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An introduction to basic hydraulic fundamentals

Learn about the most basic hydraulic fundamentals including terms such as flow and head.

When it comes to hydraulics in water pumping systems, we need to consider three major parameters: Flow, head and power – or Q, H and P.

In this short module, we’re going to introduce you to these basic parameters and what they mean for each other. Let’s get started.

Flow (Q) is typically measured in ft3/h. Simply put, the flow describes the amount of water that a pump moves through pipes within a given time period.

This is exactly why it is measured in ft3/h. The head (H) of a pump is the pressure that it is able to provide. It describes the height to which the pump can elevate water. So, if a pump’s head is, say, 60 feet, it means that it can lift water 60 feet in the air.

Finally, there’s the power (P). As the name suggests, power denotes the force and speed at which the water is moved. The power is measured in kilowatt.

As the power is dependent on the aforementioned flow (Q) and head (H), you can measure it by using the following formula: P = Q x H x c. In this calculation, c is a constant which depends on your pump’s efficiency, the level of gravity, and the fluid you are pumping.

Keep in mind that if you double the pump’s flow or head, you automatically double the pump’s power. And if you double both the flow and the head, you quadruple the energy usage.

That just about covers our introduction to the fundamentals of basic hydraulics. Thanks for tuning in.

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Principles, Components & Advantages Hydraulic System Created by : Aamir Shaikh Er No.-130050119501.

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Presentation on theme: "Principles, Components & Advantages Hydraulic System Created by : Aamir Shaikh Er No.-130050119501."— Presentation transcript:

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 Using Hydraulic Systems. NEXT GENERATION / COMMON CORE STANDARDS ADDRESSED! CCSS.ELA Literacy RST Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis.

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14.5: Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics

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Learning Objectives

• State Pascal’s principle
• Describe applications of Pascal’s principle
• Derive relationships between forces in a hydraulic system

In 1653, the French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal published his Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids , in which he discussed principles of static fluids. A static fluid is a fluid that is not in motion. When a fluid is not flowing, we say that the fluid is in static equilibrium. If the fluid is water, we say it is in hydrostatic equilibrium . For a fluid in static equilibrium, the net force on any part of the fluid must be zero; otherwise the fluid will start to flow.

Pascal’s observations—since proven experimentally—provide the foundation for hydraulics, one of the most important developments in modern mechanical technology. Pascal observed that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container. Because of this, we often know more about pressure than other physical quantities in fluids. Moreover, Pascal’s principle implies that the total pressure in a fluid is the sum of the pressures from different sources. A good example is the fluid at a depth depends on the depth of the fluid and the pressure of the atmosphere.

Pascal’s Principle

Pascal’s principle (also known as Pascal’s law) states that when a change in pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container. In an enclosed fluid, since atoms of the fluid are free to move about, they transmit pressure to all parts of the fluid and to the walls of the container. Any change in pressure is transmitted undiminished.

Note that this principle does not say that the pressure is the same at all points of a fluid—which is not true, since the pressure in a fluid near Earth varies with height. Rather, this principle applies to the change in pressure. Suppose you place some water in a cylindrical container of height H and cross-sectional area A that has a movable piston of mass m (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Adding weight Mg at the top of the piston increases the pressure at the top by \(\frac{Mg}{A}\), since the additional weight also acts over area A of the lid:

\[\Delta p_{top} = \frac{Mg}{A} \ldotp\]

According to Pascal’s principle, the pressure at all points in the water changes by the same amount, \(\frac{Mg}{A}\). Thus, the pressure at the bottom also increases by \(\frac{Mg}{A}\). The pressure at the bottom of the container is equal to the sum of the atmospheric pressure, the pressure due the fluid, and the pressure supplied by the mass. The change in pressure at the bottom of the container due to the mass is

\[\Delta p_{bottom} = \frac{Mg}{A} \ldotp\]

Since the pressure changes are the same everywhere in the fluid, we no longer need subscripts to designate the pressure change for top or bottom:

\[\Delta p = \Delta p_{top} = \Delta p_{bottom} = \Delta p_{everywhere} \ldotp\]

Pascal’s Barrel is a great demonstration of Pascal’s principle. Watch a simulation of Pascal’s 1646 experiment, in which he demonstrated the effects of changing pressure in a fluid.

