definition of a casual speech

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• Casual speech

( To listen to this post being read out loud, click here. ) - Thanks to RhinoSpike !

Casual speech is a way of talking that you use with people that you are close to and trust. There are different words, phrases, and ways of speaking that you can use with your friends, your family members, and with people who are a similar age, social status, and personality to you.

Here are some easy examples of things that people do in casual conversation:

• Use contractions: "That's not true," "What're you doing?" "Where'd he go?" "This's a good idea," etc.
• Use slang: " Slang " is language that's only recently been created. It may be popular among some people, but not everyone has started to use it yet. Young people usually use a lot more slang than older people. Here are a few examples .
• Use simplified grammar: An example of something that people do in casual conversation is drop "that" from clauses. They say "I thought you were leaving" instead of "I thought that you were leaving."

There are lots of other characteristics of casual conversaton as well. I try to point these out when I introduce phrases on this site.

When to be casual

All languages have casual and formal ways of speaking, but different cultures have different rules for when to use them. In some cultures, you speak more formally to people who are older than you. In other cultures, your wealth and job status are more important. Casual language is more common in some cultures and less common in others. These things also change over time within a culture.

In modern English, you decide how formally you speak with someone based on how close you are with them. "Closeness" means how well you know each other and how much of your personality you have shared with each other. Another important point is that casual speech is more common and more accepted in a lot of situations than formal speech.

Understanding these nuances can  help with English homework , particularly when it involves appreciating the subtleties of communication styles. When doing tasks like writing an essay or summarizing a piece of content you've read, it's crucial to determine where it would be suitable to use casual or formal language

Here are some guidelines for when to speak casually:

• Use casual English with your family and friends. If you speak formally with these people, it may seem like you're angry with them or trying to push them away.
• Speak casually with people that you meet socially. If someone is introduced to you by a friend, you should treat that person like a friend as well. Casual language sounds friendlier. So you should treat the new person as a friend.
• Use casual English with people that you know pretty well , even if they are above you in position. When you start a new job, it's normal to be somewhat formal with your boss for the first few days, but you should gradually start to become more and more casual with each other as you get to know each other better.
• Use it with people who are working for or serving you if you want to sound friendly. Speak casually to waiters, receptionists, employees, students, and other people who have to serve you, if you want these people to see you as friendly. If you want to seem strict or if you're angry, use more formal speech.
• Write casually if you're writing for a large audience. School essays are meant only for a teacher to read, so they should be written formally. The same goes for academic papers, official reports at work, and so on. But blogs, tweets, advertisements, and other writing that's meant for a large audience is usually better when it's written casually.

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Casual Communication Style

Casual Communication Style is a relaxed and informal way of interacting that’s prevalent in our everyday conversations. This complete guide offers a deep dive into the nuances of casual communication, enriched with real-world communication examples . It explores how this style functions in various settings, from personal chats to less formal business environments. Understanding the subtleties of casual communication, including its tone, context, and appropriateness, is crucial for effective and comfortable interactions in both social and professional spheres.

What is a Casual Style of Communication? – Definition

A Casual Style of Communication is a relaxed and informal way of exchanging information. It’s characterized by spontaneous and friendly conversation, often used in everyday interactions with friends, family, or colleagues. This style typically lacks the formalities and structure found in formal communication, making it more personal and approachable. In casual communication, the focus is on ease and comfort, allowing for a more open and genuine exchange of thoughts and ideas. It’s a common style in informal communication settings, where the environment is less strict and more laid-back.

20 Casual Communication Style Examples

Casual Communication Style is integral in everyday interactions, offering a relaxed and friendly way of exchanging thoughts and ideas. This guide presents 20 unique examples, showcasing the versatility of casual communication in various scenarios. From text messages to coffee break chats, these examples highlight the ease and comfort that define casual communication. Understanding how to effectively use this style in informal communication settings, whether in personal or less formal professional environments, enhances relatability and fosters stronger connections.

• Chatting with Friends at a Café Casual talk about daily life and shared interests. Example: “I loved the movie we saw last night. What did you think?”
• Text Messaging with Family Members Informal texts updating about personal life. Example: “Had a great day at work! How was your day?”
• Casual Workplace Conversations Discussing non-work topics with colleagues during breaks. Example: “I’m planning a weekend hike. You interested in joining?”
• Social Media Posts and Comments Sharing experiences and opinions online in a relaxed manner. Example: “Just tried this new café downtown. Highly recommend it!”
• Casual Phone Calls to Close Friends Informal chats catching up on life events. Example: “Hey, long time! We should catch up soon. What’s new?”
• Quick Grocery Store Encounters Exchanging pleasantries with acquaintances or neighbors. Example: “Nice seeing you here! How’s everything going?”
• Emails to Close Colleagues Friendly and informal tone in professional correspondence. Example: “Thanks for the help with the report. You’re a lifesaver!”
• Neighborhood Gatherings Light-hearted conversations at local community events. Example: “This BBQ is great! Have you met our new neighbors yet?”
• Casual Remarks to Service Staff Friendly small talk with baristas, cashiers, or waitstaff. Example: “Lovely weather today, isn’t it? Perfect for a coffee!”
• Discussions in Social Clubs or Groups Sharing hobbies and interests in a relaxed environment. Example: “I’ve been getting into gardening lately. Got any tips?”
• Informal Business Networking Casual interactions at business events or meetups. Example: “I heard about your recent project. Sounds fascinating!”
• Conversations During Commute Chatting with fellow commuters or carpoolers. Example: “The traffic’s been crazy lately. Found any good shortcuts?”
• Casual Feedback to Team Members Offering informal, constructive feedback in a work setting. Example: “I liked your presentation style, very engaging!”
• Interactions at School or College Casual talk with classmates about classes or activities. Example: “Are you joining the study group this evening?”
• Dialogue in Hobby Classes Discussing mutual interests in a relaxed class setting. Example: “Your painting really captures the mood of the scene!”
• Friendly Banter at Sports Clubs Light-hearted conversations during or after sports activities. Example: “Great game today! You really improved your swing.”
• Chats at Local Community Events Engaging in informal discussions at neighborhood events. Example: “The live band was amazing. Do you attend these often?”
• Parent-Teacher Informal Meetings Discussing a child’s progress in a non-formal setting. Example: “Your child’s creativity in class projects is impressive!”
• Informal Customer Feedback Giving relaxed feedback in a store or restaurant. Example: “Loved the new dish. I’ll definitely be back for more!”
• Relaxed Conversations with Roommates Talking about shared living spaces or plans. Example: “Should we plan a movie night this weekend?”

