phd finance wso

Ph.D.: Finance Concentration

This program will prepare you for a research- and teaching-focused career in higher education. Graduates are qualified to teach at AACSB-accredited universities throughout the United States and abroad.

You will develop substantial competencies in the theory, practice, and research methodology essential to the advancement of finance knowledge, while incorporating your own background, experience, and objectives. The program includes a variety of formal and informal interactions and projects with faculty and others, as well as coursework, comprehensive exams, teaching experience, and dissertation research.

Coursework covers finance topics as well as subject matter from supporting fields such as economics, accounting, etc. Extensive study of research methods and statistics associated with finance research is a large component of the program. In addition to specific coursework, you will have opportunities to collaborate with finance faculty and other graduate students to develop your research competencies.

Admission requirements

We prefer the GMAT, but we do accept the GRE test as a substitute. In either case, the exam must have been taken within 5 years of the time of application to WSU.

Desired prerequisites

• 3 semesters of college calculus
• 1 semester of mathematics for economists
• 1 semester of linear algebra
• 2 semesters of probability and statistics
• 1 semester of intermediate microeconomics
• 1 semester of intermediate corporate finance
• 1 semester of investments
• 1 semester of financial markets and institutions

Major field requirements

• EconS/Fin 596 (I): Advanced Topics in Financial Economics
• EconS/Fin 596 (II): Advanced Topics in Financial Economics
• EconS/Fin 596 (III): Advanced Topics in Financial Economics
• Two additional courses to be defined and approved by the coordinator of the Ph.D. program in finance. Possibilities include MBA-level finance courses, Fin 600: Independent Study (up to 6 credits), a Fin 400-level course (up to 6 credits), MgtOps 596, graduate level accounting courses, and statistics courses.

Supporting field requirements

• Two of the following:
• EconS/Fin 500: Macroeconomic Theory I
• EconS/Fin 501: Microeconomic Theory I
• EconS/Fin 502: Macroeconomic Theory II
• EconS/Fin 503: Microeconomic Theory II

Research tool requirements

• EconS/Fin 510: Statistics for Economists
• EconS/Fin 511: Econometrics I
• EconS/Fin 512: Econometrics II
• BA 598: Research and Professional Development Seminar
• Stat 530: Applied Linear Models
• MgtOp 516: Time Series Analysis
• Math 548: Numerical Analysis
• Stat 556: Introduction to Statistical Theory
• Stat 536: Statistical Computing
• MgtOp 519: Applied Multivariate Analysis
• Stat 522: Biostatistics and Epidemiology
• MgtOps 596: Advanced Topics in Operations and Statistics
• Mktg 593: Behavioral Research Methods Seminar
• Course approved by the coordinator of the Ph.D. program in finance, e.g., FIN496 Special Topics in Finance.

Suggested study program first year

Fall semester.

• EconS/Fin 500: Macroeconomic Theory I and/or

SPRING SEMESTER

• EconS/Fin 502: Macroeconomic Theory II and/or
• EconS/Fin 511: Econometrics

Qualifying Exam

You are required to take the Micro, Macro, and Econometrics qualifying exams after completing the EconS courses (two of EconS/Fin 500: Macroeconomic Theory I, EconS/Fin 501: Microeconomic Theory I, EconS/Fin 502: Macroeconomic Theory II, and EconS/Fin 503: Microeconomic Theory II, plus EconS/Fin 510: Statistics for Economists and EconS/Fin 511: Econometrics I). However, this requirement will be waived if you receive no lower than a B in any of the courses.

WRITTEN FIELD EXAMINATION

You will take this exam after you complete the Ph.D. seminars in Advanced Topics in Financial Economics.

DISSERTATION

The research work must be original and relevant to the finance field and the existing body of finance literature.

RESEARCH RESOURCES

Data sources:

• Audit Analytics
• Compustat Global
• KLD Ratings
• SDC – Global New Issues
• SDC – M&A
• Thomson 13f Holdings
• Thomson Insider Filings

WRDS Workshop: WRDS Workshop  PowerPoint

George Jiang Gary P. Brinson Chair of Investment Management Professor of Finance Department of Finance and Management Science Todd Addition 480 [email protected] 509-335-8727

Program at a glance

Degree offered: Doctor of Philosophy Number of faculty working with students: 11 Number of students enrolled in program: 11 Students with assistantships/scholarships: 100% Priority application deadline: January 10

Universities and colleges employing recent graduates:

• Gonzaga University
• University of Toledo
• Central Michigan University
• Marquette University
• University of New Mexico
• Oregon State University, and more

About / Departments

Finance Department | PhD Program

Phd program.

Our faculty, ranked #1 worldwide based on publications in top finance journals (ASU Finance Rankings), consists of more than 30 researchers who study all major areas of finance, making it one of the largest finance faculty in the country. Stern’s finance faculty is highly rated in terms of research output, and faculty members sit on the editorial boards of all major finance journals.

The finance department offers an exceptionally large range of courses devoted exclusively to PhD students. Apart from core PhD courses in asset pricing and corporate finance, students can choose from a range of electives such as household finance, macro-finance, and financial intermediation. PhD students also enjoy the benefits of Stern’s economics department, NYU’s economics department in the Graduate School of Arts and Science (GSAS), and the Courant Institute of Mathematics.

Graduates of Stern’s Finance PhD program have been placed at leading research institutions such as Harvard, MIT, Chicago, Stanford, Wharton, Yale, and UCLA.

Holger Mueller , Finance PhD coordinator

More information on the Finance PhD

Download the Finance PhD poster (PDF)

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What Do Quantitative Analysts Do?

Where do quant analysts work.

• Skills and Education

The Right Career for You?

The bottom line.

• Career Advice

Quants: The Rocket Scientists of Wall Street

Quantitative analysts are professionals who understand the complex mathematical models that price financial securities and are able to enhance them to generate profits and reduce risk. As financial securities have become increasingly complex, demand has grown steadily for quantitative analysts , often called simply "quants," or even the colloquially affectionate "quant geeks."

Because of the challenging nature of the work—which needs to blend mathematics, finance, and computer skills effectively—quant analysts are in great demand and able to command very high salaries. Here's a look at what they do, where they work, how much they earn, and what knowledge is required, to help you decide whether this may be the career for you. 

Key Takeaways

• Quantitative analysts, or quants, combine their skills in finance, math, and computer software to analyze and predict the markets, creating complex models that can be used to price and trade securities.
• They tend to work in investment banks and for hedge funds, although insurance companies, commercial banks, and financial software and information providers may also hire them.
• Quants work in major financial centers in the U.S. and in London and Asia, among other places across the globe.
• Firms often look for candidates who have a master's degree or a Ph.D. in a quantitative subject, such as mathematics, economics, finance, or statistics.
• Compensation can be in the low-to-middle six figures.

Quantitative analysts design and implement complex models that allow financial firms to price and trade securities. They are employed primarily by investment banks and hedge funds , but sometimes also by commercial banks, insurance companies, and management consultancies; in addition to financial software and information providers.

Quants who work directly with traders , providing them with pricing or trading tools, are often referred to as " front-office " quants. In the " back office ," quants validate the models, conduct research, and create new trading strategies . For banks and insurance companies, the work is focused more on risk management than trading strategies. Front-office positions are typically more stressful and demanding but are better compensated.

The high demand for quants is driven by multiple trends:

• The rapid growth of hedge funds and automated trading systems
• The increasing complexity of both liquid and illiquid securities
• The need to give traders, accountants, and sales reps access to pricing and risk models
• The ongoing search for market-neutral investment strategies  

Quantitative analyst positions are found almost exclusively in major financial centers with trading operations . In the United States, that would be New York and Chicago, and areas where hedge funds tend to cluster, such as Boston, Massachusetts and Stamford, Connecticut.   Across the Atlantic, London dominates; in Asia, many quants are working in Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, and Sydney, among other regional financial centers.

Despite the heavy concentration in those cities, quants are found all over the world—after all, many global firms analyze and/or trade complex securities, which creates demand for the quant's brainpower and abilities. But the problem that a quant working in Houston or San Francisco faces is that changing employers most likely would mean changing cities, whereas a quant working in Manhattan should be able to interview for and find a job within a mile or two of their previous one. 

What Do Quants Earn?

Compensation in the field of finance tends to be very high, and quantitative analysis follows this trend. It is not uncommon to find positions with posted salaries of $250,000 or more, and when you add in bonuses, a quant could earn $500,000+ per year. As with most careers, the key to landing the high-paying jobs is a resume filled with experience, including with well-known employers, as well as reliance on recruiting firms and professional networking for opportunities. 

The highest-paid positions are with hedge funds or other trading firms, and part of the compensation depends on the firm's earnings, also known as the profit and loss (P&L) . At the other end of the pay scale, an entry-level quant position may earn only $125,000 or $150,000, but this type of position provides a fast learning curve and plenty of room for future growth in both responsibilities and salary.

Also, some of the lower-paid quant positions likely would be primarily quant developers, which is more of a software-development position where the individual is not required to have as much math and financial expertise. An excellent quant developer could certainly earn $250,000, but that's about as high as the compensation package generally would go.

