expiry date assignment expert

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Expiration Dating and Stability Testing for Human Drug Products

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ITG SUBJECT: EXPIRATION DATING AND STABILITY TESTING FOR HUMAN DRUG PRODUCTS

Publishing of 21 CFR Part 211 - Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals established requirements concerning the expiration date on a drug product and stability testing to assure the appropriateness of that date. Each drug product may be a unique article because of, for instance, differences in (1) chemical and physical properties of the active ingredients or the excipients, (2) manufacturing procedures, (3) formulations, (4) containers and closures, (5) proposed storage conditions, and (6) the stability of the article to maintain its quality or purity through the use of antioxidants or preservatives. Because of the uniqueness of each drug product, it is virtually impossible to provide one set of rules that can apply to all situations. The CGMPs were purposely written broadly to allow for such unique differences.

EXPIRATION DATING (21 CFR 211.137)

A. Absence of an Expiration Date

The absence of an expiration date on any drug product packaged after September 29, 1979, except for those drugs specifically exempt by 211.137 (e), (f), and (g), is cause to initiate regulatory action against the product and/or the responsible firm.

B. Exemptions

OTC drug products meeting the exemption of 211.137 (g) may utilize accelerated testing programs to support the requirement that they are stable for at least three years. Information obtained from old stock, not previously the subject of stability studies, may also be utilized.

C. Products Intended for Reconstitution

Any drug product intended for reconstitution and not bearing an expiration date for the unreconstituted product and another expiration date for the product after reconstitution is considered to be out of compliance with 211.137 (c). There must be separate stability studies to support each expiration date.

STABILITY TESTING (21 CFR 211.166)

A. Written Stability Testing Program

The absence of a written protocol for stability testing is cause to initiate regulatory action against the product and/or the responsible firm.

B. Supportive Stability Data

Initial stability testing by accelerated testing may be performed on a batch smaller than the normal production size as long as the batch is produced by similar equipment as would be used for regular production.

Generally, the placing of three initial batches into the long term stability program is considered minimal to assure batch uniformity for establishing an expiration date. Since a dosage form is a complex unit and there are continued variables in the production process, such as change in personnel, raw material lots and suppliers, and equipment, it is imperative that stability studies are not limited only to initial production batches but a portion of annual production batches be the subject of an ongoing stability program.

When accelerated stability studies are performed, one batch may be adequate in order to establish a tentative expiration date. This is acceptable since it is not the purpose of an accelerated test to determine batch uniformity but rather to test for kinetic degradation.

The use of accelerated testing data to establish a tentative expiration dating period of greater than three years is discouraged when it is based solely on accelerated data. Combining data compiled at room temperature and at accelerated temperature is possible to justify an expiration dating period of over two years. This can be done, as an example, by taking a sample product that has been at room temperature for one year and subjecting that sample to accelerated temperature conditions. The expiration dating period used would then be the sum of that justified individually at each storage condition.

We do not believe it is reasonable to perform accelerated testing at very high temperatures for a very short time and expect to extrapolate results to a very long expiration dating period since the actual mechanism of degradation at high temperature may be different than at room temperature.

It is commonly recommended that stability testing be performed initially, than every three months for the first year, then every six months for the second year, and then annually thereafter. However, more frequent testing near the end of the anticipated expiration date is often likely to give better information about the actual stability of the finished product. Nonetheless, testing at least annually is considered minimal for compliance with CGMPs. Some firms have chosen, for economical purposes, random dates to test all stability samples of a given product. As long as there is at least one test performed annually, this approach can be quite satisfactory.

If a product was stored under controlled conditions, those actual conditions (temperature and humidity) should be recorded. Merely stating that a product was stored at room temperature is not sufficient for purposes of determining stability. The USP defines controlled room temperature as being between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F). A product stored for stability at or near 15 C may have quite a different quality profile at its expiration date than a product stored at or near 30 C. Based on published information, it appears that 24-25 C is a reasonable reference for thermal exposure at room temperature.

Stability studies should be conducted on product stored under normal storage conditions or, preferably, under exaggerated conditions. Products liable to degradation by light or moisture should be stored either in a lighted area or under conditions of high humidity unless it can be demonstrated that the packaging will prevent deterioration by that condition of interest. For example, a product liable to degrade by light need not be stored in a lit area if it is normally packaged and stored for use in an opaque container.