Features of Casual Communication Style

The Casual Communication Style is a relaxed, informal mode of interaction that is prevalent in everyday conversations. This style is distinguished by several key features that set it apart from more formal communication methods.

Informal and Relaxed Tone

Casual communication is marked by an informal, relaxed tone. It is free-flowing and does not adhere to rigid structures or formalities, making it highly accessible and comfortable.

Use of Colloquial Language

This style often incorporates colloquial language, including slang and idioms, which makes it resonate more with daily conversations and personal interactions.

Personal and Engaging

Casual communication is personal and engaging, focusing on individual experiences and shared interests. It fosters a sense of closeness and familiarity between the communicators.

Nonverbal Expressiveness

Nonverbal cues like gestures, facial expressions, and tone of voice play a significant role in casual communication, adding depth and emotion to the conversation.

Flexibility and Adaptability

Casual communication is highly adaptable, fitting seamlessly into various informal contexts, from casual workplace interactions to social gatherings.

Context and Relationship Dependent

The appropriateness of casual communication largely depends on the context and the existing relationship between the parties involved. It’s common in friendly, informal settings but may not suit more formal or professional scenarios.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Casual Communication Style

While the Casual Communication Style is beneficial in many everyday contexts, it also has its drawbacks, particularly in situations that require a more formal approach.

Enhances Comfort and Openness

Casual communication creates a relaxed atmosphere that encourages openness, making it easier for people to express themselves candidly.

Builds and Strengthens Personal Connections

Its informal nature fosters stronger, more personal connections, enabling individuals to bond over shared experiences and interests.

Promotes Creativity and Spontaneity

This style encourages spontaneous discussions, often leading to more creative and dynamic exchanges of ideas.

Versatile and Widely Applicable

Casual communication is versatile, suitable for a variety of informal contexts, from personal relationships to less formal business communications .

Disadvantages

Potential for misunderstandings.

The informal use of language, including slang, can sometimes lead to misunderstandings, especially in diverse cultural settings.

Inappropriateness in Formal Settings

Casual communication may not be suitable for formal or professional contexts, where a more structured communication style is expected.

Risk of Excessive Informality

There’s a risk of crossing the line into over-familiarity, which might not be appropriate in certain professional relationships or contexts.

Lack of Precision and Clarity

This style may sometimes lack the precision and clarity required in formal communication, leading to ambiguity or misinterpretation.

The Casual Communication Style, with its relaxed tone and personal touch, is a key component in effective informal communication. It is essential for building personal connections and facilitating open and spontaneous conversations. However, its application should be context-sensitive, balancing its informality with the need for clarity and appropriateness, especially in diverse or formal settings.

Appropriate to Use the Casual Style of Communication?

Determining the appropriateness of using the Casual Style of Communication largely depends on the context, the relationship between the individuals involved, and the purpose of the interaction.

In Personal Relationships

In personal relationships, such as with friends and family, casual communication is often the most appropriate. It allows for a relaxed and comfortable exchange, fostering closeness and familiarity.

Workplace and Professional Settings

In the workplace, casual communication can be appropriate in certain contexts. For instance, during informal team meetings, casual lunches, or while interacting with close colleagues, a casual tone can promote a friendly and collaborative atmosphere. However, it’s important to gauge the company culture and the nature of the event or interaction before choosing this style.

Social Media and Online Communication

Casual communication is widely accepted and often preferred in social media and other online interactions. Its informal nature aligns well with the relaxed and personal environment of these platforms.

Customer Service and Public-Facing Roles

For customer service or in public-facing roles, casual communication can be appropriate if it aligns with the brand’s tone and approach. It can make customers feel more at ease and create a more personable experience.

Cross-Cultural Interactions

In cross-cultural interactions, it’s crucial to be mindful of the other person’s cultural norms and communication styles. While casual communication might be commonplace in some cultures, it may not be appropriate in others where formal communication is valued.

Educational Settings

In educational settings, particularly in informal discussions or extracurricular activities, a casual style can encourage student participation and engagement. However, in more formal educational settings like lectures or presentations, a more formal style might be necessary.

In summary, while the casual style of communication is highly effective in creating a relaxed and open environment, its appropriateness largely depends on the context, the nature of the relationship between the participants, and the cultural norms of the environment. Balancing the informal nature of this style with the requirements of the situation is key to effective communication.

What is a Casual Way of Communication?

A casual way of communication is an informal and relaxed style of interaction, often characterized by personal, spontaneous, and emotive conversations.

What is a Casual Style Explanation?

Casual style explanation involves using informal, easy-to-understand language, often with colloquialisms or slang, to convey information in a relaxed and approachable manner.

Why is Casual Communication Style Important?

Casual communication style is important as it fosters a comfortable and open environment, encouraging honesty, creativity, and stronger personal connections in informal settings.

the casual communication style, with its informal, relaxed approach, is integral to fostering personal connections and promoting a comfortable environment for spontaneous conversations. It’s particularly effective in less formal professional environments and personal interactions, enhancing relatability and approachability. For further insights into effective interpersonal communication, the University of Colorado Boulder offers valuable resources at University of Colorado Boulder: Interpersonal Communication .

Additionally, understanding when to appropriately use casual communication is key, especially in diverse cultural contexts and formal settings. Mastering this balance can lead to more effective and meaningful interactions. The American Management Association provides further guidance on adapting communication styles to different settings, available at American Management Association: Communication Skills .

The Casual Communication Style plays a crucial role in fostering comfortable, open, and genuine interactions in less formal contexts. It enhances personal connections, encourages spontaneity, and adapts to various informal situations. While its relaxed nature is invaluable in many scenarios, understanding when and where to employ this style is key to effective communication, ensuring a balance between informality and appropriateness.

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Definition of casual

 (Entry 1 of 2)

Definition of casual  (Entry 2 of 2)

accidental , fortuitous , casual , contingent mean not amenable to planning or prediction.

accidental stresses chance.

fortuitous so strongly suggests chance that it often connotes entire absence of cause.

casual stresses lack of real or apparent premeditation or intent.

contingent suggests possibility of happening but stresses uncertainty and dependence on other future events for existence or occurrence.

random , haphazard , casual mean determined by accident rather than design.

random stresses lack of definite aim, fixed goal, or regular procedure.

haphazard applies to what is done without regard for regularity or fitness or ultimate consequence.

casual suggests working or acting without deliberation, intention, or purpose.