Despite the high pay level, some quants do complain that they are "second-class citizens" on Wall Street and don't earn the multimillion-dollar salaries that top hedge fund managers or investment bankers command. As you can see, financial success is always relative.

Estimated total pay of a quantitative analyst in the U.S. Google is among the 10 highest paying companies for a quant, offering an annual salary of $279,284.

Quants Skills and Education

Financial knowledge.

Many financial securities, such as options and convertibles , are easy to understand conceptually but are very difficult to model precisely. Because of this hidden complexity, the skills most valued in a quant are those related to mathematics and computation rather than finance. It is a quant's ability to structure a complex problem that makes them valuable, not their specific knowledge of a company or market.

A quant should understand the following mathematical concepts:

• Calculus (including differential, integral, and stochastic)
• Linear algebra and differential equations
• Probability and statistics

Key financial topics include:

• Portfolio theory
• Equity and interest rate derivatives , including exotics
• Credit-risk products

Some quants will specialize in specific products, such as commodities , foreign exchange (Forex) or asset-backed securities .

Computer Competency

Software skills are also critical to job performance. C++ is typically used for high-frequency trading applications, and offline statistical analysis would be performed in MATLAB, SAS, S-PLUS or a similar package. Pricing knowledge may also be embedded in trading tools created with Java, .NET or VBA , and are often integrated with Excel. Monte Carlo techniques are essential. A majority of the work is also realized in Python, as scripting-type languages are good for running lots of data and multiple scenarios.

Education and Certifications

Most firms look for at least a master's degree or preferably a Ph.D. in a quantitative subject, such as mathematics, economics, finance, or statistics. Master's degrees in financial engineering or computational finance are also effective entry points for quant careers. Generally, an MBA is not enough by itself to obtain a quant position, unless the applicant also has a very strong mathematical or computational skill set in addition to some solid experience in the real world. 

While most financial certifications, such as the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation likely wouldn't add much value to a prospective quant's resume, one that may is the Certificate in Quantitative Finance (CQF) —which you may earn globally via distance learning in a six-month intensive program.

Clearly, you need to have "the right stuff" to be a quantitative analyst. It requires both the intellectual ability to master complex and abstract mathematical domains and a willingness to tackle challenges that can seem insurmountable—all while under considerable pressure—which only a select few can do.

But that also doesn't mean that everyone who has the ability to be a quant should become one. The financial problems that quants face are very abstract and narrow. Unlike fundamental or qualitative analysts , quants don't read annual reports , meet with management, visit operations, prepare roadshows, or talk to shareholders . Most of their time is spent working with computer code and numbers on a screen.

Individuals with strong analytical skills are valuable in many different areas of finance, such as economic and financial analysis , for example. Having to compete against the best and brightest quants every single day may not be the quickest path through the ranks, especially for those with broader skills and interests and a desire to manage.

Another career issue to consider is that many Ph.D. quants who come from academic environments find they miss the research environment. Instead of being able to study a problem for several months, when supporting a trading desk you need to find solutions in days or hours. This usually precludes making any breakthroughs in the field. 

Do Quants Get Paid Well?

Yes, quants tend to command high salaries, in part because they are in demand. Hedges funds and other trading firms generally offer the highest compensation. Entry-level positions may earn only $125,000 or $150,000, but there is usually room for future growth in both responsibilities and salary.

How Hard Is Quant Finance?

It take advanced-level skills in finance, math, and computer programming to get into quantitative trading , and the competition for a first job can be fierce. Once someone has landed a job, it then requires long working hours, innovation, and comfort with risk to succeed.

Do You Need a Ph.D. to Be a Quant?

Having a Ph.D. in a subject like math, finance, economics or statistics can be a definite plus for anyone wanting to become a quant. But a master's degree in computational finance or financial engineering can also be the ticket to a career as a quantitative analyst.

Success in quantitative analysis is largely based on knowledge, talent, merit, and dedication instead of the ability to sell, network, or play politics. The quants who work in the field are there because they can do the job well—an environment that many find remarkably refreshing—and they are justly rewarded for their work.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. " Financial Analysts ."

Open Quant. " The Various Types of Quants and Quant Employers ."

Bureau of Labor Statistics. " Financial Analysts: Work Environment ."

Glassdoor. " Quantitative Analyst Salaries ."

Bureau of Labor Statistics. " Financial Analysts: Pay ."

Glassdoor. " How Much Does a Quantitative Analyst Make? "

Duke University Career Center. " Quantitative Analysis ."

Bureau of Labor Statistics. " Financial Analysts: How to Become One ."

Certificate in Quantitative Finance. " Who Is It For? "

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PhD Program

• Program of Study

Wharton’s PhD program in Finance provides students with a solid foundation in the theoretical and empirical tools of modern finance, drawing heavily on the discipline of economics.

The department prepares students for careers in research and teaching at the world’s leading academic institutions, focusing on Asset Pricing and Portfolio Management, Corporate Finance, International Finance, Financial Institutions and Macroeconomics.

Wharton’s Finance faculty, widely recognized as the finest in the world, has been at the forefront of several areas of research. For example, members of the faculty have led modern innovations in theories of portfolio choice and savings behavior, which have significantly impacted the asset pricing techniques used by researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Another example is the contribution by faculty members to the analysis of financial institutions and markets, which is fundamental to our understanding of the trade-offs between economic systems and their implications for financial fragility and crises.

Faculty research, both empirical and theoretical, includes such areas as:

• Structure of financial markets
• Formation and behavior of financial asset prices
• Banking and monetary systems
• Corporate control and capital structure
• Saving and capital formation
• International financial markets

Candidates with undergraduate training in economics, mathematics, engineering, statistics, and other quantitative disciplines have an ideal background for doctoral studies in this field.

Effective 2023, The Wharton Finance PhD Program is now STEM certified.

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Doctor of Finance Programs in America

1-17 of 17 results

Wharton School

Philadelphia, PA •

University of Pennsylvania •

Graduate School

• • Rating 4.67 out of 5   15 reviews

Master's Student: Intensive but interesting. Great people, but professor quality varied. Lectures tend to be very interesting, but are high level in some cases. Coming from an engineering background, this felt "easy", but it is a different type of learning- more focused on the concepts than proving theories and underlying complexities. TAs are great and there is a lot of effort put towards making students understand the material. Since there isn't a sink or swim culture, I think it incentivizes learning for the sake of learning rather than curving to a "B". Professors are very friendly and actually enjoy getting to know their students. ... Read 15 reviews

University of Pennsylvania ,

Graduate School ,

PHILADELPHIA, PA ,

15 Niche users give it an average review of 4.7 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says Intensive but interesting. Great people, but professor quality varied. Lectures tend to be very interesting, but are high level in some cases. Coming from an engineering background, this felt "easy",... Professors are very friendly and actually enjoy getting to know their students. .

Read 15 reviews.

Kellogg School of Management

Evanston, IL •

Northwestern University •

• • Rating 4.83 out of 5   18 reviews

Master's Student: Kellogg's MBA program at Northwestern University stands out for its collaborative environment, rigorous curriculum, and emphasis on experiential learning. With a focus on teamwork and diverse perspectives, students engage in group projects and case competitions to develop essential leadership skills. The curriculum offers customization options through electives and experiential opportunities, including internships and global immersion trips. Kellogg's strong alumni network and industry connections provide valuable career support, ensuring students are well-prepared for success in their chosen fields. Overall, Kellogg offers a dynamic and immersive MBA experience that equips students to excel as future business leaders. ... Read 18 reviews

Northwestern University ,

EVANSTON, IL ,

18 Niche users give it an average review of 4.8 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says Kellogg's MBA program at Northwestern University stands out for its collaborative environment, rigorous curriculum, and emphasis on experiential learning. With a focus on teamwork and diverse... .

Read 18 reviews.

Tepper School of Business

Pittsburgh, PA •

Carnegie Mellon University •

• • Rating 4.73 out of 5   11 reviews

Master's Student: Embarking on Carnegie Mellon's Master in Business Analytics promises unparalleled growth. Its esteemed reputation in academia assures an intellectually stimulating environment, fostering collaboration and innovation. The meticulously crafted curriculum equips students with advanced analytical skills and a deep understanding of business dynamics. Beyond coursework, experiential learning opportunities abound, from hackathons to industry partnerships. Moreover, the vibrant community fosters inclusivity and camaraderie, enriching the overall experience. With each lecture and interaction, I anticipate expanding my knowledge, honing my skills, and becoming a catalyst for positive change. Carnegie Mellon's program is not just an education; it's a transformative journey toward personal and professional excellence. ... Read 11 reviews

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Carnegie Mellon University ,

PITTSBURGH, PA ,

11 Niche users give it an average review of 4.7 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says Embarking on Carnegie Mellon's Master in Business Analytics promises unparalleled growth. Its esteemed reputation in academia assures an intellectually stimulating environment, fostering... .

Read 11 reviews.