While 211.166 (a) (3) merely requires that test methods be reliable, meaningful, and specific, section 211.165 (e) gives more guidance by stating that the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of test methods employed by the firm shall be established and documented. Section 211.194 (a) (2) further requires that all testing methods used shall be verified under actual conditions of use. Testing procedures must include a stability indicating test which will distinguish the active ingredient from any degradation products and be able to make a reliable estimate of the quantity of any degradate. The stability indicating test does not have to be the assay method used to determine product strength.

Manufacturers, who contract with analytical laboratories to perform either end product testing or stability studies, or who produce product under contract for other firms are ultimately responsible for the quality of the product and must have copies of all analytical procedures employed and the appropriate documentation to assure their validity on file. Likewise, repackers who rely on stability studies performed by the manufacturer must have copies of all analytical data necessary to support the expiration dating period.

Although specific methods are critical to determine product stability, they do not have to employ any specific technique. The use of quantitative analysis, where limits are known, such as thin layer chromatography, may be satisfactory. While many USP tests are specific for the drug or its degradates and may be used for stability testing, some USP monographs do not incorporate stability indicating tests. Additionally, it may be unreasonable to expect a manufacturer to develop specific methodology for each component of some multi-component drugs containing ingredients of botanical origin such as benzoin, Peruvian balsam or tolu balsam.

The requirement that stability testing be performed in the same container-closure system as that in which the drug product is marketed has been subject to interpretation. The courts ruled in U.S. vs. Kaybel that when a "new drug" was repackaged, the repacker did not have to obtain pre-market approval of the repackaged product or the firm's repacking procedures. However, the repacker is subject to applicable current good manufacturing practices.

Although stability studies were performed on the dosage unit in the original manufacturer's container, the event of placing the dosage unit into a different storage unit may and often does affect the product's shelf life. It is the policy of the Center for Drugs and Biologics to allow repacking into container-closure systems that can be demonstrated to be at least as protective or more protective than the original system without performing new stability studies prior to marketing.

Satisfactory comparison of container-closure systems may be done by several methods, i.e., literature reference to permeation properties of different container materials; performance of moisture permeation testing; or comparing the properties of the original container-closure system to a new system by stress testing. (Stress testing refers to testing the product after storage under exaggerated conditions. This will usually involve high temperature and high humidity.)

It is also current policy to allow firms to repackage solid dosage units from plastic containers into glass containers because glass has been shown to be a superior moisture and gas barrier. This policy does not apply to liquid drugs because of pH problems resulting from the alkaline nature of glass. Policies relating to the expiration dating of unit dose repackaged drugs may be found in Compliance Policy Guide 7132b.11. This also does not apply to repacking from bulk containers.

When the same product is marketed in more than one size, e.g., bottles containing 100 tablets and bottles containing 1,000 tablets, or bottles containing 4 oz of syrup and bottles containing 16 oz of syrup, it can be demonstrated, by comparing the ratio of the surface area of the container to the internal volume, that smaller containers have a higher ratio than larger containers. This indicates that the smallest marketed container is the most critical in terms of the container properties contributing to product degradation. Thus, moisture or oxygen permeation through a 4 oz bottle is more critical than through a 16 oz bottle of similar construction. For this reason, when studying stability of the product marketed in several sizes of similar containers, testing of the smallest container size is imperative to be in compliance with CGMPs. While we recommend that all other container sizes be subjected to stability testing, the fact that some may not is not necessarily a violation of CGMPs.

Products formulated to contain preservatives to inhibit microbial growth should be monitored throughout their shelf life to assure the effectiveness of the preservative system. Once a minimally effective level of preservative is established, chemical testing for the preservative(s) may be performed. The preservative system should be monitored at the same stability testing times as other ingredients are monitored.

While expiration dating is not required specifically for bulk drugs in the CGMP regulations, it is feasible and valuable to expect the manufacturer of bulk drug substances to assure that their product is stable for the intended period of use.

A stability testing program for bulk drug substances should contain, at the minimum, the following features:

• The program shall be in writing.
• The program should include samples from at least one commercial-size batch; thereafter, one batch each year should be entered into the program.
• Samples should be stored in containers that approximate the market containers; if it is not practical to do so, samples may be stored in other similar containers, provided that data show that such containers will yield results comparable to those obtained with market containers.
• Samples should be stored at room temperature; an additional sample stored at elevated temperatures or under other stress conditions may be used if it is appropriate to do so.