Examples of casual in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'casual.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle English, from Anglo-French & Late Latin; Anglo-French casuel , from Late Latin casualis , from Latin casus fall, chance — more at case

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

circa 1852, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing casual

• casual Fridays
• casual observer
• casual water
• fast casual

Dictionary Entries Near casual

casual ejector

Cite this Entry

“Casual.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/casual. Accessed 15 May. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of casual, legal definition, legal definition of casual, more from merriam-webster on casual.

Nglish: Translation of casual for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of casual for Arabic Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about casual

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3.3: Formal and Informal Language

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• Page ID 108259

• Lisa Coleman, Thomas King, & William Turner
• Southwest Tennessee Community College

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Learning Outcomes

• Differentiate between informal and formal language.
• Determine the different types of informal language.
• Understand improper language and biased language.

Competent communicators adapt their words to their audience and the communication context. For example, in a text to your best friend, you are going to use more casual words and grammar than in a paper you turn in to your English professor. One of these contexts calls for formal language whereas informal language is fine for the other.

Formal vs. Informal Language

Formal language is official and academic language.  You should use formal language in papers, written discussions, tests, research papers, resumes, and cover letters. 

Informal Language

Informal language is a common, everyday language, which might include slang words. It is casual and continually changing. We use informal language when we talk to others, and when you look at your text messages, you will probably see several examples of informal language.

Jargon is the specialized or technical language of a specific group or profession that may not be understood by outsiders. If you are really into cars or computers, you probably know a lot about the different parts and functions as well as terms or jargon that a general audience wouldn’t understand. Jargon is usually appropriate when communicating with others in your profession or group but should be avoided unless you are certain the people you are speaking to are familiar with the terms. Your Dictionary.com provides a list of commonly heard jargon phrases used in the business world. ( https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-jargon-in-the-workplace.html ). 

• Blue-sky thinking - A creative idea that doesn't always have a practical application
• Think outside the box - Don't limit your thinking; use your creativity
• The helicopter view - An overview of a job or a project
• Drink our own champagne - A phrase meaning that a business will use the same product that they sell to their customers. The champagne is an indicator of a good product.
• Heavy lifting - The most difficult aspects of a project, as in, "Bill is doing all the heavy lifting for us!"
• Hammer it out - To type something up
• Win-win situation - A solution where all parties are satisfied with the results

Chances are you have heard a few of these jargon phrases, but others may be new to you. Take a minute and think through all of the jargon you hear on an average day.

Colloquialisms

What do you call a carbonated beverage?  Is it a soda, soft drink, a Coke, or a pop?  The colloquialism you use is most likely determined by where you grew up. Colloquialisms are informal words that vary from region to region. Examples might be “wanna” instead of “want to” or “gonna” instead of “going to.”

 How many of these colloquialisms do you use?

• Ballpark - used to describe something that is close to accurate
• Bomb - to do terribly on a test
• Flake - a person who cancels plans regularly or the act of regularly canceling plans
• Raincheck - a promise to reschedule plans that had to be canceled
• Ride shotgun - to sit in the front passenger seat of a car
• Go bananas, or go nuts – go insane or be very angry
• Pop into my head – to have a new thought
• Wanna – want to
• Y’all – you all
• Yinz – you all

Slang refers to informal words that are used within certain groups, such as young adults and teens. You most certainly use different slang expressions than your parents or grandparents. Slang is often used in conversations with those who are similar and have experience with each other and should be avoided in academic and professional writing (including emails), speeches and presentations, and even in class and group discussions (unless you are absolutely certain everyone else uses the same slang as you). How many of these slang expressions do you use?

• Bye Felicia (saying goodbye to someone you don’t like)
• The Tea (gossip)
• Bro (typically a male friend)
• Cash (money)
• Cheesy (cheap or tacky)
• Ship (wanting people to be in a relationship, whether real or fictional)
• Frenemy (someone who is both a friend and an enemy)
• Thirsty (being overly eager or desperate)
• Throw Shade (to insult another person)
• YOLO (you only live once)
• Woke (being acutely aware of social injustice within society)

What is common slang today could be completely outdated tomorrow? Dominic-Madori Davis gives examples of slang expressions from Gen. Z (people born 1997 ---) along with their Baby Boomer (people born 1946 – 1964) equivalent.

Gen Z: That movie was fire ; you have to check it out.                    Baby Boomer: I liked that movie; it was groovy .

Gen Z : You really look salty right now.  What happened?               Baby Boomer:  You really look hacked off .  What happened?

Gen Z : Their dress at prom was a lewk.                                        Baby Boomer : Yeah, they were all decked out.

Idioms are expressions or figures of speech that are used in everyday speech that has been given meaning over time because of common usage.  Idioms can be especially hard to grasp for new residents or citizens because the actual words in the idiom have very little relationship to the overall meaning of the phrase. Do you know the meaning of the following idioms?

• Stir up a hornet’s nest
• Bite off more than you can chew
• Under the weather
• Sat on a fence
• The ball is in your court

Clichés

A cliché is a once-clever word or phrase that has lost its impact through overuse. If you spoke or wrote in clichés, how would others react? Let’s try it. How do you react when you read this sentence: “A cliché is something to avoid like the plague, for it is nothing but a tired old warhorse, and if the shoe were on the other foot, you too would have an ax to grind”? As you can see, the problem with clichés is that they often sound silly or boring. Clichés are sometimes seen as a symptom of lazy communication—the person using the cliché hasn’t bothered to search for original words to convey the intended meaning. As a result, they can be obstacles to successful communication. Avoid cliches in academic or professional writing and speeches.

Textspeak is the language and spelling that people use when they are writing text messages.  Textspeak is fine in your personal life but is inappropriate for academic assessments and most communication in the workplace.  Most students realize that textspeak is inappropriate in essays and research papers, but the words and grammar still show up where they shouldn't, such as emails between students and instructors, or on classroom discussion boards.  Although emails and discussion boards are less formal than research papers, they still should be written with care and consideration for the reader.  It is important to use capital letters when called for and to use punctuation appropriately, important details that are often omitted in textspeak.

Mindfulness Activity

Researchers have found that when college students can address their emotions and are mindful of their feelings, it can enhance written communication with others. 31 After doing this activity, try to be more mindful of the things that you send to other people.

Key Takeaways

• Formal language is more careful and more mannered than everyday speech, whereas informal language is appropriate in casual conversation.
• Informal language includes (1) Jargon, or technical language; (2) Colloquialism, or informal expressions; (3) Slang, or nonstandard language; (4) Idioms, or expressions or figures of speech; (5) clichés, or sayings that are overused and predictable.
• Create a list of jargon or slang words that you use and what they mean. Ask your parents or grandparents to share some of the slang they grew up hearing.  Compare your lists. 
• Create a list of colloquialisms or idioms. Find an international student and see if these words make sense. What was confusing or unclear?
• Ask an international friend or classmate to share clichés that are used in his or her culture, or locate clichés through research. See if you can find an American equivalent of each cliché.