Leonard N. Stern School of Business

New York, NY •

New York University •

• • Rating 4.82 out of 5   28 reviews

Master's Student: As a part-time MBA candidate at NYU Stern, I'm deeply impressed by the program's blend of academic rigor and practical application. The faculty, industry leaders in their own right, provide invaluable insights, fostering a rich learning environment. The diversity among my peers enhances our discussions, offering varied perspectives on business challenges. Stern's location in NYC is ideal for networking and accessing career opportunities, which is crucial for a working professional like me. The flexibility of evening and weekend classes allows me to balance my professional and academic commitments effectively. Stern equips students with advanced business knowledge and fosters personal and professional growth, making it an exceptional choice for anyone aspiring to excel in the business world. ... Read 28 reviews

New York University ,

NEW YORK, NY ,

28 Niche users give it an average review of 4.8 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says As a part-time MBA candidate at NYU Stern, I'm deeply impressed by the program's blend of academic rigor and practical application. The faculty, industry leaders in their own right, provide... .

Read 28 reviews.

Carroll School of Management

Chestnut Hill, MA •

Boston College •

• • Rating 5 out of 5   2 reviews

Master's Student: I am currently enrolled in the part time, professional evening MBA program. So far it has brought me to communicate with like minded individuals and the professors truly want to see you succeed so they will go out of their way to connect with you and help you. ... Read 2 reviews

Boston College ,

CHESTNUT HILL, MA ,

2 Niche users give it an average review of 5 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says I am currently enrolled in the part time, professional evening MBA program. So far it has brought me to communicate with like minded individuals and the professors truly want to see you succeed so... .

Read 2 reviews.

McCombs School of Business

Austin, TX •

University of Texas - Austin •

• • Rating 4.69 out of 5   13 reviews

Master's Student: Being in the accounting program at UT Austin has been a remarkable opportunity for me. The best part of being an accounting major at McCombs is the diverse set of classes that students can utilize to explore different interests within business and broaden their career opportunities. The worst part of being at McCombs is the competitive environment, although it incentivizes students to work harder, it can be mentally draining to constantly try to outperform one's peers. ... Read 13 reviews

University of Texas - Austin ,

AUSTIN, TX ,

13 Niche users give it an average review of 4.7 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says Being in the accounting program at UT Austin has been a remarkable opportunity for me. The best part of being an accounting major at McCombs is the diverse set of classes that students can utilize to... .

Read 13 reviews.

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Mays Business School

College Station, TX •

Texas A&M University •

• • Rating 2 out of 5   3 reviews

Graduate Student: Im starting in the summer and my experience has been great. I will be entering as an MD/MBA student starting with the MBA. ... Read 3 reviews

Texas A&M University ,

COLLEGE STATION, TX ,

3 Niche users give it an average review of 2 stars.

Featured Review: Graduate Student says Im starting in the summer and my experience has been great. I will be entering as an MD/MBA student starting with the MBA. .

Read 3 reviews.

Eli Broad College of Business

East Lansing, MI •

Michigan State University •

• • Rating 5 out of 5   1 review

Current Master's student: The program has exelcent professors and organization which is appreciated since I am attending the EMBA program and do not want to waste time. ... Read 1 review

Michigan State University ,

EAST LANSING, MI ,

1 Niche users give it an average review of 5 stars.

Featured Review: Current Master's student says The program has exelcent professors and organization which is appreciated since I am attending the EMBA program and do not want to waste time. .

Read 1 reviews.

Culverhouse College of Business

Tuscaloosa, AL •

The University of Alabama •

The University of Alabama ,

TUSCALOOSA, AL ,

University of Connecticut School of Business

Storrs, CT •

University of Connecticut •

• • Rating 4.8 out of 5   10 reviews

Other: Absolutely! Beyond the academics, UConn Waterbury offered a vibrant campus life. From clubs and organizations to cultural events and sports, there was always something exciting happening. The sense of community was palpable, making it easy to forge lifelong friendships and professional connections. Plus, the campus's central location provided ample opportunities for internships and job placements in nearby cities like Hartford and New Haven. Overall, my experience at UConn Waterbury was not just about earning a degree; it was about personal growth, exploration, and building a solid foundation for a fulfilling career and life ahead. ... Read 10 reviews

University of Connecticut ,

STORRS, CT ,

10 Niche users give it an average review of 4.8 stars.

Featured Review: Other says Absolutely! Beyond the academics, UConn Waterbury offered a vibrant campus life. From clubs and organizations to cultural events and sports, there was always something exciting happening. The sense... .

Read 10 reviews.

Charles H. Lundquist College of Business

Eugene, OR •

University of Oregon •

• • Rating 5 out of 5   6 reviews

Master's Student: This is my first year, but all the information I have received and the "pre classes" I have attended have been excellent. ... Read 6 reviews

University of Oregon ,

EUGENE, OR ,

6 Niche users give it an average review of 5 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says This is my first year, but all the information I have received and the "pre classes" I have attended have been excellent. .

Read 6 reviews.

Louisiana State University - College of Science

Baton Rouge, LA •

Louisiana State University •

Louisiana State University ,

BATON ROUGE, LA ,

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J. Mack Robinson College of Business

Atlanta, GA •

Georgia State University •

• • Rating 3.5 out of 5   6 reviews

Master's Student: I am a student at Robinson college of business at Georgia State University. The courses are excellent and provide you with a great opportunity to enhance your knowledge. Most of the professors at RCB are good, and they use multiple ways to evaluate students. ... Read 6 reviews

Georgia State University ,

ATLANTA, GA ,

6 Niche users give it an average review of 3.5 stars.

Featured Review: Master's Student says I am a student at Robinson college of business at Georgia State University. The courses are excellent and provide you with a great opportunity to enhance your knowledge. Most of the professors at RCB... .

College of Business - University of Texas - San Antonio

San Antonio, TX •

The University of Texas at San Antonio •

Master's Student: I first attended UTSA in 2007 and graduated with my bachelors in 2009. My education opened up opportunities for me in the healthcare field. While at UTSA I felt the environment was conducive to learning and there were resources available to me to help me succeed. I've worked my way through school as an undergraduate and will do so as a graduate student. UTSA has classes available to fit my schedule and it is affordable. I hope attending graduate school will open up new opportunities for me and help me to fulfil my dreams of becoming a hospital executive. ... Read 1 review

The University of Texas at San Antonio ,

SAN ANTONIO, TX ,

Featured Review: Master's Student says I first attended UTSA in 2007 and graduated with my bachelors in 2009. My education opened up opportunities for me in the healthcare field. While at UTSA I felt the environment was conducive to... .

Falls School of Business

Anderson, IN •

Anderson University - Indiana •

Anderson University - Indiana ,

ANDERSON, IN ,

Capella University

Minneapolis, MN •

• • Rating 4.61 out of 5   983 reviews

Doctoral Student: Capella University offers comprehensive online programs for adult learners, focusing on academic excellence and practical skills. The university's flexible learning environment enables students to juggle their studies with work and family obligations. Students are prepared by the university's emphasis on practical skills and real-world applications. The faculty is supportive and responsive, and Capella's innovative use of technology provides an interactive learning experience. As a leader in online education, I believe it's an excellent choice for those balancing education with their lifestyle. I started at Capella University when I decided to further my education and change my field from pharmacy technician to healthcare administrator. I finished my bachelor's and master's of healthcare administration from Capella University. I am so happy with my achievements and would like to pursue my doctoral degree in healthcare administration to advance in my job. ... Read 983 reviews

MINNEAPOLIS, MN ,

983 Niche users give it an average review of 4.6 stars.

Featured Review: Doctoral Student says Capella University offers comprehensive online programs for adult learners, focusing on academic excellence and practical skills. The university's flexible learning environment enables students to... .

Read 983 reviews.

Inter American University of Puerto Rico

San Juan, PR •

• • Rating 4.6 out of 5   5 reviews

Doctoral Student: I am grateful that I have professors working hard every day to make the experience of online classes, less tedious and more active and entertaining. Therefore, it helps me go through classes more smoothly and more openminded about the current situation we are all going through right now. I honestly cant be more grateful about my professors work and resilience. They are a very good example for us all. ... Read 5 reviews

SAN JUAN, PR ,

5 Niche users give it an average review of 4.6 stars.

Featured Review: Doctoral Student says I am grateful that I have professors working hard every day to make the experience of online classes, less tedious and more active and entertaining. Therefore, it helps me go through classes more... .

Read 5 reviews.

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Department of Finance PhD Program

The primary objective of the Finance PhD Program is to educate students of exceptional promise to become outstanding researchers and university-level teachers in the field of finance. Graduates of the Program must have a thorough knowledge of the fundamental concepts and theories in finance, an understanding of financial instruments and markets, and an ability to use financial data to analyze models and evaluate financial decisions.

Program Structure

A student admitted to the Ph.D. Program in Finance is expected to have excellent aptitude, motivation, and preparation for rigorous post-masters-level study in finance. Students entering the program without a master's level degree or related coursework may have to take additional courses.

During the first year in the program, the student takes the graduate level course sequence in macroeconomic theory, econometric research tool courses and PhD level courses in asset pricing and corporate finance.

At the end of the first year, the student also must take and pass the Microeconomics Qualifying Examination (the second field exam) administered by the Economics department. During July of the first year, the student must take and pass the Asset Pricing Qualifying and Corporate Finance Qualifying Examinations administered by the Finance Department.

