International Journal of African Society, Cultures and Traditions (IJASCT)

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A Study of the Yoruba Traditional Marriage as a Rite of Passage

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This study observes marriage as a rite of passage and identifies the symbolic communicative elements deployed in the Yoruba traditional marriage processes to ease the transition of a bride from one status to another. It particularly examines the signification of its linguistic elements as transition vehicle that convey the bride through the pre liminal, liminal and post liminal stages of her rite of passage. The study adopts qualitative research technique to critically analyse and interpret the linguistic (lexical/verbal words, phrases, and sentences) and non-linguistics (non-verbal pictorials, facial expressions, emotions) elements in the music drama deployed as semiotics resources in this work from the social and cultural semiotics perspectives. The study concludes that the identified linguistic and non-linguistic elements of the drama music used as data in this work are the Yoruba semiotics resources, which their imports give physical and psychological strength to a bride, in the marriage’s rite of passage.

Citation: Memunat Olayemi Mahmud (2022) A Study of the Yoruba Traditional Marriage as a Rite of Passage, International Journal of African Society, Cultures and Traditions, Vol.10, No.1, pp.40-52

Keywords: Ritual , Semiotics , Transition , Yoruba traditional marriage , linguistic/non-linguistic , rite of passage , signification

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Marriage in yoruba culture.

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Marriage is one of the oldest institutions among Yoruba, it marks the end and the beginning of a new era between two different individuals, who agreed to live together, and through their union creates everlasting friendship between homes of their birth.

In times past, marriage matters were never left in the hands of prospective couples, rather, families’ affairs. Several steps were required before marriage could be consummated, although, things have really changed; yet, some of these steps are still valid and observed in a marriage journey by couples, because of their cultural relevance.

Steps In Marriage:

Search for spouse initiated by males (Ifojusode), Wall-scratching time (Idẹgiri), Acceptance /Voice-opening (Iṣiun), Family soliciting (Itọrọ), Betrothal (Idana), Marriage proper and bride hand-over (Igbeyawo) Search for spouse begins with a man, when he is of age. The potential groom begins visiting night market, local streams (where laundry is done, mostly by maidens), Public Square, female centers.

Another search method is through friends, who have female siblings. Also, through potential groom sisters, these individuals serve as-go-between-brother-and-female friend.

At times, parents do the search, by looking out for a well-behaved child from a reputable home; and sometimes, in order to create lasting friendship, parents arrange for a union between their wards.

Regardless of the search method, should a suitable spouse be found, the male child will tell his father.

The male spouse continues his visits to the lady (to seek consent); the lady as it were without a word may have agreed, but still playing hide game (Idẹgiri). At this time, the lady never look at her would-be-spouse face, rather, she keeps looking on the floor or wall-scratching; probably in the presence of a chaperone.

The next marriage step is, “Iṣiun” meaning “I have accepted your proposal” after many visits to the prospective bride home, exchange personal of gifts. At this time, all family members of the lady have known their future son-in-law, background search on character, family reputation is already done and known. The lady feels it is time to consent, and move the relationship further after seeking parental advice and blessing on the matter.

When the lady agrees, marriage journey moves to the fourth and most important level “Itọrọ” that is soliciting for the prospective wife from father’s house. This stage in marriage steps is undertaken by the most senior males in the two houses, if the requests are granted, then the groom’s family moves to the next crucial stage of marriage called Betrothals (Idana), the second to the last leg in a Yoruba marriage.

Idana is the first public request of a female child, for hands in marriage from her father’s house. At this occasion, items of both spiritual and social values are presented to the bride’s family. These items are:

Honey (Oyin) – a bottle of wild honey, the symbolic value of this item is that, couple’s life will be sweet like honey; and be blessed with promising children.

Alligator Pepper (Atare) it comes in a pod with multiple seed, it symbolizes blessing, healthy and prosperous children for the couple.