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Chapter 3: Transcribing Speech Sounds

Adapted from:

http://www.oercommons.org/courses/how-language-works-the-cognitive-science-of-linguistics/view

© 2006. Indiana University and Michael Gasser.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation .

URL: www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonProcess/wild.html

Edition 3.0; 2011-08-30

If you’ve listened carefully to your own pronunciation of English words since you started learning about speech sounds, you might have noticed that the pronunciation that’s transcribed doesn’t always correspond to the way you sometimes say the words and that your pronunciation varies with the situation.

In Unit 2.3 , we already saw that the conventions characterizing a particular dialect can change depending on the context the language is used in. What’s appropriate in one context may not be in another. This applies to pronunciation, as well as to vocabulary and grammar.

The dimension we will be concerned with here is sometimes referred to in terms of how “careful” the speech is. The “care” referred is care on the part of the Speaker. To what extent does the Speaker make an effort to accurately produce each of the segments and suprasegmental features of the words? To make sense of this idea, we will have to assume that each word in a dialect has a “careful” pronunciation, that is, how the word would sound if produced in isolation or with some emphasis within a sentence and in a relatively formal setting. In general, as the word gets less emphasis and the setting gets more casual, we find a tendency for Speakers to deviate from the careful pronunciation. These deviations are Speaker-oriented; that is, they can all be seen as making the pronunciation easier in one way or another; they are simplifications. Simplification is possible because in the casual situations where it is most common, the Hearer knows the Speaker well and is better able to predict what the Speaker is saying than a stranger would be. In this unit, we will look at some examples of the simplifications that occur in casual English. We will see that they can often be described in terms of the articulatory processes that we talked about in Units 3.5 and 3.6 .

Syllable Stress and Vowels

Before we look at the simplifications that happen in English as speech becomes more casual, we need to look at some basic features of English phonology.

First, in English, as in many languages in which stress plays a major role, there are significant differences between stressed and unstressed syllables. Stressed syllables permit all of the possible vowel segments, whereas the vowels in unstressed syllables are most commonly produced as [ə], [ɨ], or [ɪ]. We can observe these differences most clearly when we look at how the pronunciation of a syllable changes when it becomes stressed or unstressed. Consider the second syllables in the following related pairs of words:

melody, melodic repeat, repetition

In melodic the second syllable is stressed, and the vowel is pronounced [ɑ]. In melody it is unstressed, and the vowel is pronounced [ə]. In the second pair, the second syllable of repeat is stressed and the vowel is [i], but when the second syllable is unstressed, as in repetition , the vowel is [ə].

Syllable Stress and Alveolar Stops

When a word contains a [t] or [d] in the onset of an unstressed syllable, very often the tongue makes only brief contact with the alveolar ridge, so that instead of a plosive, only a very brief flap [ɾ] is produced. In the following pairs of words, compare the second consonant.

metal, metallic medal, medallion

In both metal and medal , the first syllable is stressed and the second is unstressed. Both words are pronounced as [mɛɾl̩]. But in metallic and medallion , the second syllable is stressed. In the onset of a stressed syllable, the segments are pronounced as [t h ] and [d], respectively.

 Simplifications within Words

When a verb that ends in a vowel takes an affix that begins with a vowel, like in trying , or showing , the vowel in the second syllable might disappear in casual speech. Likewise, if the past-tense affix -ed or the plural -s is added to a word that ends in a cluster of consonants, then some of those consonants might disappear. Some examples are given below:

If a word contains the same consonant twice, with only an unstressed vowel in between, the vowel and second consonant are often deleted, as in these examples:

 Simplifications across Word Boundaries

Other possible simplifications may occur across the boundaries between words. Consider what happens when an alveolar consonant ends up before a [j], as in two places in the following sentence.

Wri te y our name on thi s y ellow sheet.

Speaking carefully, most people would pronounce the two parts shown in bold as [tj] and[sj]. But when we speed up and allow ourselves to simplify, these may become [tʃ] and [ʃ]. This is an example of assimilation (for more examples, see Unit 3.5 ). The alveolar and palatal consonants combine to yield single consonants that are at the postalveolar place of articulation, in between the original places.

Simplifications of Frequent Phrases

If a set of words occur together very frequently, then they can be easily predicted by the hearer, so they are good candidates for simplification by the speaker.

Let’s summarize what we found for simplified speech in English. First, how likely a word or sequence of words is to be simplified depends on at least on these factors.

• how frequent the form is,
• how little information the form carries,
• how casual the situation is.

Second, the simplifications that occur involve assimilation; the reduction of vowels, often to [ə]; the merging of sequences of the same consonant; the deletion of [ə] and of some initial or final consonants. Many of these processes are general processes in the language. In some cases, however, the simplifications are conventions associated with particular words and must be learned separately.

Essentials of Linguistics Copyright © 2018 by Catherine Anderson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

How to Speak Informal English: Slang, Contractions, and More

Kelsey Krahn

Do you find that your English sounds too formal compared to your peers? It can be tough to transition from learning proper English on paper to sounding like a native when you speak out loud.

But don’t worry! Throughout this article, you will learn all about casual contractions, words, and phrases to use when engaging in informal English conversation.

Here’s a sneak peek:

Fluent English speakers love to squish words together and shorten words. It may make us sound dumb, but we can’t help but let shortened words glide from our mouths when engaging in conversation.

Example: Imma swim in the pool on my vacay.

Formal translation: I am going to swim in the pool on my vacation.

Disclaimer: I tend to over-shorten words, so it’s okay to not use words like vacay (vacation) or wat bot (water bottle) when in an English conversation. People don’t understand me half of the time—I like to think of myself as an innovative word-inventor, a modern-day Shakespeare (I’m not).

On the other hand, most fluent English speakers like to blend words, like I’m going to becomes I’m gonna or Imma . Before we get into these, let’s take a look at regular contractions—it’ll help prep you for the cacophony of upcoming informal contractions!

Fluent English Speakers Love to Use Contractions

It’s totally normal to use contractions in both a formal or informal conversation setting! For example, if you are in a business interview, it’s okay to say:

I’d love to work for you instead of I would love to work for you . You can use either-or, of course.

However, when writing a formal letter, it’s best to avoid contractions. (You can learn more about writing a formal letter in English by following this link! )

It’s different in informal settings!

