote.”

Kashmir At the Edge of the Possible Kashmir: At the Edge of the Possible Gautam Navlakha The emergence of the militant organisation Harkatul Ansar holds the prospect of mindless violence of a kind one sees in Afghanistan, but the blame for this must rest squarely on the government, on its total lack of foresight.

“India Turns Clock Back” Back by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, May 22, 1993)

“It needs reiteration that chauvinism and anti-Muslim prejudice all over India found sustenance in lies about destruction of temples in Kashmir or in ignorance of the facts of Kashmiri Pandit migration from the valley which actually accelerated after Jagmohan took over in January 1990. This should act as a reminder that if the policy of attrition is not controlled back, the consequences point in the direction of a xenophobic build-up which will pave the way eventually for ‘demo-graphic Indianisation’.”

KASHMIR- India Turns Clock Back The decision to impose army rule in Kashmir, in effect if not formally, represents a tragic turn of policy, as much for India as for the people of Kashmir. Step by step the government has been moving in precisely the direction which the BJP and the Hindu chauvinists have been urging it to take.

“Chrar-e-Sharief: Victory for Hardliners on Both Sides” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, May 20, 1995)

“On May 9, the day before the destruction of Chrar-e-Sharief, the right and left in parliament unitedly condemned the government for ‘kneeling’ before the militants. Not a word was said about the Kashmiri people’s alienation and the violence perpetrated against them. Indeed there was not even the usual vacuous talk of the political process.”

Chrar-e-Sharief-Victory for Hardliners on Both Sides The government’s version of the hunting of Chrar-e-Sharief and the events leading up to it are full of holes, but more important is it that the destruction of the shrine has dealt a blow to the efforts of Kashmiri leaders such as Shabir Shah and Yasin Malik who Have been working courageously to bring the gun under control in Kashmir.

“It’s Never Too Late to Do the Right Thing” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, July 29, 2000)  

“History teaches that people are not mere spectators who cannot influence the course of events. When successive governments failed the citizens by dividing the people, then it would be a mistake to leave every-thing to the discretion of the government. It is for us to fight for a just and honourable peace. Irrespective of what the government or militant leadership do in J&K, actions of solidarity can also stem the tide of communal polarisation. But before everything else we must welcome and lend unqualified support to the Kashmiris because it is the inalienable right of all of us to revolt against oppression to defend our dignity and freedom. It is only then our concerns will acquire meaning, and be taken seriously. To the extent people make their own histories the choice is ours.”

Kashmir : It’s Never Too Late to Do the Right Thing An obsession with territorial integrity has undermined the singular importance of the politics of solidarity, preventing an appreciation of the ground realities in Kashmir. The government’s current offer to hold unconditional talks with the militant leadership, while commendable, cannot succeed unless there is a recognition of the urgent need to begin the long process of gaining the confidence of the Kashmiris.

State of Jammu and Kashmir’s Economy” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, October 6, 2007)  

“The Economic Survey for J&K does show how despite the disruptions and privations caused by war, economic performance has improved. Quite apart from sweeping statements about employment in horticulture and the importance of tourism, it does, however, skirt the fact that without addressing the issue of occupation of land by troops and restrictions placed on the use of water resources, both intricately linked to a political solution, problems will remain in the path of realising the full economic potential of the state.”

State of Jammu and Kashmir’s Economy The 2006-07 Economic Survey for Jammu and Kashmir reveals that despite the privations of conflict, the performance of the economy has improved in recent years. However, unless the two political issues of occupation of land and restrictions on the use of the state’s water resources are removed, the full economic potential of the state will not be realised.

“Doctrine for Sub-conventional Operations: A Critique” (Economic and Political Weekly, April 13, 2007)

In late 2006, the Indian army released its first ever doctrine on sub-conventional operations, i e, internal operations. This article critiques the document. “It is worth nothing what the Army Chief told the students of Sainik School in Thiruvananthapuram on February 17, 2007. According to him, the army’s fight is against the “divisive forces” and “our cause is just” and “we fight to win”. Win in this context means to suppress people.”

Doctrine for Sub-Conventional Operations: A Critique on JSTOR In late 2006, the Indian army released its first ever doctrine on sub-conventional operations, i e, internal operations. This article critiques the document.

“Kashmir: State Cultivation of the Amarnath Yatra” by Gautam Navlakha (Monthly Review, Aug 08, 2008)

“Arguably, when the yatra was halted between 1991 and 1996 due to the threat by a section of the militants it played into the hands of the extreme right wing elements in Indian society who have since then played an integral role in mobilising large numbers of pilgrims. However, it is equally important to note that earlier, schoolchildren and college youth used to act as volunteers and provide assistance to the yatris. Even when this was discontinued after 1996, the main indigenous militant organisation the Hizbul Mujahideen and Muslim Janbaz Force always supported the yatra and consistently demonstrated its opposition towards those who tried to disrupt it. And even today there is no section of people who opposes the yatra. What they resent is the horrendously jingoistic turn that it has taken under the SASB.”

MR Online | Kashmir: State Cultivation of the Amarnath Yatra The origins of the conflagration in June in Kashmir on forest land allocation for construction of facilities for the Amarnath yatra lie in open state promotion of the pilgrimage. The yatra has caused considerable damage to the economy and ecology of the area. The high-handed actions of the Shri Amarnath Shrine Board only aggravated the situation.

“From the Killing Fields of Kashmir to the Finishing Line” by Gautam Navlakha (Sanhati, October 10, 2010)

“Truth and demand for justice are on the side of the Kashmiri people. It would be a sad day were these battles won after so much of sacrifice,  is allowed to be squandered for illusory gains at the behest of mealy-mouthed Indian ruling classes. There can be no replacement for right of self-determination. It is in Indian people’s interest, for our own democratic struggle, that we stand by this demand of the Kashmiri people. Defeat of oppressors in Kashmir, unlike the doomsayers, will strengthen our struggle.”

From the Killing Fields of Kashmir to the Finishing Line By Gautam Navlakha Where armed conflicts have gone on for a long period (decades) and where negotiations have been used by the State to win time or tire out opponents, or talks are deadlocked or cannot ensure compliance with whatever solution is reached, then making a reference to the people is the most sensible way […]

“The Kashmir Question: Nation-state, War, and Religion” by Gautam Navlakha (Indian Cultural Forum, Feb 2018)

“India’s working people cannot emancipate selves if they do not come out strongly against the persecution of the Kashmiri people at the hand of the same bourgeoisie nation-state which exploits and oppresses Indian people in general. While the Indian public may not influence external developments vis a vis Pakistan or China, they certainly can affect domestic perceptions and transform the terms of debate. Therefore, it matters how India’s progressives steer their political course and whether they can provide an alternate perspective on Kashmir to counter the myopic official discourse. It needs no reiteration that it is “never too late to do the right thing.”

The Kashmir Question: Nation-State, War and Religion – Gautam Navlakha Gautam Navlakha

Relevant Links

‘My Hope Rests on a Speedy and Fair Trial’: Gautam Navlakha Before His Surrender The Supreme Court recently rejected the bail applications of scholar and activist Gautam Navlakha, who was booked under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, or UAPA for allegedly fomenting violence during during the Bhima Koregaon event. The top court gave him and scholar Anand Teltumbde one week to surrender.

India Covid-19: SC Decision To Send HRDs Gautam Navlakha And Anand Teltumbde To Jail Is Cruel And Disappointing – Amnesty International India Amnesty International India Bangalore / New Delhi: 10 April 2020 12:39 pm Amid the spread of COVID-19, the Supreme Court of India’s order directing the arrest and imprisonment of two human rights defenders, Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha within a week, is disappointing.

Why is India targeting writers during the coronavirus pandemic? | Priyamvada Gopal and Salil Tripathi As a lethal virus scorches its way across continents, the leftwing Indian rights campaigner Gautam Navlakha has been reminding us of the words of Leonard Cohen, urging people to speak up for the right things: “There is a crack/a crack in everything, that’s how light gets in.”

‘New Low in India’s Political History’: PUDR Condemns Anand Teltumbde, Gautam Navlakha’s Arrests New Delhi: Condemning the arrest of social activists and intellectuals Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha on Tuesday, the People’s Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR) said that this “attempt to browbeat rights activists” marked a “deep and scathing new low in the political history of contemporary India”.

India: Activists Detained for Peaceful Dissent (New York) – Indian authorities on April 14, 2020 detained two rights activists who have been critics of government policies, Human Rights Watch said today. The government should immediately drop all charges under a counterterrorism law against Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha for allegedly inciting caste-based violence along with other activists during a demonstration in Maharashtra state in 2017.

Mounting international concern over detention of civil rights activists in India in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic Over 5,000 Individuals and 15 Organizations Sign Global Statement of Support for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Mr. Gautam Navlakha On 16 March 2020, a Supreme Court bench comprising the judges Arun Mishra and Mukeshkumar Rasikbhai Shah rejected the anticipatory bail pleas of the civil-rights activist Gautam Navlakha and the writer Anand Teltumbde, in relation to the violence at Bhima Koregaon in January 2018.

Stand in Solidarity with Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Stand in Solidarity with Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Statement by Activists, Academics and Concerned Citizens In August 2018, the Pune Police implicated Prof. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha with other human right activists and lawyers in the now-infamous fabricated Elgar Parishad case.

Journalist Gautam Navlakha tells CPJ he fears imprisonment amid COVID-19 pandemic New Delhi, April 9, 2020 — Indian authorities should stop pursuing the arrest of journalist Gautam Navlakha, and should cease holding journalists in jail during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today.

Clampdown On Dissent Continues During The Covid-19 Pandemic In India The clampdown on dissent in India continues. Even during a pandemic, the Government of India is seeing to that targeting those critical of the government are being targeted. When hard-won rights to expression and peaceful protest are weakened, everyone stands to lose.

Human Rights Defender Gautam Navlakha’s Letter Before His Arrest As I prepare to Ieave to surrender before the NIA headquarters in Delhi I am glad that Justice Arun Mishra and Justice Indira Banerjee gave me another week of freedom when they passed the order on April 8, 2020. A week of freedom means a lot in my condition, even in the age of lockdown.

Global Solidarity Staement for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha – Jamhoor This is a time sensitive petition for the immediate release of Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha, two of India’s foremost civil rights activists and public intellectuals. Please read and sign this petition here: Global Solidarity Statement for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha .

Human rights groups denounce Indian activists’ arrest as crackdown on dissent – La Prensa Latina Media New Delhi, Apr 15 (efe-epa).- Human rights nonprofits on Wednesday came down hard against the Indian government a day after the arrest of scholar Anand Teltumbde and rights activist Gautam Navlakha under an anti-terrorism law for allegedly inciting violence during a protest in 2018, calling it a clampdown on dissent.

96c03acb00 – United States Department of State India is a multiparty, federal, parliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature. The president, elected by an electoral college composed of the state assemblies and parliament, is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government.

Under UAPA, Process Itself Becomes Punishment, Writes Activist Gautam Navlakha Before Surrendering | NewsClick As the country remembers Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar on the occasion of his birth anniversary, civil rights activists Gautam Navlakha and Anand Teltumbde, who were booked under the draconian UAPA in relation to the Bhima Koregaon violence in 2018, are set to surrender to the police.