Products manufactured as sterile must maintain that quality throughout the labeled expiration dating period as long as the product is unopened and stored according to labeled instructions. The ability of the product to retain its sterile condition is a function of the container-closure system. When qualifying the container-closure system, sterility testing should be performed initially and at the end of the expiration dating period. Once any particular container-closure system can be demonstrated to maintain sterility throughout the expiration dating period, it is unnecessary to revalidate its ability to maintain sterility for other ingredients that may be placed into the same container-closure system.

Products sterilized in glass ampuls need not be subjected to sterility testing as part of the stability testing program.

DEV Community

Posted on Jul 15, 2020

Using an expiry date in JavaScript to create self-destructing data

Let's say you've created a web application that, in addition to the rest of its functionality, presents a piece of information to a user that you'd like to only have a certain shelf life on the page. This could be any range of things, from personal information in a temporary note, to a "Quote of the Day" that should expire every evening at midnight, to data being pulled from a rate-limited external API.

There are multiple ways you could go about this as a developer, but a simple and interesting one is to give that piece of information an expiry date , upon which it will self-destruct back into the digital nether from whence it came.

This trick will explore a few different built-in functionalities within the JavaScript language, and will prove to be a versatile tool to modify or inspire other ideas in your applications later on.

For this tutorial, I'm going to use the context of an application I built with React that provides the user with a meditation timer, a focus/pomodoro timer, and a home and landing page featuring the date and time, local weather, and an inspiring quote of the day.

Within this home page, I knew that I wanted to pull in the quote from an external API automatically-- but I encountered an issue where the API was rate limited in order to preserve their bandwidth. I could only make a certain number of calls per hour before my app became temporarily restricted, and the quote disappeared from the page entirely (replace by an unsightly console error!)

I knew I could try and prevent this by only fetching the quote once a day on the server side, but I thought I would use the opportunity to experiment with keeping the fetch on the client side and experimenting with giving the data an expiry date on a visitor-by-visitor basis, as I knew that might benefit me in future applications.

Within this discussion we're going to be using two standardized functionalities of modern web development.

The first of which is an aspect of the Window containing the DOM document of the site:

And the second being a built in object of the JavaScript language:

localStorage is a property that gives you access to a storage object in the document that persists across browser sessions. It can be accessed through your JavaScript code or through the browser console directly.

Date() is an object that represents a single point in time when it is created, measured in the number of milliseconds since January 1st 1970 UTC. This Date() object has a number of built in functions to manipulate it, one of which we'll be making use of in our example.

The bullet-pointed version of what I'm going to be showing is as follows:

• If there isn't a quote, then we fetch a new quote from the API, save that quote to localStorage, and also run a function to save an expiry date/time along with it for when we want that quote to be replaced.
• If the current date/time is before the expiry date/time, then we pull the quote from localStorage and render it on the page.
• If the current date/time is after the expiry date/time, then we clear the localStorage and go back to step 1 and fetch a new quote from the API.

Now let's see this in action in the code!

First off, I'm creating two helper functions that are abstracted out to keep the code clean and DRY .

The first is a function labeled secondsToMidnight() that takes in a Date() object as n and uses the object's built in functions getHours() , getMinutes() , and getSeconds() to find the amount of seconds until midnight of the same day as the Date() object. This might seem a bit confusing, but essentially this is the step that can be modified to find the amount of time anywhere in the future that you'd like to set as an expiry date for your data.

The second helper function is labeled assignQuoteToLocalStorage() , which does 4 things:

• Makes use of a fetch to the API ( getQuoteOfTheDay() ) to get a quote.
• Use the built in function getTime() to get the current time in milliseconds (the measurement of current time as a distance from January 1st 1970).
• Passes the currentTime date object into the secondsToMidnight() , then multiplies that by 1000 to get the milliseconds until midnight.
• Adds the two numbers together to get a future date/time in milliseconds that equals exactly midnight of the same day.
• Sets both the quote and the expiry to localStorage as key/value pairs in the object.
• Sets the quote to state in React to be rendered on the page ( setQuoteOfTheDay() ).

Now we make use of both of the above helper methods to do the following in our component mounting (happening every time the page is loaded):

In our first if statement we're checking to see if there's a quote in the localStorage. If there is, we then pull the expiry date out of localStorage, create a new current Date() object, and compare the two.

