how to write direct speech in french

French Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech

How to Speak About Someone Else's Words in French

• Pronunciation & Conversation
• Resources For Teachers

Learning to use proper grammar is an important part of studying the French language . One element of that is direct and indirect speech, or when you are speaking about what someone else has said.

There are a few grammar rules that you should know when it comes to these styles of speech and this French grammar lesson will walk you through the basics.

French Direct and Indirect Speech ( Discours direct et indirec t)

In French, there are two different ways to express the words of another person: direct speech (or direct style) and indirect speech (indirect style).

• In direct speech, you are quoting the words of another person.
• In indirect speech, you are referencing what another person has said without quoting them directly.

Direct Speech ( Discours direct )

Direct speech is very simple. You will use it to impart the exact words of the original speaker are reported in quotes.

• Paul dit : « J'aime les fraises ». -  Paul says, "I like strawberries."
• Lise répond : « Jean les déteste ». -  Lisa replies, "Jean hates them."
• « Jean est stupide » déclare Paul.* -  "Jean is stupid" Paul declares.

Notice the use of « » around the quoted sentences.  The quotation marks used in English (" ") don't exist in French, instead the  guillemets ( « ») are used. 

Indirect Speech ( Discours indirect )

In indirect speech, the original speaker's words are reported without quotes in a subordinate clause (introduced by  que ). 

• Paul dit qu'il aime les fraises. -  Paul says that he loves strawberries.
• Lise répond que Jean les déteste. -  Lisa replies that Jean hates them.
• Paul déclare que Jean est stupide. -  Paul declares that Jean is stupid.

The rules associated with indirect speech are not as simple as they are with direct speech and this subject requires further examination.

Reporting Verbs for Indirect Speech

There are many verbs, called reporting verbs, that can be used to introduce indirect speech:

• affirmer - to assert
• ajouter - to add
• annoncer - to announce
• crier - to shout
• déclarer - to declare
• dire - to say
• expliquer - to explain
• insister - to insist
• prétendre - to claim
• proclamer - to proclaim
• répondre - to answer
• soutenir - to maintain

Switching From Direct to Indirect Speech

Indirect speech tends to be more complicated than direct speech because it requires certain changes (in both English and French). There are three primary changes that may need to be made.

#1 -  Personal pronouns  and  possessives  may need to be changed:

#2 -  Verb conjugations  need to change to agree with the new subject:

#3 - In the above examples, there is no change in the tense because the statements are in the present. However, if the main clause is in the past tense, the  verb tense  of the subordinate clause may also need to change:

The following chart shows the correlation between verb tenses in  direct  and  indirect speech . Use it to determine how to rewrite direct speech as indirect speech or vice versa.

Note:  Présent/Imparfait  to  Imparfait  is by far the most common - you don't need to worry too much about the rest.

• Personal Pronouns: French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary
• French Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns
• Understanding Object Pronoun Verb Order in French
• French Subordinate Clause: French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary
• French Grammar Glossary: Future Subjunctive Is Present Subjunctive
• How to Use French Punctuation
• Index of French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary Terms
• French Object Pronouns
• French Comparative Adverbs: How They're Formed
• Intransitive Verbs: French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary
• How to Conjugate "Diriger" (to Direct)
• Learn the French Sequence of Tenses
• French Indirect Objects and Indirect Object Pronouns
• Auxiliary Verbs: French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary
• French Transitive Verbs
• How to Express Exclamations in French

Direct vs. Indirect Speech

By: Author David Issokson

Posted on Published: July 9, 2020  - Last updated: May 20, 2024

What is direct vs. indirect speech in French?

In French there are two kinds of speech: direct speech (le discours direct) and indirect speech (le discours indirect) . When using direct speech you quote what another person says with quotation marks. The French use the following quotation marks: « ». Also, note that some textbooks refer to this as direct and indirect discourse.

par example:

• Paul dit: «J’ai faim». Paul says, “I’m hungry.”
• Marie demande: «Où sont les toilettes?». Marie asks, “Where’s the restroom?”

In indirect speech (le discours indirect) you’re referring to what another person said without using any quotation marks. Indirect speech can become a bit complicated because several grammatical elements such as personal pronouns and possessive adjectives can change.

• Paul dit qu’il a faim. Paul says he’s hungry.
• Marie demande ou sont les toilettes. Marie asks where’s the rest room.

Agreement of tenses – la concordance des temps

When switching from direct speech to indirect speech the present tense and passé composé are maintained. This doesn’t apply to the imperative, which we’ll look at further below.

In the examples below we’ll look at specific elements of speech which change between the direct and indirect speech.

Example 1 – Le présent

In this first example there’s no change in tense (présent), but the possessive adjective (mes amis -> ses amis) changes as well as the indirect object pronoun (me -> lui).

Example 2 – Le passé composé

In this second example there’s no change in tense (passé composé), but the possessive adjective changes (mon mari -> son mari) as well as the personal pronoun (moi -> elle).

Example 3 – L’impératif

When dealing with the imperative, the imperative in the direct speech becomes the infinitive in the indirect speech. In the indirect speech, the personal pronoun (il) and indirect object pronouns (me) come into play. Additionally, moi becomes lui.

Example 4 – Indirect question

When dealing with an indirect question the word “si” (if) is used in the indirect speech. The personal pronoun tu becomes je.

Example 5 – Qu’est-ce qui

Qu’est-ce qui in a question becomes ce qui.

Example 6 – Qu’est-ce que

Qu’est-ce que becomes ce que.

Example 7 – Information questions

For questions seeking information using «Ou est-ce que?», «Quand est-ce que?», «Comment est-ce que» etc., the est-ce que is disappears in the indirect speech.

Verbs which can be used with indirect speech

The following is a list of words that can be used in indirect speech. In the main clause (beginning of the sentence) they can be followed by que (that), si (if), où (where) etc.

• affirmer to say, claim
• annoncer to announce
• assurer to ensure, maintain
• avouer to admit, confess
• confier to confide
• constater to note, notice
• crier to shout
• délarer to state
• dire to say
• expliquer to explain
• insister to insist
• observer to observe, notice
• prétendre to claim
• proclamer to proclaim
• promettre to promise
• remarquer to notice
• répondre to answer
• réléver to reveal
• s’apercevoir to realize
• savoir to know
• se rendre compte to realize
• soutenir to maintain

All French grammar lessons

More resources:

• francais.lingolia.com (exercise)
• laits.utexas.edu (exercise)

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David Issokson

David Issokson is a lifelong language enthusiast. His head is swimming with words and sounds as he speaks over six languages. Of all the languages he speaks, he's the most passionate about French! David has helped hundreds of students to improve their French in his private online lessons. When procrastinating working on FrenchLearner, David enjoys his time skiing and hiking in Teton Valley, Idaho.

See all posts by David Issokson

How to use direct and indirect reported speech in French?

Use direct and indirect reported speech in French to provide information, such as:

what you or someone else said,

what you were told,

what you heard, or

what you were or someone else was thinking.

There are two varieties of reported speech: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct reported speech is used to report exactly what is said. Let’s see an example.

Manon dit : « J’ai faim. »

Manon says, “I’m hungry.”

On the other hand, indirect reported speech is used to paraphrase a statement or a thought.

J’ai hâte !

I’m looking forward to it!

Elle dit qu’elle a hâte.

She says she’s looking forward to it.

When you report speech indirectly, the part of the sentence that represents what was said fundamentally changes. Did you notice how, above, “J’ai hâte !” became “elle a hâte” ?

In this article, you’ll find out how to report a statement or thought in the present and past, all while learning or reviewing vocabulary, French tenses, punctuation, and much more.

Ready to tackle reported speech?! Allez ! C’est parti !

Table of Contents

What are the french reporting verbs.

Reporting verbs are verbs used to introduce reported speech. They usually tell you something about how someone spoke or thought. Reporting verbs are used for both direct and indirect reported speech.

To report a thought, the most common reporting verb is penser ( to think ) .

« Elle est si jolie », pensait -il.

“She is so pretty,” he thought.

For a statement, we usually use dire ( to say ) .

Il dit qu’il n’y comprend rien.

He says he doesn't understand a thing.

To report a question, we most commonly use demander ( to ask ) .

Elle m’ a demandé : « Tu vas bien ? »

She asked me, “How are you?”

What is direct reported speech in French?

Direct speech reports exactly what is said. It is very common in novels, when translating, and in journalism. Direct reported speech sounds more dynamic; you feel like you’re there because the speech is not altered.

How to use punctuation in French direct reported speech?

There are a couple of ways to use punctuation for direct reported speech in French. The most common one you’ll find, in newspapers for instance, is the use of colons after reporting verbs and the French quotation marks « … » , as opposed to the English ones “...”, before and after the direct reported speech. There is also no period in the quote when the sentence is followed by a reporting verb. Instead, there is a comma, placed outside the end quotation mark, that introduces the reporting verb.