Indian columnist arrested on trumped-up “Maoism” charge | Reporters without borders Reporters Without Borders (RSF) calls for the immediate and unconditional release of Gautam Navlakha, a well-known columnist and human rights defender who, despite serious humanitarian concerns, has been jailed on a flimsy charge brought by India’s counter-terrorism police, the National Investigation Agency (NIA).

Persecution of rights activists and voices of dissent in India Recently, in a series of synchronized raids carried throughout India, various human rights activists and vocal critics of the ruling government were arrested under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), an anti-terror law. These arrests have been widely criticized for being politically motivated as they are aimed at curbing the right of free speech and dissent or criticism towards the government.

Dalit leaders condemn Anand Teltumbde’s arrest on 14 April-Ambedkar Jayanti On 16 March 2020, a Supreme Court bench comprising the judges Arun Mishra and Mukeshkumar Rasikbhai Shah rejected the anticipatory bail pleas of the civil-rights activist Gautam Navlakha and the writer Teltumbde, in relation to the violence at Bhima Koregaon in January 2018.

UK Rights Organisations condemn arrest of Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha UK Rights Organisations condemn the imminent arrest of Prof Dr Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Demand prompt release of all political and democratic rights activists in Indian jails 08 April 2020 The police in the State of Maharashtra, India, acting at the behest of the central BJP Hindutva government, is forcing the arrest of Professor […]

Statement by Hindus for Human Rights and Global Indian Progressive Alliance Protesting the Arrest of Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha – Hindus For Human Rights Dr. Anand Teltumbde is a highly respected and revered scholar and human rights defender. Along with his comrade in justice work, Gautam Navlakha, Dr. Teltumbde will be arrested today on demonstrably fabricated charges related to the Bhima Koregaon case.

Dalit Leaders, Political Representatives Condemn Dr Teltumbde’s Imminent Arrest on Ambedkar Jayanti | NewsClick Ahead of the Anand Teltumbde’s surrender on April 14 [also the ocaasion of B R Ambedkar’s birth anniversary] in accordance with the Supreme Court order, Dalit, Adivasi, OBC and minority leaders have demanded that he be allowed “to live and write, to be a free spirit that enlivens our democratic selves”.

MASS condemn arrest of Gautam Navalakha and Anand Teltumbe Guwahati: The Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti (MASS) is disturbed and dismayed by the Supreme Court of India’s decision to allow for the detention of civil rights activist Gautam Navalakha and Anand Teltumbe after August 14,2020. Both had been implicated in Bhima Korgoan case of 2018, where many Dalit activists were hurt in rioting by mobs supported by powerful local politicians.

‘A tragedy for India’: Author Arundhati Roy on arrests of activists Anand Teltumbde, Gautam Navlakha ‘They have both been accused of outlandish crimes.’

In Solidarity with and Appeal to Acquit Prof. Anand Teltumbde In Solidarity with and Appeal to Acquit Prof. Anand Teltumbde Statement by IIMA faculty, students and alumni Over 280 students, faculty members and alumni of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA), have signed a statement in solidarity with their illustrious alumnus, Anand Teltumbde who apart from being a corporate leader and teacher has done so much to the society.

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Kashmir Issue – Understand the multiple dimensions

Last updated on March 14, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

Table of Contents

Was Kashmir an independent nation? Learn the history of Kashmir

Kashmir, and adjacent areas like Gilgit, Jammu, and Ladakh – were part of the different empires at different times. Over the years, this area was under the control of Hindu rulers, Muslim emperors, Sikhs, Afghans, and Britishers.

During the period before AD 1000, Kashmir was an important center of Buddhism and Hinduism. Many dynasties like  Gonanditya,  Karkota, and Lohara ruled Kashmir and surrounding areas of North-western India.

The Hindu dynasty rule which extended until 1339 was replaced by the Muslim rule by Shah Mir who became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the  Shah Mir dynasty . A few centuries later, the last independent ruler Yusuf Shah Chak was deposed by the Mugul emperor Akbar the Great.

Akbar conquered Kashmir in 1587, making it part of the Mughal Empire . Subsequently, the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb expanded the empire further.

Thus, it can be seen that under the Mughal rule, which extended nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, Kashmir was an integral part of India – however, not an independent nation .

Also read : Ladakh Statehood

Kashmir Region – After the Mughals

Aurangzeb’s successors were weak rulers. Later Mughals failed to retain Kashmir. After Mughal rule , it passed to Afghan, Sikh, and Dogra rule.

In 1752, Kashmir was seized by the Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali. The Afghan Durrani Empire ruled Kasmir from the 1750s until 1819 when Sikhs , under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir and ended the Muslim rule.

By the early 19th century, Sikhs under Maharaja Renjith Singh took control of Kashmir. He had earlier annexed Jammu. The Sikhs ruled Kashmir until they were defeated by the British (First Anglo-Sikh War) in 1846.

After that Kashmir became a princely state of the British Empire – under the Dogra Dynasty.

Jammu and Kashmir – as a princely state of the British Empire

Maharaja Gulab Singh of the Dogra Dynasty signed the ‘Treaty of Amritsar’ with the British East India Company in 1846. Under this treaty, he paid Rs. 75 lakhs to the East India Company in 1846 in exchange for Kashmir and some other areas.  Jammu and Kashmir as a single entity was unified and founded (1846).

Zorawar Singh, a General in the Dogra Anny later led many campaigns in the northern areas like Ladakh, Baltistan, Gilgit, Hunza, and Yagistan, consolidating smaller principalities. He expanded the dominions of Maharaja Gulab Singh.

However, Jammu and Kashmir, from 1846 until 1947, remained a princely state ruled by the Jamwal Rajput Dogra Dynasty. Like all other princely states in India then, Kashmir too enjoyed only partial autonomy, as the real control was with the British.

Also read: Special Category Status

The ruler’s stand (at the time of Partition)

During the time of partition of British India (1947), Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) was a Princely State. Britishers had given all princely states a choice – either to join India to join Pakistan or even to remain independent.

The ruler of Kashmir during that time (1947) was Maharaja Hari Singh, the great-grandson of Maharaja Gulab Singh. He was a Hindu who ruled over a majority-Muslim princely state.

He did not want to merge with India or Pakistan.

Hari Singh tried to negotiate with India and Pakistan to have an independent status for his state. He offered a proposal of a Standstill Agreement to both the Dominion, pending a final decision on the State’s accession. On August 12, 1947, the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir sent identical communications to the Governments of India and Pakistan.

Pakistan accepted the offer and sent a communication to J&K Prime Minister on August 15, 1947. It read, “The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir for the continuation of existing arrangements …”

India advised the Maharaja to send his authorized representative to Delhi for further discussion on the offer.

What were the Kashmiri people’s aspirations in 1947?

Kashmiri people took part extensively in the Indian Nationalist Movement. They not only wanted to get rid of British rule but also never wanted to be under the rule of the Dogra dynasty once the nationalist movement achieved its mission. The Kashmiris had preferred democracy to monarchy.

Jammu and Kashmir was always a secular state – with a history of Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh rule. Even though the majority population was Muslims, it then had a significant Hindu population as well.

India in 1947 had suggested conducting a plebiscite to know the aspirations of Kashmiri people. With tall leaders of Jammu and Kashmir like Sheik Abdullah on its side, cherishing the common values – secularism, democracy, and pan-India nationalism – India was confident to win the Plebiscite if it was held in 1947.

India’s stand with Junagadh, another princely state, was also to conduct a plebiscite. In 1947, upon the independence and partition of India, the last Muslim ruler of the Junagadh state, Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III, decided to merge Junagadh into the newly formed Pakistan. The majority of the population were Hindus. The conflict led to many revolts and also a plebiscite, resulting in the integration of Junagadh into India.

However, the Pakistan attack on Kashmir in October 1947 changed all dynamics. The exact aspirations of Kashmiri People at that time is still unknown – as a plebiscite or referendum was never held.

The Pakistan Invasion of Kashmir in 1947

Pakistan, though entered into a Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir, had an eye on it. It broke the Standstill Agreement by sponsoring a tribal militant attack in Kashmir in October 1947.

Pashtun raiders from Pakistan invaded Kashmir in October 1947 and took control over a large area. Hari Singh appealed to the Governor General of free India, Lord Mountbatten for assistance.

India assured help on the condition Hari Singh should sign the Instrument of Accession. Maharaja Hari Singh signed the instrument of accession with India (1947). It was also agreed that once the situation normalized, the views of the people of J&K will be ascertained about their future.

Jammu and Kashmir signs the Instrument of Accession with India

The Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession to India on 26 October 1947 in Srinagar.

As soon as the accession documents were signed, the Indian Armed Force took over the stage to repulse Pakistan-supported tribal assault.

Indian and Pakistani forces thus fought their first war over Kashmir in 1947-48.

India successfully drove out most of the Pak-supported tribal militants from Kashmir occupation. However, one part of the State came under Pakistani control. India claims that this area is under illegal occupation. Pakistan describes this area as ‘ Azad Kashmir ’. India however, does not recognize this term. India uses the term Pak-occupied Kashmir (PoK) for the area of Kashmir under the control of Pakistan.

India brings the United Nations (UN) into the picture

India referred the dispute to the United Nations Security Council on 1 January 1948. Following the set-up of the  United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) , the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948.

The UN Resolution was non-binding on India and Pakistan. However, this is what the UN resolution mentioned:

UN Resolution on Jammu and Kashmir

The UN resolutions clearly said :

• Pakistan is the aggressor in the state.
• Pakistan has to vacate all occupied territory in the state and hand over the vacated territory to India.
• India has to remove all its forces leaving aside enough to maintain law and order.
• India to conduct a plebiscite in the state.

Why has no Plebiscite or Referendum been held in Kashmir yet?

• The state of Jammu and Kashmir is defined as it existed on or before the invasion of Pakistan on 22nd October 1947. This includes the present territory of Pak-occupied Kashmir (POK), Gilgit, Baltistan, Jammu, Laddhak, and Kashmir Valley.
• Pakistan asked for time to vacate its occupation but it never complied.
• As nearly one-third of the state of Jammu and Kashmir is still under the occupation of Pakistan, it is a non-compliance of conditions leading to the plebiscite.

Sheikh Abdullah’s movement – Formal incorporation of Kashmir into the Indian Union

Kashmir’s first political party, the Muslim Conference, was formed in 1925, with Sheikh Abdullah as president. Later, in 1938, it was renamed as National Conference . The National Conference was a secular organization and had a long association with Congress. Sheikh Abdullah was a personal friend of some of the leading nationalist leaders including Nehru.

National Conference started a popular movement to get rid of the Maharaja. Sheikh Abdullah was the leader.

After Maharaja Hari Singh signed an ‘Instrument of Accession’ with the Government of India, Sheikh Abdullah took over as the Prime Minister of the State of J&K (the head of the government in the State was then called Prime Minister) in March 1948.