We use a nested if statement to check if the current time is after the expiry time. If so, we remove both the quote and the expiry from our localStorage and call our helper function ( assignQuoteToLocalStorage() ) to fetch a new quote and create a new expiry for it. If the current time is still before the expiry, we pull the quote from localStorage and set it to our state for rendering on the page.

If our first if statement returned false and no quote was found in localStorage, then we call assignQuoteToLocalStorage() and fetch a new quote and assign it and an expiry date to localStorage.

And we're done! While this was all done in the specific context of my application, the same principles hold true anywhere.

You can use a trick like this with JavaScript Date() objects and their associated functions to save expiry times to localStorage or to your database in whatever format you'd like, to create self-destructing pieces of data.

Thanks for reading! Let me know in the comments if you have any questions or suggestions.

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Investigational Product Expiry Management

Kurt Lumsden, Director, eCDS Client Services at PAREXEL Informatics, discusses the use of interactive response technologies in investigational product expiry management.

Q. How can interactive response technologies enable IP expiry management and removal of ‘use-by’ dates from the label?

A. Investigational product (IP) manufacturing and packaging for clinical trials is costly. Every effort must be made to ensure optimal utilization and reduced waste. One way this can be accomplished is to effectively manage product expiration or retest dates.

Packaging and labeling requirements often vary by jurisdiction, requiring different labels for each country to be affixed to the package. Expiry or retest dating may also vary by jurisdiction.

Interactive response technologies (IRT) have long been used to manage IP expiry. Flexible systems typically allow updating product expiry at the lot level (with an option to update all unallocated kits now or later and by location), for single-panel labels that do not include the expiry date or by lot/kit and location where the expiry dating requires a relabeling campaign.

Expiry updates for countries that accept removal of expiry from the label follow this process:

• Updating one expiry date (per lot, per country) for all kits
• Updating kits by lot
• Updating IP kits at all locations immediately
• Updating all kits of status “available” or “in transit”.

Countries that do not accept removal of expiry date follow the process outlined below:

• Updating multiple expiry dates (per lot, per country)
• Allowing supplies to be placed on “hold” or “quarantined” to prevent ordering/allocation during re-labeling
• Updating by lot/kit number location or lot, quantity, and location (for non-uniquely numbered supplies) as supplies are relabeled
• Allowing multiple users to perform updates (drug-supply manager for depots; monitors or pharmacist for site locations)
• Ensuring that “in-transit” medication is not automatically updated- to allow for relabeling before status is changed to “available”.

There is no mandatory requirement in the United States or Japan to include expiry on the label. In the European Union, the requirement is covered by Annex 13 (1), which states that labels should include: “the period of use (use-by date, expiry date or re-test date as applicable)”, “unless its absence can be justified, e.g., use of a centralized electronic randomization system.”

After consulting with the industry, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published a reflection paper outlining circumstances in which expiry could be removed from the label barring these conditions (2): • A copy of the QP signed and dated certificate (CofA or CofC) containing the expiry date and available to site staff • IP is only administered by dedicated, qualified trial staff on site and is not retained by the study subject • IRT assigns IP kits that all have an expiry date good through the period between visits for all kits identified by a unique Med ID (or Batch Number for non-uniquely numbered supplies).. in order to avoid the issues with short dated supplies where situation of administering kits with different expiry dates out of ascending expiry order that could cause administration of expired product • Assignment confirmations or notifications are available to site staff in for each allocated kit, and contain information on study subject, unique kit identifier or Med ID (where available) and associated expiry date • The IP expiry date is valid beyond the planned administration, with adequate buffer to cover any delay in dosing and account for visit windows (covering last possible day of dosing)

In addition to IP labeling,  packaging and ordering, allocation, and dosing, design considerations should also account for any third-party distributor processes for release and expiry updates, impact on pooled supplies (that may have variable pack life depending on trial design), just in time (JIT) and point of dispatch labeling capabilities, as well as QP considerations. This is especially important when sites are running more than one protocol supported by pooled supplies. Use of smartphone applications that can communicate with the IRT system allow verification of current IP kit expiry from a bar code on the label, as well as the capability to provide IP storage and administration instructions to the user.

IRT systems that support removal of expiry from the IP label have the following characteristics:

• Full end-to-end inventory management capabilities from IP release through returns and destruction
• Flexible country status management (accepting vs. non accepting)
• Ordering based on location needs and visit date windows
• Concurrent, consecutive, and partial allocations with unscheduled resupply availability
• Management of pack life vs. treatment group/dose level and visit window
• Visibility of product expiry and availability of documentation via portal
• Transparency of kit expiry date in reports, notifications, and alerts
• Ability to handle single-dose kits vs. cartons and IP pooling across protocols
• Forecasting and supply simulation to time batch manufacture, labeling, and packaging
• Ability to make changes.