Paola continue : « C’était magique ! »

Paola adds, “It was magical!”

« C’était magique », continue Paola.

“It was magical,” Paola adds.

Did you notice?

In French, we use a space before punctuation marks like exclamation points (!) and question marks (?). The same space is needed between the reporting verb and a colon, the French quotation marks («…») and the direct speech inside them, and the punctuation that follows the direct speech and the end quotation marks. Notice the spaces marked below (red underline):

Emma dit : « J’adore ce film. »

Emma says, “I love this movie.”

Another punctuation rule when reporting a dialogue is the required use of dashes . Unlike English, which requires quotation marks, French uses dashes to indicate the turns of a conversation. Quotation marks are optional and are only used at the beginning and at the end of the entire dialogue. Here’s an example comparing a dialogue in French and in English:

Les deux amis ont parlé de leurs vacances.

The two friends talked about their holidays.

« On partira fin-mai.

“We’ll go at the end of May.”

Ah, nous, on a préféré partir en hiver.

“Will you? We personally preferred going during the wintertime.”

Vous avez raison, il y a moins de touristes. »

“You are right actually, it is less touristy.”

In novels, reporting verbs tagged after direct speech have a different subject-verb order. While in English, it is subject + verb, in French, it is verb + subject linked with a dash.

« Elle est jolie », dit-il.

“She is pretty,” he says.

lit. “She is pretty,” says he.

When your reporting verb ends in "e" you’ll need to add "t" between the verb and the pronouns il , elle , or on . This helps with pronunciation. For those who love a bit of jargon, this is called a “ euphonic t .”

« Il est gentil », raconte -t- elle.

How to use ‘faire’ and ‘sortir’ to speak like a genuine French person?

In English, “to be like” is often used to report a speech when speaking informally; its equivalent in French is faire ( to do ) and it is used just like any other reporting verb for direct reported speech.

You can also add indirect object pronouns No definition set for indirect object pronouns Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. like me ( to me ) or lui ( to him, to her ) to indicate who the person was talking to.

Il m’a sorti : « Je vais me marier !! »

He was like, “I’m going to get married!!”

Il m’a fait : « Euh… j’suis pas sûr. »

He was like, “Er…I’m not too sure.”

When using faire in direct reported speech, try to imitate the person’s voice!

Right! Now, you know how direct speech works, let’s study indirect speech!

What is indirect reported speech in French?

Indirect reported speech in French is a method of relaying what someone else said, thought, asked, or communicated in some way. As we have seen earlier, indirect reported speech changes the perspective from the speaker to the reporter, which means that you may need to alter the direct speech before reporting it indirectly, the same as you would in English.

For indirect speech, you'll need to be able to conjugate French verbs and use a variety of pronouns. Let’s make sure you have everything you need in your French tool box! Don’t hesitate to click on the links if you need a refresher.

Verbs tenses ( présent , imparfait , passé composé , plus-que-parfait , futur simple , conditionnel présent )

French subject pronouns and stressed pronouns

French reflexive pronouns

If you feel comfortable with conjugation, let’s get started!

How to use indirect reported speech in French?

Use indirect speech when you don’t want to quote exactly what someone said, asked, or thought, and, instead, you refer to what you’ve heard using a subordinate clause No definition set for subordinate clause Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. , most commonly introduced by que ( that ) .

Elle a dit qu’ elle voulait venir.

She said (that) she wanted to come.

Using indirect reported speech can be a bit trickier than using direct reported speech, because sometimes using indirect speech will require you to change pronouns No definition set for pronouns Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. , verb tenses, or other words in the sentence. Let’s take a look.

How to use present indirect reported speech?

When the direct reported speech is in the present tense and doesn’t involve the subject pronouns je , tu , nous , vous , no change occurs in the indirect speech:

However, when someone is talking about themselves or to “you,” you need to alter subject pronouns No definition set for subject pronouns Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. , reflexive pronouns No definition set for reflexive pronouns Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. , possessive adjectives No definition set for possessive adjectives Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. , and adapt the verb, just like in English.

In the example below, the subject pronouns and possessive pronouns must change in the indirect reported speech, along with the verb conjugations!

Like in English, verbs of motion differ between direct and indirect reported speech because the point of reference changes from the original speaker’s point of view to the reporter’s point of view.

How to use past indirect reported speech?

If you want to indirectly report something that was said in the past (using phrases like, “He said that…” or “She thought that…”), you’ll need to learn the correspondence of verb tenses that change between direct and indirect past reported speech. Luckily, it is similar in English!

The good news is that all other tenses, like the imperfect or the present conditional, remain the same between direct and indirect reported speech.

Verb correspondences aren’t the only changes you’ll want to learn with past indirect reported speech. Indeed, there are also some adverbial changes that will take place when you alter the tenses. See our list of French adverbs that change in indirect reported speech (p. 2) !

Now, let’s take a look at indirect speech used to report questions and interjections/commands.

How to use indirect speech with questions?

When indirectly reporting a question, que can’t introduce the clause, as it has in our examples above. If the answer is yes or no, you’ll use si , which is the equivalent of “whether.”

Tu es content ? → Il m’a demandé si j’étais content.

Are you happy? → He asked me whether I was happy.

Just like in English, when indirectly reporting a questions with the 4 Ws in French qui, quand, où, pourquoi ( who, when, where, why ) ) and comment ( how ) , you’ll need to use an interrogative pronoun instead of que or si to introduce the indirect speech.

Qu’est-ce que and qu’est-ce qui turn into ce que and ce qui , respectively, in reported questions. But it is quite a common mistake among native French speakers to keep qu’est-ce que in the reported speech.

How to use indirect speech with commands and interjections?

Let’s say you just want to indirectly report an interjection No definition set for interjection Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. like Merci ( Thank you ) or a short command like Sors ! ( Get out! ) — what would you say?!

Let’s start with commands, because it will help you with interjections. The imperative mood , which expresses an order, can be indirectly reported like so:

Reporting Verb

dire ( to say )

demander ( to ask )

ordonner ( to order )

obliger ( to urge )

Infinitive of the command

Il m’ a demandé d' arrêter .

He asked me to stop.

What about the negation ?

The negation goes after de .

Now, let’s talk about interjections. Just like in English, there are verbs derived from these single words which can be used to describe what was said.

In brief: What to remember about French reported speech?

When reporting speech directly or indirectly in French, remember what you’ve learned in this post! Here’s a recap:

Direct reported speech works the same in French and English, except for with certain punctuation and the subject-verb order, i.e. “he says” = dit-il .

Faire is the equivalent to the English reporting phrase “to be like.”

For indirect reported speech, que ( that ) is not optional, unlike in English.

Some tenses will change between direct and indirect reported speech (present tense → imperfect, future → present conditional), but the other tenses don’t change.

For yes or no questions, use si ( whether ) . In other questions, qu’est-ce que/qui ( what ) turns into ce que/qui .

Use a reporting verb followed by de and an infinitive to indirectly report a command or interjection.

Now that you’ve reviewed the key rules to reported speech, you’re ready to head to our French reported speech activities .

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Guide to Indirect and Direct Speech in French

In French, you have two main ways of getting your point across or expressing what someone has said, reported speech and indirect speech. Indirect speech is used to report what someone said without repeating their exact words. And direct speech is used in the opposite way, you convey what someone said using their exact words. But when would you use each of them correctly?

How to Use Indirect Speech?

As we briefly mentioned in the introduction to this lesson, indirect speech is used to express what someone said without saying their exact words , you might want to use it to paraphrase a quote or a brief summary of what was said. The sentences using indirect speech use que to introduce the indirect action.

This speech mode is not as simple as the direct one. There is a certain number of verbs, also known as reporting verbs, that can be used to introduce indirect speech sentences.

Fatima affirme que les choses vont changer.

Fatima says that things are going to change.

Il crie que des fourmis se baladent sur lui.

He screams he has ants all over him.

Elles expliquent que les classes sont difficiles.

They explain that the classes are difficult.

Direct Speech in French

Contrary to indirect speech, direct speech is easier to use and form. You use it to quote word by word what was said by another person. This speech is usually introduced by quotation marks.

Ma plus jeune fille dit : “Je vais être ecrivaine”.

My youngest daughter says: “I’m going to be a writer”.

Ta mére nous dit toujours : “Je suis très fier de vous deux”.

Your mother always tells us: “I am very proud of you two”.

Sa soeur prononce au milieu du dejeuner: “J’ai tombé enceinte.”

His sister utters in the middle of lunch: “I got pregnant.”

How to Turn Direct Speech into Indirect Speech in French?