Sheikh Abdullah was against Jammu and Kashmir joining Pakistan. However, he took a pro-referendum stance and delayed the formal accession to India. The pro-Indian authorities dismissed the state government and arrested Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah.

The new Jammu and Kashmir government ratified the accession to India. In 1957, Kashmir was formally incorporated into the Indian Union.

Kashmir Issue – External Disputes

Externally, ever since 1947, Kashmir remained a major issue of conflict between India and Pakistan (and between India and China to a minor extent).

Pakistan has always claimed that the Kashmir valley should be part of Pakistan. The conflict resulted in 3 main wars between India and Pakistan – 1947, 1965, and 1971. A war-like situation erupted in 1998 as well (Kargil war).

Pakistan was not only the illegal occupant of the Kashmir region. China too started claiming parts of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.

By the 1950s, China started to gradually occupy the eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin) . In 1962, India fought a war with China over its encroachments, however, China defeated India. To make matters worse, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir (Saksham Valley) to China.

Kashmir Issue – Internal Disputes

Internally, there is a dispute about the status of Kashmir within the Indian Union.

Kashmir was given autonomy and a special status by Article 370 of the Indian Constitution . Articles like 370, 371, 35A , etc are connected with privileges given to Jammu and Kashmir.

What is the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir?

• Article 370 gives greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir compared to the other States of India.
• The State has its own Constitution.
• All provisions of the Indian Constitution do not apply to the State.
• Laws passed by the Parliament apply to J&K only if the State agrees.
• Non-Kashmiri Indians cannot buy property in Kashmir.

This special status has provoked two opposite reactions.

A section feels that Article 370 is not needed!

There is a section of people outside of J&K that believes that the special status of the State conferred by Article 370 does not allow full integration of the State with India. This section feels that Article 370 should, therefore, be revoked and J&K should be like any other State in India.

Another section feels that Article 370 is not enough!

Another section, mostly Kashmiris, believes that the autonomy conferred by Article 370 is not enough.

Major Grievances of Kashmiris:

Kashmiris have expressed at least three major grievances.

• First, the promise that Accession would be referred to the people of the State after the situation created by tribal invasion was normalized, has not been fulfilled. They demand a ‘Plebiscite’ at the earliest.
• Secondly, there is a feeling that the special federal status guaranteed by Article 370, has been eroded in practice. This has led to the demand for restoration of autonomy or ‘Greater State Autonomy’.
• Thirdly, it is felt that democracy which is practised in the rest of India has not been similarly institutionalised in the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

Politics since 1948 – Conflict between the Kashmir State Government and the Central Government of India

After taking over as the Prime Minister, Sheikh Abdullah initiated major land reforms and other policies that benefited ordinary people. But there was a growing difference between him and the central government about his position on Kashmir’s status. He was dismissed in 1953 and kept in detention for several years.

The leadership that succeeded him did not enjoy as much popular support and was able to rule the State mainly due to the support of the Centre. There were serious allegations of malpractices and rigging in various elections.

During most of the period between 1953 and 1974, the Congress party exercised a lot of influence on the politics of the State. A truncated National Conference (minus Sheikh Abdullah) remained in power with the active support of Congress for some time but later it merged with the Congress.

Thus Congress gained direct control over the government in the State.

In the meanwhile, there were several attempts to reach an agreement between Sheikh Abdullah and the Government of India.

Finally, in 1974 Indira Gandhi reached an agreement with Sheikh Abdullah and he became the Chief Minister of the State.

The Revival of National Conference (1977)

He revived the National Conference which was elected with a majority in the assembly elections held in 1977.

Sheikh Abdullah died in 1982 and the leadership of the National Conference went to his son, Farooq Abdullah, who became the Chief Minister.

But he was soon dismissed by the Governor and a breakaway faction of the National Conference came to power for a brief period.

The dismissal of Farooq Abdullah’s government due to the intervention of the Centre generated a feeling of resentment in Kashmir. The confidence that Kashmiris had developed in the democratic processes after the accord between Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, received a setback.

The feeling that the Centre was intervening in the politics of the State was further strengthened when the National Conference in 1986 agreed to have an electoral alliance with the Congress, the ruling party in the Centre.

1987 Assembly Elections, Political Crisis, and Insurgency

It was in this environment that the 1987 Assembly election took place. The official results showed a massive victory for the National Conference-Congress alliance and Farooq Abdullah returned as Chief Minister.

However, it was widely believed that the results did not reflect the popular choice and that the entire election process was rigged.

A popular resentment had already been brewing in the State against the inefficient administration since the early 1980s. This was now augmented by the commonly prevailing feeling that democratic processes were being undermined at the behest of the Centre. This generated a political crisis in Kashmir which became severe with the rise of the insurgency.

By 1989, the State had come into the grip of a militant movement mobilized around the cause of a separate Kashmiri nation.

The insurgents got moral, material, and military support from Pakistan. The balance of influence had decisively tilted in Pakistan’s favor by the late 1980s, with people’s sympathy no longer with the Indian Union as it had been in 1947-48, 1965 or 1971.

The terrorists and militants drove out almost all the Hindus from the Kashmir valley, ensuring that a future plebiscite (if it happens) would be meaningless.

India imposed the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Jammu and Kashmir in 1990.

For several years, the State was under President’s rule and effectively under the control of the armed forces . Throughout the period from 1990, Jammu and Kashmir experienced violence at the hands of the insurgents and through army action.

1990 and Beyond – Growing Trust Deficit

After 1987, the pro-India sentiments of Kashmiri people tilted heavily towards Kashmiri Separatism. Pakistan, of course, added fuel to the fire – by giving moral and financial support to terrorists, militants, and insurgents. As a result, Kashmir frequently witnessed violence, curfew, stone-pelting, and firing between the troops of India and Pakistan across the Line of Control (LoC).

Thousands of soldiers, civilians, and militants have been killed in the uprising and the Indian crackdown since 1989.

Even though state elections were conducted, Kashmir did not return to normalcy before 1987 .

Assembly elections in the State were held only in 1996 in which the National Conference led by Farooq Abdullah came to power with a demand for regional autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir.

J&K experienced a very fair election in 2002. The National Conference failed to win a majority and was replaced by the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) and Congress coalition government.

In 2015, India’s ruling BJP party was sworn into government in Indian-administered Kashmir for the first time in coalition with the local People’s Democratic Party, with the latter’s Mufti Mohammad Sayeed as chief minister (followed by Mehbooba Mufti because of the death of her father and party founder). However, this coalition didn’t last for long.

Even though the Government of India is taking many steps to stop the insurgency and bring Kashmir back to normalcy, terrorist attacks like that in Pulwama have seriously hindered the peace process.

The Current Stand of India – Regarding the Kashmir Question

• No more mediation with the UN or any other other third parties.
• India and Pakistan should resolve issues through bilateral talks as agreed by the Simla Agreement.
• No Plebiscite in Kashmir unless Pakistan reverses the situation back to what was in 1947 (territory and demographics).

Who are the Kashmir Separatists?

• All Parties Hurriyat Conference
• Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
• Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
• Lashkar-e-Taiba
• Jaish-e-Mohammed
• Hizbul Mujahideen
• Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
• Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind Flag.png Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind (Since 2017)

What do Separatists demand?

Separatist politics which surfaced in Kashmir from 1989 has taken different forms and is made up of various strands.

• There is one strand of separatists who want a separate Kashmiri nation, independent of India and Pakistan.
• Then some groups want Kashmir to merge with Pakistan.
• Besides these, there is a third strand which wants greater autonomy for the people of the state within the Indian union .

Demand for intra-state autonomy

Even though the name of the state is Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), it comprises three social and political regions: Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh.

• Jammu – The Jammu region is a mix of foothills and plains, of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs and speakers of various languages.
• Kashmir – Kashmir Valley is the heart of the Kashmir region. The people are Kashmiri-speaking and are mostly Muslims. There is also a small Kashmiri-speaking Hindu minority.
• Ladakh – The Ladakh region is mountainous, and has a very small population which is equally divided between Buddhists and Muslims. Ladakh is divided into two main regions – Leh and Kargil.

It should also be noted that out of the 3 main administrative divisions – Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh – insurgency and demand for independence is high only in the Kashmir Valley. Most of the people in Jammu and Ladakh still wish to be part of India, even though they demand autonomy differently. They often complain of neglect and backwardness. The demand for intra-state autonomy is as strong as the demand for State autonomy in the regions of Jammu and Ladakh.

Article 370: Changes made via Presidential order of 2019

On 5 August 2019, Home Minister Amit Shah announced in the  Rajya Sabha  (upper house of the Indian Parliament) that the President of India had issued  The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 (C.O. 272) under Article 370, superseding the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.

The order stated that all the provisions of the Indian Constitution applied to Jammu and Kashmir.

While the 1954 order specified that only some articles of the Indian constitution to apply to the state, the new order removed all such restrictions.

This in effect meant that the separate Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir stood abrogated.

The President issued the order with the “concurrence of the Government of State of Jammu and Kashmir”, which meant the Governor appointed by the Union government.

Change of status: Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019

After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganized it into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east.

The two union territories came into existence on 31 October 2019, which was celebrated as National Unity Day.

The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir was proposed to have a legislature under the bill whereas the union territory of Ladakh is proposed to not have one.

Urge for Peace

The initial period of popular support for militancy has now given way to the urge for peace.

The Centre has started negotiations with various separatist groups. Instead of demanding a separate nation, most of the separatists in the dialogue are trying to re-negotiate a relationship of the State with India.

The Kashmir issue – has multiple dimensions – external and internal; inter-state as well as intra-state. Not even the separatists are on the same ground – their demands are different.

The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir which was under the control of British India – is now not entirely with India. Pakistan and China too now occupy a significant portion of the territories of the erstwhile princely state.

Of course, the Kashmir problem also includes the issue of Kashmiri identity known as Kashmiriyat. However, almost every state in India has its own identity – Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, or Kerala. However, the people in each of these states even when seeing themselves as Tamilians, Kannadagans, Bengalis or Malayalis are also able to see the bigger picture – they identify themselves as Indians.

Jammu and Kashmir is one of the living examples of plural society and politics. Not only are there diversities of all kinds (religious, cultural, linguistic, ethnic, tribal) but there are also divergent political aspirations.

Unfortunately, from the perspective of the youth of Kashmir, there is a growing trust deficit. It’s a hard reality that Jammu and Kashmir never functioned like other Indian states since its accession to India. It had given higher autonomy initially, however, it got eroded in practice.

The first step to solving the Kashmir issue is to identify the problems behind the alienation of Kashmir. Here are some of them:

• Mishandling of the Kashmir Issue by the successive Central governments of India – which includes frequent dismissal of State Assemblies.
• The state governments of Kashmir failed to distribute the benefits of growth and development to every area of Kashmir.
• The terrorist and military outfits in Pakistan have been distancing the youth of Kashmir from the democratic form of the Indian government.
• The regular presence of the Indian Armed Force or CAPF in the Kashmir interiors, and the misuse of provisions like ASFPA.

To find a solution to the Kashmir issue – all stakeholders should be considered.

What is the need of the hour is proper integration of Kashmir, Jammu, and Ladakh with India. Integration should not be seen in a limited dimension of territory. India should be able to win the hearts of the people of Kashmir.