You can use either-or, of course, but if you want to elevate your overall fluency, it helps to use contractions when engaging in an English conversation. What are some examples of contractions ? Let’s take a look.

Regular contractions

• I am--->I’m
• Are not---> Aren’t
• Cannot---> Can’t
• Do not--->Don’t
• I would--->I’d
• Should not--->Shouldn’t
• Could not--->Couldn’t
• She would--->She’d
• He would not--->He wouldn’t
• Has not--->Hasn’t
• Had not--->Hadn’t
• Have not--->Haven’t
• Might not--->Mightn’t
• I will--->I’ll
• He will not--->He won’t
• Is not--->Isn’t
• She is--->She’s
• He has--->He’s
• That is--->That's
• That has--->That’s
• They are--->They’re
• What will--->What’ll
• Were not--->Weren’t
• Let us--->Let’s

It’s a lengthy list, isn’t it? Let’s take a look at the basic rules:

Instead of saying had or would add an apostrophe and d . For example, He wanted to kiss her, but she’d (she had) already left or she’d (she would) go if she wasn’t sick .

Instead of saying not add an n , apostrophe, and t . For example, she hasn’t (has not) finished her homework yet or I wouldn’t (would not) dare run across the road with my eyes closed . Exception: Will not ! For example, he won’t (he will not) sing for his aunt at the next family gathering !

Instead of saying have add an apostrophe and ve . For example, I’ve (I have) eaten already or we’ve (we have) eaten already .

Instead of saying has or is add an apostrophe and s . For example, she’s (she is) going home or there’s (there has) been a mistake . You can also replace us , and add an apostrophe and s . For example, let’s (let us) go .

There are more...

Rules! Fun, right? Okay, learning rules may not be the most amusing thing in the world, but it’s (check out that contraction) worth it. I promise.

While it’s beneficial to use contractions when you’re (another contraction—should I stop pointing out the contractions I use?) speaking, there are also some exceptions! What are they ?

• When you want to emphasize your sentence or make a point. For example, I canNOT stand to be around Fred anymore. He IS so annoying.
• When you use short answers. For example:

Question: Is Sarah coming over tonight? Answer: She is!

It would sound weird to answer the question with: She’s .

Learn informal contractions

Okay, now we’re (another contraction) on to the fun part: informal contractions!

What you’re about to learn may differ from proper English pronunciation, but I can assure you that the following lesson details proper, but casual, relaxed, natural, informal English pronunciation.

Don’t forget to use these informal contractions in informal settings . No one will take you seriously if you show up to a business meeting muttering things like:

Imma knock y’all off your feet with this marketing prezzie! Get ready folks!

Translation: I’m going to knock you all of your feet with this marketing presentation. Get ready folks!

(Please don’t say either version in a business meeting.)

Okay. Moving on. Let’s take a look at some informal contractions !

• I’m going to ---> I’m gonna or Imma (Imma--some, but not many, spell it I’ma)
• I don’t know--->I dunno
• I shouldn’t--->I shoulda
• I couldn’t--->I coulda
• I wouldn’t---> I woulda
• I had to--->I hadda
• I have to---> I hafta
• She has to---> She hasta
• I want to--->I wanna
• I have to go--->I gotta go
• I need to--->I needa
• What’re you doing---?What-chu doing (or what-cha)

Remember when Kanye West stepped on stage and interrupted Taylor Swift at the VMAs? Well, he used an informal contraction. Can you spot the regular and informal contraction?

Kanye: “Yo, Taylor, I'm really happy for you, I'ma let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time!”

Which informal contraction did he use? I’ma ( Imma )

Which regular contraction did he use? I’m

Translation: Yo, Taylor, I am really happy for you, I am going to let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time!

Want another example? Try and pinpoint who sounds more fluent in the following conversation:

Kelsey: Hey, Tanya! How are ya? What-cha doing today? Tanya: Hello, Kelsey. I am fine. How are you? Kelsey: I’m good! Imma play soccer after school today. Wanna come? Tanya: I do not think I can play soccer after school. Kelsey: No problem! Do you think you can play the day after tomorrow? I can’t play tomorrow ‘cause I gotta go to the dentist. Gross. Tanya: I cannot play soccer the day after tomorrow either. I have not studied for the exam on Friday. Let us plan for two Saturdays from now? Kelsey: Okay! I’ll mark it on my calendar! I hafta study for the exam, too. Maybe we can study together? Tanya: I am going to study with Mark, so you cannot come. I am so sorry. Kelsey: That’s okay! Enjoy your cute date with Mark! I gotta go play soccer now. See ya! Tanya: See you again.

Yikes. It looks like Tanya just doesn’t want to hang out with Kelsey. Anyways, who sounds more fluent? Kelsey.

Fluent English Speakers Don’t Use These Sayings (Often)

Tanya also used some sayings that fluent speakers don’t use very often. Can you figure out which sayings stuck out? If not, no problem. Continue reading to find out the answers.

1. I am fine

Some fluent English speakers may respond to How are you? with I am fine . But most native speakers in North America respond with I’m good . Sometimes I’m fine insinuates that you are not doing well.

In fact, most only respond to How are you? with I’m fine if they want to let you know that they aren’t doing well, but they don’t want to talk about it. It can be taken as a passive-aggressive response. However, it may not be the same in every country or region.

It’s up to you test the waters to see how people respond to How are you?

2. See you again

People may use see you again in books, songs, or poems (it pairs nicely with the word friend). But it’s rarely used in an English conversation. Here are some other ways to say goodbye :

• See you soon
• Have a good one

To Sum It Up…

There you have it! Some tips and tricks that can help you sound fluent! What do you think? Will you try these out in your next English conversation? Just remember to only use the informal contractions in an informal, casual setting.

Want to learn more English pronunciation and grammar rules? Consider reading about the four must-know grammar rules for any English speaker !

Speechling is a nonprofit app and website that combines human coaching with technology to improve your foreign language speaking.

Formal Vs Informal Speeches: An A-Z Guide

Hrideep barot.

• Public Speaking , Speech Writing , Workplace Communication

A speech is either formal or informal. Meaning, it can either be a formal address delivered to an audience or the daily use of grammar and words to communicate. The only purpose of either of those speeches is to put across a message well enough to invoke the desired response from your audience. Throughout history, humans all across the world cleverly inspired world-wide revolutions solely through the power of speech. Since then, a lot of tools and techniques of speeches have developed to ensure we use this power to its maximum capacity.  

The two broad classifications of events we use speeches are called formal events and informal events. Therefore, depending on the kind of audience, the situation, the message, the tone and the environment, the orator must decide whether they should address a formal speech or an informal speech. Working out where you use what kind of speech is the most important aspect of being a good communicator.