Applications of Pascal’s Principle and Hydraulic Systems

Hydraulic systems are used to operate automotive brakes, hydraulic jacks, and numerous other mechanical systems (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)).

We can derive a relationship between the forces in this simple hydraulic system by applying Pascal’s principle. Note first that the two pistons in the system are at the same height, so there is no difference in pressure due to a difference in depth. The pressure due to F 1 acting on area A 1 is simply

\(p_{1} = \frac{F_{1}}{A_{1}}\), as defined by \(p = \frac{F}{A}\).

According to Pascal’s principle, this pressure is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to all walls of the container. Thus, a pressure p 2 is felt at the other piston that is equal to p 1 . That is, p 1 = p 2 . However, since p 2 = \(\frac{F_{2}}{A_{2}}\), we see that

\[\frac{F_{1}}{A_{1}} = \frac{F_{2}}{A_{2}} \ldotp \label{14.12}\]

This equation relates the ratios of force to area in any hydraulic system, provided that the pistons are at the same vertical height and that friction in the system is negligible.

Hydraulic systems can increase or decrease the force applied to them. To make the force larger, the pressure is applied to a larger area. For example, if a 100-N force is applied to the left cylinder in Figure 14.16 and the right cylinder has an area five times greater, then the output force is 500 N. Hydraulic systems are analogous to simple levers, but they have the advantage that pressure can be sent through tortuously curved lines to several places at once.

The hydraulic jack is such a hydraulic system. A hydraulic jack is used to lift heavy loads, such as the ones used by auto mechanics to raise an automobile. It consists of an incompressible fluid in a U-tube fitted with a movable piston on each side. One side of the U-tube is narrower than the other. A small force applied over a small area can balance a much larger force on the other side over a larger area (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)).

From Pascal’s principle, it can be shown that the force needed to lift the car is less than the weight of the car:

\[F_{1} = \frac{A_{1}}{A_{2}} F_{2},\]

where F 1 is the force applied to lift the car, A 1 is the cross-sectional area of the smaller piston, A 2 is the cross sectional area of the larger piston, and F 2 is the weight of the car.

Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Calculating Force on Wheel Cylinders: Pascal Puts on the Brakes

Consider the automobile hydraulic system shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\). Suppose a force of 100 N is applied to the brake pedal, which acts on the pedal cylinder (acting as a “master” cylinder) through a lever. A force of 500 N is exerted on the pedal cylinder. Pressure created in the pedal cylinder is transmitted to the four wheel cylinders. The pedal cylinder has a diameter of 0.500 cm and each wheel cylinder has a diameter of 2.50 cm. Calculate the magnitude of the force F 2 created at each of the wheel cylinders.

We are given the force F 1 applied to the pedal cylinder. The cross-sectional areas A 1 and A 2 can be calculated from their given diameters. Then we can use the following relationship to find the force F 2 :

\[\frac{F_{1}}{A_{1}} = \frac{F_{2}}{A_{2}} \ldotp\]

Manipulate this algebraically to get F 2 on one side and substitute known values.

Pascal’s principle applied to hydraulic systems is given by \(\frac{F_{1}}{A_{1}} = \frac{F_{2}}{A_{2}}\):

\[\begin{split} F_{2} & = \frac{A_{2}}{A_{1}} F_{1} = \frac{\pi r_{2}^{2}}{\pi r_{1}^{2}} F_{1} \\ & = \frac{(1.25\; cm)^{2}}{(0.250\; cm)^{2}} \times 500\; N = 1.25 \times 10^{4}\; N \ldotp \end{split}\]

Significance

This value is the force exerted by each of the four wheel cylinders. Note that we can add as many wheel cylinders as we wish. If each has a 2.50-cm diameter, each will exert 1.25 x 10 4 N. A simple hydraulic system, as an example of a simple machine, can increase force but cannot do more work than is done on it. Work is force times distance moved, and the wheel cylinder moves through a smaller distance than the pedal cylinder. Furthermore, the more wheels added, the smaller the distance each one moves. Many hydraulic systems—such as power brakes and those in bulldozers—have a motorized pump that actually does most of the work in the system.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Would a hydraulic press still operate properly if a gas is used instead of a liquid?