Only time can tell about the success of the changes made concerning the provisions of Article 370.

Kashmir was and still is an integral part of India. It has a plural and secular culture – just like the rest of India. Urgent steps should be taken to bridge the gaps of trust deficit in the minds of Kashmiri youth. All Kashmiris should get the due share in the growth story of India. Like all other states in India, there should be adequate political autonomy in Jammu and Kashmir.

Violence, terrorism, and killings are never the answer – be it on any side. What do you think?

Read: Ladakh statehood

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About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

A trusted mentor and pioneer in online training , Alex's guidance, strategies, study-materials, and mock-exams have helped many aspirants to become IAS, IPS, and IFS officers.

Reader Interactions

March 6, 2019 at 6:50 pm

The separatist themselves don’t want this situation to have a positive outcome as it will subsequently deteriorate/hamper their “political” stance which they’ve nurtured since a long time.

February 11, 2023 at 7:29 pm

I never seen a article like this…its amazing date wise i m from Kashmir i nvr understand Kashmir isssue , Kashmir history from beginning…but today i understand full 🌝 thanks to the author of this article 😊

March 6, 2019 at 7:30 pm

As long as radical brainwashed of youth continues…nothing can be done, first shut down all those radical institutions & then bring education that teaches about secularism & India’s beauty & achievements!

March 6, 2019 at 7:43 pm

kashmiri youth mind are washed out by these separatist…and some militant group ..work opportunity should be given to the youths of kashmir alike other states of india ….Empty mind see only a way to destruction…..

March 6, 2019 at 11:58 pm

The real situation of J&K can be assessed only by hearing the voices of the common people, the constitutional arrangements like Article 370, Article 35A & IoA must be respected to keep the relationship intact.

March 18, 2019 at 11:34 pm

Common people with normal situation ab toh majority Muslim log ka hi hai…. pehle un hinduwo ko bulo jinko waha se bhga diya gya …tb na brabar ka faisla hoga

March 7, 2019 at 9:52 am

there is another angle to look into this dispute and that is religion. religion play a major role in building and developing the behaviour of the society.

March 7, 2019 at 10:31 am

Yes, I do agree that wars, disputes, killing will no longer be a way to provide an efficient solution to Kashmir issue.

March 8, 2019 at 12:21 pm

wonderful article….!! what i believe is ..us Indians should stand together for Kashmir… and make people of Kashmir know that though we are 1000’s of kilometers away we still stand for them will be their strength…Apart from all the political drama they should know that a simple spark in kashmir will cause a wildfire in kanyakumari.. The role of govt here is the root cause of all the issues if u ask me .. what were you doing while the kidnapper lure the kid with the candy …? now indian govt should respect the kashmiri’s give them the hope and gain trust.. a lot of bloodshed ,mutilated bodies , power abuse , women abuse … give them hope …show them we love them .. youth from other states understand the kashmiris show them the support.. show them why they should be a part of india …

March 8, 2019 at 5:20 pm

For the violence to stop in Kashmir and preventing this problem to further aggravate development plans, projects should be well reached in the state so that the youth is engaged in something productive rather than destructive work. First of all, the politicisation of the State situation should be avoided.

March 13, 2019 at 11:31 pm

This is not the solution of problem,but give the right of people.As it is mentioned is article that Kashmir was a princely state,it has right to what they want,the Kashmir dispute has only one solution come India and Pakistan forward and give rights to Jammu and Kashmir people what they want,and destroy this illegal occupied.

March 14, 2019 at 2:54 pm

Further plubicite may useful for kashmiris yo choose their will…

March 27, 2019 at 7:14 pm

Your assumption of Kashmir being an integral part of India because the it was a part of The Mughal Empire is akin to the assumption that India is an integral part of Great Britain because it was a British colony once. That is ridiculous! The problem would not be solved till India accepts the fact that Kashmir is not an integral part of India. You cannot blame Pakistan for it then because Pakistan was as much ‘India’ once as new India is. So morally, historically, Politically and logically, by your argument, Pakistan is nowhere wrong to claim Kashmir for itself!

April 7, 2019 at 6:48 pm

but chirag The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir but india didn’t. So, Pakistan is wrong as it was a the first one who attack….in 1947 october after that indian government helps J&K and our military took over the charge.

April 7, 2019 at 9:33 pm

state politician are taking due benefit of the prevailing situation in jammu kashmir. They are making their vote bank at the cost of common public. Center should make efforts to ground level development through job creation employment generation education and overall development of state. mare education is not solution even the highly educated students after getting no source of income has diverted their route which mislead the other growing youth. Stone pelting is source of income for some public because they are paid for this for which politicians and other extremists are responsible as they bargain with center for normalcy of situation.

July 10, 2019 at 10:56 am

all is messed up because of british government gave 3 choice instead of two

August 2, 2019 at 2:47 am

Very good article, Alex! 🙂

August 9, 2019 at 8:30 pm

The only thing matters is that J&K belongs to India, anyone can claim it but won’t get even a stone of it. (At least till the plebiscite is done with all the Kashmiris taking part including the one who had left or removed from Kashmir). They do deserve to take their own decision with all due respect but including all the Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Buddhists.

August 14, 2019 at 6:31 pm

This is the best article I have ever read……!!! Really helpful in making a notes on Kashmir…..Thankyou very much…..!!!!!!

August 19, 2019 at 6:42 pm

Now the minds of kashmir people have been washed with the continuous presence of separatists and the Pak sponsored terrorism. No more plebiscites are needed to be given to these people. Indian government and the constitution is supreme. They have revoked 370 to bring the J & K into mainstream for all round development of J&K and its people. Pak does not have any right to interfere in our affairs, since its accession to India.

January 24, 2020 at 9:12 pm

Really good notes, grateful thanks to clearias team

February 9, 2020 at 6:21 pm

If Indian government wanted to integrated Kashmir into Indian Union, they should behave like human towards Kashmiri people who suffered from torture, disappearance, rapped by Indian Army from decades. Even Kashmiri youth experience torture, mob lynching by rest of indian people and although India wanted to integrate land of Kashmir not the people.

March 30, 2020 at 12:07 am

Can I download all of this in pdf format?

April 22, 2020 at 9:16 pm

Thank you sir

May 21, 2020 at 1:25 pm

It’s a very good article and has explained the J&K issue as easily as possible yet maintained the details. My look over the recent amendments on the J&K issue has changed, and it looks like a step that will work for the people in the long run (however not in the short term).

September 14, 2020 at 12:23 pm

Now come to know more about J & K issue… Contents of several book in one article.. Separatists,militants,terrorists, defunct politicians should be treated hard with central / State agencies … Hope for peace not only in valley… But in all parts including jammu,Kashmir & Ladakh……

October 27, 2020 at 12:44 am

I have a simple question. Even if both Pakistan and India want and agree on something. Should that be the solution, or should it be what the people want. To me, whether you like it or not, its the right of the Kashmiris to decide what they want for their future. Give them that right, thats the only fair solution.

And if you are not bothered by what is fair then the alternative is to go with the powerful and war is the way to find who is stronger.

March 21, 2022 at 3:38 pm

This Article is Baseless and Far From Ground Reality of Our Kashmir Nation , Kashmir Is not a integral or Vein of Any Nation wether is India or Pakistan , Kashmir Is Independent Before Birth of India or Pakistan.. Due to Continues occupation by Non Kashmirs Wehter is Muslim or Non Muslims , We Kashmirs Fight against the Occupation From years, still we are under Occupation joinlty by India paksitain and China ,, We Kashmirs are Peaceful Community between three Nation , we Lost more then 1 lakh we are wintess of crimes done by Non Kashmirs, we kashmiri Never agaist any Pakistain or India , but we never allow any indian or pakitain Interfercne in out kashmir , due to interference of India and Pakistan is responsible for destruction of our kashmir nation , We Peaple of kashmir never accept any occupation , 1000 political Drama playing by tri nation till date in our kashmir..

we Kashmiri appeal to Good and responsible Citizen of India and Pakistaini , both-side people are misguided regarding the Kashmir nation, the Ground Reality is different.. we Kashmiri respect both side nation as guest , we welcome every country peoples visit our kashmir people but we never accept India and pakistain occupation and we never forget the crimes of India and pakistain .

April 27, 2023 at 5:08 pm

Please update your notes. This is brilliantly done.

July 26, 2023 at 7:08 pm

Unbiased, good analysis and effectively presented. Hope the powers to be can affect the policy ideas presented here. Thanks!

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Essay on Jammu and Kashmir- 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in English: Embark on a comprehensive journey through the captivating landscape and intricate cultural tapestry of Jammu and Kashmir in this enlightening Essay on Jammu and Kashmir.

Explore the region’s rich history, diverse traditions, and the complex socio-political landscape that defines one of India’s most picturesque yet contested territories. Unveil the beauty of its landscapes, delve into the uniqueness of its arts and crafts, and gain insights into the challenges and aspirations that shape the identity of Jammu and Kashmir.

Table of Contents

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in English in 10 Lines

“Delve into the diverse tapestry of Jammu and Kashmir in this insightful essay in English , exploring its rich history, cultural heritage, and the complexities that define its unique identity.”

• Jammu and Kashmir, often referred to as “Paradise on Earth,” is a union territory in northern India.
• Renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, it encompasses the snowy peaks of the Himalayas and the scenic Dal Lake.
• The region has a diverse cultural heritage, influenced by Hindu, Muslim, and Buddhist traditions.
• Jammu, known for its temples, serves as a hub for pilgrimage tourism.
• Srinagar, the summer capital, is famous for its houseboats, gardens, and traditional handicrafts.
• The state’s history is complex, marked by geopolitical disputes and conflicts.
• Article 370, granting autonomy, was revoked in 2019, transforming Jammu and Kashmir into a union territory.
• The decision sparked debates over regional autonomy, security concerns, and the future of the region.
• Despite challenges, efforts continue to restore peace and promote economic development.
• Jammu and Kashmir remain a captivating blend of natural beauty, cultural richness, and ongoing socio-political dynamics.

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in 100 Words – Short Essay

“Explore the multifaceted identity of Jammu and Kashmir in this concise essay, delving into its captivating landscapes, diverse cultural heritage, and the complexities that shape its unique socio-political landscape.”

Jammu and Kashmir, a union territory in northern India, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and diverse cultural heritage. The region, often called “Paradise on Earth,” boasts snow-capped Himalayan peaks and the picturesque Dal Lake.

Jammu, a hub of temples, contrasts with Srinagar, the summer capital known for houseboats and traditional crafts. The area’s history is complex, marked by geopolitical disputes and conflicts.

The revocation of Article 370 in 2019 transformed it into a union territory, sparking debates on autonomy and security. Despite challenges, efforts persist to restore peace and foster economic development in this captivating blend of natural beauty and cultural richness.

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in 500 Words in English

“Embark on a comprehensive exploration of Jammu and Kashmir’s rich history, diverse culture, scenic beauty, and complex geopolitical landscape in this illuminating 500-word Essay on Jammu and Kashmir.”

