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Homework Help

Stuck? Confused? In a hurry? Don't give up...we can help! Library staff can help direct you to the resources you need. You can reach us in several ways:

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• Call the Tinker Station Tech/Device Helpline The Tinker Station helpline at (317) 275-4500 is staffed by device experts who can answer questions about how to read, watch and listen on a PC, tablet or phone, as well as search and download materials from the Library's extensive collection of e-books, e-audiobooks and digital music.

Ask Rose Homework Hotline

We also suggest trying the Ask Rose Homework Hotline . You can ask a math and science expert for homework help by calling the hotline. They provide FREE help to Indiana students in grades 6-12.

Rose-Hulman tutors are available Sunday through Thursday from 7-10 p.m. (Eastern Time) by video, telephone call, email or chat. Tutors can be accessed via the AskRose website or by calling 877-ASK-ROSE (877-275-7673).

The AskRose website also offers more than 500 resources available through videos and downloadable reference materials.

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Looking for an idea for a science project? Here are several science experiment ideas that use materials easily found in your house. A couple of them might require a trip to the grocery store or pharmacy, but mostly you can just raid the garage, kitchen, or medicine chest for the ingredients. Each experiment will give you directions as well as suggest websites and books that will help you explain what science is at work during the experiment.

Khan Academy

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Indiana High School Equivalency (HSE)

The HSE is an alternative for earning a high school diploma in Indiana. An HSE Diploma can be earned after completing a test based on five subject areas (math, reading, writing, science and social studies). Practice tests are available at Testing and Education Resource Center . (From your personal computer, you'll need to log in with your library card number.) If you have specific questions about the HSE dial 2-1-1 to connect with a navigator. (NOTE: This diploma used to be called the GED or TASC.)

A Red Phone FAQ

By matt soniak | jun 20, 2008.

What was the Red Phone?

The Red Phone, also known as the Red Telephone, the Moscow-Washington hotline and the Hot Line, is a "confidence building measure" and communications system designed to decrease tensions and prevent accidental nuclear war by providing direct contact between the leaders of the United States and Russia. It links the White House (via the National Military Command Center) with the Kremlin.

When and why was it established?

The leaders of the Soviet Union first proposed a safeguard to prevent accidental war in 1954. In 1958, they accepted an invitation from the US to take part in a Conference of Experts on Surprise Attack in Geneva, Switzerland; no firm plans were made, but research began on both ends on the technical aspects of a safeguard system. In 1961, President Kennedy addressed the U.N. General Assembly and proposed a "Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World." The program included measures to prevent miscommunication between the US and USSR, including "advanced notification of military movements and maneuvers" and the creation of "an international commission to study "˜failure of communication.'"

A year later, the Cuban Missile Crisis, a confrontation over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. While that's scary in and of itself, the way the two nuclear superpowers communicated with each other during the crisis is downright terrifying. It took the US almost 12 hours to receive and decode a 3,000 word telegram from the Soviets, and by the time the Americans drafted a response, the Soviets had already sent another message. Meanwhile, the Soviet ambassador to Washington had have a bicycle courier pick up his messages take them to a Western Union office in order to communicate with Moscow. Hindsight being 20-20, after the crisis was resolved, both the US and USSR realized the situation could have been resolved faster with a modern, efficient communication system. On June 20, 1963, spokesmen from both countries signed the "Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Line" in Geneva.

So how does it work?

Contrary to its portrayal in pop culture, the system is more than a pair of red telephones. In fact, the system didn't involve an actual telephone until the 1970s. The memorandum that established the system stipulated "one full-time duplex wire telegraph circuit," since it was thought that that text would reduce the chance of poor translation, give each side time to consider the other's message before replying and prevent a person's tone of voice from being misinterpreted. The telegraph circuit was routed Washington-London-Copenhagen-Stockholm-Helsinki-Moscow, and a second link, routed Washington-Tangier-Moscow, was used a back up.

Identical teletype terminals were set up in Washington and Moscow, staffed by teams of communications experts and interpreters. The Moscow terminal, dubbed the Red Phone by the Soviets, was placed in a cell under the Kremlin, and the Washington terminal was placed in the Pentagon at the National Military Command Center. The memorandum also stipulated that each country provide the other with the necessary equipment for the terminals free of charge.

In 1971, the system was upgraded. A phone line was installed and the secondary telegraph line was eliminated. The main telegraph line was then complemented by two satellite communication lines, formed by two US Intelsat satellites and two Soviet Molniya II satellites.