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What Is a Hydraulic System? Definition, Design, and Components

October 23, 2023 14 min read

With a variety of applications, hydraulic systems are used in all kinds of large and small industrial settings, as well as buildings, construction equipment, and vehicles. Paper mills, logging, manufacturing, robotics, and steel processing are leading users of hydraulic equipment.

As an efficient and cost-effective way to create movement or repetition, hydraulic system-based equipment is hard to top. It’s likely your company has hydraulics in use in one or more applications for these reasons.

We’ll provide more information about hydraulic systems in this article, including covering the definition and basic designs and components.

An Overview of Hydraulic Systems

The purpose of a specific hydraulic system may vary, but all hydraulic systems work through the same basic concept. Defined simply, hydraulic systems function and perform tasks through using a fluid that is pressurized. Another way to put this is the pressurized fluid makes things work.

The power of liquid fuel in hydraulics is significant and as a result, hydraulic are commonly used in heavy equipment. In a hydraulic system, pressure, applied to a contained fluid at any point, is transmitted undiminished. That pressurized fluid acts upon every part of the section of a containing vessel and creates force or power. Due to the use of this force, and depending on how it’s applied, operators can lift heavy loads, and precise repetitive tasks can be easily done.

This online hydraulics systems training course illustrates this point.

Marvelously versatile, hydraulic systems are dynamic, yet relatively straightforward in how they work.

Let’s look at some applications and a few basic components found in hydraulic systems. This short sample from our online hydraulic systems and components course sets the scene nicely.

Hydraulic Circuits

Transporting liquid through a set of interconnected discrete components, a hydraulic circuit is a system that can control where fluid flows (such as thermodynamic systems), as well as control fluid pressure (such as hydraulic amplifiers).

The system of a hydraulic circuit works similar to electric circuit theory, using linear and discrete elements. Hydraulic circuits are often applied in chemical processing (flow systems).

Hydraulic Pumps

Mechanical power is converted into hydraulic energy using the flow and pressure of a hydraulic pump. Hydraulic pumps operate by creating a vacuum at a pump inlet, forcing liquid from a reservoir into an inlet line, and to the pump. Mechanical action sends the liquid to the pump outlet, and as it does, forces it into the hydraulic system.

This is an example of Pascal’s Law , which is foundational to the principle of hydraulics. According to Pascal’s Law, “A pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.”

Hydraulic Motors

The conversion of hydraulic pressure and flow into torque (or a twisting force) and then rotation is the function of a hydraulic motor, which is a mechanical actuator.

The use of these is quite adaptable. Along with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic pumps, hydraulic motors can be united in a hydraulic drive system. Combined with hydraulic pumps, the hydraulic motors can create hydraulic transmissions. While some hydraulic motors run on water, the majority in today’s business operations are powered by hydraulic fluid, as the ones in your business likely are.

Hydraulic Cylinders

A hydraulic cylinder is a mechanism that converts energy stored in the hydraulic fluid into a force used to move the cylinder in a linear direction. It too has many applications and can be either single acting or double acting. As part of the complete hydraulic system, the cylinders initiate the pressure of the fluid, the flow of which is regulated by a hydraulic motor.

Hydraulic Energy and Safety

Hydraulics present a set of hazards to be aware of, and for that reason safety training is required.

For example, this short sample from our online hydraulic safety training course explains some of the ways the fluids in a hydraulic system can be hazardous.