During the first year, the student works on a research paper that much be completed by November 15 of the second year in the program.

In the second year of the program, the student takes advanced PhD-level courses in asset pricing and corporate finance, the finance research reading course as well as macroeconomic theory courses, and additional research tools courses in econometrics and statistics.

After the completion of the second year, the student will take and pass the Candidacy Examination. The Candidacy Examination contains written and oral portions and must be scheduled before the start of the third academic year. The written portion of the candidacy exam is given in July between the second and third year of the program and the oral portion of the candidacy exam is given within 30 days of the written portion of the exam as required by the Graduate school of the Ohio State University.

During the third year of the program, the student takes the Finance Research Seminar course, and must complete the Thesis Proposal requirement. To complete the Thesis Proposal requirement, the student has to submit a scientific paper to the Coordinator of the Ph.D. Program by April 15 of the third year of the program. The Coordinator of the Ph.D. Program then evaluates whether the paper is good enough to be presented to the Thesis Proposal Committee consisting of three faculty members before the end of April. If the paper is deemed good enough at the oral presentation that it can develop into a job market paper for the student to participate in the job market in the fifth year, the student had completed the Thesis Proposal requirement. If the paper does not meet that standard, the student has to complete such a paper and defend it in front of a Thesis Proposal Committee by November 15th of the fourth year.

During the fourth year of the program, the student works on their paper to develop it into a job market paper. The student will get teaching experience. Once they have completed a paper that the major advisor believes is suitable for the job market, the student will present it in a seminar.

During the fifth year of the program, the student will go on the job market, complete the dissertation, defend, and graduate.  The student is responsible for meeting Gradation deadlines.

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MRes/PhD Finance

• Graduate research
• Department of Finance
• Application code N4ZC
• Starting 2024
• Home full-time: Closed
• Overseas full-time: Closed
• Location: Houghton Street, London

This programme offers the chance to undertake a substantial piece of work that is worthy of publication and which makes an original contribution to the field of finance. You will begin on the MRes, and will need to meet certain requirements to progress to the PhD.

Our programme is unique in its integration of finance and economics. During the first year, you will take microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics courses alongside PhD students in Economics. However, in the second year you will differentiate by taking advanced courses in asset pricing and corporate finance. You will leave with a broad understanding of finance and its relations to other fields in economics.

As one of the largest finance departments in the world, we are able to offer opportunities for research in virtually any field in finance. We have strengths in theory and empirics, asset pricing and corporate finance, as well as financial econometrics, behavioural finance, macro-finance, and microeconomic analysis of financial markets and institutions.

You are expected to participate in the regular departmental seminars (weekly), as well as occasional workshops and conferences given by internationally renowned speakers. This is viewed as an important part of the learning process on the MRes/PhD in Finance.

Programme details

For more information about tuition fees and entry requirements, see the fees and funding and assessing your application sections.

Entry requirements

Minimum entry requirements for mres/phd finance.

Merit in a taught master's degree in finance, economics or another subject with a strong quantitative component.

Competition for places at the School is high. This means that even if you meet our minimum entry requirement, this does not guarantee you an offer of admission. 

If you have studied or are studying outside of the UK then have a look at our  Information for International Students  to find out the entry requirements that apply to you.

GRE/GMAT requirement

GRE or GMAT is required from all applicants (GRE is preferred)

Find out more about GRE/GMAT

Assessing your application

We welcome applications for research programmes that complement the academic interests of members of staff at the School, and we recommend that you investigate  staff research interests  before applying. However, please do not get in touch with faculty at this stage, 

We carefully consider each application on an individual basis, taking into account all the information presented on your application form, including your:

• academic achievement (including existing and pending qualifications)
• statement of academic purpose 
• outline research proposal
• sample of written work.

See further information on supporting documents

You may also have to provide evidence of your English proficiency. You do not need to provide this at the time of your application to LSE, but we recommend that you do.  See our English language requirements .

When to apply

The application deadline for this programme is 25 April 2024 . However, to be considered for any LSE funding opportunity, you must have submitted your application and all supporting documents by the funding deadline. See the fees and funding section for more details.

Statement of Academic Purpose

Your Statement of Academic Purpose should clearly explain the below:

• Why you want to do research in finance
• How your studies and experience make you suitable to do research in finance

Research interests

Your Research Interests should be submitted in place of the Outline Research Proposal, along with your application form and other required supporting documents, via the LSE online application system.

• Which aspect of the PhD do you think you will like the most? Which will you dislike the most? Why? (max. 200 words)
• Tell us about your favourite paper in financial economics. What do you like about it? How would you improve it? (max. 400 words)
• Write a comment for a general audience on a topic/question that interests you in finance: (max. 400 words).
• Is CEO compensation excessive?
• Markets function well as information is aggregated efficiently through prices.
• What are the benefits of shareholder activism?

Fees and funding

Fees and funding.

Every research student is charged a fee in line with the fee structure for their programme.  The fee covers registration and examination fees payable to the School, lectures, classes and individual supervision, lectures given at other colleges under intercollegiate arrangements and, under current arrangements, membership of the Students' Union. It does not cover living costs or travel or fieldwork.

Tuition fees 2024/25 for MRes/PhD in Finance

Home students: £4,829 for the first year (provisional) Overseas students: £22,632 for the first year

The fee is likely to rise over subsequent years of the programme. The School charges home research students in line with the level of fee that the Research Councils recommend. The fees for overseas students are likely to rise in line with the assumed percentage increase in pay costs (ie, 4 per cent per annum).

The Table of Fees shows the latest tuition amounts for all programmes offered by the School.

The amount of tuition fees you will need to pay, and any financial support you are eligible for, will depend on whether you are classified as a home or overseas student, otherwise known as your fee status. LSE assesses your fee status based on guidelines provided by the Department of Education.

Further information about fee status classification.

Scholarships and other funding

The School recognises that the  cost of living in London  may be higher than in your home town or country, and we provide generous scholarships each year to home and overseas students.

This programme is eligible for  LSE PhD Studentships , and  Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funding . Selection for the PhD Studentships and ESRC funding is based on receipt of an application for a place – including all ancillary documents, before the funding deadline.  

Funding deadline for LSE PhD Studentships and ESRC funding: 15 January 2024 Second funding deadline for LSE PhD Studentships: 25 April 2024

The Finance Department may also offer departmental scholarships.

In addition to our needs-based awards, LSE also makes available scholarships for students from specific regions of the world and awards for students studying specific subject areas.  Find out more about financial support.

External funding 

There may be other funding opportunities available through other organisations or governments and we recommend you investigate these options as well.

Further information

Fees and funding opportunities

Information for international students

LSE is an international community, with over 140 nationalities represented amongst its student body. We celebrate this diversity through everything we do.  

If you are applying to LSE from outside of the UK then take a look at our Information for International students . 

1) Take a note of the UK qualifications we require for your programme of interest (found in the ‘Entry requirements’ section of this page). 

2) Go to the International Students section of our website. 

3) Select your country. 

4) Select ‘Graduate entry requirements’ and scroll until you arrive at the information about your local/national qualification. Compare the stated UK entry requirements listed on this page with the local/national entry requirement listed on your country specific page.

Programme structure and courses

Programme structure and courses.

A PhD in Finance from LSE consists of six coursework units, completed over two years, followed by a thesis which is usually expected to take a further three or four years.

We encourage our research students to participate fully in the intellectual life of the Department, and in the research seminar and workshop programmes of the Department and related research centres such as the Financial Markets Group (FMG). The weekly Capital Markets Workshops provide exposure to the work of leading academics from the UK and overseas. In addition, the FMG hosts a number of conferences each year with leading researchers and practitioners.

Students will normally commence in late August, by attending an introductory course before the start of the academic year.

Introductory Course in Mathematics and Statistics Provides students with the essential mathematical, statistical, economic and econometric background for the core Economics courses of these programmes.

During their first year, students take courses in Advanced Microeconomics, Advanced Macroeconomics and Advanced Financial Econometrics to build their core knowledge in these areas. They will also take two transferable skills courses which are not examined.

There is also the option to attend non-examined research workshops or seminars in finance given by faculty and internationally renowned scholars. Students also attend a PhD seminar in Finance throughout their MRes/PhD studies.

Microeconomics for MRes Students Introduces the basic analytical tools that are necessary to conduct research in any field in economics.

Macroeconomics for MRes Students Covers topics in advanced macroeconomics with emphasis on fundamentals and applications to recent theoretical advances.

Econometrics for MRes students Covers probability, mathematical statistics, and asymptotic theory, and theory and application of regression analysis. Provides a survey of the theory and application of time series methods in econometrics.

Financial Economics This non-examined course provides an in-depth introduction to the theories of asset pricing and corporate finance.

Capital Markets Workshop   

Second year

Students take courses in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing, in addition to completing a research paper. They are also expected to attend research workshops or seminars in finance given by faculty and internationally renowned scholars.

Corporate Finance for Research Students The first half of this course focuses on the theory of corporate finance. The second half of the course will consider empirical research in corporate finance.  

Asset Pricing for Research Students Covers asset pricing theory, empirical asset pricing, as well as empirical evaluation of asset-pricing models.