Indirect speech is in fact a little more complicated than direct speech because there are certain details that you have to keep in mind if you want to go back and forth between the two of them.

• Direct Speech:

David déclare a son épouse: “ Je veux voir la mer”.

David says to his wife: “I want to see the sea”.

• Indirect Speech:

David déclare qu’ il veut voir la mer.

David says that he wants to see the sea.

Silvie a dit: “Je veux voir ma mère.”

Silvie said: “I want to see my mother.”

Silvie dit qu’elle veut voir sa mère.

Silvie says she wants to see her mother.

• Direct Speech

Theo a déclaré : “Je veux jouer au foot.”

Theo said: “I want to play soccer.”

• Indirect Speech

Theo a déclaré qu’il voulait jouer au foot.

Theo said he wanted to play soccer.

You’re Ready to Use the Reported Speech in French

As we come to the end of this lesson, we hope you feel ready to use this important tool to express, quote, or even paraphrase what someone else said. With this lesson, the techniques, and the examples we’ve presented, you can start communicating everything you need to get your point across with ease. Remember that practice makes perfect and that we have all the tools you need to speak and write French like a native speaker.

Learn more about: Finally Learn which French Verbs Take Direct or Indirect Object

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Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect speech are two types of speech used to report someone else's words.

1. Direct Speech

Direct speech ( le discours direct ) shows a person's exact words. In English, quotation marks "..." are used to show these exact words. In French, guillemets are used instead «...» .

Jacques dit : « j'adore le français ».

Jacques says, " I love French ".

Note that a colon is used in the French sentence before the guillemets.

2. Indirect Speech

Indirect speech ( le discours indirect ) reports the speaker's words or ideas into a sentence without quotation marks; they are a paraphrase. The reader therefore does not assume that the words are the speaker's exact words.

Jacques dit qu'il adore le français.

Jacques says (that) he loves French

Note that the words are reported in a subordinate clause introduced by que (that) . Since another person's point of view is reported, the subject pronoun must change from the first to the third person in the subordinate clause.

The subordinate clause is sometimes introduced by si (if) , ce que (what) or de + infinitive (for an order).

3. Reporting verbs

Here is a list of reporting verbs that can be used to report someone's speech and their translation.

4. Switching from Direct to Indirect Speech

There are three changes that may need to be made when switching from direct to indirect speech.

1. Personal and possessive adjectives

Direct Speech: Sophie affirme: « je dois faire mes devoirs ».

Indirect Speech: Sophie affirme qu' elle doit faire ses devoirs.

2. Verb conjugations need to agree with the new subject.

Direct Speech: Marc déclare: « je veux vivre à l'étranger ».

Indirect Speech: Marc déclare qu'il veut vivre à l'étranger.

3. The verb tense in the subordinate clause may need to change if the main clause is in the past tense .

Direct Speech: Joseph a dit : « je ne suis pas fatigué ».

Indirect Speech: Joseph a dit qu'il n' était pas fatigué.

Note that there is no change of tense if the main clause is in the present tense

Direct Speech: Jessica explique : « je n'y suis pas allée ».

Indirect Speech: Jessica explique qu'elle n'y est pas allée .

5. Tense changes in subordinate clauses

As mentioned above if the main clause is in the present tense, then the tense in the subordinate clause does not change when switching from direct to indirect speech.

However, when the main clause is in the past tense then the tense from the subordinate clause must sometimes be modified when switching from direct to indirect speech and vice versa.

Here is a table showing the tense changes:

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « je vais au cinéma ».

Indirect Speech: Elle a dit qu'elle allait au cinéma.

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « je suis allée au cinéma ».

Indirect Speech: Elle a dit qu'elle était allée au cinéma.

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « j'allais au cinéma ».

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « j'irai au cinéma ».

Indirect Speech: Elle a dit qu'elle irait au cinéma.

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « j'irais au cinéma ».

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « j'étais allée au cinéma ».

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « je serai allée au cinéma ».

Indirect Speech: Elle a dit qu'elle serait allée au cinéma.

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « je serais allée au cinéma ».

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « Il faut que j'aille au cinéma ».

Indirect Speech: Elle a dit qu'il fallait qu'elle aille au cinéma.

Example 10:

Direct Speech: Elle a dit: « Va au cinéma ».

Indirect Speech: Elle a dit d'aller au cinéma.

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Direct speech – discours direct

Let's define it, what's a *direct speech*.

A discours direct  ( direct speech ) is when somebody's actual words are quoted directly (i.e. unfiltered) rather than reported through a third party.

For example, when you say:

Marie dit: "Ma mère est allée au supermarché"  (Marie said: "My mother went to the supermarket)

you are using/quoting Marie's words in direct speech.

In an indirect speech, the introductory verb "dit" would be followed by que as in "Marie dit que...." plus other changes which will be discussed when we tackle that topic.

Let's Pronounce It!

What does it sound like in french, let's have an example or two, can a little reinforcement do the trick.

A couple of sentences in the direct speech :

• Eric dit: "Je n'ai plus faim". /  He said: "I'm no longer hungry"
• L'accusé déclara: "Je suis innocent. Je n'ai rien à cacher". /  The defendant declared: "I am innocent. I have nothing to hide."

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Indirect questions in French

Word order in indirect questions, indirect questions with si, punctuation in indirect questions, how to turn direct questions into indirect questions.

• Lingolia Plus French

What is an indirect question?

Indirect questions (l’interrogation indirecte) are questions that have been reformulated in an indirect manner. They are included within a normal sentence, meaning that they are not usually written with a question mark. Indirect questions are often introduced by the following phrases:

Transforming a direct question into an indirect question brings about several changes to the grammar and punctuation of the sentence. Read on for tips and tricks to help you correctly form indirect questions in French grammar, then test yourself in the free interactive exercises.

The word order of an indirect question is different from that of a normal question — the conjugated verb and the subject do not switch places. Instead, after the question-word the word order remains the same as in a main clause:

question word + subject + verb + object

In an indirect question, the question-word comes before the subject.

The conjugated verb and the subject only switch places if the subject is a noun (and not a pronoun ) and when the verb is not followed by an object.

For yes-no questions (questions without a question word), we use si in the indirect form. This is similar to the English if or whether .

Before the personal pronouns il and ils , we write s’ instead of si . This is known as elision.

For an indirect question, we normally use a full stop instead of a question mark (see the examples above). The question mark is only included if the indirect question is part of an actual question.

When turning direct questions into indirect questions, we need to remember the following points:

• change the pronouns Example: Il demande à sa mère : « As- tu vu l’animatrice de télé ? » He asks his mother: “Have you seen the TV host?” → Il demande à sa mère si elle a vu l’animatrice de télé. He asks his mother if she has seen the TV host. Sandrine demande à Paul : « As-tu vu mon parapluie ? » Sandrine asks Paul: “Have you seen my umbrella?” → Sandrine demande à Paul s’il a vu son parapluie. Sandrine asks Paul if he has seen her umbrella.
• change the verb : for the example below we use the 3 rd person instead of the 2 nd person. In many cases we also have to change the tense (see below). Example: Elle demande à son collègue : « Veux -tu manger à la cantine avec moi ? » She asks her colleague: “Do you want to eat in the canteen with me?” → Elle demande à son collègue s’il veut manger à la cantine avec elle. She asks her colleague if he wants to eat in the canteen with her.
• if necessary, change the time and place Example: Il demanda : « Est-elle venue ici hier ? » He asked: “Did she come here yesterday?” → Il demanda si elle était venue au café le jour précédent . He asked if she had been to the café the day before.

Changing the Tense

If the verb in the introductory clause is in the présent (e.g. il demande ), the tense remains unchanged in indirect speech. In some cases, however, we still need to change the verb form (1 st person singular → 3 rd person singular).

If the introductory clause is in the past tense (e.g. il a demandé ), the tense of the indirect speech must be shifted back (see table).

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What is reported speech or indirect speech ?

The reported speech (or indirect speech) is used to report the words. It is very useful when telling a story or an experience with another speaker.

For example:

I am with a friend. This friend tells me " I'm moving to Canada " (this is direct speech). 

Later, I see my mother, and she asks me about my friend and I tell her: " He told me he's moving to Canada " (that's reported or indirect speech) 

It is the reporting of what I was told to another person.

How is reported speech or indirect speech constructed

There are several ways to report the words of people depending on the nature of the word he said to us. Let's see the different ways of reporting someone's words  

> If the person expressed an affirmative sentence, such as :

Il fait beau aujourd’hui.

This will result in :  Sujet + Verbe introducteur + que / qu’ + parole : I l a dit qu’il fait beau aujourd’hui.  

> If the person has expressed a closed interrogative sentence (which can only be answered "yes" or "no"), such as:

Est-ce que tu viens au parc ?