Ground-nut Cake (Adun) – it is a local cake made from ground nut; it signifies sweetness, blessing and prosperous future for the couple and their children.

Local wine (Ọti-Ṣẹkẹtẹ) – this represents water, which is life, treasured for its multiple use. Since no one ever dislikes and speaks evil of water, so the couple will live a peaceful life, free from hate and dislike.

Kola-nut (Obi-Abata with four halves, 42 or 100 pieces; in some cases it can more) – Kola-nut has several social and spiritual values in Yoruba land, when it comes to marriage, it symbolizes fertility. The kola-nut brought on this day will be used to pray for the fruit of belly.

Bitter-nut (Orogbo, 42 pieces; in some cases it can be more) represents old age, prosperity and trouble-free world; this means, the couple will live a long life in good health, and see generations of their children.

Palm oil (Epo-pupa) it has several uses, one of which is the antidotal value. The palm oil suggests that, no evil will befall, or over-reach the couple.

Salt (Iyọ) is used as a preservative and as a sweetner; symbolically, salt in the life of the couple will represent joy and trouble-free life.

Yam (between 30 and 100 tubers) this will depend on the status, wealth of the groom’s family.

Prayers are said by families and other well-wishers. The ceremony legitimizes the couple’s relationship, and at this point, none of the party without a well-founded reason can back out of the relationship.

The final step in marriage is the solemnization of the couple in the presence of all families and well wishers (Igbeyawo). On this day, the bride is told the simple truth about her new, and permanent home. As a home-school where she will never graduate (ile-eko); she will be advised and counseled on how to live, and to care for her husband, and her relationship with other family members. The husband is advised on how to be a good provider, a kind, loving and caring husband. The ceremony is concluded with prayers, bride is handed over to the most senior male in groom’s family.

Source & Written By: Raymond Agbaje

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Traditional marriage in Nigeria among Yoruba

Here we have prepared for you the overview of traditional marriage in Nigeria. This time we will tell you about wedding ceremony according to Yoruba tribe tradition. Read on to know the steps and features of this beautiful process.

Traditional marriage in Nigeria among Yoruba

Yoruba is known as one of the biggest ethnic groups in Nigeria. The Yorubaland consists of such states as Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, Oyo State, Lagos State. Yoruba traditional marriage is a unique ceremony with rites, bridal list, and other requirements.

The main steps of traditional marriage in Yorubaland

Before Nigerian Yoruba traditional wedding, a man makes a choice and then his family make an investigation. There is no place for any forced actions in Yoruba traditional marriage. If a man likes a woman, he tells his family about it. After that, the family chooses Alarina who plays the role of middleman and with his or her help, the investigation of a future wife begins.

write an expository essay on traditional marriage in yoruba land

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The task of Alarina is to find out all the information about the potential bride. He or she finds information about the reputation of the girl, about her family, maybe about any illness. If the Alarina doesn't find any bad information, the Yoruba traditional marriage process continues. The Alarina also acts as middleman between the intending couple.

Traditional marriage in Nigeria among Yoruba

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The next step is called Momi N Mo, this is the meeting of the families. This is kind of introduction ceremony, at this ceremony, the family of bride provides so-called Eru Iyawo - Yoruba bridal list.

Bridal list consists of special items:

  • 42 Orogbo - Bitter kolas
  • 42 Isu - Tubers of yam
  • 42 Obi abata -Kolanuts
  • 42 Atare - Chilli/Alligator Peppers
  • 42 Eja Osan - pieces of dried Fish
  • 1 Aadun - Dish of peppered corn
  • 1 Pack of Sugar
  • 2 Baskets of Fruit
  • 2 Decanters filled with honey
  • 2 Bottles of non alcoholic wine

write an expository essay on traditional marriage in yoruba land

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Traditional marriage in Nigeria among Yoruba