Research Paper in Finance A research paper of between 6,000 and 8,000 words, related to your designated major field, to be submitted at the end of August of the second year.

PhD Seminar in Finance A seminar course for PhD students in the early stages of their research to present their work in progress.

Capital Markets Workshop

PhD programme

After meeting the progression requirements, students progress to PhD registration and begin to work on their thesis

For the most up-to-date list of optional courses please visit the relevant   School Calendar page. 

You must note, however, that while care has been taken to ensure that this information is up to date and correct, a change of circumstances since publication may cause the School to change, suspend or withdraw a course or programme of study, or change the fees that apply to it. The School will always notify the affected parties as early as practicably possible and propose any viable and relevant alternative options. Note that the School will neither be liable for information that after publication becomes inaccurate or irrelevant, nor for changing, suspending or withdrawing a course or programme of study due to events outside of its control, which includes but is not limited to a lack of demand for a course or programme of study, industrial action, fire, flood or other environmental or physical damage to premises. 

You must also note that places are limited on some courses and/or subject to specific entry requirements. The School cannot therefore guarantee you a place. Please note that changes to programmes and courses can sometimes occur after you have accepted your offer of a place. These changes are normally made in light of developments in the discipline or path-breaking research, or on the basis of student feedback. Changes can take the form of altered course content, teaching formats or assessment modes. Any such changes are intended to enhance the student learning experience. You should visit the School’s  Calendar , or contact the relevant academic department, for information on the availability and/or content of courses and programmes of study. Certain substantive changes will be listed on the  updated graduate course and programme information  page.

Supervision, progression and assessment

Supervision.

You will be assigned a lead supervisor (and a second supervisor/adviser) who is a specialist in your chosen research field, though not necessarily in your topic. Lead supervisors guide you through your studies.

Progression and assessment

To progress at the end of each year, students must pass their examined courses at grades specified by the Department and make satisfactory progress in their research. Progress is regularly monitored by the Department's Postgraduate Assessment Review Panel.

You will also need to meet certain criteria to progress to PhD registration, such as achieving certain grades in your coursework, and earning a minimum mark on your research paper.

Your final award will be determined by the completion of an original research thesis and a viva oral examination.

More about progression requirements.  

Student support and resources

We’re here to help and support you throughout your time at LSE, whether you need help with your academic studies, support with your welfare and wellbeing or simply to develop on a personal and professional level.

Whatever your query, big or small, there are a range of people you can speak to who will be happy to help.  

Department librarians   – they will be able to help you navigate the library and maximise its resources during your studies. 

Accommodation service  – they can offer advice on living in halls and offer guidance on private accommodation related queries.

Class teachers and seminar leaders  – they will be able to assist with queries relating to specific courses. 

Disability and Wellbeing Service  – they are experts in long-term health conditions, sensory impairments, mental health and specific learning difficulties. They offer confidential and free services such as  student counselling,  a  peer support scheme  and arranging  exam adjustments.  They run groups and workshops.  

IT help  – support is available 24 hours a day to assist with all your technology queries.   

LSE Faith Centre  – this is home to LSE's diverse religious activities and transformational interfaith leadership programmes, as well as a space for worship, prayer and quiet reflection. It includes Islamic prayer rooms and a main space for worship. It is also a space for wellbeing classes on campus and is open to all students and staff from all faiths and none.   

Language Centre  – the Centre specialises in offering language courses targeted to the needs of students and practitioners in the social sciences. We offer pre-course English for Academic Purposes programmes; English language support during your studies; modern language courses in nine languages; proofreading, translation and document authentication; and language learning community activities.

LSE Careers  ­ – with the help of LSE Careers, you can make the most of the opportunities that London has to offer. Whatever your career plans, LSE Careers will work with you, connecting you to opportunities and experiences from internships and volunteering to networking events and employer and alumni insights. 

LSE Library   –   founded in 1896, the British Library of Political and Economic Science is the major international library of the social sciences. It stays open late, has lots of excellent resources and is a great place to study. As an LSE student, you’ll have access to a number of other academic libraries in Greater London and nationwide. 

LSE LIFE  – this is where you should go to develop skills you’ll use as a student and beyond. The centre runs talks and workshops on skills you’ll find useful in the classroom; offers one-to-one sessions with study advisers who can help you with reading, making notes, writing, research and exam revision; and provides drop-in sessions for academic and personal support. (See ‘Teaching and assessment’). 

LSE Students’ Union (LSESU)  – they offer academic, personal and financial advice and funding.  

PhD Academy   – this is available for PhD students, wherever they are, to take part in interdisciplinary events and other professional development activities and access all the services related to their registration. 

Sardinia House Dental Practice   – this   offers discounted private dental services to LSE students.  

St Philips Medical Centre  – based in Pethwick-Lawrence House, the Centre provides NHS Primary Care services to registered patients.

Student Services Centre  – our staff here can answer general queries and can point you in the direction of other LSE services.  

Student advisers   – we have a  Deputy Head of Student Services (Advice and Policy)  and an  Adviser to Women Students  who can help with academic and pastoral matters.

Student life

As a student at LSE you’ll be based at our central London campus. Find out what our campus and London have to offer you on academic, social and career perspective. 

Student societies and activities

Your time at LSE is not just about studying, there are plenty of ways to get involved in  extracurricular activities . From joining one of over 200 societies, or starting your own society, to volunteering for a local charity, or attending a public lecture by a world-leading figure, there is a lot to choose from. 

The campus 

LSE is based on one  campus  in the centre of London. Despite the busy feel of the surrounding area, many of the streets around campus are pedestrianised, meaning the campus feels like a real community. 

Life in London 

London is an exciting, vibrant and colourful city. It's also an academic city, with more than 400,000 university students. Whatever your interests or appetite you will find something to suit your palate and pocket in this truly international capital. Make the most of career opportunities and social activities, theatre, museums, music and more. 

Want to find out more? Read why we think  London is a fantastic student city , find out about  key sights, places and experiences for new Londoners . Don't fear, London doesn't have to be super expensive: hear about  London on a budget . 

The programme is aimed at training students to become an academic. Students who successfully complete the programme often embark on a career in academic institutions, or international organisations such as central banks or the IMF. See a list of past placements.

Further information on graduate destinations for this programme

Support for your career

LSE Careers has a wide range of resources available to assist students in their job search. Find out more about the  support available to students through LSE Careers .

Find out more about LSE

Discover more about being an LSE student - meet us in a city near you, visit our campus or experience LSE from home. 

Experience LSE from home

Webinars, videos, student blogs and student video diaries will help you gain an insight into what it's like to study at LSE for those that aren't able to make it to our campus.  Experience LSE from home . 

Come on a guided campus tour, attend an undergraduate open day, drop into our office or go on a self-guided tour.  Find out about opportunities to visit LSE . 

LSE visits you

Student Marketing, Recruitment and Study Abroad travels throughout the UK and around the world to meet with prospective students. We visit schools, attend education fairs and also hold Destination LSE events: pre-departure events for offer holders.  Find details on LSE's upcoming visits . 

How to apply

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Register your interest

Related programmes, mres/phd economics.

Code(s) L1U4

MSc Finance and Economics

Code(s) LN43

MPhil/PhD Statistics

Code(s) G4ZS

MRes/PhD Accounting (Accounting, Organisations and Institutions)

Code(s) N2ZD (AOI track)

MPhil/PhD Social Research Methods

Code(s) L9ZM

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First Year compensation for PhD Finance

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First time poster, so sorry if this has been answered before. I was wondering if anyone had an indication of what to expect for initial compensation for a finance PhD student from a top 5-10 program in the US. I have no private sector experience aside from a few internships. Upon graduation, I have an offer to join as an analyst at a multi strategy fund with around 1-5 Billion in AUM . Does anyone have a range of what they think a reasonable offer is so that I know if my offer is competitive?

Hi econ_finance, the silence is deafening, sorry about that.... Any of the threads below helpful?

• 1st Year Macro HF Analyst: My Macro Framework
• Possible to break in after PhD?
• Finance and the Destruction of Human Capital
• Q&A: Is the Monkey Business Over? 3rd Year Analyst Turning 1st Year Associate at a BB
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• Tech vs Finance? (Again)

More suggestions...

Fingers crossed that one of those helps you.

Not sure about econ or finance but for quants (PhD in CS , Stats, Math, Physics, etc). I think ~$400K is pretty typical. There's a lot of variance though and the strongest candidates will get much more.

Thanks for the reply. Any thoughts on what it would be for a fundamental research as opposed to quant position? It’s an uncommon path which is why It’s hard to find information.

With a phd I would say the minimum for “competitive” (when we are talking about top established places) is $200k all in, I would expect most offers to be closer to $250-350k all in for top places (with 50% of that or so in bonus)

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Frizzled to finance: one PhD’s path from a Drosophila lab to Wall Street

An equity research analyst’s job is to determine whether the price of a stock is likely to go up or down. For science-based businesses, particularly biotechnology companies, a PhD in the life sciences can be very helpful in making this determination. I transitioned from a postdoc position to working in equity research. Here I present information on how I made the transition, an overview of the day-to-day activities of an analyst, and thoughts on how to prepare to look for a job in finance. There are significant positives to working on Wall Street, including exposure to cutting-edge clinical/translational research, access to some of the best scientists in the world, a dynamic work environment, and compensation that generally exceeds academic salaries. This comes at the cost of some independence and the satisfaction of being able to call oneself a scientist.