Formal Speeches

What are formal speeches.

Formal Speeches are made when you’re speaking to a sizable audience you don’t personally know. These are professional events where you’re expected to make a good impression on the audience. The nature of these events is often serious and decorous. These events therefore demand a similar respectable tone of language and speech.

For example, while at a job interview, speaking to an individual of authority, delivering a lecture, making a presentation, giving a pitch, motivating the audience, hosting a business event etc., you must ensure you speak formally. 

What makes a speech formal?

Formal speeches are also called orations. They are used in situations that are more ‘serious.’ They project a specific tone and specific characteristics. A few basic tools and attributes of formal speeches are:

The tone of a formal speech is always polite and respectful. Since formal speeches are mainly used to communicate with people in authority or strangers, it is important to structure your sentences suitably. The use of civilised words, appropriate grammar, complete sentences and enhanced vocabulary maintains the decorum of a formal speech.

Objectiveness

A formal communication style usually takes no stances. The sentence is spoken in a passive voice with a minimum use of personal pronouns. When we avoid using personal pronouns such as ‘I’, ‘We’ and ‘You’, the essence of the point changes from being an opinion to a fact. Therefore, the content of your speech sounds more objective than subjective.

Effectiveness

A formal speech is more effective than an informal speech because it comprises longer sentences and clear, non-colloquial phrases. It is well-spoken and the pronunciations are fathomable and precise. Its adherence to the Standard English language makes it comprehensible for the entire audience, even the non-native English speakers. It therefore proves to be extremely effective, suitable for a workplace or a business environment.

Standard English Language

A formal speech naturally follows the standards and rules formally set by the language. Languages tend to have regional differences and additional local slang to them. Even within England, British English and Scottish English tend to have different dialects and colloquial. For example, maybe phrases like “sure-fire” or “works like a charm” are deemed normal at your workplace but you cannot expect a non-English speaking trader to know them. When we adhere to the Standard English prescribed by Oxford, everybody who has academically learnt the English language is able to understand what one is trying to say.

The generous use of long sentences, no contractions, minimum abbreviations, proper grammar, complex sentence structure, clear pronunciation and overall objectiveness of the information brings a lot of clarity to one’s speech. There is seldom any room for doubts or misunderstandings. The extensive use of impersonal and formal language brings out professionalism and makes your information more credible.

What should you NOT include in a Formal Speech

The obvious ways of distinguishing between a formal speech and an informal speech are determined through the process of elimination. The following are a few things that you shouldn’t include in a formal speech:

Casual Greeting

There are a number of ways you can greet a person. Each kind of greeting has formal and informal versions that you can use based on how well you know the person and what degree of professionalism you are required to maintain with that person. For example,

• Formal: Hello, how do you do?
• Informal: Hey, how are ya?
• Formal: Nice to meet you/ Pleased to meet you.
• Informal: Good to see you.
• Formal: How have you been?
• Informal: Long time no see!

Slangs and Colloquialism

Slangs include a language that’s peculiar to a particular group, a regional reference, or even curse words. It’s extremely important to keep slang words at bay when you’re delivering a formal speech. A formal tone prescribes standard, professional English language. For example,

• Informal: Stats say, stress is the reason why this workplace is always screwing up.
• Formal: According to statistics, stress is one of the most frequent factors that disrupts efficiency and encourages problems in the workplace.
• Informal: Know yourself honestly and well enough to find what stresses you out.
• Formal: Being candid with ourselves is the most effective way to establish the triggers of stress we experience.

Contractions

Contracting words and sentences assert an informal and casual tone. If you are aiming to sound professional and polished, avoiding contractions is recommended. For example,

• Informal: I’ve had enough, I don’t think I’m gonna let this slide the next time.
• Formal: Your limit has been surpassed, I do not think this mistake will go unpunished the next time.

Personal Pronouns

The main characteristics of a formal speech are its impersonal nature and the precise, passive and objective delivery of information. While writing a formal speech, avoid using pronouns altogether. However, if required, try using neutral pronouns such as ‘one.’ For example,

• Informal: I was alarmed when I found out the effects of stress.
• Formal: The effects of stress were found to be quite alarming.
• Informal: You shouldn’t stress out about the things you can’t control.
• Formal: One shouldn’t take stress about the things beyond one’s control.

Poor Vocabulary

Gather your thesaurus before you write your formal speech because the better your vocabulary, more formal the content of your speech sounds. While both your sentences would mean the same thing, the tone in which they are delivered would classify them as informal speeches or formal speeches. For example,

• Informal: He took the item back to the shop.
• Formal: He returned the item to the shop.
• Informal: The CEO of this company gave up his position because his mental health was being affected.
• Formal: The CEO of this company relinquished his position due to his mental health being compromised.

How should you structure a Formal Speech?

The basic structure of a formal speech is no different than the structure of an essay. Organising your speech not only improves the clarity of thought but also amplifies the effectiveness of your content. A formal speech includes an introduction, a body and a conclusion.

The Introduction

A formal introduction establishes a respectful contact between the speaker and the listener. The introduction should last for one minute at the most. It should sound deferential and strictly adhere to formal English. How should you begin a formal speech?

The Greeting

The introduction of a formal speech can typically begin with a greeting. After wishing ‘good morning’ or ‘good evening’ depending on the time of the day, you may introduce yourself humbly. You can thank the organisers of the event for inviting you to speak or compliment a senior member of the event to pay respect. 

Acknowledging the Audience

It is polite to thank the audience for gathering to hear you out. Greet them with a genuine smile and express what an honour it is to be speaking before them today. After all, they have sacrificed their precious time to be here today.

Placing your Claim

The introduction is the most crucial segment of your speech. The curiosity you are able to pique in this part decides how much audience you will retain throughout your speech. It is extremely important you place your claim in the most catchy manner. Even in a formal speech, you can use quotes, rhetorical devices, imagery, startling elements, stories or even silence. As long as the language used is respectful, professional and follows the formal English, it can be a good opener for a formal speech. 

In case you’re looking for a few creative ways you can open your speech, you can refer to our blogpost for help!

The body makes up everything you have to say about the claim you placed in the introduction. It can have additional facts, supporting arguments and other temporal modes of organising your information. The temporal modes of organising information can be:

• Cause-effect relation in past, present or future tense
• Effect-cause relation which is basically inverting it and highlighting the effects before you state how they are achieved.
• Compare and contrast your entities.
• Narrate your topics as a story by organising the flow of the speech by finding relation and joint-relevance between two topics.
• Subdividing a large chunk of information into headings and subheadings is also a good topical way to organise your information formally.