Jammu and Kashmir, a union territory located in the northern part of India, is a region of immense geographical diversity and cultural richness. Nestled amidst the towering peaks of the Himalayas, this land is often referred to as “Paradise on Earth” for its breathtaking landscapes. The state, before its reorganization in 2019, comprised three distinct regions: Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh.

Jammu, known for its temples and vibrant festivals, reflects a predominantly Hindu cultural influence. The Vaishno Devi shrine, a sacred Hindu pilgrimage site, attracts millions of devotees annually. The region’s topography transitions from the Shivalik foothills to the plains, offering a varied and picturesque landscape.

Kashmir, with its picturesque valleys, lakes, and gardens, is an epitome of natural beauty. Srinagar, the summer capital, is renowned for its houseboats on Dal Lake and Mughal gardens like Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh. The cultural tapestry of Kashmir is a blend of Hindu and Muslim traditions, evident in its handicrafts, traditional attire, and festivals.

Ladakh, the eastern part of the region, is a high-altitude desert known for its stark beauty and Buddhist monasteries. The monastic festivals, such as Hemis Festival, offer a glimpse into Ladakh’s rich cultural heritage. The region’s strategic importance is highlighted by its proximity to the borders of China and Pakistan.

The history of Jammu and Kashmir is marked by complexity, geopolitical significance, and territorial disputes. During the partition of British India in 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India, leading to conflicts with Pakistan. The Line of Control, established after several wars between India and Pakistan, divides the region into areas administered by both nations.

In 2019, the Indian government undertook a historic decision by abrogating Article 370, which granted special autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. This move transformed the state into two separate union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. The decision was met with varied reactions, sparking discussions on regional autonomy, security concerns, and the political future of the region.

Challenges faced by Jammu and Kashmir include security concerns, economic development, and political stability. Insurgency and conflict have impacted the lives of the residents, necessitating efforts for lasting peace and reconciliation. The tourism potential of the region, with its natural beauty and cultural heritage, remains immense. Sustainable tourism initiatives aim to showcase the region’s splendor while preserving its ecological and cultural integrity.

The cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir is reflected in its traditional arts and crafts. Pashmina shawls, Kashmiri carpets, and intricate handicrafts are not only economic contributors but also symbols of the region’s artistic prowess. Efforts to promote these crafts globally contribute to the local economy.

Ongoing reconciliation efforts include dialogue, economic development, and outreach programs to address grievances and foster inclusivity among the diverse communities. Despite the challenges, the people of Jammu and Kashmir aspire to see their homeland thrive in peace, prosperity, and cultural harmony, embodying the true essence of the “Paradise on Earth.” The region remains an integral part of India’s narrative, blending a complex history with an enduring spirit for a brighter future.

1000 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir

“Embark on an extensive exploration of Jammu and Kashmir’s multifaceted identity, encompassing its rich history, cultural diversity, geographical splendor, and the socio-political dynamics that have shaped this captivating region, in this enlightening 1000-word essay.”

Introduction: A Land of Enchanting Diversity

Jammu and Kashmir, often referred to as the “Crown of India,” is a region of unparalleled beauty and complexity. Nestled in the northernmost part of the country, this union territory is characterized by breathtaking landscapes, rich cultural diversity, and a history marked by geopolitical intricacies.

Geography and Landscape – Nature’s Masterpiece

The geographical diversity of Jammu and Kashmir is a testament to nature’s grandeur. From the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to the serene valleys and pristine lakes, the region is a visual spectacle. The iconic Dal Lake in Srinagar, surrounded by houseboats and Mughal gardens, epitomizes the region’s picturesque charm.

Cultural Tapestry – A Melting Pot of Traditions

Jammu and Kashmir’s cultural fabric is woven with threads from Hindu, Muslim, and Buddhist traditions. The coexistence of diverse communities contributes to a rich and harmonious cultural mosaic. The vibrant Hindu influence in Jammu, the Kashmiri Muslim traditions in Srinagar, and the Buddhist heritage in Ladakh collectively create a cultural tapestry unique to the region.

Historical Significance – Complex Narratives

The history of Jammu and Kashmir is a complex narrative shaped by a confluence of events. The princely state’s accession to India post-independence sparked territorial disputes with Pakistan, leading to wars and conflicts. The Line of Control, established after Indo-Pak wars, delineates areas administered by the two nations, adding another layer of complexity to the historical context.

Article 370 and Change in Status – A Historic Transformation

In 2019, a historic decision reverberated through the region when the Indian government abrogated Article 370, thereby revoking Jammu and Kashmir’s special autonomy. The move was accompanied by the bifurcation of the state into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. This decision stirred debates on regional autonomy, security concerns, and the political trajectory of the region.

Challenges and Aspirations – Navigating Complex Realities

Jammu and Kashmir faces an array of challenges encompassing security concerns, economic development, and political stability. The region has witnessed conflicts and insurgency, impacting the lives of its residents. Ongoing efforts seek to address these challenges, with a focus on restoring peace, promoting tourism, and fostering economic growth.

Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts – Artistry Beyond Boundaries

The region’s cultural heritage finds expression in its traditional arts and crafts. Pashmina shawls, Kashmiri carpets, and intricate handicrafts not only reflect the artistic prowess of the region but also contribute significantly to the local economy. These crafts serve as cultural ambassadors, attracting admirers from around the world.

Tourism Potential – Beyond the Obvious

Jammu and Kashmir’s tourism potential is immense, drawing visitors with its natural beauty, historical sites, and cultural richness. Sustainable tourism initiatives aim to showcase the region’s splendor while preserving its ecological and cultural integrity. Despite the challenges, the allure of the region remains undiminished.

Ongoing Reconciliation Efforts – Nurturing Peaceful Coexistence

Reconciliation efforts play a pivotal role in the region’s journey toward lasting peace. Dialogue, economic development, and outreach programs seek to address grievances and foster a sense of inclusivity and belonging among the diverse communities that call Jammu and Kashmir home.

Conclusion: Jammu and Kashmir – Balancing Beauty and Complexity

In conclusion, Essay on Jammu and Kashmir emerges as a region that seamlessly balances its enchanting natural beauty with the complexities of its historical, cultural, and political landscape. From the towering peaks of the Himalayas to the shores of Dal Lake, every facet of the region tells a story of resilience, diversity, and an enduring spirit that navigates through challenges to carve a path toward a brighter future. The region, with its multifaceted identity, remains an integral part of India’s narrative, inviting exploration, understanding, and an appreciation for the delicate dance between beauty and complexity.

The Essay on Jammu and Kashmir delves into Jammu and Kashmir’s captivating blend of natural splendor, cultural richness, and geopolitical intricacies. From the Himalayan peaks to the serene Dal Lake, the region’s beauty intertwines with a complex history and diverse traditions.

As Jammu and Kashmir navigates challenges and aspirations, it stands as a testament to resilience. The multifaceted tapestry of this union territory invites exploration, fostering an appreciation for its unique identity in the vast landscape of India.

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Pakistan always keeps Kashmir issue alive at global forums: Governor

He said that the international community must focus on just solution of kashmir issue.

LAHORE  -  Punjab Governor Muhammad Balighur Rehman said on Monday that Pakistan has always played its role in keeping the issue of Kashmir alive at all forums of the world including the United Na­tions Organization (UNO) and Organ­isation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). He was addressing the ceremony in connection with Kashmir Solidarity Day organized by Punjab Department of Information and Culture here at Al-Hamra Arts Council where Secretary Information Daniyal Saleem Gilani, Director General Public Relations Pun­jab, Rubina Afzal, Kashmiri Hurriyat leader Mushtaq Mehm­ood and a large number of people from different walks of life were pres­ent. The Governor said that today Pakistanis and millions of Kashmiris liv­ing around the world, are observing Kashmir Solidarity Day against In­dia’s invasion and illegal occupation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. He added that the purpose of observing this day is to draw the attention of the international community towards the Indian usurpation and oppression of the occupied state of Jammu and Kash­mir so that the oppressed Kashmiris get their right to self-determination. He said that the attack on the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir on 27 October 1947 was an armed aggres­sion that had shattered the peace of the region. Now most of the countries of the world have become aware of In­dia’s nefarious designs. He said that a peaceful solution to the Kashmir issue according to the UN resolutions is also better for India. He added that justice and goodness always prevail, while oppression and tyranny are doomed to be defeated ultimately. The Gov­ernor said that today, people of Paki­stan and Kashmiris from all over the world are giving a clear message to the world that lasting peace cannot be established in the region without resolving the Kashmir issue. The hei­nous violations of human rights in occupied Jammu and Kashmir have turned occupied Jammu and Kashmir into an open-air prison. He empha­sized that the international commu­nity must focus on the just solution of the Kashmir and the Palestine issue so that the future of the world can be secured. He said that the helpless people of Kashmir and Palestine are waiting for immediate help and assis­tance from the world. He urged that the United Nations and other inter­national organizations have to play their active role to stop the Indian atrocities, violence and aggression against the Kashmiris. The Governor said that international powers should play an active role in ensuring the implementation of UN resolutions regard­ing the solution of the Kashmir issue because it is not just a geographical issue but the most important issue for the fu­ture of South Asia which cannot be ig­nored. He said that the media should highlight Indian atrocities in an effec­tive manner at the global level. Like­wise, human rights violations and atrocities in Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IIOJK) should be highlighted through social media platforms so that the world knows that India is a belligerent country that is a threat to world peace. Pun­jab Governor Muhammad Balighur Rehman reiterated that the govern­ment of Pakistan and all Pakistanis stand with millions of oppressed Kashmiris living in IIOJK and Paki­stan will continue to support the op­pressed Kashmiris in humanitarian, moral and diplomatic terms.

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Is Kashmir on the Way of Good Relationship between Pakistan and India? Term Paper

Background information.

The relationship between India and Pakistan has been in the global spotlight for many decades now. It is highly characterized by constant interstate confrontations, war, and numerous crises. Ever since the late 1940s, the Indo-Pakistan relations have been in a state of cold war and over the years the conflict has escalated and taken the form of widespread armed clashes as well as nuclear war (Lyon ix). The dominant aim in the official Indo-Pakistan relations has been the search for lasting peace between the two countries (Lyon ix).

However, despite many numerous efforts by the international community to intervene in the situation, the warfare between the two countries has continued to widen in scope, technological inputs as well as the extent of destructiveness (Lyon xi). In 2001-2002, the two countries clashed when India mobilized its troops on the international border consequently provoking a Pakistani response which led to a ten month confrontation between the two countries.

The relationship between the two countries was highly influenced by border conflicts as well as internal violence due to communalism, caste, and class conflict insurgencies which tended to overflow beyond the internal boundaries consequently resulting in interstate conflicts (Lyons xii).

In addition, the economic relations between the two countries was characterized by conflict on division of the assets which served to intensify the conflict in the region and despite the fact that India embarked on significant liberalization of its economies and sought to widen its trade and investment in the subsequent years, the two countries still clash at issues regarding assets allocation and other economic disagreements (Lyons xii).

In our attempt to understand the underlying factors that influence the relationship between India and Pakistan, we will analyze the major conflicts that have taken place in the region by focusing on three fundamental questions as outlined in the table below.