MY DECISION TO LEAVE THE LAB

When considering the possibility of leaving academia, I spent a lot of time thinking about why I pursued a PhD in the first place. The positive was never in question: I truly enjoyed the intellectual exercise of learning about molecular biology. In addition, I enjoyed being part of the scientific community and interacting with the intelligent and clever people who had chosen to pursue academic science. I also had to acknowledge the negatives: the highly competitive nature of the job, relatively low compensation, and potential for highly disparate career outcomes, even with a consistent commitment to hard work. The fate of a career could come down to politics (is there enough funding?), timing (is this research “hot” right now?), and just plain luck (many promising lines of research end up being dead ends). In addition, I was self-aware enough to realize that I was not a standout at the bench, as evidenced by a fellow grad student completing a simple experiment for me because I could not get it to work (many belated thanks, Haeryun!).

This led me to conclude that I would leave academia. I wanted to find a profession that made use of my time in the lab. I had a vague conception of the biotech industry. I knew people invested in biotech, and I thought that there must be a place for a person who can communicate complex scientific ideas to laypeople. I made a somewhat capricious and ill-informed decision: I wanted to be on the investment side of the biotech industry.

INVESTING IN BIOTECH: PRECONCEIVED NOTIONS

At that time, I did not know what exactly “the investment side of the biotech industry” meant. I first thought of venture capital, in which investors take an early-stage idea and build a company around it. Although venture capital is often the type of investment most proximal to the lab, there is a much larger industry based on investment in public companies. That industry is colloquially known as “Wall Street,” and that’s where I ended up.

THE STOCK MARKET

Ultimately, all investors in publically traded companies really want to know one thing: whether the price of the stock will go up or down.

To determine this, financial institutions employ research analysts who prepare reports about individual companies, assessing their business prospects and identifying them as a “buy” or a “sell.” Those reports are then sent out to external clients (third-party investors) or internal clients (the investment professionals at the analyst’s firm) with the goal of helping these clients make better-informed decisions. Firms that publish reports for external clients, such as investment banks, are often referred to as “sell side” institutions. Firms that invest capital based on the recommendations are on the “buy side.” Representative “buy side” institutions include mutual funds, investment advisors, and hedge funds.

This is where PhDs come in. In evaluating research-based businesses like biotech companies, financial firms often need research analysts able to make sense of the relevant science. In the end, a good analyst will need to have a handle on both the underlying science and the company’s business operations. There are many successful analysts who started in science and learned finance and vice versa.

DAY-TO-DAY WORK AS A BIOTECH ANALYST

One of the great aspects of about an analyst is that you get to think very broadly about all of the different aspects of a business. In some ways, an analyst can evaluate a biotech company in the same way one would evaluate companies in any sector. In biotech, a company makes money and grows by developing and commercializing drugs. At the most basic level, biotech companies sell widgets; it just so happens that the widgets are drugs based on years of scientific research. From an investor’s point of view, selling one kind of widget is not so different from selling any other kind.

In other ways, however, biotech companies are unique because the product is highly regulated by governments and paid for by third parties. If the company’s drug is in development, issues might include the following: Will clinical trials of the drug be successful? Will the Food and Drug Administration approve it? If the company’s drug has been approved, the issues are different: What is the target market? Are there competitive drugs? How much can the manufacturer charge for the drug? Will there be a generic version? These clinical, regulatory, and commercial issues can have profound effects on the value of a company. In trying to answer these questions, an analyst will often consult with experts: physicians on clinical issues, lawyers on intellectual property issues, former government staffers on regulatory issues, and so on. Analysts also have access to high-level company executives to keep abreast of the latest developments within a company and its future plans. It is not uncommon for me to have better access to management of biotech companies than my former colleagues and friends who work at those companies.

Much of the work done to determine the prospects for a business will be distilled down to numbers that estimate its future profits. The output of this work is a financial model, typically presented in three parts: the income statement, the balance sheet, and the cash flow statement. Working with these models is a big part of the job. For good or for ill, an analyst spends a lot of time looking at spreadsheets.

SOME OF THE DOWNSIDES TO WORKING ON WALL STREET

To me, the lab and Wall Street are interesting inverses of one another. In both, one does a lot of reading and thinking about biological sciences, but beyond that, there are significant differences. In the lab, I found the work sometimes repetitive and unrewarding, but I took great pride in the fact that I was attempting to increase the world’s body of scientific knowledge. In my current position, I lack that specific sense of satisfaction, but the everyday work is much more dynamic, fast paced, and exciting.

As with most jobs, the work environment significantly affects one’s quality of life. Wall Street tends to attract high-intensity people. There can be significant pressure to deliver results in a hurry. Unlike the lab, where freedom is often a significant perquisite, one cannot dictate one’s schedule. It is very important to understand that not all Wall Street firms are the same. I have had a wide range of experiences (some very good) at my workplaces, and I would advise anyone to investigate a firm’s culture before accepting a position.

ADVICE FOR THOSE STILL INTERESTED IN FINANCE

I have walked you through some of my experiences in becoming a Wall Street analyst. In retrospect, given how little I knew when I started, I am a little surprised that I was able to make the transition. If I were interviewing the 2005 me today, I would probably dismiss him for not caring enough to learn even the most basic things about the job.

For those who have had their interest piqued, I have a few additional thoughts that should be helpful in searching for an analyst position.

• Pursue it only if you are genuinely interested in companies and markets. Your pitch to an employer cannot be, “I’m a smart person with scientific expertise, I want out of academia, and I heard this is a place where I can make some money.” You need to convince them that you want to be an analyst, not that you do not want to be a postdoc.
• Look into a specific company. A surprising number of people interview for analyst jobs without ever having looked closely at the workings of an actual company. Learn what you can about an individual business and go into an interview ready to explain why an investor should buy or sell the stock of that company. One piece of practical advice: sell side analyst recommendations and the holdings of large investors are often public information. Before you go in and pitch a company as a sell, it is probably worth knowing whether the analyst has it rated a buy or whether the investor owns a significant stake in the company. People often respect a well-reasoned argument for why they are wrong about a stock, but it does invite a potentially contentious conversation.

I suggest picking a company, specifically one that is developing a drug based on some basic science with which you are familiar. Then think about how the business operates, and ask the questions an analyst might. Nearly all companies have the basic information you will need to get started in the Investors section of their website.

• Familiarize yourself with the concept of valuation. Valuation is the art/science of determining what a company is worth. It is not as simple as calculating how much of a drug a company sells. Other contributing factors might include the probability of success on future products and how quickly a company can grow.

It is important to realize that the market is forward looking. Investors are, in essence, speculating on what might happen. Your instinct as a scientist is likely going to be that you will want to wait for additional incremental pieces of data to prove your hypothesis before taking action. However, by the time news is made public, the stock price will have already changed to incorporate those data. This is the concept of the efficient market. So an analyst cannot wait to react to data to make a recommendation. This might take some scientists out of their comfort zones.

• Learn as much as you can about financial models. Each quarter, companies post a press release reporting their financial results. The book How to Read a Financial Report by Tracy and Tracy (2014) is a useful reference for thinking about what the published numbers mean and how they fit together. Once you have the basics down, the next step is to create a working spreadsheet for a company’s financials. The most important part of the exercise is to then use the spreadsheet to project what a company’s financial statement might look like in the future. As mentioned earlier, the job of an analyst is to predict what will happen, not to report what has already happened.

WHERE TO START

I started as a junior equity research associate at an investment bank, drafting research reports on biotech companies for third-party investors. I have since moved on to a more senior position as a research analyst at an investment advisor, where my recommendations are used to make my firm’s investment decisions. In my case, this was a reasonable path, given my initial lack of financial experience. The sell side was a great place to learn about the industry without the intense pressure that can come with a buy side position, where your company might invest millions or even billions of dollars based on your work. That said, some investors want to hire junior people and train them in-house, keeping them free of biases that sometimes come with working at an investment bank. There really is no set path.

When looking for a job opening, one can search job sites for the term “equity research.” Although my experience has been almost exclusively in the biotechnology sector, there are other areas in healthcare in which an advanced degree in the life sciences is applicable. These include pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and life science tools (yes, the company that makes your PCR machine is publicly traded, and there are analysts working to determine whether it is a good investment).

Often, posted jobs will specify a requirement for an advanced degree, generally a PhD or an MD. Often, some background in finance is also suggested. In my experience, some will forgo the latter requirement for a candidate with a strong academic background who has demonstrated a genuine interest in the markets.

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E15-11-0786

• Tracy JA, Tracy T. How to Read a Financial Report: Wringing Vital Signs Out of the Numbers, 8th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2014. [ Google Scholar ]

Commencement Events for the Princeton Class of 2024

Photo by Charles Sykes, Associated Press Images for Princeton University

Princeton University is celebrating the accomplishments of undergraduate and graduate degree candidates during 2024 year-end events starting with the Baccalaureate service Sunday, May 26, and continuing through Tuesday, May 28, which is this year’s Commencement date. Tickets are required to attend most events.