This will result in :  Sujet + Verbe introducteur + si / s’ + parole  : Il m’a demandé si je viens au parc.  

> If the person has expressed an open-ended interrogative sentence (which can NOT be answered only "yes" or "no"), such as:

Pourquoi tu ne viens pas au parc ?

This will result in : Sujet + Verbe introducteur + mot interrogatif + parole : Il m’a demandé pourquoi je ne viens pas au parc.  

> If the person expressed an interrogative sentence with "quoi", like :

Tu vas faire quoi ?

This will result in : Sujet + Verbe introducteur + ce que + parole : Il m’a demandé ce que je vais faire.  

> If the person has expressed an order, such as :

Viens avec nous !

This will result in : Sujet + Verbe introducteur + de + infinitif : Il m’a ordonnée de venir avec eux.

The concordance of tenses in reported speech (or indirect speech) :

The most common problem with reported speech is the concordance of tenses.

Do you understand? Make a sentence in reported speech in the comments!

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8. Liens hypertextes et cookies.

Le site www.ohlalafrenchcourse.com contient un certain nombre de liens hypertextes vers d’autres sites, mis en place avec l’autorisation de Manon Gonnard. Cependant, Manon Gonnard n’a pas la possibilité de vérifier le contenu des sites ainsi visités, et n’assumera en conséquence aucune responsabilité de ce fait.

La navigation sur le site www.ohlalafrenchcourse.com est susceptible de provoquer l’installation de cookie(s) sur l’ordinateur de l’utilisateur. Un cookie est un fichier de petite taille, qui ne permet pas l’identification de l’utilisateur, mais qui enregistre des informations relatives à la navigation d’un ordinateur sur un site. Les données ainsi obtenues visent à faciliter la navigation ultérieure sur le site, et ont également vocation à permettre diverses mesures de fréquentation.

Le refus d’installation d’un cookie peut entraîner l’impossibilité d’accéder à certains services. L’utilisateur peut toutefois configurer son ordinateur de la manière suivante, pour refuser l’installation des cookies :

Sous Internet Explorer : onglet outil (pictogramme en forme de rouage en haut a droite) / options internet. Cliquez sur Confidentialité et choisissez Bloquer tous les cookies. Validez sur Ok.

Sous Firefox : en haut de la fenêtre du navigateur, cliquez sur le bouton Firefox, puis aller dans l'onglet Options. Cliquer sur l'onglet Vie privée. Paramétrez les Règles de conservation sur : utiliser les paramètres personnalisés pour l'historique. Enfin décochez-la pour désactiver les cookies.

Sous Safari : Cliquez en haut à droite du navigateur sur le pictogramme de menu (symbolisé par un rouage). Sélectionnez Paramètres. Cliquez sur Afficher les paramètres avancés. Dans la section "Confidentialité", cliquez sur Paramètres de contenu. Dans la section "Cookies", vous pouvez bloquer les cookies.

Sous Chrome : Cliquez en haut à droite du navigateur sur le pictogramme de menu (symbolisé par trois lignes horizontales). Sélectionnez Paramètres. Cliquez sur Afficher les paramètres avancés. Dans la section "Confidentialité", cliquez sur préférences. Dans l'onglet "Confidentialité", vous pouvez bloquer les cookies.

9. Droit applicable et attribution de juridiction.

Tout litige en relation avec l’utilisation du site www.ohlalafrenchcourse.com est soumis au droit français. Il est fait attribution exclusive de juridiction aux tribunaux compétents de France.

11. Lexique.

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A Straightforward Guide to French Punctuation

Starting  basic French really can be as easy as ABC .

But once you begin writing in French , there’s a whole new set of basics to learn.

Just dotting your i’s and crossing your t’s will no longer cut it.

As kids, proper punctuation was one of the first things we learned at school, and in French, it’s just as important as learning to count  or any of the other fundamentals of the language.

Although French and English do use a lot of the same punctuation, there are some noteworthy differences between the languages which, as a learner, you really need to pay attention to.

Making the effort to focus on proper punctuation will have you on the road to perfect writing in no time at all.

Let’s get started!

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

So, What’s Up with Punctuation in French, Anyway?

Below, we’ll look at a few easy ways you can get up to speed on the main parts of French punctuation.

Make a quotation…the French way

Putting things in air quotes just doesn’t cut it in France, and if you want to make a reference to another text or statement in writing, you’ll need to go about it in a different way.

While English typically uses either the double or the single apostrophe to make a quotation, French goes about it in an entirely different manner, using guillemets to reference a third party.

Two angled brackets, guillemets , reference quotations or speech within a text. While not all authors choose to use  guillemets  within sections of dialogue, those who do typically use them to  indicate segments of direct speech .

For example, in the short story “Bel Ami”  by Guy de Maupassant , the author presents the dialogue as follows:

«  Ah ! mon vieux ! comment vas-tu ?

– Très bien et toi ?

– Oh ! moi, pas trop ; figure-toi que j’ai une poitrine de papier mâché maintenant ; je tousse six mois sur douze, à la suite d’une bronchite que j’ai attrapée à Bougival, l’année de mon retour à Paris, voici quatre ans maintenant.

– Tiens ! tu as l’air solide, pourtant. »

(“Ah! My old man! How are you?”

“Very well, and you?”

“Oh! I’m not very good. Imagine that I have a chest made from  papier mâché  now; I cough six months out of twelve after having caught bronchitis at Bougival, the year after I returned to Paris four years ago now.”

“Wow! Still, you look solid.”)

In French texts with dialogue, you might actually find many variations on the guillemet , italics and indentation. The important thing when you’re writing is to pick a method of quotation and stick to it throughout the entirety of the text.

Adopting the  guillemets to indicate fragments of direct speech can be the easiest way to get your head around that particular punctuation mark, and will clearly mark the difference between speech and other types of writing.

Quotations from third parties, however, will appear with the guillemets at either end of the complete statement, indicating when the source text has finished. When you read French books and newspapers, you’ll come across many quotation marks used in the correct way. The more you read, the easier the correct way will be to remember!

Take care when spacing your punctuation marks

If you’ve ever received a French text message, you may have noticed that something looked a little different. While English leaves no space between punctuation marks and words, certain French marks require a space before and after they’re written. Getting your spacings right according to the punctuation mark is very important when writing correct French.

Two-part punctuation marks are exactly what they sound like: Made up of two or more parts, they’re different from commas and periods, and tend to be used less frequently. When writing punctuation marks such as these, a space is required after the word they modify. Marks to which this applies include:

: (the colon)

; (the semicolon)

? (the question mark)

! (the exclamation mark)

% (the percentage mark)

$ (money symbols)

# (the number symbol)

« (the guillemet)

If you’re writing on a French device, then it likely will have already been programmed to put in the spacing required with the punctuation mark. Using English language devices or writing by hand, however, you need to make sure you use the spacings required for the punctuation you use, especially if you’re writing formal or official documents ; grammar and accuracy are very important!

Practice your numbers with the French decimal

It’s not unusual for an English speaker to come across a list of long numbers written in French and scratch their head in confusion.

In English, decimal points are communicated by the presence of a period in between the numbers. “One point five,” for example, is written as 1.5. In French, however, une virgule (a comma) is used to stand in for the decimal point. “One point five” in English would be 1,5 in French, or un virgule cinq .

So far, so simple, right? It’s only when you get to larger numbers that things might become a little more confusing. While English uses commas to separate larger numbers into thousands and hundreds, the French language uses spaces . The number “three thousand, three hundred” would appear as 3,300 in English but 3 300 in French.

So in French, you simply need to use spaces to separate a number into thousands and hundreds, as appropriate. “Ten thousand, five hundred” is written as 10 500 , for example.

Get basic punctuation terminology under your belt

Of course, one of the most important things you can do when learning about French punctuation is to pick up the new vocabulary along the way. If you encounter any issues in your writing, knowing what the terms are in French will help you to no end with seeking advice. Similarly, practicing dictation challenges will be much easier if you know what punctuation marks your teacher or the recording is referring to!

While there are many punctuation marks to learn, the most common and important are as follows:

Le point (period)

La virgule (comma)

Le deux-points (colon)

Le point-virgule (semicolon)

Le point d’exclamation (exclamation mark)

Le point d’interrogation (question mark)

Les guillemets (quotation marks)

Adding this new terminology to your vocabulary routine can help you to learn essential punctuation differences much more quickly than you think. Plus, if you practice constructing sentences using it in the correct way, you’ll get both the vocabulary and the punctuation usage down!

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How to Practice Your New French Punctuation Knowledge

Speaking of practice, while establishing the essential differences between French and English punctuation is all well and good, it also helps to think about how you’re going to really get to grips with these concepts. Here are a few different ways you can test and strengthen your knowledge of French punctuation.