The Conclusion

How do you end a formal speech? The conclusion follows the transition that was laid down by the body. The two main aims of a conclusion are to summarise the ideas of the speech and provide a closure. The conclusion of any formal speech can include:

• A summary of the speech.
• A ‘Now-What?’ statement elucidating the takeaway of the speech for the audience.
• A reference back to the introduction of the speech.
• An open-ended question to ponder upon.

If the last line of your speech is as important as the introduction segment where you make the claim. The weight and impact of the last sentence decides how memorable your speech would be. If you don’t feel like dropping the mic after the last sentence of your speech, maybe it’s not as mind-blowing and impactful as it ideally should be. 

If you are looking to seek more advice on how you can structure your formal speeches more professionally , be sure to check out our guidelines.

Informal Speeches

Informal speeches are casual and relaxed. They are made while talking to friends, colleagues or people you personally know. There are no hard and fast rules while making an informal speech other than somehow conveying the message you want to convey. 

What makes a speech informal?

Informal speeches radiate a very comfortable and relaxed energy. They’re friendlier than formal speeches and they often carry the personality of the person addressing them. A few characteristics that can help you identify informal speeches are:

Since casual speeches don’t require a very strict preparation like formal speeches, they are often easygoing. Informal speeches are made sporadically and are mostly off the record. The level of ease informal speeches carry can differ from person to person given how extroverted they are, or how comfortable they are with the audience. 

Informal speeches sound colourful. In the sense, the speaker is given the liberty to express themselves as they truly are. They don’t have a monotonous tone like formal speeches. The speaker can add their own slang, phrases they normally use, their personality, their dialects and in general make the speech as entertaining and fun as they please. 

Informal speeches give you the artistic and comedic liberty to put forth your message. While formal speeches usually adhere to the strictness of sounding ‘serious’ and ‘professional’, informal speeches are like laid back and pleasurable conversations.

You do not normally talk in complex sentence structures or dramatically use vocabulary. Likewise, informal speeches are often simple and straightforward. They use short sentences and terms and references from day-to-day life. You may use words and phrases like ‘that’s dope’, ‘don’t be salty’, ‘bruh’, ‘I’m shook’, ‘No cap’ etc. 

Informal speech is used in day-to-day life. Unlike other languages, most English speakers tend to speak informally with strangers on the street. While they’re friendly, they might not necessarily be polite if the listener cannot interpret the tone of your speech. 

Since informal speeches are more often used in everyday life, they don’t really have a structure. They do not require an introduction, a body or a conclusion. Apart from the unspoken rules of exchanging pleasantries and courtesy, you do not need to ‘prepare’ anything formal, just have the idea of what you want to say in mind.

A few examples of informal speeches would be:

• A Best Man’s Speech for his Brother’s Wedding: In this example, the occasion is properly informal. The speaker is amongst friends and family, speaking about his brother and his new wife. It is hilarious and also contains a poem to deliver the message!

• A Valedictorian Speech for the Class of 2010: In this example, while the occasion is formal, the speaker has very cleverly added a subtle informal tone while still maintaining the collective polite structure. He framed all inside jokes in a way everybody could understand. It was overall confident, humorous, ingenious and a great valedictorian speech.

What are the Main Differences Between Formal and Informal Speeches?

The following table elucidates the main differences between formal and informal speeches, summarising all its characteristics.

Case Study: A Sales Pitch

Let’s study the an applied example of formal and informal speeches. The above video is a sales pitch for electric cars. There are two characters in this video, each used in informal speech and formal speech respectively. Let us analyse both their speeches to understand how you can implement the two styles in your communication. 

Informal Speech

The first man uses an informal style of speech. He begins his speech by saying, “Ladies and gentlemen, electric cars. They’re totally gay.” Naturally, in a work environment where formal tones are expected, the opening statement left all the members of the meeting stupefied. They found his speech disrespectful and all the faces around the room were either shocked, perplexed or disapproving. The casual tone could have easily been found offensive on the pretext of homophobia. He also says things like ‘rock-and-roll-ness’, ‘sexiness of the car’, ‘this model took more virginities than Francis Albert Sinatra’, which can come across as rather controversial in a formal business meeting. Gradually, the informal and blunt approach did work out for the salesperson. However, the chances of it being successful are bleak and you could just be overruled any time. Using a formal tone is therefore a safer option.

Formal Speech

The second man in the film, referred to as Nicholas, takes over and summarises the pitch using formal speech. He uses statements like, ‘We believe we can produce the technology to incorporate an electric motor in your current model.’ He said the exact same thing the first man was trying to communicate but in a far more classy manner. Instead of calling it ‘sexy’ or ‘rock-and-roll’, he refers to its features as ‘exhilarating’ and ‘aggressive’, making the experience ‘visceral’ and retaining a manly retro element of the car than making it look ‘gay’. 

This example distinguishing formal speech with informal speech hopefully gives you a thorough idea of what they are. However, when should you use formal speech? And when should you give an informal speech?

Should you use Formal Speech or Informal Speech?

Knowing what speech is best suited for the given situation always depends on the context. You should be intelligent enough to be able to recognize situations that demand a formal tone and situations that can be handled casually.

Generally, informal speeches are made at weddings while giving a toast or at birthdays to express love etc. Formal speeches are made in professional settings, work places, educational institutes, talking to authorities, job interviews, business meetings, negotiations, elders or people you don’t know.  

However, sometimes in job interviews, the interviewer can be looking for what your personality is like. In situations like this, you need to tone down how formally you talk. Some corporate cultures embrace a casual and informal tone in their business affairs while some companies prefer individuals who can maintain a strong formal and professional persona. 

When you are doubtful about what speech to use, always stick to formal speech. While informal speech is friendly, formal speech is polite. It establishes goodwill and credibility. Although it’s not good to be overly formal either. Saying “Greetings, let me guide you through the floorplans of this building so you can navigate the office easily.” is frankly absurd and foolish. Being too formal can also come across as cold, distant and ironically even impolite. You do not want to be a robot. Sometimes saying, “Good morning, allow me to give you an office tour.” does just the right thing.

To Conclude,

A good communicator can not only convey any kind of message to their audience but also convey their message to any kind of audience. And in order to achieve this, a good communicator is the master of the art of speech as well as the master of knowing the audience and what tone they would appreciate. 