The following is a summary of graduation events for undergraduate and graduate degree candidates. More information for students and their guests is available on the University’s Commencement website , including directions and parking, departmental and residential college receptions, and cultural and affinity group celebrations.

Events also will be live streamed on the Princeton University homepage and MediaCentral website , as well as Facebook and YouTube . Professional photos will be posted to the University’s Commencement website in June and may be downloaded free courtesy of the University.

The Baccalaureate service is 2 p.m. Sunday, May 26, in the University Chapel. Seniors are seated inside the chapel (which is just large enough to accommodate the class). The ceremony is simulcast on large screens on Cannon Green for guest viewing. In case of rain, indoor simulcast locations near the chapel are available and are ticketed. The Baccalaureate speaker is Judge Nusrat J. Choudhury of the Eastern District of New York, who earned her master’s in public affairs from the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA) in 2006. Choudhury is the first Muslim woman and first Bangladeshi American to serve as a U.S. federal judge. 

The Class Day ceremony is 10:30 a.m. Monday, May 27, on Cannon Green. Guests must be seated by 10 a.m. when the senior class procession begins. In case of rain, seniors are seated in the University Chapel and guests are seated in simulcast locations near the chapel. The Class Day speaker is Emmy-award winning actor Sam Waterston , who is known for his longtime role on the NBC series “Law & Order.” 

The Hooding ceremony for advanced degree candidates will begin at 4:30 p.m. Monday, May 27, on Cannon Green. The ceremony is for master’s and doctoral students earning their degree during the 2023-24 academic year and their guests. In case of severe weather, the ceremony will take place in Jadwin Gymnasium.

Princeton’s 277th Commencement is 10 a.m. Tuesday, May 28, in Princeton Stadium. The academic procession will begin at 9:40 a.m. The ceremony is for graduating students in the undergraduate Class of 2024 and their guests, as well as graduate students who received a final master’s degree or Ph.D. in the 2023-24 academic year and their guests. Seniors receive their diplomas in their residential colleges following the ceremony. In case of severe weather, Commencement is held in Jadwin Gymnasium.

The ROTC Commissioning ceremony is 3:30 pm. Tuesday, May 28, in the Faculty Room of Nassau Hall. The ceremony is for members of the Class of 2024 commissioning in the Army, Navy or Air Force ROTC, and their guests.

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Private student loan interest rates continue to fall for 5-year loans

The latest private student loan interest rates from the Credible marketplace, updated weekly. ( iStock )

During the week of May 13, 2024, average private student loan rates increased for borrowers with credit scores of 720 or higher who used the Credible marketplace to take out 10-year fixed-rate loans and decreased for 5-year variable-rate loans.

• 10-year fixed rate: 8.57%, up from 8.14% the week before, +0.43
• 5-year variable rate: 7.47%, down from 8.54% the week before, -1.07

Through Credible, you can compare private student loan rates from multiple lenders.

For 10-year fixed private student loans, interest rates rose by nearly half a percentage point, while 5-year variable student loan interest fell by just over a full percentage point.

Borrowers with good credit may find a lower rate with a private student loan than with some federal loans. For the 2023-24 academic school year, federal student loan rates will range from 5.50% to 8.05%. Private student loan rates for borrowers with good to excellent credit can be lower right now.

Because federal loans come with certain benefits, like access to income-driven repayment plans, you should always exhaust federal student loan options first before turning to private student loans to cover any funding gaps. Private lenders such as banks, credit unions, and online lenders provide private student loans. You can use private loans to pay for education costs and living expenses, which might not be covered by your federal education loans. 

Interest rates and terms on private student loans can vary depending on your financial situation, credit history, and the lender you choose.

Take a look at Credible partner lenders’ rates for borrowers who used the Credible marketplace to select a lender during the week of May 13:

Private student loan rates (graduate and undergraduate)

Who sets federal and private interest rates?

Congress sets federal student loan interest rates each year. These fixed interest rates depend on the type of federal loan you take out, your dependency status and your year in school.

Private student loan interest rates can be fixed or variable and depend on your credit, repayment term and other factors. As a general rule, the better your credit score, the lower your interest rate is likely to be.  

You can compare rates from multiple student loan lenders using Credible.

How does student loan interest work?

An interest rate is a percentage of the loan periodically tacked onto your balance — essentially the cost of borrowing money. Interest is one way lenders can make money from loans. Your monthly payment often pays interest first, with the rest going to the amount you initially borrowed (the principal). 

Getting a low interest rate could help you save money over the life of the loan and pay off your debt faster.

What is a fixed- vs. variable-rate loan?

Here’s the difference between a fixed and variable rate:

• With a fixed rate, your monthly payment amount will stay the same over the course of your loan term.
• With a variable rate, your payments might rise or fall based on changing interest rates.

Comparison shopping for private student loan rates is easy when you use Credible.

Calculate your savings

Using a student loan interest calculator will help you estimate your monthly payments and the total amount you’ll owe over the life of your federal or private student loans.

Once you enter your information, you’ll be able to see what your estimated monthly payment will be, the total you’ll pay in interest over the life of the loan and the total amount you’ll pay back. 

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What Do Students at Elite Colleges Really Want?

Many of Harvard’s Generation Z say “sellout” is not an insult.

Credit... Jeff Hinchee

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By Francesca Mari

• May 22, 2024

The meme was an image of a head with “I need to get rich” slapped across it. “Freshmen after spending 0.02 seconds on campus,” read the caption, posted in 2023 to the anonymous messaging app Sidechat.

The campus in question was Harvard, where, at a wood-paneled dining hall last year, two juniors explained how to assess a fellow undergraduate’s earning potential. It’s easy, they said, as we ate mussels, beets and sautéed chard: You can tell by who’s getting a bulge bracket internship.

“What?” Benny Goldman, a then-28-year-old economics P.h.D. student and their residential tutor, was confused.

One of the students paused, surprised that he was unfamiliar with the term: A bulge bracket bank, like Goldman Sachs , JPMorgan Chase or Citi. The biggest, most prestigious global investment banks. A B.B., her friend explained. Not to be confused with M.B.B. , which stands for three of the most prestigious management consulting firms: McKinsey, Bain and Boston Consulting Group.

While the main image of elite campuses during this commencement season might be activists in kaffiyehs pitching tents on electric green lawns, most students on campus are focused not on protesting the war in Gaza, but on what will come after graduation.

Despite the popular image of this generation — that of Greta Thunberg and the Parkland activists — as one driven by idealism, GenZ students at these schools appear to be strikingly corporate-minded. Even when they arrive at college wanting something very different, an increasing number of students at elite universities seek the imprimatur of employment by a powerful firm and “making a bag” (slang for a sack of money) as quickly as possible.

Elite universities have always been major feeders into finance and consulting, and students have always wanted to make money. According to the annual American Freshman Survey , the biggest increase in students wanting to become “very well off financially” happened between the 1970s and 1980s, and it’s been creeping up since then.

But in the last five years, faculty and administrators say, the pull of these industries has become supercharged. In an age of astronomical housing costs, high tuition and inequality, students and their parents increasingly see college as a means to a lucrative job, more than a place to explore.

A ‘Herd Mentality’

At Harvard, a graduating senior, who passed on a full scholarship to another school, told me that he felt immense pressure to show his parents that their $400,000 investment in his Harvard education would allow him to get the sort of job where he could make a million dollars a year. Upon graduation, he will join the private equity firm Blackstone, where, he believes, he will learn and achieve more in six years than 30 years in a public-service-oriented organization.

Another student, from Uruguay, who spent his second summer in a row practicing case studies in preparation for management consulting internship interviews, told me that everyone arrived on campus hoping to change the world. But what they learn at Harvard, he said, is that actually doing anything meaningful is too hard. People give up on their dreams, he told me, and decide they might as well make money. Someone else told me it was common at parties to hear their peers say they just want to sell out.

“There’s definitely a herd mentality,” Joshua Parker, a 21-year-old Harvard junior from Oahu, said. “If you’re not doing finance or tech, it can feel like you’re doing something wrong.”

As a freshman, he planned to major in environmental engineering. As a sophomore, he switched to economics, joining five of his six roommates. One of those roommates told me that he hoped to run a hedge fund by the time he was in his 30s. Before that, he wanted to earn a good salary, which he defined as $500,000 a year.

According to a Harvard Crimson survey of Harvard seniors, the share of 2023 graduates going into finance and consulting exceeded 40 percent for the second year in a row. (The official Harvard Institutional Research survey yields lower percentages for those fields than the Crimson survey, because it includes students who aren’t entering the work force.)

These statistics approach the previous highs in 2007, after which the global financial crisis drove the share down to a recent low of 20 percent in 2009, from which it’s been regaining ground since.

Fifteen years ago, fewer students went into tech. Adding in that sector, the share of graduates starting what some students non-disparagingly refer to as “sellout jobs” was a record-shattering 60 percent in 2022 and nearly 54 percent in 2023. (That decrease reflected an industrywide contraction in tech hiring.)