Translate an English text into French

Translating an English text into French could be a great challenge to start off with.

Typically, novels work best for this type of task, as they contain a huge variation of punctuation marks and patterns.

Try to select a passage that includes both speech and narrative; that way, you’ll hopefully be able to practice quotation marks, commas, periods and exclamations.

Typing your French translation on a computer is the best way to go about it, as you’ll be able to see the differences in punctuation much more easily.

When you’ve finished, you can look at your translation alongside a French book to see how you’ve used punctuation by comparison.

Focus on a new punctuation point each week in writing

Taking on everything at once can sometimes seem tempting, but when learning a new language, slow and steady really does win the race. When you’re just starting out, tackling punctuation marks and their rules one at a time can be the best thing to do; this will give you the chance to learn each mark thoroughly, and to pick up other language rules at the same time.

At first, try focusing on simple punctuation marks, such as two-point punctuation, and getting your spacing right. Once you’ve completed a number of translation tasks with no mistakes, you can move on to more complex challenges, like writing out your own stories with dialogue using guillemets.

Taking punctuation in baby steps will help you to understand how you’re using it much better, and also enable you to better switch between English and French punctuation with ease. Pretty soon, you’ll be writing out French numbers with commas and spaces and inserting guillemets without even thinking about it!

Set yourself letter challenges and write entirely in French

After you’ve become more familiar with French, you can begin to test your command of the language out on other learners and native speakers, even incorporating this into your learning routine. Typing out letters entirely in French will not only enable you to practice your punctuation, but also your spelling, grammar and vocabulary.

Imagine you have a pen pal who lives in France and you want to tell them about a particular incident. Whether or not you actually do have a pen pal and an opportunity to write a letter like this, try concocting a narrative that requires you to use as many types of punctuation as you can; sections of speech, intrigue and exclamation will all help you to vary your punctuation!

After you’ve finished, you can ask your pen pal or another learner to check for mistakes, or have it checked over online . Alternatively, check your punctuation using a French text for comparison.

Try writing short emails and texts using correct French punctuation

When it comes to practicing any language, the best way to do it is to be interactive. If you’re learning alongside other people, or know any French speakers, you can try to communicate with them entirely in French. Using your phone and computer, try writing short messages using correct French punctuation. If you keep your device in its English language setting, you can really test your knowledge!

Alternatively, posting on French forums online can be a great way to practice writing digitally when you don’t have someone specific to write to. There are really a whole range of ways to get comfortable with French pronunciation.

While French punctuation might seem very far removed from English, it’s actually pretty easy to pick up.

Although some common punctuation marks might be used a little differently in different situations, they serve consistent purposes in French, and learning how to use them is just a matter of practice.

And one more thing...

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• French Pronouns

How to Use Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns in French

• Sam Denishin
• December 11, 2020

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In this grammar lesson you will learn how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in French .

In this lesson you will learn about:

• what the direct and indirect object pronouns are
• how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in French
• how to quiz yourself on how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in French
• how to practice with flashcards for how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in French
• how and why you should use the courses of Language Atlas to learn French

Please refer to the French A2 Curriculum to get a better overview of French grammar, if you are curious about how this fits in the overall structure of French A2 .

By the end of the lesson you will know all about how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in French.

Table of Contents

Table of direct and indirect object pronouns, how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in french.

We learnt in the previous lessons that it is possible to replace object nouns with direct object pronouns (le, la, l’, and les) , and with indirect object pronouns (lui, and leur) .

That part was the most difficult.

This lesson is significantly easier, as all other remaining options ( me/m’, te/t’, nous, vous ) are exactly the same for both direct and indirect object pronouns.

In this lesson we will tackle the remaining options.

Je te donne ma bague. I am giving you my ring.

Je t’ aime ! I love you !

Est-ce que tu m’ aimes ? Do you love me ?

Il nous pose une question. He is asking us a question.

Elle vous demande si vous aimez le thé. She’s asking you if you like tea.

Clara nous parle. Clara is talking to us .

Vous m’ attendez ? Are you waiting for me ?

As you can see, the direct and indirect pronouns always come before the verb.

The following lesson goes into more detail as to the placement of direct and indirect object nouns.

I have made an English translation of the pronouns in the next chapter.

This can make things easier sometimes, as so much French can be a bit indimidating.

The Pronouns In English

Examples sentences on how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in french.

The final section of this lesson on how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in French is about seeing the object pronouns in action.

This is valuable because you can improve your understanding on how to use direct and indirect object pronouns in French sentences through examples.

Hear you can see all of the sentences of the previous chapter, neatly stored in one place.

Quiz Yourself on How to Use Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns in French

At the end of every lesson you can do a small quiz.

You will see the sentences of the previous chapter.

You will either need to fill in the blanks, choose the correct multiple choice option, or both.

It is up to you to give the correct answer.

Once you are done the correct answer will be shown.

You can redo the quiz as many times as you want.

Je donne ma bague. I am giving you my ring.

Est-ce que tu 'aimes ? Do you love me?

Clara parle. Clara is talking to us.

How to Practice With Flashcards for This Lesson

Using flashcards is an absolute necessity when it comes to learning a language!

It is the best way to memorize what you learn, you can personalize your progression because it adapts to your actions, and all flashcards have audio to improve your hearing and pronunciation.

Please read our article on how to learn a new language for more information on flashcards and the best way to learn a new language.

There are two ways to practice with Flashcards for this lesson.

• The Flashcards in our Courses

Anki is a free software with which you can create and practice flashcards.

After you have downloaded Anki , you can get our French A2 Anki Deck .

This Anki Deck contains 3,816 flashcards with which you can practice absolutely everything for French A2.

All the flashcards have text, images, explanations, and audio.

You can also use our courses that have flashcards integrated alongside lessons with audio, quizzes and much more!

However, I am sure you are wondering, what are your courses, and why should I take them?

The Courses of Language Atlas

Have you ever wondered what the best way is to learn a new language?

I have been learning languages for over 20+ years and I was always frustrated with books, courses, and classes that I had tried.

It never really seemed to work for me.

I wanted to learn a language in the most effective and efficient way, and there was nothing out there for me.

So I thought, “ why not make something myself? “.

Using my experience and by doing research I created Language Atlas, a platform where people can learn French and Spanish in the most effective and efficient way.

I created free lessons and quizzes so that there would always be a easy and accessible way for people to learn or brush up on their language skills.

However, I also created courses that are much more comprehensive and in-depth.

These courses are easy to follow, clear, and allow you to become fluent in the most effective and efficient way.

The courses of Language Atlas have:

• 800+ Lessons with audio
• 800+ Quizzes
• 10,000 Flashcards with explanations, images, and audio
• A gamified way of learning a new language
• A vibrant community (including support from me)

You can register for free and try the French A0/A1 and Spanish A0/A1 Courses for free!

This includes over 60 lessons and quizzes, 500 flashcards that adapt to how you learn, and access to the community (including support from me).

All you have to do is study 30 minutes a day and you will be fluent in no time!

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Mastering French Grammar: A Comprehensive Guide to Indirect Speech

French grammar can be intricate, especially for English speakers. One aspect of French grammar that often confuses learners is indirect speech. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the concept of indirect speech in French, its intricacies, and how to use it correctly. By understanding and mastering indirect speech, you will elevate your French language skills to the next level.

Table of Contents

• Understanding Indirect Speech
• Indirect Speech versus Direct Speech
• Converting Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Verb Tenses and Indirect Speech

Pronoun changes in indirect speech, word order in indirect speech.

• Reporting Verbs and Expressions
• Indirect Questions
• Negative Statements in Indirect Speech
• Frequently Asked Questions and Troubleshooting
• Tips for Mastering Indirect Speech

1. Understanding Indirect Speech

Indirect speech, or “discours indirect,” is a method of conveying information or reporting on what someone else has said without quoting their exact words. This is done by integrating the speaker’s words into the sentence structure and adjusting the verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements accordingly. Indirect speech is essential for relaying information, expressing opinions, and recounting events in a more natural and fluid manner.

2. Indirect Speech versus Direct Speech

Direct speech, or “discours direct,” is when you quote someone’s exact words, usually enclosed in quotation marks or guillemets (« ») in French. Here is an example of direct speech:

• Direct speech: Elle a dit, « J’adore les croissants. »

Conversely, indirect speech does not use quotation marks and requires adjustments to verb tenses and pronouns. Here’s the same example in indirect speech:

• Indirect speech: Elle a dit qu’elle adorait les croissants.

Notice how the verb tense changed from present (j’adore) to imperfect (elle adorait) to convey the same message without directly quoting the speaker.

3. Converting Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, several elements need to be adjusted. These include changes in verb tenses, pronouns, and word order.