The system was upgraded again in 1986. The Soviets replaced their satellites with modern stationary Gorizont-class satellites, and high-speed facsimile transmission capacity was added. This allowed the quick exchange of large amounts of information, including images and documents, along with voice and teletype messages.

When the hot line is used on the American end, a message from the president is sent from the White House to the command center via coded phone, electronic transmission or messenger. The officer in charge of the center contacts the White House to verify the message. Once the message is verified, it is encoded and sent to Moscow (in the early years, the teleprinters were only able to send material at the staggering rate of 66 words per minute). Messages from Washington are transmitted in English and messages from Moscow transmitted in Russian, using Cyrillic characters, with translation being handled on the receiving end.

Has it ever been used?

There have been several instances where the hotline has been used that the public is aware of, and probably many more that we don't know about yet. Moscow used the system for the very first time on June 5, 1967, during the Six Day War. President Lyndon Johnson said in his memoirs that he remembered answering the phone in his bedroom and hearing defense secretary Robert McNamara say, "Mr. President, the hot line is up." Just a few hours earlier, war had broken out between Israel and its Arab neighbors, and the Soviets wanted to know if the United States had taken part in Israel's surprise attack on Egypt. Over the next several days, the two sides used the hot line to send as many as 20 messages, mostly to inform each other of the intentions and maneuvers of their navy fleets, which were in close proximity in the Mediterranean.

Richard Nixon also used the hot line when tensions were sparked between India and Pakistan in 1971, and again two years later during another Middle East conflict. Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan both used the hot line to flex their muscles; Carter contacted Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and Reagan is said to have threatened the Soviets over their arrest of a US journalist on espionage charges.

Most recently, the system has been used during the post-war occupation of Iraq to allow for discussion of peace-keeping and rebuilding efforts.

While its official uses might be few and far in-between, the hot line functions 24/7 and is tested hourly, with the Pentagon sending a message every even hour, and Moscow sending a response every odd hour. Since something must be said in the messages, operators on both sides have made a game of testing each other's translation skills. The U.S. operators are fond of sending recipes for chili and magazine articles, while the Russians respond with excerpts from Dostoyevsky novels.

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50 years later, hotline to Moscow still relevant

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FREDERICK, Md. (AP) — The Washington-Moscow Hot Line, used by U.S. and Russian leaders for frank discussions about crises including the 1967 Six-Day War and the Soviet Union’s 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, marked its 50th birthday Thursday with the nations still grappling with competing interests in regional conflicts.

The direct connection established during the Cold War by a relatively simple telegraph system now includes telephone and email capabilities and will soon add video, said White House National Security Council spokeswoman Laura Lucas.

“The president continues to value the direct communications link between Washington and Moscow,” Lucas wrote in an emailed response to questions from The Associated Press about the hotline that was used at key moments and helped contact between senior officials at the White House and in the Kremlin.

The next crisis could be just around the corner, said Roald Sagdeev, a former director of the Soviet space exploration program who spoke at an anniversary celebration at Fort Detrick, where the Army maintains a satellite link for the hotline.

“It’s very important to make sure we can keep this, especially at the time of what’s happening in Syria,” Sagdeev, now a University of Maryland physics professor, said before the event. “We should stay with at least keeping what we have for the rainy day.”

Despite popular myth and movie lore, the president doesn’t use a red phone to talk with his Russian counterpart. In fact, the connection established in 1963 was for written communications only. A voice component was added two decades later as the system evolved from an undersea telegraph cable to today’s exchange of data by both satellite and fiber-optics.

“The system is very robust, as you might imagine,” said Craig Bouma, civilian executive officer of the Detrick Earth Station.

Bouma manages the twin satellite dishes and a staff of 16 civilian Army employees — eight technicians and eight linguists. They work around the clock to ensure the system is operating correctly. The station also handles secure communication lines for the Pentagon and the State Department, including a special link the nations use to alert each other to missile tests.

In June, the U.S. and Russia signed a pact to add a direct communication link to prevent the inadvertent escalation of misunderstood cybersecurity incidents.

Until February, the Washington-Moscow link was operated by Honeywell under a five-year, $8.4 million contract.

Bouma said the workers at Detrick have daily interaction with their Russian counterparts in written exchanges that sometimes reveal cultural differences.

“The Russians express themselves in very flowery text: ‘Dear esteemed colleague, greetings. Welcome to the shift,’” Bouma said. “My linguist says that’s very common in the Russian culture.”

The link was set up after the 1962 Cuban missile crisis to avert the accidental outbreak of nuclear war. Known at the Pentagon as MOLINK, for “Moscow Link,’ it went live Aug. 30, 1963, with the U.S.-generated message, “The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog’s back 1234567890.”