Remember, the purpose of hydraulic systems is to create motion or force. It’s a power source, generating energy.

Don’t underestimate hydraulic energy in your safety program. It is small but mighty in force. And like any force, it can do great good or great harm.

In the workplace, that translates to a potential hazard source, especially if uncontrolled. Hydraulic energy is subject to OSHA’s Lockout/Tagout rules , along with electrical energy and other similar hazard sources. Be sure to train workers about the hazards of uncontrolled hydraulic energy, especially during maintenance, and the need for lockout/tagout, as illustrated by this still image from one of our online lockout/tagout training courses .

If neglected in procedures or forgotten when servicing equipment, uncontrolled hydraulic energy can have devastating results. Failure to control hydraulic energy frequently causes crushing events, amputations, and lacerations to exposed workers.

Therefore, like other energy sources, hydraulic energy must be controlled, using an appropriate energy isolating device that prevents a physical release of energy. There are also systems that require the release of stored hydraulic energy to relieve pressure. And also, those engaged in lockout/tagout, must also verify the release of stored hydraulic energy/pressure (usually indicated by zero pressure on gauges) prior to working on equipment.

Also, workers need training which must explain the hazard potential and clearly detail methods to prevent injury. According to OSHA:

“All employees who are authorized to lockout machines or equipment and perform the service and maintenance operations need to be trained in recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources in the workplace, the type and magnitude of energy found in the workplace, and the means and methods of isolating and/or controlling the energy.”

Vector EHS Management Software  empowers organizations – from global leaders to local businesses – to improve workplace safety and comply with environmental, health, and safety regulations.

Learn more about how our software can save you valuable time and effort in recording, tracking, and analyzing your EHS activities.

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You should be very familiar with any equipment in your business that creates hydraulic energy to ensure your workers are adequately protected through well-detailed procedures and training. And of course, your LO/TO program should echo your procedures, and list sources of workplace hydraulic energy devices. (Don’t forget to perform at least annual reviews of the program and procedures to ensure you catch any changes or deficiencies.)

Again, it’s critical anyone involved with hydraulic systems is properly trained. Don’t neglect that aspect.

If you’d like to dig deeper into this topic, we have several courses on hydraulic systems, including  Hydraulic System Basics , which outlines the essentials of hydraulic theory, common components, what mechanical advantage is, and how hydraulic fluid is contaminated. In addition, we have two others which provide vital in-depth information,  Hydraulic System Valves and Components  and  Hydraulic System Equipment .

It’s important to understand the principles of these systems, not only for servicing and maintenance, but also to understand the ways the hydraulic systems function to avoid injuries and accidents.

Conclusion: Hydraulics Are Common in the Modern Workplace

Having a working understanding of hydraulics of the type we’ve covered in this article will help you better understand a modern workplace and will make you or your company more efficient, productive, and safe.

Before you go, feel free to download the free guide to manufacturing training below.

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Hydraulic System Component

Apr 11, 2022

60 likes | 75 Views

A hydraulic system is a drive technique in which energy is transferred from an electric motor to an actuator, such as a hydraulic cylinder by using a fluid. Hydraulic systems are usually used in that situations where a high power density is required or load needs to change frequently. The reservoir, pump, valve, and actuator are the main components of a hydraulic system. Vtech Hydraulic is the manufacturer of hydraulic equipment/ hydraulic tools. In order to get more knowledge about Hydraulic Tools, Visit: https://www.vtechhydraulic.com/products.php

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In order to get more knowledge about Hydraulic Tools, Visit: www.vtechhydraulic.com.

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM and REACTION UNIT SERVICE. Chapter 5 Page 98 Lab manual. DIAGNOSE HYDRAULIC and VACUUM CONTROL SYSTEMS. The best way to identify the exact cause of transmission problems is to use the results of a road test: Logic

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Reserve Component Subsistence System

Reserve Component Subsistence System. CW3 Stan Jung. Discuss Reserve Component Subsistence System Explain the Proper Procedure in Preparing the Forms Answer Questions. Purpose.