Planning and workflow are essential to allow optimization of IP expiry management for clinical trials. The system configuration needs to be specified in advance but changes in requirements supported (i.e., additional product or countries) can be accommodated. The system should be intuitive and allow for real-time updates of expiry and flexibility to support different label configurations and regulatory requirements.

In conclusion, IRT systems provide an efficient and effective way to manage IP expiry in clinical trials. Keys to success include clear definition of requirements, risk analysis, adequate user training, and compliance monitoring.

References 1. Annex 13 MANUFACTURE OF INVESTIGATIONAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, Section 26 (j,) http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-4/2009_06_annex13.pdf , accessed Sept. 10, 2014. 2. EMA , Reflection paper on the use of interactive response technologies (interactive voice/web response systems) in clinical trials, with particular emphasis on the removal of expiry dates, EMA/INS/GCP/600788/2011, Section 2.3.1. Conduct of phase I to phase IV clinical trials (December 2013), http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2013/12/WC500158536.pdf , accessed Sept. 10, 2014.

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Sponsors have previously contacted the regulatory agencies with requests to omit the expiry date on investigational medicinal products (IMPs) in the case of interactive response technologies (IRT) use. The claimed advantage of this approach included avoiding issues related to relabelling of the expiry date on site, which can often cause issues in themselves with poor control of the expiry update labels. However, based on experience from recent GCP inspection findings around IRT validation and the dispensing of expired study medication to patients, the request of sponsors raises concerns. Therefore an updated Reflection paper on the use of IRT has been published by the GCP IWG.

Revised Annex 13 of the EU GMP Guide

The revised Annex 13 changes the approach to the management of issues at the interface between GMP and GCP. These include the two-step release procedure, handling and shipping of IMPs and contractual arrangements between the sponsor and the IMP manufacturer. There are also changes to the labelling of IMPs (e.g., changing the approach to providing expiry information, moving labelling requirements from GMP guidance into the text of the CTR). 

Updated Reflection paper on the use of IRT

The reflection paper on the use of IRT was initially published in December 2013. It has been updated in view of the entry into application of the EU Clinical Trials Regulation (CTR) No. 536/2014  on 31 January 2022, to "clarify that the removal of expiry dates from the labels is not allowed for clinical trials conducted under the CTR ". The rest of the reflection paper was not amended and reflects the state of thinking at the time of initial publication. Additional information on the expected requirements for IRT (e.g. regarding validation) may be found in the GCP IWG Draft Guideline on electronic systems and electronic data in clinical trials . In addition, the GCP IWG published a notice for clinical trial sponsors to highlight the requirements for qualification and validation of computerized systems.

Removal of expiry dates

Section 2.3 " Circumstances where the removal of expiry dates could be justified" of the Reflection paper only applies to clinical trials conducted under the Clinical Trial Directive (2001/20/EC). The removal of expiry dates from any label is not allowed for clinical trials conducted under the CTR . The responsibility for the expiry date remains with the sponsor regardless of whether or not the expiry date appears on the labels.  

More information can be found in the Reflection paper on the use of interactive response technologies (interactive voice/web response systems) in clinical trials, with particular emphasis on the handling of expiry dates  published on EMA´s GCP Inspectors Working Group website .

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6 Tips to Manage Inventory with Expiry Dates and Minimize Losses

Inventory management is important for all businesses, but it’s even more crucial for items with expiry dates like food or medicine. Mishandling these items can lead to big financial losses and waste.

In this blog post, we’ll talk about the special challenges of managing inventory with expiry dates and share some simple tips to help businesses avoid problems and work more efficiently.

Before we go further into this topic, don’t forget to follow my LinkedIn account . You’ll get more helpful insights on supply chain management there.

Table of Contents

Prioritize First-Expired-First-Out (FEFO) Method

Managing inventory with expiry dates is important for businesses to avoid losses.

One key principle is using the FEFO (First Expired, First Out) method. This means using or selling items with the earliest expiry dates first.

By doing this, businesses can reduce the risk of items expiring unused, maintaining product quality and maximizing value.

Implementing FEFO requires clear procedures for handling products based on their expiry dates and regular monitoring of inventory.