The hotline’s first use in crisis mode came during the six-day Arab-Israeli war in 1967, according to Michael Bohn, a former White House Situation Room director and author of the forthcoming “Presidents in Crisis: Tough Decisions from Truman to Obama.” He said Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin sent a message to President Lyndon B. Johnson at 7:47 a.m. on June 5, 1967, after Israel pre-emptively attacked Egypt, Syria and Jordan. The message expressed Russia’s hope that the U.S. government would “exert appropriate influence on the Government of Israel particularly since you have all opportunities of doing so.”

Bohn said the leaders exchanged 19 messages during the Six-Day War. Johnson notably used it after Israel attacked the USS Liberty to assure Kosygin that other U.S. ships rushing to the Liberty’s aid were not joining the hostilities.

Bohn also documented uses of the teletype link by presidents Richard M. Nixon, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan.

Starting with President George H.W. Bush in the early 1990s, telephone calls have replaced written messages as the preferred mode of communication between the nations’ leaders, Bohn said. He said that when the link was created, written messages were seen as a safer way of expressing oneself.

“In a tough situation, you have to be careful what you say. The process of sitting down and writing it out clears your head a little bit and makes you slow down a little bit and think twice — that’s what people have told me,” Bohn said.

The current system also enables emails and private chats, he said.

President Barack Obama uses the direct voice link to talk by phone with Russian President Vladimir Putin. They spoke as recently as March, when Obama phoned Putin to welcome Russian cooperation on international efforts to confront Iran’s nuclear ambitions.

The upgrade to voice and email communications reflects changing times and technology, said James Goldgeier, dean of the American University School of International Service.

“You know, 50 years ago was a long time ago, and the abilities to communicate — it just wasn’t as easy as it is today,” he said. “We just take it for granted now that we can text and we can Skype and we can communicate immediately with anyone over a variety of different mechanisms, and even that we can see the people we communicate with.”

The Rebound Indiana

The rebound indiana: askrose homework help hotline expands services to video chat.

TERRE HAUTE — School work is just one of the many daily tasks for Hoosier families that have become more of a challenge brought on by the pandemic.

AskRose, a free homework help hotline by the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, has been around since 1991. Now, they got a big grant to upgrade their services to help even more Indian students.

The "tutoring chats" have been in demand for the AskRose Homework Help service and the pandemic has kept the tutors on one end of the line very busy.

For two decades, AskRose has provided math and science homework help for students in grades six through 12. This service is free to Indiana students.

Bryan Passwater is a math teacher at Speedway High School. He wants students to utilize this free service.

"I would encourage a lot of my students to do it, mainly I thought, younger students like Algebra 1 and Geometry," Passwater said. "They can even help with even these advanced courses, it wasn't just so much a middle school, early high school type program."

At a time when students are getting less in-person facetime with their teachers, AskRose is meeting the needs of kids to get help where they are at, especially as teachers and students navigate this new way of education.

"There is more frustration, more confusion and having the resource there when they are doing it is going to take away, not all the issues, but it is going to provide a lot of support and bridge a lot of gaps I think," Passwater said.

In spring 2020, when students were sent home for e-Learning, AskRose saw more than a 60% increase in the need for their tutoring help.

"A lot of our strong students, average students and certainly at risk students who might struggle, it is going to keep them in the game where I think they could fall through the cracks otherwise," Passwater said.

AskRose received a $1.46 million Lilly Endowment Grant to expand their online technology.

Lindsay Hull is the associate director of operations and education for AskRose. She said this grant will allow them to add video chat to their services.

"If they are already in the chat or in a call, the tutor then can elevate it to a video session," Hull said. "So if you are in a call with somebody, you are helping them and you really want them to see the diagram you have drawn so that you can explain this chemical structure to them. Now with the video chat, you can take the call, transition it to a video chat and you will see the student, they can see you, they can see each other on what they are working on."

Whether it be through online chat, phone call, or coming in spring — video chat, these tutors are just a call away to help Hoosier students from falling behind.

"The tutors are college kids so they were just in high school, in middle school, a few years ago so and they have chosen to help people," Hull said. "So they are really nice, they want to help, they want to make a difference for the students, we are here for them, we are here to help."

Hull also encourages parents to call in too if they need help in order to aid with their child's schoolwork.

AskRose expanded their tutoring hours last fall with the need for homework help increasing due to the pandemic.

More information and to access a tutor: https://askrose.org/ .

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