In indirect speech, the verb tense typically shifts to a past tense to indicate the information being reported happened in the past. The table below shows common verb tense changes:

• Direct speech: Il a dit, « Je vais au cinéma ce soir. » (Futur simple)
• Indirect speech: Il a dit qu’il irait au cinéma ce soir. (Conditionnel présent)

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, pronouns may need to be adjusted to align with the new sentence structure. Personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns are often affected.

• Direct speech: Paul a dit, « J’ai perdu mon porte-monnaie. »
• Indirect speech: Paul a dit qu’il avait perdu son porte-monnaie.

In indirect speech, the word order may differ from direct speech. For instance, the negation “ne…pas” surrounds the auxiliary verb in direct speech, while in indirect speech, it surrounds the main verb.

• Direct speech: Elle a dit, « Je ne peux pas venir. »
• Indirect speech: Elle a dit qu’elle ne pouvait pas venir.

4. Reporting Verbs and Expressions

A variety of verbs and expressions can be used to introduce indirect speech. Some common ones include:

• dire (to say)
• raconter (to tell, recount)
• expliquer (to explain)
• annoncer (to announce)
• déclarer (to declare)
• affirmer (to affirm)
• prétendre (to claim)
• demander (to ask)
• répondre (to reply)
• ajouter (to add)

5. Indirect Questions

Indirect questions are another form of indirect speech. They are used to report a question without quoting the exact words. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions do not require a question mark and use the same word order as declarative sentences.

• Direct question: Elle a demandé, « Où est la boulangerie ? »
• Indirect question: Elle a demandé où était la boulangerie.

6. Negative Statements in Indirect Speech

When converting negative statements from direct to indirect speech, the negation must be adjusted accordingly.

• Direct speech: Il a dit, « Je ne veux pas de gâteau. »
• Indirect speech: Il a dit qu’il ne voulait pas de gâteau.

7. Frequently Asked Questions and Troubleshooting

Q: Can we use indirect speech in the present tense?

A: Yes, indirect speech can be used in the present tense when the information being reported is still relevant or valid. However, this is less common and may sound less natural in French.

Q: What if the direct speech contains a question or exclamation?

A: In indirect speech, questions and exclamations are often rephrased as declarative statements. For questions, indirect questions should be used instead of direct questions.

8. Tips for Mastering Indirect Speech

• Practice converting direct speech to indirect speech and vice versa.
• Read and analyze French texts to identify and understand the use of indirect speech.
• Use flashcards to memorize common reporting verbs and expressions.
• Practice using indirect speech in conversations and written exercises.

In conclusion, mastering indirect speech is essential for elevating your French language skills. By understanding the nuances of indirect speech, verb tense changes, pronoun adjustments, and word order, you will be able to convey information more naturally and fluidly in French. Keep practicing and applying these concepts to become a proficient French speaker.

Frenchlanguagebasics 🇫🇷

Learn French the fast and easy way!

10 Common French phrases: How to structure a speech or talk

Whether you’re giving a presentation or simply introducing yourself to a group of people, knowing how to structure a speech or talk in French can be a valuable skill.

In this lesson, we’ll go over 10 common French phrases for structuring a speech or talk.

Bonjour à tous. (Hello, everyone.)

This phrase is used to begin a speech or talk, and to greet the audience.

Je vais parler de ___. (I’m going to talk about ___.)

This phrase is used to introduce the topic or theme of the speech or talk.

Tout d’abord, je vais ___ . (First, I’m going to ___ .)

This phrase is used to introduce the first point or topic of the speech or talk.

Ensuite, je vais ___ . (Next, I’m going to ___ .)

This phrase is used to introduce the second point or topic of the speech or talk.

Après cela, je vais ___ . (After that, I’m going to ___ .)

This phrase is used to introduce the third point or topic of the speech or talk.

Pour résumer, j’ai parlé de ___. (To summarize, I talked about ___.)

This phrase is used to summarize the main points or topics covered in the speech or talk.

En conclusion, ___. (In conclusion, ___ .)

This phrase is used to wrap up the speech or talk, and to give a final statement or message.

Merci de votre attention. (Thank you for your attention.)

This phrase is used to express gratitude to the audience for listening.

Avez-vous des questions ? (Do you have any questions?)

This phrase is used to invite the audience to ask questions or seek clarification.

Je suis à votre disposition pour répondre à vos questions. (I’m available to answer your questions.)

This phrase is used to indicate that the speaker is willing and available to answer any questions or concerns the audience may have.

Learning these common French phrases for structuring a speech or talk will help you to communicate more effectively in formal settings.

Additionally, it is helpful to learn basic French vocabulary and grammar rules to build your language skills. With practice and persistence, you’ll soon be able to deliver speeches and talks with ease in French.

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How to write speech marks in French

Posted by Josh on 27th Dec 2022 in the blog in the category

Punctuation in French can be very different from how it is in English and other languages. No more is this more the case when it comes to speech marks. While in English, you simply use an inverted comma (') or speech marks (") to indicate the start and end of speech, in French it's not quite so simple. Let's look over the rules for writing speech marks in French.

What are the signs and rules?

In French, while speech marks (") and inverted commas (') can be used to denote quotations within longer quotations, they are not generally used to designate speech. (At least, not officially, although the influence of English has made them a somewhat common sight online and in texting.) Instead, speech is indicated using guillemets (« »). (Be careful not to confuse these with the arrow signs (< >). Although they look similar, the guillemets are a different sign altogether, and are always indicated with two chevrons. You can type them on a Windows keyboard with the following code: ctrl + alt + [ and ]) G uillemets are used to indicate the start and close of a conversation or dialogue, rather than just an individual item of speech. That means that indicators such as 'he said' or 'they replied' are included within the guillemet , as in the following dialogue. « J'aime enseigner le français, dit alexa. Cela m'apporte de la joie. » If you want to indicate that another speaker is speaking in the same conversation, you would use an m dash (—). This can confuse new learners, so make sure to remember this! « J'aime enseigner le français, dit alexa. Cela m'apporte de la joie. — Et j'aime l'apprendre! dit Daniel. » And that's all there is to it. Try to remember this next time you read or write a quotation or conversation.

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How do you write direct speech in English? - Easy Learning Grammar

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General election latest: Abbott tells rally she won't be 'intimidated' - as minister defends Truss over far-right podcast

Diane Abbott has arrived at a rally calling on Labour to let her stand for the party at the general election, as Sir Keir Starmer comes under mounting pressure to make a decision over the veteran MP's future.

Wednesday 29 May 2024 23:00, UK

• General Election 2024

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Election news

• 'I will not be intimidated': Abbott vows to stand at election
• Labour MP suspended after complaint
• Rayner cleared by HMRC, Sky News understands
• PM 'not worried' about polls showing Labour lead
• Minister defends Truss over far-right podcast appearance
• Live reporting by Faith Ridler

Expert analysis

• Matthew Thompson: Why polls don't tell full story for Lib Dems
• Ashish Joshi: Labour's key advantage in NHS battleground
• Tamara Cohen: Starmer allowing Abbott confusion to rumble on

Election essentials

• Trackers: Who's leading polls? | Is PM keeping promises?
• Campaign Heritage: Memorable moments from elections gone by
• Follow Sky's politics podcasts: Electoral Dysfunction | Politics At Jack And Sam's
• Read more: What happens next? | Which MPs are standing down? | Key seats to watch | How to register to vote | What counts as voter ID? | Check if your constituency's changing | Your essential guide to election lingo | Sky's election night plans

There's been plenty of back and forth this week about Diane Abbott, who had the Labour whip restored yesterday.

Despite this, questions remain over whether she will be able to stand for the party - with Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer insisting she is not barred.

Speaking at a rally in her Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency, she said: "By any means possible I will continue to stand as the candidate for Hackney North."

"I'm not going to allow myself to be intimidated or frightened by forces beyond all of our control," she added.

The rally was only organised last night when reports first emerged that she might be barred from standing.

Ms Abbott said she was "shocked" to hear the reports.

She didn't make clear during her speech at the rally whether she'd be prepared to run as an independent.

Thanks for following along on the seventh day of election campaigning - ahead of polling day on 4 July.

Parliament will be dissolved on Thursday, at which point the race for the keys to Number 10 will be in full swing.

You can catch up with all the latest in our 10pm round-up - or click here !

Former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn has launched his campaign to be re-elected as the independent MP for Islington North tonight.

The candidate, who is independent after losing the party whip, said he is "disturbed" by the way Labour MP Diane Abbott "has been treated".

The party whip was restored to her yesterday, but she has claimed that she has been barred from standing for Labour in her Hackney North constituency.

Sir Keir Starmer denies this is the case.