  • 4 Crates of canned or bottled soft drinks
  • 4 Crates malt soft drinks
  • 4 Cartons of bottled water
  • 2 Cartons of fruit juice
  • 1 Bag of salt
  • 1 Bag of rice
  • 1 Keg of palm wine
  • 1 Keg of groundnut oil
  • 1 A suitcase with shoes, and clothes.
  • 1 pair of Earrings, Wristwatch, and Chains
  • Biscuits and Sweets
  • Rings for groom and bride
  • Bible (for Christians) and Quran (for Muslims)

As for the fees of the ceremony, there are such requirements

  • The Bride Price (Owo Ori) - Varies

Traditional marriage in Nigeria among Yoruba

  • Money for the elder's consent (Owo Ijoko Agba) - N,1000
  • Money for the bride’s father’s consent (Owo Baba Gbo) - N,1000
  • Money for the bride’s mother’s consent (Owo Iya Gbo)- N1,000
  • Door knocking fee (Owo Ikanlekun) - N1000
  • Fee for unveiling the bride (Owo Isiju Iyawo) - N1,000
  • Bride transportation fee (Owo Aeroplane) - N1,000
  • Money for the Housewives (Owo Iyawo Ile) - N500
  • Money for the Children of the household (Owo Omo Ile) - N500
  • Letter reading fee (Owo letter kika) - N500
  • The fee to call the bride out (Owo Telephone) - N500
  • Engagement gifts unveiling fee (Owo Isigba) - N500
  • Master of Ceremonies fee (Owo Alaga Ijoko) - N500

write an expository essay on traditional marriage in yoruba land

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Engagement of Yoruba traditional marriage

The next step of Yoruba traditional marriage ceremony is the engagement. All the process is conducted by Alaga Ijoko and Alaga Iduro, they are invited to be moderators of the ceremony. These two people play important roles in the ceremony.

Traditional marriage in Nigeria among Yoruba

Alaga Ijoko properly coordinate all the process of the traditional wedding, he or she keeps all the fees and conduct all the steps of the wedding. Alaga iduro - a standing master of ceremony, a custodian of wedding tradition.

Bride's Outfit: Tradition outfit consists of gele - head tie, the blouse (buba), and an iro, it is a big material tied around her waist. Usually, the bride’s look adorned with accessories like bangles, beads, gold earrings and necklace.

Groom's Outfit: Usually he wears Agbada. The colors of groom’s and bride’s clothes must be the same.

As we see the traditional wedding in Yoruba tribe is a process that is conducted with active participation of families. The authority of parents plays a decisive role during whole process. The ceremony is bright and active.

write an expository essay on traditional marriage in yoruba land

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Write An Essay On Traditional Marriage In Nigeria

Exploring the depths of Nigerian culture unveils the captivating tapestry of traditional marriage, an integral facet that resonates deeply within our society. More than a mere union of individuals, traditional marriage in Nigeria encapsulates the essence of familial ties and ancestral heritage. Rooted in the diverse traditions of our approximately 300 ethnic groups, this institution is a living testament to the unity that exists within our cultural diversity.

Table of Contents

Essay: Traditional Marriage in Nigeria: A Celebration of Culture and Unity

The intricate tapestry of Nigerian traditional marriages can be appreciated through a glimpse into the practices of the Igbo, Yoruba, Fulani, and Tiv ethnic groups.

Igbo (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Traditional Marriage

The Igbo people commence their marriage rites with an inquiry, a symbolic “coming to knock or inquire,” signifying the formal expression of interest in marriage. This process is marked by the groom’s visit to the bride’s family, accompanied by his father or eldest family member. The significance of this tradition lies in the solemn interaction between the two families, as the groom’s intentions are announced, and the bride-to-be’s consent is sought.

Yoruba Traditional Marriage

Among the Yoruba, the journey to matrimony commences with a representative of the groom’s family inquiring about the bride’s availability. Once mutual agreement is reached, the introduction ceremony solidifies the union of the families and serves as a platform for them to forge connections. This interplay between families underlines the Yoruba’s commitment to communal bonds and shared values.