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Hydraulic System Components

Hydraulic System Components. Conduct-ors. Power Input Device :

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Component of Policing Diseases System

The use of telecommunications in developing Policing Disease System ITISM 3410 Telecommunications & Networking in Bus. Component of Policing Diseases System. MIIDSS ： Major Incident Investigation and Disaster Support System ( 重大事件調查及災難支援工作系統 ) CMS ： Clinical Management System.

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Geodise Component – CAD system

Aim – provides robust parametric CAD models for CFD simulation; Requirements for CAD models Data flows and problem specific data definition RR Negatively Scarfed Engine Intake. Geodise Component – CAD system. Overview. Wenbin Song Email: [email protected] Geodise Project, e-Science Centre

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Hydraulic System Parts and Operation

4. Hydraulic System Parts and Operation. FIGURE 4–1 Fluid pressure is used to apply clutches and bands. The pressure and calculated volume index readings of the fluid in the unit can be monitored using a scan tool.

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Component-based Enterprise System

Component-based Enterprise System. 2000/02/18 이기창. An application of CIMOSA concepts in the development of change capable manufacturing cells. R.P. Monfared, R.H. Weston MSI Research Institute, Loughborough University, UK Computers in Industry 40(1999) 243-257.

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Hydraulic Brake System Fundamentals

270103k. Parts Technician. Hydraulic Brake System Fundamentals. Material Identification and Calculations. First Period. Figure 1 - Maximum stopping distances allowed under the conditions indicated. Figure 2 - Braking levels. Figure 3 - Energy conversion during braking.

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Hydraulic Yaw System for Wind Turbines with New Compact Hydraulic Motor Principle

Hydraulic Yaw System for Wind Turbines with New Compact Hydraulic Motor Principle. EWEA 2011, 14-17 March, Brussels Rasmus M. Sørensen*, Liftra & Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark

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UH-60 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

UH-60 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM. BY: CW2 Ron Nelson. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. To develop the student Instructor Pilot’s understanding of the components and functions of the UH-60 Hydraulic System. Ref: UH-60 Operator’s Manual (-10) C Co. 1-223d Flight Line Supplement

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM-CYLINDERS

Hydraulic control system.Understanding cylinders

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hydraulic of pipelines

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Hydraulic Tank Jacking System Manufacturer, Exporter

https://asthagroup.in/ Astha Group Jack system,Hydraulic jack system, Hydraulic Jacking system, Above ground storage tanks,Hydraulic Jacking system for tank erection, Hydraulic Jacking system for tank lifting, hydraulic jacks, Hydraulic jacks and power pack for storage tank erection, Hydraulic Jack-up system, Jack up system,Jacking Equipment

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Simulation of hydraulic hydraulic hydraulic hydraulic characteristics characteristics characteristics characteristics a

Fixed-cone valves are generally used to regulate flow under medium to high water head conditions because of their ability to safely and efficiently pass the flow. By designing, fixed-cone valves, also known as Howell–Bunger valves, emit a large-diameter conical spray. The spray is effective in spreading and dissipating energy, although in some conditions where space is limited, it may be desirable to contain the spray. Containing the spray may be achieved by using a hood; however the result is a high velocity hollow jet that focuses the energy in the stilling basin. Depending on the size of the stilling basin downstream of the valve and the sensitivity to environmental factors, it may be necessary to dissipate some energy of the concentrated jet prior to impingement in the stilling basin. This paper is concerned with a numerical two-phase flow model combining with the Realizable k–ε turbulent model for simulation of flows around a fixed-cone valve. The equations were solved with the finite volume method. The function of the fixed-cone valve for energy dissipating was pointed out by analyzing the computed pressure field, velocity field of the fixed-cone valve by the proposed model. The simulating results show that the proposed model is reliable and can be applied to the numerical simulation of turbulence flow around a fixed-cone valve.

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