“When people say ‘selling out,’ I mean, obviously, there’s some implicit judgment there,” said Aden Barton, a 23-year-old Harvard senior who wrote an opinion column for the student newspaper headlined, “How Harvard Careerism Killed the Classroom.”

“But it really is just almost a descriptive term at this point for people pursuing certain career paths,” he continued. “I’m not trying to denigrate anybody’s career path nor my own.” (He interned at a hedge fund last summer.)

David Halek, director of employer relations at Yale’s Office of Career Strategy, thinks students may use the term “sell out” because of the perceived certainty: “It’s the easy path to follow. It is well defined,” he said.

“It’s hard to conceptualize other things,” said Andy Wang, a social studies concentrator at Harvard who recently graduated.

Some students talk about turning to a different career later on, after they’ve made enough money. “Nowadays, English concentrators often say they’re going into finance or management consulting for a couple of years before writing their novel,” said James Wood, a Harvard professor of the practice of literary criticism.

And a surprising number of students explain their desire for a corporate job by drawing on the ethos of effective altruism : Whether they are conscious of the movement or not, they believe they can have greater impact by maximizing earnings to donate to a cause than working for that cause.

But once students board the prestige escalator and become accustomed to a certain salary, walking away can feel funny. Like, well, walking off an escalator.

Financial Pressures

The change is striking to those who have been in academia for years, and not just at Harvard.

Roger Woolsey, executive director of the career center at Union College, a private liberal arts college in Schenectady, N.Y, said he first noticed a change around 2015, with students who had been in high school during the Great Recession and who therefore prioritized financial security.

“The students saw what their parents went through, and the parents saw what happened to themselves,” he said. “You couple that with college tuition continuing to rise,” he continued, and students started looking for monetary payoffs right after graduation.

Sara Lazenby, an institutional policy analyst for the University of Wisconsin-Madison, said that might be why students and their parents were much more focused on professional outcomes than they used to be. “In the past few years,” she said, “I’ve seen a higher level of interest in this first-destination data” — stats on what jobs graduates are getting out of college.

“Twenty years ago, an ‘introduction to investment banking’ event was held at the undergraduate library at Harvard,” said Howard Gardner, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. “Forty students showed up, all men, and when asked to define ‘investment banking,’ none raised their hands.”

Now, according to Goldman Sachs, the bank had six times as many applicants this year for summer internships as it did 10 years ago, and was 20 percent more selective for this summer’s class than it was last year. JPMorgan also saw a record number of undergraduate applications for internships and full-time positions this year.

The director of the Mignone Center for Career Success at Harvard, Manny Contomanolis, also chalked up the change, in part, to financial pressure. “Harvard is more diverse than ever before,” Mr. Contomanolis said, with nearly one in five students eligible for a low-income Pell Grant . Those students, he said, weigh whether to, for instance, “take a job back in my border town community in Texas and make a big impact in a kind of public service sense” or get a job with “a salary that would be life changing for my family.”

However, according to The Harvard Crimson’s senior survey, as Mr. Barton noted in his opinion column, “The aggregate rate of ‘selling out’ is about the same — around 60 percent — for all income brackets.” The main distinction is that students from low-income families are comparatively more likely to go into technology than finance.

In other words, there is something additional at play, which Mr. Barton argues has to do with the nature of prestige. “If you tell me you’re working at Goldman Sachs or McKinsey, that’s amazing , their eyes are going to light up,” Mr. Barton said. “If you tell somebody, ‘Oh, I took this random nonprofit job,’ or even a journalism job, even if you’re going to a huge name, it’s going to be a little bit of a question mark.”

Maibritt Henkel, a 21-year-old junior at Harvard, is an economics major with moral reservations about banking and consulting. Ms. Henkel sometimes worries that others might misread her decision not to go into those industries as evidence that she couldn’t hack it.

“Even if you don’t want to do it for the rest of your life, it’s seen kind of as the golden standard of a smart, hardworking person,” she said.

Some students have also become skeptical about traditional avenues of social change, like government and nonprofits, which have attracted fewer Harvard students since the pandemic, according to the Harvard Office of Institutional Research.

Matine Khalighi, 22, founded a nonprofit to award scholarships to homeless youth when he was in eighth grade. When he began studying economics at Harvard, his nonprofit, EEqual, was granting 50 scholarships a year. But some of the corporations that funded EEqual were contributing to inequality that created homelessness, he said. Philanthropy wasn’t the solution for systemic change, he decided. Instead, he turned to finance, with the idea that the sector could marshal capital quickly for social impact.

Employers encourage this way of thinking. “We often talk about the fact that we work with some of the biggest emitters on the planet because we believe that’s how we actually affect climate change,” said Blair Ciesil, the global leader of talent attraction at McKinsey.

The Recruitment Ratchet

Princeton’s senior survey results are nearly identical to The Crimson’s Senior Survey: about 38 percent of 2023 graduates who were employed took jobs in finance and consulting; adding tech and engineering, the rate is close to 60 percent, compared with 53 percent in 2016, the earliest year for which the data is available.

This isn’t solely an Ivy League phenomenon. Schools slice their data differently, but at many colleges, a large percentage of students pursue these fields. At Amherst , in 2022, 32 percent of employed undergrads went into finance and consulting, and 11 percent went into internet and software, for a total of about 43 percent. Between 2017 and 2019, the University of California, Los Angeles, sent about 21 percent of employed students into engineering and computer science, 9 percent into consulting and nearly 10 percent into finance, for a total of roughly 40 percent

Part of that has to do with recruitment; the most prestigious banks and consulting firms do so only at certain colleges, and they have intensified their presence on those campuses in recent years. Over the last five years or so, “the idea of thinking about your professional path has moved much earlier in the undergraduate experience,” Ms. Ciesil said. She said the banks first began talking to students earlier, and it was the entrance of Big Tech onto the scene, asking for junior summer applications by the end of sophomore year, that accelerated recruitment timelines.

“At first, we tried to fight back by saying, ‘No, no, no, no, no, sophomores aren’t ready, and what does a sophomore know about financial modeling?’” said Mr. Woolsey at Union College. But, he added, schools “don’t want to push back too much, because then you’re going to lose revenue,” since firms often pay to recruit on campus.

The Effective Altruist Influence

The marker that really distinguishes Gen Z is how pessimistic its members are, and how much they feel like life is beyond their control, according to Jean Twenge, a psychologist who analyzed data from national surveys of high school students and first-year college students in her book “Generations.”

Money, of course, helps give people a sense of control. And because of income inequality, “there’s this idea that you either make it or you don’t, so you better make it,” Ms. Twenge said.

Mihir Desai, a professor at Harvard’s business and law schools, wrote a 2017 essay in The Crimson titled “ The Trouble With Optionality ,” arguing that students who habitually pursue the security of prestigious employment foreclose the risk-taking and longer-range thinking necessary for more unusual or idealistic achievements. Mr. Desai believes that’s often because they are responding to the bigger picture, like threats to workers from artificial intelligence, and political and financial upheaval.

In recent years, he’s observed two trends among students pursuing wealth. There’s “the option-buyer,” the student who takes a job in finance or consulting to buy more time or to keep options open. Then there’s what he calls “the lottery ticket buyer,” the students who go all-in on a risky venture, like a start-up or new technology, hoping to make a windfall.

“They know people who bought Bitcoin at $2,000. They know people who bought Tesla at $20,” he said.

Some faculty see the influence of effective altruism among this generation: In the last five years, Roosevelt Montás, a senior lecturer at Columbia University and the former director of its Center for the Core Curriculum, has noticed a new trend when he asks students in his American Political Thought classes to consider their future.

“Almost every discussion, someone will come in and say, ‘Well, I can go and make a lot of money and do more good with that money than I could by doing some kind of charitable or service profession,’” Mr. Montás said. “It’s there constantly — a way of justifying a career that is organized around making money.”

Mr. Desai said all of this logic goes, “‘Make the bag so you can do good in the world, make the bag so you can go into retirement, make the bag so you can then go do what you really want to do.’”

But this “really underestimates how important work is to people’s lives,” he said. “What it gets wrong is, you spend 15 years at the hedge fund, you’re going to be a different person. You don’t just go work and make a lot of money, you go work and you become a different person.”

Inside the World of Gen Z

The generation of people born between 1997 and 2012 is changing fashion, culture, politics, the workplace and more..

A younger generation of crossword constructors is using an old form to reflect their identities, language and world. Here’s how Gen Z made the puzzle their own .

For many Gen-Zers without much disposable income, Facebook isn’t a place to socialize online — it’s where they can get deals on items  they wouldn’t normally be able to afford.

Dating apps are struggling to live up to investors’ expectations . Blame the members of Generation Z, who are often not willing to shell out for paid subscriptions.

Young people tend to lean more liberal on issues pertaining to relationship norms. But when it comes to dating, the idea that men should pay in heterosexual courtships  still prevails among Gen Z-ers .

We asked Gen Z-ers to tell us about their living situations and the challenges of keeping a roof over their heads. Here’s what they said .

What is it like to be part of the group that has been called the most diverse generation in U.S. history? Here is what 900 Gen Z-ers had to say .

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