Mr Corbyn told Sky News: "Whenever I read the feeds to her social media, my stomach churns with the abuse that she puts up.

"It's a threat she's suffered, the indignity that's been thrown at her. And she's come through it all so strong. 

"The last rally she went to: fantastic. 

"There were thousands of people there, particularly black women, who knew what it was like to suffer racism and weren't going to let it happen to Diane."

In a speech, Mr Corbyn promised to stand up for those "who aren't being served by our political system...who aren't being heard" and whose "demands fall on deaf ears".

The demands include an end to the occupation of Palestine, a fully public NHS, the abolition of the two-child benefit cap, public ownership of water and energy, and rent controls, according to his campaign.

"When I vote in parliament, I don't vote alone," Mr Corbyn concluded.

"I vote with my community - and our campaign will bring people of all ages, backgrounds and faiths together for a fairer society."

Rishi Sunak has been "a bad prime minister" since he took office two years ago, according to exclusive polling for Sky News.

The Great Britain poll - conducted on Monday and Tuesday this week by YouGov - put the Conservative Party 27 points behind Labour as the general election nears. 

But the survey also showed discontent with the Conservative leader.

Sir Keir Starmer didn't fare much better, according to the statistics, with 47% saying he would be "a bad prime minister" if he won the vote on 4 July. 

But in another blow for Mr Sunak, 19% of people who voted Conservative in 2019 said they would instead back Reform this time round, while 14% would go for Labour. 

The polling also found 42% of the public felt worse off than they did six months ago, despite the prime minister and has team repeatedly saying the economy had "turned a corner".

And 14% of those asked said they felt better off. 

Speaking in a Q&A earlier today, Mr Sunak said he was "not worried about the polls" after a stream of bad looking numbers for the Tories.

"The only poll that matters is the one on 4 July, when all of you get to choose our future, that's the one I am focused on," he said. 

"And as you can see, I hope, I am working my socks off to talk to as many people as I can over the next five weeks."

Trebling taxes for search engine and social media firms could fund a mental health professional in every primary and secondary school, the Liberal Democrats have said.

Party leader Sir Ed Davey said children are "being left in limbo" when they seek mental health care.

The Lib Dems have unveiled plans to employ mental health professionals in schools if they make it into government, which they claim could be funded through an increase to the Digital Services Tax - currently 2% on search engine, social media and online market place companies' revenues.

Sir Ed said: "Thousands of children are being left in limbo, forced to suffer intolerably long waits for mental health treatment.

"They are being failed by this Conservative government who have neglected the NHS and abandoned parents and children.

"Liberal Democrats would put a dedicated, qualified mental health professional in every school both primary and secondary, funded by a tax on the social media giants that are such a big part of the problem.

"Every vote for the Liberal Democrats is a vote to get rid of this appalling Conservative government and fix the health and care crisis."

With the general election campaign officially under way, what better time to keep a close eye on the latest polling?

The Sky News live poll tracker - collated and updated by our Data and Forensics team - aggregates various surveys to indicate how voters feel about the different political parties.

See the latest update below - and you can read more about the methodology behind the tracker  here .

It's 10pm - here's your evening rundown.

We're still in the early days of the election campaign, but there's been plenty of divisive policy announcements and rows making headlines.

Let us get you up to speed on everything you may have missed so far today - or you can listen to the latest episode of Electoral Dysfunction  while you wind down.

• Sir Keir Starmer  was out and about in the West Midlands to promote his pledge to clear the backlog of patients waiting more than 18 weeks for NHS treatment within five years of government; 
• His shadow health secretary, Wes Streeting, told our political correspondent Tamara Cohen the NHS was "over-reliant" on overseas workers;
• But their message on the health service has been completely smothered by a lack of clarity on whether the veteran MP Diane Abbott will be able to stand for Labour at the general election;
• In short - Ms Abbott was suspended over a year ago due to comments suggesting Jewish people do not face racism, and that instead they suffer prejudice similar to "redheads";
• The party whip was restored yesterday - but she told Sky News that she has been barred from standing for the party at the election;
• The Labour leader said it in not the case, but "no decision has been taken"; 
• But at a rally in Hackney, Ms Abbott vowed to whatever it takes to stand for election and said: "I'm not going to allow myself to be intimidated or frightened by forces beyond all of our control";
• And Angela Rayner , the deputy leader of the Labour Party, has been cleared by HMRC over the tax on the sale of her former home, Sky News understands.
• Rishi Sunak  was in the South West of England promoting his promise to replace "rip-off degrees" with 100,000 apprenticeships each year by the end of the next parliament;
• Mr Sunak has lots of work to do to make up ground against Labour - an exclusive Sky News / YouGov poll reveals the opposition is a whopping 27 points ahead;
• But the PM insisted he was "not worried", telling a Q&A in Devon the only one that matters is on 4 July;
• The Tories also accused Labour of "scrambling to distract" from Labour's Diane Abbott row, after the party claimed Conservative pledges will leave people worse off;
• And the Home Office has been accused of having "little to show" for the money it has used on the Rwanda scheme, with a group of MPs claiming there is "not a credible plan";
• Elsewhere, Scotland's former health secretary Michael Matheson has been handed the most severe sanctions in Holyrood's history after racking up £11,000 roaming charges on his work iPad during a holiday in Morocco;
• The senior SNP MSP has been banned from the Scottish parliament for 27 days. He will also have his pay docked for 54 days;
• In Wales, the  Lib Dems  have been launching their campaign with a pledge to provide £1bn of extra funding for agriculture;
• And  Welsh first minister and Labour leader could be facing a vote of no confidence after the Welsh Tories tabled a motion.

Here are a couple of other stories that may interest you tonight:

Stick with us for all the latest.

We're still very much in the early days of the election campaign - but policy announcements are coming in thick and fast from the main two parties.

Here's a breakdown of what we've heard so far...

The Conservative Party

National service - The Conservatives have vowed to bring back a "modern" form of national service for 18-year-olds in the UK, which could involve military service of volunteer work.

'Triple lock plus' -   The party has promised to cut taxes for pensioners by creating a new "age-related" tax-free allowance - dubbed "triple lock plus". In short, a pensioner's allowance would rise in line with either average earnings, inflation or by 2.5% - whichever is higher - from next April.

Education - The Tories have promised to create a new qualification framework called the Advanced British Standard for those aged 16 to 18. The party also proposed making "some form" of maths and English compulsory up to the end of school.

Environment - Rishi Sunak has said he remains committed to plans to reach net zero by 2050, a goal adopted under Theresa May in 2019.

Apprenticeships - The prime minister wants to replace "rip-off" university degrees with 100,000 new apprentices a year, which he thinks will leave young people better off and with greater opportunities.

The Labour Party

Taxation - Labour has pledged not reverse the two recent cuts to national insurance - and not to increase income tax. 

Economy - Two flagship economic pledges from Labour are the abolition of the non-dom tax status held by some wealthy foreign nationals, and the introduction of VAT to private school fees.

Waiting lists - The party has said it will get the NHS "back on its feet" by delivering 40,000 more evening and weekend appointments per week, helped by "crack teams" to help staff clinics at those times.

Environment - A major policy pushed by Labour is the formation of Great British Energy, which would be publicly owned. The party claims this would reduce household energy bills and create jobs.

Education - Also a headline policy from Labour is a plan to recruit around 6,500 new teachers in key subjects - and create a "national excellence programme" to support professional development.

Earlier today, Darren Jones, Labour's shadow chief secretary to the Treasury, accused the Tories of launching a "severe" threat to family finances with their campaign pledges so far.

He claimed that the policy proposals - such as national service and a "triple-lock plus" for pensioners - could cost as much as £350 a month to mortgage holders.

Responding to this, a Conservative Party spokesman claimed "their own promises would come to a staggering £196.4bn of unfunded annual borrowing" under the same analysis.

The Tories claim this is "whacking Brits with a 6.9% interest-rate rise".

The spokesman said: "Really this is pathetic, desperate stuff from the Labour Party as they scramble to distract from the fact it has been proven Keir Starmer lied on multiple occasions about the Diane Abbott investigation.

"Now the Labour leader is embroiled in a ‘he said, she said’ with the veteran Labour MP, sending their limp campaign into even more of a tailspin.

"Instead of sticking out shoddy documents with made-up figures, Keir Starmer needs to explain why he repeatedly lied about the status of the Diane Abbott investigation, and when he plans to apologise to the British people."

This week, Beth gets Ruth and Jess's take on what's happening now that Diane Abbott has had the Labour whip restored. The WhatsApps from Beth’s sources keep coming as they're recording.

They discuss the strategies behind the Sunak and Starmer campaigns – with one going for headline-grabbing pledges and the other spending the first week focusing on the personal rather than policy.