Can the conflict between India and Pakistan be solely attributed to the dispute over Kashmir?

Right hypothesis.

The root of all the conflicts and tensions in the region can be traced to boundary disagreements regarding Kashmir (Rafi 118).

Wrong hypothesis

The warring countries usually cover for the widespread internal instabilities by citing Kashmir as the root cause of problems within the region (Cohen 204).

Ever since 1947, the relationship between India and Pakistan has continued to deteriorate despite numerous efforts by internal and external bodies to establish an amicable solution. Both nations have engaged in three actual wars and several other internal conflicts which have led to institutionalization of a trend that promotes accelerating arms race and growing nuclear power in the region.

According to Rafi, Kashmir is the major and perhaps most persistent source of conflict between India and Pakistan since it has been cited as the source of two wars and several skirmishes. According to this writer, Kashmir is the most serious issue facing the two countries and presents itself as an international concern.

Rafi presents the irreconcilable differences between the two countries by revealing Pakistan’s conceptualization of Kashmir as central pillar for national pride and a symbol of national identity while in India; Kashmir has been made an integral part of the country by all Indian governments. The writer asserts that the highly intractable positions of both sides have only served to worsen the situation and frustrate any efforts towards reconciliation (Rafi 125).

On the other hand, Ayoob argues that the differences which have arisen in other internal issues are the major causes of tension and instability and conflicts between the two countries.

The writer has been backed by other scholars who have attempted to trace the root of the rivalry between the two countries by shifting their focus from the Kashmir problems and identified that the conflict persistent in the region have assisted the respective governments in suppressing internal crisis as well as crises of national integration. For instance, Pakistan utilized Indian threats to suppress dissent in East Pakistan for many years (Ayoob 42).

According to Ayoob, the conflict and tensions prevalent in the region should be attributed to such factors as political instability which is widespread in these countries and often frustrate the efforts to resolve any conflicts arising between the two countries. In addition, the writer observes that internal intra elite conflicts and competition adversely affects the relationship between the India and Pakistan since they heavily influence the way policies are formulated (Ayoob 45).

Another major and perhaps less emphasized factor that has promoted interstate conflict between the two countries is status inconsistency in international relations. The two country’s perception of their power status remains largely incompatible and their goals towards achievement of these perceived statuses may have led to the conflicts that persist to date in the region (Ayoob 47).

Numerous reasons have been identified as the major causes of tension between India and Pakistan. (Chopra 336) identifies the test of nuclear weapon and missiles as one of the major and perhaps a more recent factor that promoted friction between India and Pakistan.

The history of this conflict is more recent dating back to 1998 when the two countries engaged in nuclear confrontations which threatened the lives of people living in this region and the world at large (Chopra 335). The latest crisis was experienced despite the US efforts to deploy its forces in Afghanistan and out of bases in Pakistan (Pundak 69). The conflict was highly facilitated by the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament followed by a terrorist attack in on an Indian army camp.

This forced the Indians to respond and consequently, both countries mobilized their conventional forces and moved them to border areas despite the increasing external pressure for Pakistan to rein in the cross border infiltration of the militants into Kashmir while urging India to refrain from military escalation in order to prevent the likelihood of a nuclear war (Pundak 69).

This issue remains one of great delicacy since nuclear war would not only have devastating effects on the occupants of this region but would also affect the external world. Consequently, the United States intervened on the crisis by pressing Pakistan to permanently end its support for terrorism in the region of Kashmir and encouraged India to use elections in order to implement political change in the region (Pundak 69).

The arms embargo by the United States has led to steady atrophy in military equipment and despite the fact that China has offered to offer military assistance to Pakistan which has raised a lot of controversy in thee region, India still enjoys comparative advantage in terms of access to conventional weaponry from the cash starved Asia (Pundak 71).

Pakistan poor economic performance relative to India’s healthy growth inhibits the ability of the country to finance its modernization programs and this is worsened by lack of back up from developed countries such as US in favor of India which serves to further intensify the imbalance. The persistent threat of imbalance in the nuclear force structure between the two regions promotes instability in the region.

Emergence of major asymmetry in nuclear postures in the two countries could produce adverse instability but this is likely not to happen in the near future. However, dynamics of even slow arms is likely to continue to fuel anxiety in the region which is likely to stir nuclear instability.

The interstate conflict between the two countries can therefore be attributed to numerous factors and although the Kashmir dispute has been the major cause of most conflicts in the region, the countries should focus on solving the internal problems facing each of the countries in order to be able to deal with the prevalent interstate problems.

Is the intervention by external bodies effective in promoting the peace process between the two countries?

United Nations and the Soviet Union have in the past succeeded in ending the war between the two countries (Rafi 201).

Regional peace is impossible with the countries lack of dedication to the peace process.

(Cohen P 222)

Border conflicts between India and Pakistan have been persistent over a long period of time with Pakistan claiming over some territories believed to belong to the Indians and consequently attacking Indian posts. In June 1965 for example, resulting from Pakistan’s infiltration in Kashmir across the ceasefire line, there emerged war between India and Pakistan and the two countries have continued to fight over the same despite the Tashkent declaration (Chopra 336).

According to Haq, Pakistan believes that the key to attaining a permanent and amicable solution to the Kashmir will only be possible with Kashmiri leadership from both sides coming into a common platform and display flexibility to achieve a durable solution. Measures have been put to ensure that Indians understand that the Kashmiris are a stakeholder in the bilateral dialogue and they must therefore be considered as the principal beneficiaries of the eventual outcome of the peace process.

Haq highlights Pakistan caretaker prime minister’s acknowledgement that the history of Pakistan and India relations is bound to remain vulnerable as long as the two countries fail to resolve the core issues of Kashmir and Jammu which have formed the major contention in the region. The peace process is aimed at ensuring the solution established goes beyond the confidence building measures into addressing the implications of the conflict (Haq 2).

Mohammadmian Soomro emphasizes on the need for incorporating the Kashmiris in the process of peace keeping which he feels that will enable the two countries to reach mutually acceptable and sustainable solution in attempt to display the region’s commitment to the peace efforts and resolutions with India. Further, Pakistan has been found willing to move beyond conflict management towards conflict resolution since this would provide an amicable solution not only to the parties involved but also to international peace and security (Haq 2).

The writer emphasizes on Pakistan’s opposition of the Indian security forces which are stationed in the region of Kashmir and are empowered with Draconian laws which serves to deny the citizens their basic fundamental rights and the right to self determination to the Kashmir people and the prime minister expressed optimism that India will show the same dedication and flexibility as displayed by the Pakistani since this will foster cooperation and development in both countries which will promote development of a permanent solution to their conflict.

Some other writer are optimistic that the modern situation provides a chance for conflict resolution in the region especially drawing from the Indian’s prime minister’s far sighted decision to respond to the initiatives of the Pakistan’s prime minister which saw a couple of measures implemented by both countries in the recent past and continues to be implemented in future.

Further, the SAARC summit of 2004 had served to raise hopes that a dialogue process may commence following the summit (Gupta 365). Agreement on a peace process provides the context for constructive dialogue between the two warring countries and the peace process should incorporate a settlement process and a range of confidence building measures and resort to avoid impasse (Gupta 365).

In addition, Kashmiris should ensure that they remain neutral in the conflict between India and Pakistan to avoid further conflict between the two countries but this will largely impair the possibility of addressing their grievances as well as the widespread human rights violations that continues to take place in the region (Gupta 365)

Over the years, numerous solutions have been proposed in the attempt to resolve the Kashmir problem which has been the major source of interstate conflicts between the two countries.

Solutions proposed include implementation of soft borders between the two parts of Kashmir pending a permanent and fair solution to the underlying problem, region-by-region plebiscite of the Kashmiris, UN trusteeship of the region under contention, sharing the territory along the lines of Trieste and Andorra models or the establishment of a nominally sovereign territory controlled jointly by the two states, depopulation of Muslim Kashmiris and repopulation by Hindus from India among other strategies (Cohen 220).

Cohen seeks to answer the question as to why the conflict continues to persist despite the numerous efforts and dialogue designed to resolve the conflict between the two countries. He explains the hindrances in three fold;

Firstly, the cold war highly influenced the United States and Soviet Union perception of the dispute as an inherent East-West struggle. Secondly, India and Pakistan continue to pursue inflexible strategies whereby India has gradually diminished Kashmir’s special status under article 370 of the constitution of India which grants the state special status in the Indian Union. The country also continues to pretend that a solution has been achieved through the Simla agreement which serves to derail the process of establishing a solution.

This strategy by India later facilitated further disagreements between the two countries with consequences being evidenced in the 1980s when India rejected the political option and was reluctant to accommodate the Kashmiris demands and also excluded Pakistan from their Kashmir policy while resisting outside efforts to resolve the conflict (Cohen 220). Yet, India lacks the resources, the will or a strategic plan to deal with the problem that heavily determines the relationship between the two countries single handedly.

On the other hand, Pakistan often resort to force and military as well as terrorist attacks in the attempt to acquire Kashmir from the Indians and this not only further worsens the political relationship between the two countries, it continues to give the Indian government an opportunity to avoid negotiations aimed at resolving the conflict and this has also served to alienate the Kashmiris in the past.

The Kashmiris seek to exploit benefits from this disagreement despite the fact that they are victims of the situation by seeking Independence from India and Pakistan. Consequently, India and Pakistan continue to conflict on which of the two countries should control Kashmir and the mechanism for addressing the Kashmir’s grievances but agree on one thing, that the region should not be made an independent state (Cohen 221).

This render the proposal from outsiders that focus on the interests of the Kashmiris in determination of the fate of the region fruitless as they remain unsupported in New Delhi and Islamabad which are the major stakeholders in determining the fate of the relationship between the two countries.

Cohen observes that the dispute has become so deeply entrenched in the conflict between the two countries and it’s so complicated that the parties involved are likely to experience huge difficulties in trying to resolve it.

The valley residents continually raise complaints that they are being invaded by Indians while other Kashmiri groups such as Pandits are in constant fear of invasion by the Muslims (Cohen 221). To further complicate the process towards establishing a solution, there exist different perspectives within India and Pakistan on Kashmir and during the Kashmir crises of 1990, the further one was from Islamabad and Delhi, the less passion there was about Kashmir.

Lack of a working solution is highly influenced by lack of a strategy and if such a strategy had existed in the 80s, then the later consequences that have seen India and Pakistan at the verge of war may have been avoided. In addition, positive change in the relationship between Pakistan and India would require reform in each state as well as a comprehensive solution to the Kashmir problem.

Another major impairment to the process of reconciliation in the region is that none of the parties involved is time conscious on the duration of time that the resolution should take place. Both countries lack commitment to reconciliation process and despite the fact that a lot has and continues to be done to reconcile the two countries; they are likely to fail if both countries continue to lack commitment towards the process.

Are the two countries headed for a resolution or permanent hostility?

Regional trade may be utilized to promote good relations between the two countries.

Policy issues significantly hinder effective implementation of the peace process

(Cohen 220)

Paul views the case of Pakistan India conflict as a careful representation of enduring rivalry in the region.