Fulani Traditional Marriage

In the Fulani tradition, the path to marriage begins with a representative from the groom’s family making inquiries about the bride’s availability. Subsequently, a delegation visit solidifies the introduction ceremony, deepening the bonds between families. The exchange of dowry or bride price underscores the commitment and respect shared between the families, strengthening their connections.

Tiv Traditional Marriage

The Tiv people, with their unique variations, showcase the extensive spectrum of Nigerian cultural diversity. From marriage by exchange to sister marriage, each variation reveals distinct values and customs, offering a glimpse into the intricate layers of Tiv society. These practices reflect the Tiv people’s profound connection to their heritage and the value they place on preserving their traditions.

Traditional marriage, in essence, signifies commitment and loyalty, serving as a testament to the dedication of couples. Beyond this, it functions as a conduit for preserving cultural identity, allowing the kaleidoscope of traditions to illuminate our nation’s landscape. Furthermore, traditional marriage reinforces familial bonds, forging unity and belonging as relatives gather to celebrate this cherished occasion.

However, it is imperative to acknowledge the evolution of traditional marriage in Nigeria over time. While core values and customs remain unwavering, societal changes, globalization, and urbanization have introduced new dynamics to these age-old practices. Modernity introduces both opportunities and challenges, demanding a delicate balance between preserving traditions and adapting to the changing world.

In conclusion, traditional marriage in Nigeria represents a vibrant tapestry interwoven with cultural diversity, family bonds, and ancestral reverence. As we navigate the intricate path of modernity, let us cherish and safeguard these traditions, for they serve as threads that connect us to our past while guiding us toward a promising future.

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Inter-ethnic Marriage: A Base for Unity in Nigeria. (A case study of Idoma/Ete and Yoruba/Ekiti Couple

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2020, Inter-ethnic Marriage: A Base for Unity in Nigeria. (A case study of Idoma/Ete and Yoruba/Ekiti Couple)

Inter-ethnic marriage is a form of marriage outside a specific social group (exogamy) involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities. Inter-ethnic marriages have helped in building relationships between clans and communities even from pre colonial empire times. In the present digital age, inter-ethnic marriages still abound and so are the indicators of cultural diversities. To determine the trend of inter-ethnic marriage in contemporary nation building and peace, this paper takes a look at the marital relationship between the Idoma(Ete) and Yoruba(Ekiti) diverse couple.

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write an expository essay on traditional marriage in yoruba land

Adetoro Banwo

Anthropologist

Oladipo Salami

Oluwasegun P Aluko

The family is seen as the primary source of learning values. These values are what make the family to be tightly held together. However, there are traits of denigration among family members in this 21st century that have brought about a decline in what seems to be the defining factor(s) of a given family. It is obvious that diversities of education, class, culture and most especially religion tend to influence family values of different groups and communities. This paper attempts a comparative approach to examine the various ways in which religion has affected the family values and the implications on the society in the Southwestern Nigeria. The study concluded that there is the fast turning away from the collective nature of the Yoruba community to the individual way of life. Nevertheless, there is a call for religious leaders and parents/guardians to curb the menace of denigrating the family values by showing good and moral examples for others to follow.