Prioritizing older stock helps optimize inventory turnover rates and minimize financial losses.

Overall, using the FEFO method is crucial for effective inventory management in industries where expiry dates matter.

Implement Effective Inventory Tracking Systems

Manually keeping track of expiry dates in inventory management is slow and prone to mistakes, risking financial losses from expired products. But with automated inventory management systems, businesses can solve this problem efficiently.

By using technology, these systems accurately track expiry dates, eliminating human errors and boosting productivity.

They also send real-time alerts as products near their expiry, allowing businesses to act fast with discounts or promotions to sell before items expire.

This proactive approach not only reduces the risk of losses but also maximizes revenue by seizing sales opportunities.

Automated inventory management systems offer more than just expiry date tracking.

They provide valuable insights into inventory levels, demand trends, and sales patterns, empowering data-driven decisions.

Integrating with other business systems like point-of-sale and supply chain tools, these automated solutions streamline coordination across departments, boosting overall efficiency.

Overall, adopting automated inventory management simplifies expiry date tracking and provides a comprehensive approach to managing inventory, enhancing profitability and competitiveness in today’s business world.

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Optimize Inventory Levels

Maintaining the right amount of inventory is crucial for items with expiry dates.

Having too much can lead to products expiring before they’re used, causing financial losses.

On the other hand, not having enough can mean missed sales opportunities and unhappy customers.

To find the balance, businesses should regularly forecast demand by looking at past sales, market trends, and seasonal changes.

This helps adjust how much inventory to buy, avoiding both excess stock and shortages.

Using a good demand forecasting system helps businesses manage their inventory better.

By matching inventory levels with expected demand, they can reduce the risk of products expiring while making sure customers get what they need.

Technology like inventory management software makes forecasting easier by providing real-time insights into inventory and demand.

By adjusting inventory based on demand forecasts, businesses can minimize financial risks and maximize profits when dealing with items that have expiry dates.

Establish Clear Storage and Handling Procedures

Properly storing and handling perishable goods with expiry dates is key to avoiding financial losses.

It’s crucial to store inventory in suitable conditions, like temperature-controlled environments or specific storage areas.

Keeping the right temperature and humidity levels preserves the quality and extends the shelf life of perishable goods, reducing the risk of them spoiling early and causing losses.

Alongside proper storage, it’s important to have strict handling procedures to minimize damage during transit and storage.

Clear protocols for packaging, loading, and transportation help products stay fresh throughout the supply chain.

Good handling practices also reduce waste and improve overall inventory management efficiency.

By prioritizing proper storage and handling, businesses can lower the risks linked to managing perishable goods with expiry dates, protecting profits and keeping customers satisfied.

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Train Staff on Inventory Management Practices

Teaching staff about managing inventory with expiry dates is crucial for good inventory management.

Comprehensive training sessions on key principles like FEFO help employees understand why using items with the earliest expiry dates first is important.

Teaching proper handling techniques is also essential to prevent damage and waste, especially for perishable goods.

Giving staff the knowledge and skills to use inventory management systems effectively is equally vital.

By encouraging continuous learning, businesses empower their teams to follow best practices and contribute to successful inventory management.

Educating staff not only ensures they follow best practices but also makes them feel responsible and accountable.

Understanding the impact of expiry dates on inventory management makes employees more careful in handling products.

Providing ongoing training and support keeps staff updated with industry standards and technology in inventory management systems.

Investing in staff education leads to better inventory accuracy, less waste, and happier customers in the long run.

By focusing on employee training and empowerment, businesses can improve their inventory management and grow sustainably.

Regularly Monitor and Evaluate Inventory Performance

Regularly keeping an eye on inventory performance is crucial for effective inventory management.

By tracking important metrics like sales trends, expiry rates, and inventory turnover, businesses can understand how well their inventory strategies are working.

Analyzing these metrics helps spot issues like slow-moving inventory or high expiry rates.

By fixing these issues quickly, businesses can make sure their inventory works better and avoid losses from expired or unused products.

Using insights from monitoring, businesses can adjust their inventory strategies. They might improve how they forecast demand, change how much inventory they buy, or adjust inventory levels based on sales and expiry rates.

Taking proactive steps like offering discounts for products close to expiry can also reduce the risk of losses.

By constantly checking inventory performance and using data to guide decisions, businesses can adapt to changes in the market, work more efficiently, and make more profit from inventory with expiry dates.