According to Paul, identity which refers to ethnic and linguistic attachments as well as nature of politics, purpose of the state and its underlying values is the major factor hindering the peace process (Paul 178). The rivalry depicts issues in national identity in Pakistan and India with the rise of Islamism and Hindu nationalism as well as their role in shaping identities in the two countries.

Paul also acknowledges that at the face value, sacralization of politics in the two countries has resulted in the persistence of rivalry in both regions but the historical evidence does not necessarily support this conclusion and has provided for greater opportunities for compromise. Identity may have played a major role in Indian Pakistan rivalry in the past but the role has increasingly changed with both countries becoming more reliant on religious ideology in their mode of governance.

However, the nations’ identity may not have necessary resulted in negative implications that may significantly hinder the process of resolving the conflict but it has provided existing dynamics of the rivalry with new ideological orientation as well as political opportunities.

For instance, In India, the rise of Hindu nationalism has strengthened attitudes towards the question of Pakistan while the Pakistan the impact of Islamism is not consistent and has strengthened Pakistan’s identity without necessarily strengthening the communalist discourse that legitimated the rivalry (Paul 201)

Cohen on the other hand views the controversy surrounding Kashmir to be more intense in India relative to Pakistan and no future can be absolutely determined with the conflict still persisting especially due to the Indian view to draw international boundary along the cease fire area with minor adjustments while Pakistan continues to rejects this idea although it keeps cropping up in proposals by Indians as well as third parties (Cohen 223).

The region has the potential to achieve long lasting peace drawing on past experiences in regions that have managed to resolve their conflicts but due to the extent to which the conflict has been entrenched in the region, extensive and major policy issues have to be addressed in both India and Pakistan in order to reach an amicable solution.

Regional peace however, seems hard to accomplish since India, highly critical of two nation theory views Pakistan’s sole reason for existence as based on this theory and also a force that would encourage India’s large Muslim population to promote separatist groups (Cohen 223).

Indian argument suggests that there can be no real peace between the two regions since they fail to accept their core differences existing between them. On the side of Pakistan, the intellectual and political debate area is dominated by hardliners as well as military security establishment with moderate voices often going unheard or intentionally suppressed (Cohen 223).

Consequently, India and Pakistan may not be able to improve their relationship status without intervention from the external community. In order to improve the relationship between India and Pakistan, India would require implementing extensive reforms in its federal system and the military balance between the two countries should be reexamined along with the provisions that would prevent the two states from again turning to arms in Kashmir.

Cohen recommends that Pakistan should reconstruct their view on their approach towards the conflict and rather than focusing on military confrontations, they should draw incentives for interstate associations while India on the other hand has to demonstrate to Pakistan that not only would it be willing to make significant concessions, but it would also be willing to negotiate. Addressing individual identity issues and policy issues in the country would facilitate reconciliation and promote stability in the region.

The role of peace making process should shift towards the fundamental causes of persistent instability between the two countries and the peace process should aim at achieving continuous series of moves aimed at permanent resolution from the nuclear brink. The region should also focus on the other factors affecting the relationship between the two countries such as nuclear war which threatens the peace of the entire world at large.

Works Cited

Ayoob, Mohammed. Conflict Intervention in the Third World . London: Taylor and Francis, 1980. Print.

Chopra Pran Nath. A Comprehensive History of Modern India. New Delhi: Sterling publishers Ltd, 2003. Print.

Cohen, P. Stephen. India: Emerging Power. Washington DC : Brookings institution press, 2001. Print.

Gupta R. Komal. India-Pakistan Relations with Special Reference to Kashmir. New Delhi: Atlantic publishers and distributors, 2006. Print.

Haq ul Noor. “Pakistan- India Peace Process (2008-2009).” Web.

Lyon, Peter. Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia . California: ABC CLIO, 2008. Print.

Paul Thazha Varkey. The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry. New York: Cambridge University press, 2005. Print.

Pundak, Ron. “From Oslo to Taba: What went wrong?” Survival: The IISS Quarterly , Vol. 43 No. 3, Autumn. 2001.

Rafi Khan Shaheen. Regional Integration and Conflict Resolution . London: Taylor and Francis, 2008. Print.

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1. IvyPanda . "Is Kashmir on the Way of Good Relationship between Pakistan and India?" July 23, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/is-kashmir-on-the-way-of-good-relationship-between-pakistan-and-india/.

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IvyPanda . "Is Kashmir on the Way of Good Relationship between Pakistan and India?" July 23, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/is-kashmir-on-the-way-of-good-relationship-between-pakistan-and-india/.

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Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — Pakistan — Pakistan occupied Kashmir

Pakistan Occupied Kashmir

• Categories: Pakistan

About this sample

Words: 1959 |

10 min read

Published: Nov 7, 2018

Words: 1959 | Pages: 4 | 10 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, formation of pok, international law and conventions, the plight of civilians and predicament of refugees, role of pakistan in securing the needs and security of pok civilians.

• The State of Jammu & Kashmir has been, is and shall be an integral part of India and any attempts to separate it from the rest of the country will be resisted by all necessary means;
• India has the will and capacity to firmly counter all designs against its unity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity;
• Pakistan must vacate the areas of the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir, which they have occupied through aggression; and resolves that all attempts to interfere in the internal affairs of India will be met resolutely."

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Essay on Trip to Kashmir

Students are often asked to write an essay on Trip to Kashmir in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Trip to Kashmir

Introduction.

Kashmir, often referred to as ‘Paradise on Earth’, is a place of breathtaking beauty. My trip to Kashmir was an unforgettable experience.

The Journey

The journey was exciting. We travelled by train to Jammu and then by road to Srinagar. The scenic beauty was mesmerizing.

In Srinagar, we stayed in a houseboat on Dal Lake. The floating markets were a unique sight.

Next, we visited Gulmarg. The cable car ride to the snow-covered peaks was thrilling.

The trip to Kashmir was a delightful experience. It was like stepping into a different world.

250 Words Essay on Trip to Kashmir

The enthralling journey.

The trip to Kashmir, often referred to as ‘Paradise on Earth’, was an unforgettable experience. The pristine beauty of the place is not just a visual treat but a soulful retreat. As the plane descended, the panorama of snow-capped mountains, lush green valleys, and sparkling rivers was a sight to behold.

The Exquisite Srinagar

Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, was our first stop. The city is a perfect blend of tradition and modernity. The iconic Dal Lake, with its vibrant Shikaras and floating markets, offered a unique cultural experience. The Mughal Gardens, with their terraced lawns, cascading fountains, and bright flower beds, spoke volumes about the Mughal love for aesthetics and nature.

Gulmarg – The Meadow of Flowers

Next, we visited Gulmarg, a hill station famed for its breathtaking landscapes and adventure sports. The Gondola ride, one of the highest operating cable cars in the world, provided a bird’s eye view of the valley. The adrenaline rush of skiing down the snow-covered slopes was exhilarating.

Pahalgam – The Shepherd’s Village

Our last stop was Pahalgam, a quaint village offering picturesque views and serene trails. A horseback ride to the Betaab Valley was a thrilling experience, while the peaceful environment of the Lidder River was calming.

Reflections

The trip to Kashmir was more than just a visual delight. It was a journey into the heart of nature, a symphony of experiences that resonated with the essence of life and beauty. The memories of this trip are not just imprinted on our minds, but have found a permanent place in our hearts.

500 Words Essay on Trip to Kashmir

Kashmir, often referred to as “Paradise on Earth,” is a mesmerizing blend of picturesque landscapes, invigorating climate, and rich culture. This essay will take you on a virtual journey through this enchanting valley, highlighting its captivating beauty and unique experiences.

The journey to Kashmir is an experience in itself. Whether you choose the aerial route, offering a bird’s eye view of the snow-capped mountains, or the road, winding through the verdant landscapes, each provides a unique perspective. The welcoming cool breeze and the sight of lush green fields and orchards set the tone for the trip ahead.

Srinagar: The Summer Capital

Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, is an epitome of tranquility. The city’s charm lies in the serene Dal Lake, where the vibrant Shikaras (boats) and floating markets offer a unique experience. The sight of beautifully carved wooden houseboats reflecting in the calm waters of the lake is truly captivating. The historic Mughal Gardens, with their terraced lawns, cascading fountains, and bright flower beds, add to the city’s allure.

Gulmarg: The Meadow of Flowers

Next on the itinerary is Gulmarg, a hill station that turns into a snowy wonderland during winter. Famous for its ski slopes and the world’s highest gondola ride, Gulmarg offers breathtaking views of the Himalayan peaks. The lush green meadows, dotted with vibrant flowers, transform into a blanket of white during winters, offering a different kind of beauty.

Pahalgam: The Valley of Shepherds

Pahalgam, another jewel in Kashmir’s crown, is a delight for nature lovers. The Lidder River, flowing through the town, offers opportunities for river rafting. Pahalgam also serves as the base camp for the annual Amarnath Yatra, attracting thousands of pilgrims.

Local Cuisine and Culture

No trip to Kashmir is complete without indulging in the local cuisine. Wazwan, the traditional multi-course meal, is a gastronomic delight. The use of local spices and flavors in dishes like Rogan Josh, Yakhni, and the famed Kahwa (Kashmiri tea) offers a unique culinary experience. The rich culture of Kashmir is reflected in its traditional music, dance, and handicrafts. The exquisite Pashmina shawls, hand-knotted carpets, and intricate Papier-mâché items make for perfect souvenirs.

A trip to Kashmir is an immersion into a unique blend of natural beauty, rich culture, and warm hospitality. It leaves one with unforgettable memories and a longing to return. Despite the challenges that this region has faced, its enchanting beauty remains untouched, making it a paradise worth visiting.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Essay on Kashmir Problem And Its Solution in English

Today we will write on Essay on Kashmir Problem And Its Solution in English, As we all know that Kashmir has been taken as one of the serious issues to talk about for the last so many years.  This has been taken to be one of the international levels of problems whose solution is still not known much. The person of Kashmir has started taking Kashmir solution to be a dream that can never be fulfilled in this life. But if you would be looking into the pages of Kashmir issue, then for sure you would be coming closer with so many of the solutions as well which probably the world has never thought about to come up! Let’s share those Kashmir issue solutions with you!

Solution of Kashmir Problem :

• As we all know that Kashmir is basically taken as the flashpoint between India and Pakistan for more than 60 years.  Presently, the Line of Control has been divided into two regions as where one part has been administered by India and one by Pakistan. India has been making the efforts as where it would formalize this status quo and hence make it acceptable to be the international boundary. But Kashmir has rejected this plan for sure.

• Kashmir has been in favor of joining Pakistan and Pakistan is also on the support of this decision as well. Pakistan has been all the time making the effort to bring about the solution to the Kashmir dispute results. In the state majority of the Muslim population, it would be voting maximum to become the part of Pakistan. The Hindus of Jammu and the Buddhists of Ladakh have never ever shown any kind of the desire to join Pakistan.
• If Kashmir would be joining India, then this would definitely be bringing about the stability right into the region as being the Muslim inhabitants of Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir adding to the Northern Areas.
• Kashmir can often come up with the solution as for where Kashmir can act as the independent country as well. But both Pakistan and Indian are ready enough to give away the This would be bringing out the result of the plebiscite as a vote for the independence that would be opposed by both India and Pakistan.