There's news from Jess on her plans for the campaign – and she met a dog named after Ted Heath when she was out door-knocking, so that takes us in only one direction.

👉 Click here to follow Electoral Dysfunction wherever you get your podcasts 👈

Email Beth, Jess, and Ruth at [email protected] , post on X to @BethRigby, or send a WhatsApp voice note on 07934 200 444.    

The Democratic Unionist Party has just launched its general election campaign, and with it ratified Gavin Robinson as the new leader.

This comes afters meeting of the party's ruling executive on Wednesday.

Mr Robinson has been serving as interim leader since early April, when Jeffrey Donaldson resigned from the DUP and was suspended from the party after being charged with historical sexual offences.

"It is with honour, humility and commitment that I look forward to leading our party into the future," the new leader said.

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Opinion: Harrison Butker’s very American traditionalism

No less than any progressive form of catholicism, butker and his movement are the fruits of a weakened hierarchy, a disillusioned-but-empowered laity and a democratic age..

You can see in Harrison Butker’s judgmental zeal the obvious ways in which traditionalism can be self-limiting. But the idea that it simply represents a kind of atavism, a medieval relic unaccountably preserved, misunderstands the nature of its strength, Ross Douthat writes. (Alain Pilon/The New York Times)

Across almost two weeks of controversy over the commencement speech that Kansas City Chiefs kicker Harrison Butker gave at Benedictine College in Atchison, Kansas, one of the most useful pieces of commentary came from Kevin Tierney, writing in Catholic World Report. Tierney neither defended nor attacked Butker’s condemnation of modern secular culture and lukewarm forms of Catholic faith. Instead, he identified the kicker’s worldview as part of a distinctive tendency that Tierney calls “DIY traditionalism” — a form of Catholic piety that offers a “radical emphasis on personal accountability, is inherently populist, and has little direct connection to Church authorities.”

A little context: Butker is a Latin Mass Catholic as well as Travis Kelce’s teammate. Benedictine College is a conservative Catholic college that featured prominently in a recent Associated Press report on the rightward turn in American Catholic piety and practice. The most controversial portion of the kicker’s graduation speech, the part that zipped from social media to “The View,” urged the college’s female graduates to ignore the “diabolical lies” that emphasize “promotions and titles” over “your marriage and the children you will bring into this world.”

But the speech did more than just champion “one of the most important titles of all: homemaker” while denouncing “degenerate cultural values” in society at large. Butker also delivered a condemnation of the church’s bishops, whom he cast as weak-kneed bureaucrats and denounced especially for suspending Masses and disappearing from the lives of the faithful during the pandemic. He criticized priests for being “overly familiar” with their parishioners — “because, as my teammate’s girlfriend says, familiarity breeds contempt.”

He appeared to throw some shade, not just on the use of artificial contraception, but on the use of Natural Family Planning, the church’s approved method of fertility regulation. (“No matter how you spin it, there is nothing natural about Catholic birth control.”) He urged Catholics to prioritize the traditional Latin Mass over other aspects of Catholic life — “even if the parish isn’t beautiful, the priest isn’t great, or the community isn’t amazing.” And he argued that while ordinary Catholics shouldn’t all be amateur theologians, they also shouldn’t hesitate to go in search of teachings they aren’t getting from the current hierarchy: “We have so many great resources at our fingertips that it doesn’t take long to find traditional and timeless teachings that haven’t been ambiguously reworded for our times.”

Just a couple of weeks ago, writing about the future of the Catholic Church and that Associated Press story, I mentioned a journalistic tendency to collapse different kinds of right-leaning Catholicism together instead of recognizing the ways in which a conservative American Catholic who prays the rosary, votes anti-abortion and admires Pope John Paul II differs from the typical adherent of the traditional Latin Mass.

When discerning national trends, that collapse of categories is somewhat forgivable; I do it myself in imagining a broad “neo-traditionalism” in American religion. But Butker’s speech is a good example of what the difference looks like and why it matters.

When you think about conservative Catholics, even in the present age of disillusionment, you are thinking about a category of believers that’s comfortable with hierarchy and authority, that wants to trust its priests and bishops, that may have doubts about the current pope but still probably views him favorably (as nearly two-thirds of Republican-voting American Catholics do), that maybe parish-shops a bit but does so within the local options, that gives generously to the Archbishop’s Annual Appeal.

You’re thinking about a population that embraces old-school Catholic devotions like Eucharistic adoration but in a way that’s largely integrated into post-Second Vatican Council liturgical life, with the Mass in English and just a few Latin flourishes here and there. And you’re thinking about a population that includes a lot of full-time mothers and home-schoolers but also takes for granted the work-and-family juggle — with a figure like Amy Coney Barrett as much a model as any stay-at-home mom.

Traditionalism, by contrast, starts from a basic, primal form of alienation: a belief that in the 1960s, the institutional church suppressed the “essential” form (Butker’s word) of the church’s liturgy, the form that represents how God himself wishes to be worshipped. This creates a relationship of mistrust that doesn’t exist for the conservative. After such knowledge, what forgiveness? How can you ever trust the pope or bishops fully if they made that kind of error?

As Tierney writes in his essay, the alienation from the institution also yields a practical difference in how this kind of Catholic culture works. Traditional Latin Mass adherents often cannot operate through the usual channels of Catholic life. They can’t just show up at a parish, participate in its programs, work with but also defer to the vision of its priest. Instead, the traditionalist laity often has to create a subculture that operates much more independently. Here’s Tierney’s description of a version of that process:

“A TLM community takes root within a diocese, and it wants to spread the news about the TLM. Rather than just promote their own community, one individual takes a trip to a neighborhood parish and asks the priest if a single TLM could be celebrated there, as an act of solicitude for the flock. That priest does not even need to say the TLM, but it would be nice if they came to the social afterward. If the priest agrees, that individual then calls up a few local priests he knows who can come say the Mass. If someone needs to learn how, that individual is put in touch with lay associations/groups that train priests in saying the TLM. They then either provide the priest YouTube videos or do a private training session, many times absorbing the costs themselves.

“To advertise that Mass, a few key individuals in the location are contacted, and they send out an email or post on social media. They spread the word in their own communities. In addition to individuals in the area attending, those communities send “delegations” from their community to be present in order to answer questions and show people what they have found to work best at their community. Maybe, by this point, the parish priest has advertised it in his parish bulletin, yet that bulletin is likely not to be read widely, and most of the people in that community who are attending aren’t from that parish. Once that Mass takes place, this cycle is set up for another parish, and people who want to help out are identified, and the cycle begins anew.”

Two points are worth making about this description. First, this kind of church-within-a church dynamic is exactly the justification offered by church authorities for their attempts to suppress or limit access to the traditional liturgy (attempts that include restrictions on advertising in parish bulletins). The fear is that the traditional Mass creates a sect of believers that operates without normal ecclesiastical supervision, which then recruits from among the much larger population of conservative Catholics — through, say, a traditionalist commencement speech at a conservative college — and draws them into its alienated ranks.

Even Tierney, broadly sympathetic to the traditionalists, describes their movement as “dynamic but also chaotic,” with the potential to “go off the rails without a lot of corrective mechanisms in place.” If you don’t sympathize at all with the desire to maintain the old liturgy, if you regard traditionalism as entirely retrograde, you’ll see it the way many of Pope Francis’ allies do: as a dangerously divisive force within the church.

But then here is the second point and the great irony: The kind of lay-led organizing described above, in which ordinary Catholics get together and create culture and community without priestly leadership or hierarchical direction, is exactly what Vatican II was supposed to usher in. And if you just gave a general description of the TLM movement, it could easily code as “progressive” — with the assumption being that if a bunch of lay Catholics are getting together to do something that cuts across the lines of parishes and dioceses and that the hierarchy regards with disapproval, they must be seeking a more liberalized and modern church.

In reality, traditionalism itself has turned out to be one of the most successful movements of the entire post-Vatican II era, using one manifestation of the spirit of the age (disputatious, populist, anti-authority) to organize against a different manifestation (the renovation of the liturgy). It’s thrived with the advance of the internet, which has made community-building easier and enabled immediate documentary access to the pre-1960s Catholic patrimony traditionalists are eager to restore. And it’s proved to be a very American movement — coming to you in this case from the place where the heartland meets the celebrity culture of the NFL. (Nor is it a coincidence that the other center of traditionalism is France, another revolutionary nation where the national Catholic Church has always had a complex relationship with Rome.)

I think you can see in Butker’s judgmental zeal the obvious ways in which traditionalism can be self-limiting. But the idea that it simply represents a kind of atavism, a medieval relic unaccountably preserved, misunderstands the nature of its strength. No less than any progressive form of Catholicism, Butker and his movement are the fruits of a weakened hierarchy, a disillusioned-but-empowered laity and a democratic age.

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