Handling inventory with expiry dates needs careful planning and constant attention.

By following the tips in this post, businesses can avoid losses from expired products and make their operations more efficient and profitable.

Key steps include using FIFO, using inventory tracking systems, keeping inventory levels just right, having clear procedures, training staff, and keeping an eye on performance.

These actions help manage inventory effectively in a time-sensitive setting.

I hope you find it helpful!

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Expiry date calculation using Access 2013

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Do you have a field in your table that stores the length of time before expiration? If so, is that value stored in years? 

If not, then how do you know how to calculate the expiration date?

To answer your question it is possible to calculate the expiration date (and it should be a calculation), but we can't suggest an expression to use without more info. We can only suggest looking at the DateAdd function. 

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Hi Scott, thank you for taking the time to get back to me.

I do not have a field that stores the length of time before expiry.

I have a field that stores the original test date (which requires a 3 year expiry).  I would like to have a field that i can simply put a yes or no which reflects whether 1 or 2 extensions (resulting in an additional 1 or 2 years on the expiry) have been granted.  I hope this helps.  

I'm afraid that won't work. Because it doesn't allow for no extensions. So I would add an Integer field to your table named Extensions. 

I would then use either an option group or combobox to select from 0, 1 or 2. I would then calculate the Expiry date using an expression like:

DateAdd("yyyy",3+[Extensions],[TestDate])

to display the Expiration date.

This is great Scott.  I like your idea of how to organize the Extensions so I have added a drop down box that gives me the options of 0,1,2 however when attempt to use the DateAdd function; first the field Extensions is not available to select and second it seems that DateAdd is not supported?

Should my Expiry date field be a calculated field?

No you should NOT have an ExpiryDate field. Since that is a calculated value there is no need to store it. You can use the expression I gave you to display the date either as a Controlsource on a form or report or in a query. 

I see. Sorry for the confusion

So let me ask.  Is it possible to have access calculate the expiry date based on my parameters in a query when I ask to see expired tests for a specified period of time that I enter upon performing the query (I would like to query which tests are expired between Jan 1, 2018 and June 1, 2018)?  

Scott I really appreciate your help/patience with me/this!!

SELECT TestID, DateAdd("yyyy",3+[Extensions],[Testdate]) As ExpiryDate, etc. 

FROM tblTest

WHERE ExpiryDate BETWEEN #1/1/18# AND #6/1/18#;

the etc would be any other fields you want in the query results. 

2 people found this reply helpful

Guys, can you help me to my access data,

Because in my table field already manually input the date of expiration

and I want automatic beside on that field to put remark "expired" text.

I don't know how can I do that.

This is my table, I want like this when I type in the DATE FIELD its automatic will generate the status remark like "expired, valid or NA (Not available)... Help me guys thanks.

4 people found this reply helpful

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Answer to Question #152697 in Macroeconomics for Devi Uli

Q2 i) Suppose that four persons working in a factory are given the job of stamping expiry  date on the packet of buns. Person A, who stamps 20% of packets, fails to stamp the expiry date once in every 200 packets. Person B who stamps 60% of packets, fails to  stamp the expiry date once in every 100 packets. Person C who stamps 15% of packets,  fails to stamp the expiry date once in every 90 packets and Person D who stamps 5% of 

packets, fails to stamp the expiry date once in every 200 packets. If a buyer complains  that her packet of buns does not show the expiry date, what is the probability that,

a) It was Person A who failed to stamp?

b) It was stamped by Person B or C?

c) What is the probability that a packet bought shows an expiry date and it was  not stamped by B? 

P(person A) = P(A) = 20% = 0.2

P(person B) = P(B) = 60% = 0.6

P(person C) = P(C) = 15% = 0.15

P(person D) = P(D) = 5% = 0.05

P(failed to stamp | person A) = P(failed | A) = 1 in every 200 "= \\frac{1}{200} = 0.005"

P(failed to stamp | person B) = P(failed | B) = 1 in every 100 "= \\frac{1}{100} = 0.01"

P(failed to stamp | person C) = P(failed | C) = 1 in every 90 "= \\frac{1}{90} = 0.011"

P(failed to stamp | person D) = P(failed | D) = 1 in every 200 "= \\frac{1}{200} = 0.005"

a) Required probability = P(A | failed to stamp)