Well, we don’t think so that in the coming few years no particular solution will be coming over in the Kashmir issue and still Kashmir has to crush between Pakistan and India! What are your opinions about it?

Well this is all about the Essay on Kashmir Problem And Its Solution in English and if you need to add something to this topic then you can write us in the comment section given below on this page.

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Essay on “The Kashmir problem” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

The Kashmir problem

 Essay No. 01

       Synopsis:  Since independence India and Pakistan have been at loggerheads on Kashmir. Pakistan has sponsored terrorism and secessionist elements in the valley.  She has fought three unsuccessful wars against India in the last 50 years on the issue.  Pakistan’s belief that Muslims cannot live as equals in Hindyu-dominent India is baseless.  India is a secular State and there are more Muslims hating in Pakistan itself.  Kashmir’s accessing to India is final and irrevocable.  Political compulsions in Islamabad oblige the leaders there to keep the issue unnecessarily alive and burning.  The US’s own interest makes the matter more complex and disturbing. It is essential that Article 370 is abrogated and Kashmir’s full integration is achieved.  There are some other imperatives which should be taken care of by the popular government immediately.

            For over 50 years there has been bitter hostility over Kashmir between India and Pakistan. Pakistan-sponsored terrorist and extremist outfits have been active of a long time in the valley coursing huge losses in terms of human lives and property.  The secessionist elements trained, armed and sneaked into Kashmir have been systematicallyarryng out sabotage, killing o innocent people, desecration of places of worship, exploding bombs and kidnapping common people and even visitors and foreign tourists.  India is a secular State and there are more Muslims in India then Pakistan. They constitute 13 per cent of the total population of the country of 970 million people.

            Political compulsion in Pakistan oblige the leaders n Islamabad to keep Kashmir issue alive and burning and it is reside again and gains in international forums and conferences of the Islamic nations inspire of the hard fact that Kashmir will remain were it has been for the seat 5 decades- in the thick of all the hype, hoopla and dispute.  The US has its own interests and does not want the issue to be us on the back burner.  She still does not recognize Kashmir as an integral part of India and insists that the issue be settled bilaterally. Washington believes that the valley is still a disputed territory between the two countries and it helps her in mandating her pressure on both the countries.

            The US has declared the Pakistan based terrorist outfit Harkatul-Ansar as terrorist organization, and the other extremist group Kashmir Liberation Front, again sponsored and supported by Islamabad, is under watch and may be soon declared a terrorist outfit by the US Administration.  This action of the US branding the Hark at as a terrorist group is although a belated one, and yet it is has gladdened the Indian establishment.  Now, Pakistan finds itself in a very embracing position as it has amply proved and highlighted the Indian contenting that Pakistan was involved in terrorist activates in India.

            There are certain political compulsions behind these firings and military skirmished.  There has been long drawn out communal violence in Pakistan resulting in thousands of deaths and destructing of property on a large scalpel The Pakistani economy has been in shambles and corruption has been boundless.  Moreover the war next door in Afghanistan threatens to enter into Pakistan.  Therefore, Pakistani rulers find it convenient to keep the LOC alive to divert the attention of the Pak public from ties own failures and bungling.  In the words of some experts the Pakistani leaders have turned the LOC into a lifeline for Pakistan. Unfortunately, Pakistan’s one onto a gene in her relation with India is that of Kashmir. 

            We should not commit the past mistakes on this sensitive and compels issue.  First we committed a serious mistake by taking the issue in the UN in the fond hope that the world community in general and super powers in particular see reason and do justice to India, the biggest democracy and a secular State. Second mistake was when we agreed to discuss the Kashmir issue under Shaman Agreement.  While discussing Kashmir with Pakistan the vacation of aggression by her input should also be raised  The Gujral doctrine, in relation to Pakistan, need not be stretched too far and should be to the teen of right response from the opposite party lest should be construed as our weakness. 

Essay No. 02

The Kashmir Problem

The State of Kashmir has always been a bone of contention, an eye sore ever since India achieved its independence. The position at that time was that, all the States that comprised India, and had been independent, had three clear options, available to them. The three options were that, either they accede to India, or accede to Pakistan. The third option was that they could remain independent of both India and Pakistan. 

While all the States did the needful the State of Kashmir took a unique turn, an eventful and an unprecedented turn. The then Prime Minister of India stated that, regarding the accession of the State of Kashmir the wishes of the people of the State would be taken into account, and not only the rules applicable to the other States. This condition gave the State of Kashmir a peculiar status which no other State had, to enjoy. This little declaration by the Prime Minister turned the tide of events for the State of Kashmir which, till today has not seen the light of an amicable solution. Taking full advantage of the declaration of the Prime Minister that, the people of Kashmir will decide their own fate, Pakistan has, all through these past fifty and odd years of independence of India been harping on the taking of an opinion poll in the State. This is so because, Kashmir has a majority population of Muslims and, Pakistan is convinced and rightly so that, if opinion is taken, the Muslim majority will most certainly vote for the option of acceding to Pakistan. In the pursuit of this view only, Pakistan has been spreading terrorism in the State and ousting the Hindu minority so that, the few non Muslim are also out of the  scene of voting if the need arises.

All through these fifty years of India’s independence, Pakistan is very clearly and methodically trying to lay their claim and rightful authority over the State, whether it is with force, murder, or mischief. This means that, a little mistake in the past has caused and is causing havoc to the State and to the people of the State of Kashmir. Seeing no benefit accruing to it by small and far apart skirmishes of big and small magnitude for the last ten years Pakistan is trying to eliminate the minority of Hindus from the State by reigning terror in the State. They are training, financing and inspiring young men and sending them across the Indian border to spread fear in the State. The trainees are working under the guidance of hard-core Muslim terrorists to kill and plunder in the State. There have been talks and declarations a number of times but there seems to be no end of the continued struggle for the little State of Kashmir. 

After having dealt with the problem for fifty years, it is felt that, even to-day, the problem defies any solution, at least in the near future. The situation is in reality absolutely inflammable as, Pakistan continues to send Jehadis/ terrorists to wreak destruction in the State. The plea taken by the Jehadis is that, they are fighting for their right of freedom. India has all through these years sought to find a solution to the problem, which is amicable and mutually acceptable to all the parties involved. The latest attempt to find peace with Pakistan is the declaration of a unilateral ceasefire by India. Even to this step taken by India the Pakistani reply is not a follow up of a ceasefire by them but with guns and shells. 

To this sort of a situation where both parties to the struggle have their own styles of functioning, all solutions seem to obstruct any results. The policy of ’wait and watch’ can only be the keyword to the Indian policy on Kashmir, let us see when Pakistan realises the futility of a cold attitude towards its neighbour and its cold blooded revolt against India in the process of which, only innocent people are killed, kidnapped and hacked to death. The net result of all this being a big zero we remain as is where is even after fifty years of attempting for a solution.

With this situation remaining for so long a period, it does not appeal to any reason that, relations of the two neighbours will ever improve. The relations are keeping on moving down the ladder of discontent and suspicion of each other, and there is nothing just nothing achieved.

 Essay No. 03

“Kashmir, the most picturesque and fascinating area, known for its beauty, gardens, gentle and docile people has been reduced to a region of ghosts and death because of the devious means adopted by Pakistan to incite the people by giving them arms and inciting them into terrorism.”

The Kashmir problem now is a problem over 53 years old, and inspite of more than half a century’s claims and counter-claims, the problem remains unresolved. India has stoutly denied any international mediation. To trace the history of the Kashmir problem we have to go back to the point of partition of India into two countries-India and Pakistan. After the partition has been agreed upon and was being implemented the infiltrators of Pakistan raided Kashmir. Till then it had not got settled to what country was Kashmir acceding and in the face of these insidious designs of the Pakistani infiltrators. Maharaja Hari Singh, the then Maharaja of Kashmir rushed to Delhi, signed the instrument of accession with India, giving the legal relevancy to India to send their forces to push out the insurgents for Kashmir. This was done and that was the stage when the entire Kashmir even that part which today is termed as POK (Pak Occupied Kashmir) was under India’s control. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India made the colossal political blunder in referring the Kashmir dispute to the UNO asked the Indian forces to retreat and demarcated a line of control which till today as the LOC line has remained the bone of contention. The region lying beyond the line of control on the Pakistan side has remained a disputed part and has remained to be described as the POK-neither fully a part of Pakistan not a part of India and is a constant irritant of. India being the safe passage for the militants and insurgents who sneak into the Indian territory through it.

Pakistan has even been uncomfortable with the situation particularly against the repeated and resolute assertions of India time and again that Kashmir is an integral part of India. That is the truth and none dare touch the ‘head of the body’. Pakistan has fought four wars- the first one in 1947, then in 1965 and then again in 1971 and last one recently known as the Kargil misadventure on their part in May, 1999. And every time Pakistan has suffered a defeat and humiliation. India on her part has ever been a pardoning country and diplomatically this has caused more irritants to it. A tough and unflinching stand if India had even once taken would have solved the problem for all times. It has been the view of a section of political thinkers that the Pak-sponsored terrorism can only be countered through equal or greater force—and not parleys. The Pakistani war-mongering could not succeed either in 1947 or in 1965 because the agenda was supported by only a minuscule section of the valley. The Tashkent Agreement and the Shimla Agreement had all good intentions behind them but Pakistan could never stomach the insult that it seemed to be suffering within signing these agreements. There were agreements signed by Pakistan under duress. P.M. Dhar a onetime diplomat bureaucrat who was actively involved in the Shimla agreement in his recently published book-Indira Gandhi, ‘The Emergency and Indian Democracy’ writes that the Kashmir problem would have been resolved, had a letter and spirit of the Shimla Agreement been implemented. It was during this agreement also that Indira Gandhi relented India’s stand (as Bhutto had virtually come to his knees during the process, as was reported) otherwise that was again an opportunity when the POK would have been got vacated and the whole region would have come within India’s grip.

Kashmir is a major challenge to India democracy, infact to the concept of democracy how can a democracy confront a non-democratic system that only uses catchy democratic phrases such as Human Rights, self-determination etc. in the furtherance of its ’cause’ while denying all such democratic values itself. How can a democracy take on a religious crusade, “Jehad”, that does not believe in democratic tenants but exploits them to the hilt for achieving its vested interests?

The Kargil was the third attempt in the history of Independent India that Pakistan tried to occupy the Kashmir by assisting or backing the infiltrators: The first time just after independence in 1947, a second time in 1965, as a part of operation Gibraltar, that leads to Indo-Pak Second War end the third time through Kargil. But Pakistan could not succeed in her efforts.

In short, India and Pakistan have to work together to solve the Kashmir problem amicably. Violence is not a solution. No third party can do anything. It is better to view the things in practical shape and work honestly so that the present arms race between the two brothers comes to an end and every Indian and every Pakistani can lead their life happily, amicably and this is what every national of both the country wish, as reflected during the latest Indo-Pak cricket matches.

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