Tilahun seyoum

This study was conducted to understand the Marriage practices among Boro-Shinasha in Bullen Woreda, Metekel zone, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, Ethiopia. To address this general objective of the study, the researcher focused on brief understanding of the marriage practice, types of marriage practice (its rationale and the process) among Boro-shinasha. The study was utilized the phenomenological design and ethnographic research approach with qualitative research method. The instruments of data collection used for this study were informant's interview, focus group discussion and document analysis. The sampling technique employed for the study was non-probability sampling; purposive sampling technique. Thus, findings of the study show that establishing marriage within clan and early marriage is prohibited, divorce is not recognized, there is huge amount of bride wealth provision for female couple families and five types of conducting marriage practices are practiced among boro-shinasha as well as all are conducted based on socio-cultural system of the ethnic group.. Therefore, the study recommended that all the stakeholders could be responsible to protect and promote their positive cultural values. However, the practice not go to beyond attitude and violate women human dignity effective and efficient awareness creation education should be provide on the strong and weak sides of practice among the community. Introduction Religion and culture are two inseparable and interrelated elements that influence the day to day activities of people all over the world. Accordingly, most of the societal norms and values are often products of cultural and religious doctrines. 1 These two practices are reflected in different elements of people's everyday life such as in their mode of worship, marriage system, child rearing. Marriage is an age-long practice that unites a man and a woman together as husband and wife. 2 This study was conducted to understand the marriage practices of Boro-Shinasha in Bullen woreda Metekel zone benishangul-gumuz regional state, Ethiopia. So, as a way of addressing this objective, this study was explain the general background information on marriage system among Boro-Shinasha, discusses 'Naata' marriage practice as one among ways marriage practice and its rationale and the process of widowhood rites and inheritance. These are the major elements of this paper focuses on in marriage practice among the Boro-Shinasha.

Olanrewaju Alalade

ABSTRACT This study identified the perception of cohabitation as a form of courtship among undergraduates, using Ekiti State University as a case study. It investigated the prevalence of cohabitation as a form of courtship among undergraduates as well as its consequences. The study was done with the aid of questionnaire and an indepth interview (quantitative and qualitative method of data collection). Questionnaires were distributed among two hundred and seventy (270) students and fourteen (14) undergraduates were interviewed to gather information on cohabitation as a form of courtship among undergraduates. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution simple percentage, while the hypothesis was tested using chi – square. The result of the findings revealed that cohabitation is prevalent among undergraduates, because it is viewed as a form of courtship. The study also show that there are several challenges or disadvantages of cohabitation such as sexual and physical abuse, abortion, e.t.c.

USMAN M O H A M M E D LIKPATA

BIGSAS Working Papers 23/9

Adeyemi Balogun, PhD.

There has been an increase in the number of Muslim women who embraced prophetic practices regarded as Sunna in Yorubaland since the late 1980s. Many of them abandoned the local Muslim women dressing for the hijab (headscarf) and niqab (veil), contested local beliefs and practices, and became more engaged in learning about their religion. But they face several challenges as they seek to break institutional and social boundaries that confront them in the expression of their new Islamic identities. This affects those who seek for jobs, and young women in educational institutions who either abandon their veils, drop their desired course of study or change school. This merged into another experience regarding ambivalence and negotiation in their way of life which results from the expectations to be both pious and live in uncertain circumstances. The women’s turn towards the Sunna is part of the global Muslim revivalist movement between the 1980s and 1990s that saw many Muslims ordering their lives toward piety, which often produced Islamophobic reactions in many parts of the world. Based on ethnographic data collected between 2016 and 2017, this paper discusses the challenges of those women who adopted the Sunna in Yorubaland.

Shilla S. Memusi , Adeyemi Balogun, PhD.

The working papers in this volume contribute to the academic debate on gender in Africa. The contributors explore different questions from a multidisciplinary perspective, reflecting their different research backgrounds. Through individual case studies, the authors focus on the complex social encounters regarding marital relations, religion, sexuality, equality, agency, identity and the public discourses that shape these experiences. The case studies explore how social encounters inform choices and agency, thus deepening our understanding of gender relations in contemporary Africa.

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Home / Essay Samples / World / Nigeria / Overview Of Traditional Weddings In Nigeria

Overview Of Traditional Weddings In Nigeria

  • Category: Life , World , Culture
  • Topic: Marriage , Nigeria , Tradition

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  • Box of sugar
  • Sack of rice
  • Alligator pepper
  • Bitter kola
  • Sack of salt
  • Bible or Koran depending on the religion
  • Honey large tubers of yam
  • Big suitcase filled with lace material, shoes, wristwatch, a gold ring, a head tie and other items.

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