Bayes theorem

"P(A | failed) = \\frac{P(A) \\times P(failed | A)}{P(A) \\times P(failed | A) + P(B) \\times P(failed | B) + P(C) \\times P(failed | C) + P(C) \\times P(failed | C)} \\\\\n\n= \\frac{0.2 \\times 0.005}{0.2 \\times 0.002 + 0.6 \\times 0.01 + 0.15 \\times 0.011 + 0.05 \\times 0.005} \\\\\n\n= 0.2857"

b) Required probability = P(B | failed to stamp) + P(C | failed to stamp)

P(B | failed to stamp) "= \\frac{P(B) \\times P(failed | B)}{P(A) \\times P(failed | A) + P(B) \\times P(failed | B) + P(C) \\times P(failed | C) + P(C) \\times P(failed | C)} \\\\"

"= \\frac{0.6 \\times 0.01}{0.2 \\times 0.002 + 0.6 \\times 0.01 + 0.15 \\times 0.011 + 0.05 \\times 0.005} \\\\\n\n= 0.1714"

P(C | failed to stamp) "= \\frac{P(C) \\times P(failed | C)}{P(A) \\times P(failed | A) + P(B) \\times P(failed | B) + P(C) \\times P(failed | C) + P(C) \\times P(failed | C)} \\\\"

"= \\frac{0.15 \\times 0.011}{0.2 \\times 0.002 + 0.6 \\times 0.01 + 0.15 \\times 0.011 + 0.05 \\times 0.005} \\\\\n\n= 0.4714"

Required probability = P(B | failed to stamp) + P(C | failed to stamp)

= 0.1714 + 0.4714

c) Required probability = P[B c | failed to stamp]

= 1 - P(B | failed to stamp)

= 1 - 0.1714

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Impôt sur le revenu: quel est le calendrier pour la déclaration en ligne?

Les Français entrent dans la dernière ligne droite pour effectuer leur déclaration d'impôt sur les revenus 2023. Pour ceux qui privilégient cette voie, la déclaration de revenus au format papier est possible jusqu'à mardi soir 23h59. Pour rappel, les déclarations papier ont été transmises cette année entre le 29 mars et le 26 avril.

Pour ceux qui auraient tardé dans leur déclaration, ils auront la possibilité de la réaliser en ligne dans des délais plus ou moins courts selon leur zone géographique . Les télédéclarants des départements 1 à 19 n'ont que deux jours supplémentaires pour envoyer leur déclaration en ligne tandis que deux des départements 20 à 54 pourront le faire jusqu'au 30 mai. Enfin, la dernière échéance est fixé au jeudi 6 juin pour les téléclarants des départements 55 à 95 et des DOM.

Déclaration sur l'application impots.gouv depuis cette année

Mi-avril, le ministre délégué aux Comptes publics Thomas Cazenave a signalé une "nouveauté" : on pourra désormais déclarer ses revenus sur l'application impots.gouv. Mais attention, cela ne concerne pour le moment que les "situations simples ne nécessitant pas de saisie complexe", a-t-il précisé.  Dans la même logique de "simplification", les indépendants pourront cette année recourir à la correction en ligne, "c'est-à-dire pouvoir corriger les données sociales déclarées après la fermeture du service de déclaration", a-t-il ajouté. 

Le barème de l'impôt sur le revenu a par ailleurs été revalorisé de 4,8% pour 2023 , après déjà 5,4% l'année précédente, "une mesure très forte pour protéger les Français face à l'inflation", a estimé le ministre. Le montant "à partir duquel nos concitoyens ne sont pas imposés a été augmenté de près de 1.000 euros entre 2022 et 2024", a-t-il dit. 

Aide gratuite des expert-comptables à partir de mercredi

Alors que les finances publiques sont à la peine, avec un déficit public 2023 plus élevé que prévu et une année 2024 qui ne le verra baisser que très peu, le membre du gouvernement a insisté sur la lutte contre la fraude déclarative, qui "contribue à consolider (les) finances publiques" du pays. Selon lui, les agents de la Direction générale des finances publiques (DGFiP) ont déjoué en 2023 "dès la déclaration de revenus" des tentatives de fraude ou des erreurs pour un total de 186 millions d'euros .

"Là où certains voudraient augmenter les impôts, commençons déjà par mieux les recouvrer", avait-il lâché.

Les contribuables peuvent se faire aider gratuitement pour leur déclaration par l'Ordre des experts-comptables, dès jeudi sur le site allo-impot.fr, et à partir du mercredi 22 mai au numéro vert 0800 065 432.

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