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2 Ways To Talk (Casual and Formal)… in the English Language

ca·su·al/ˈkaZHo͞oəl/adj designed for informal use; relaxed and unconcerned

‍ for·mal/ˈfôrməl/adj based on conventional forms and rules; suitable for important situations or occasions(Google definitions)

____________________________________________________________

Don't forget to read part II of ' 2 More Ways to Talk Casual and Formal in English ' and part III ' Casual Conversation in ESL - The Inside Scoop Part III '

Introduction

‍ This blog post is about casual and formal language, but the words “casual” and “formal” can also describe other things like clothing, an outing or event, a friendship or relationship, a meeting, etc

For example, casual dress might be jeans, a tee-shirt, and sandals as opposed to formal attire of a button-down shirt, tie, and pants for a male or a skirt and blouse/dress with closed toe shoes (for a female).  An informal outing or event could be a parade, picnic, hike or bike ride, whereas a formal one would be a wedding in a church/synagogue/mosque, an anniversary party at a 5-star restaurant, or a ballet/opera at a fancy performance center.

A casual friendship or relationship is characterized by someone you have known for a long time, maybe someone from school, the neighborhood or a close relative as opposed to a formal relationship which might be a superior in your business, a member of a prestigious club, or a distant relative or acquaintance.  A casual meeting might be just to offer ideas or to build cohesion or unity.  It may take place in a casual setting, too, like an outdoor café, park or sporting event.  A formal meeting might be to discuss something really important like the direction of the company or the unveiling of a new product, classes you need to complete a major or degree, or a talk with the doctor about an illness.  It may take place in a boardroom, manager’s office, large auditorium, or another formal location.

You probably use different words, phrases, and ways of speaking in your native language when you are with your friends, family, other relatives, and people who are similar to you in age and personality (that’s casual or informal language).  However, you have another set of words and expressions when you are in other situations like at work, when speaking with those people you may not know as well, or when you speak to those in authoritative positions (that’s formal language).  Well, the same is true when you speak English.

You need to know casual English because you want to be able to understand and communicate with English speakers in everyday situations (by osinyemi ).  Likewise, you need to know formal English because you want to be able to read a book, give a business presentation, or write an official letter.

‍ Casual (Informal) Language

Casual language is used a lot around those you know well.  It is a carefree way of speaking and one in which those who know you can easily understand or relate to.  There are many slang expressions used in everyday conversations and these phrases change over time.  With the explosion into the technological era leading to more frequent conversations, more and more slang words are added each day to the English language.  It is also appropriate to use casual language when writing blogs, tweets, and advertisements.  You may use casual language when you want to get to know someone on a more personal level or you want the person to feel at ease.

‍ Formal Language

‍ Formal language eloquently combines appropriate grammar and phrases to provide credibility for what is being said.  For example, more formal language is routinely used in a professional setting (on a business trip or at a meeting), at certain places in a city (a church/synagogue/mosque, bank, library, high-end department store, government building), and in specific situations (job interview, dinner party, prestigious ceremony, or when speaking respectfully to a superior).  You also use formal language in academic papers and official documents and speeches, books, news reports, articles and business letters.  You may tend to use more formal language if you want to stress a point or convey authority or when you need to be strict.

‍ Suggested Tips – When to Say What?

‍ In doubt of which words to use? Here are some tips that can help you.  If you listen and observe others in conversation, you will be able to tell what type of communication matches the situation. Or you can see how a person speaks to you; if he/she chooses to use more casual English, then it is appropriate for you to do so in return.  You can also think of patterns.  If you have spoken a certain way before under similar conditions or heard someone else speak in this situation, then it is most likely that you can talk this way here, too.

Casual or Formal Settings – What to Say When?

‍ Just as casual English would be inappropriate in more formal settings, formal English would sound out of place to your friends or acquaintances that your friends introduce you to.  For example, take a simple greeting. In a more formal greeting it is appropriate for you to say, “How do you do?” and “Nice to meet you” and to address the people you are meeting with the correct title of Mr./Mrs./Ms., Dr., Rev., etc.  With those you know well, you probably say “Hi”, “Hey, What’s up?” or “How’s it going?”

When you are eating, it is important to remember your manners, especially during a business luncheon or meeting. You should politely ask for items to be passed to you like, “Could you please pass the coffee?”  If you are eating with friends, you can be more relaxed with your manners and eating habits. “Hey, pass the coffee.”  But, you would never say, “I’m starving” or, “I got a bad case of the munchies” in a formal situation, but with friends these are common phrases when you are hungry.  You also would never say, “I don’t like (the food item’s) taste” in a formal setting, but with your friends it is acceptable to tell the awful truth about how bad the food tastes.

Let’s pretend you are in a dinner party and you need to leave for an urgent phone call.  If you were eating with your future mother-in-law, you might say, “Would you please  excuse me for a moment?” or “Excuse me”.   However, with friends, you might say, “One sec” or “I'll be back.” So, you leave the table and answer your phone call; if it's your customer or boss, you could begin with, "Good Evening, how are you doing tonight?" But if it were your close friend you might say, "What's good with you, my brother from another mother!" ‍

Using Casual and Formal English

‍ Maybe you have heard some of these more popular US casual English words /phrases:

‍ Casual - Formal

‍ Cuz - Because

Chill/chillin’- Relax/relaxing

Gonna - Going to

Sick - Great; amazing

Lame - Not good; worthless

Shoot me an email - Send me an email

Kickback - Move slowly; rest; relax

Fam - Family

Hold on - Wait

Gotta - Have to/need to

I’m outta here - I need to leave now

Guy/guys - You all; all of you; you

Besties - Best friends

Sucks - Terrible or awful

Bring it on - I’m ready for it

My bad – (Admitting guilt over something)

Yea/Yeah - Yes

Nah/Naw – No

I dunno – I don’t know

Whatever - I really don’t know/You can decide/I don’t have a preference

These casual words are widely used with people you know and are more comfortable being with.  However, in formal situations, the words should be avoided and the more formal word/phrase substituted.

‍ How to Practice Casual Language

‍ Now, let’s see where you can practice casual language.   You can…

• ride on a bus, train or airplane and greet the driver/pilot and speak to those sitting near you
• talk to your fellow students in a class or to your co-workers at work
• listen to television shows/movies/musical lyrics and write down certain words/phrases and when/how they are used to insert in your daily speech
• converse with people when you run errands at the bank, store and post office or in and around your neighborhood
• engage in chat rooms not associated with your classes or job
• practice on the telephone with your friends or exchange emails, text messages and letters
• read blogs to see the word choice from many different writers
• check out the Learn English Online Blog here at TalktoCanada
• observe others in casual settings (children at a park, families at a restaurant, a group of friends out)

Importance of Casual Language

• gives audience a sense of closeness and genuineness
• shows your personality
• makes others feel comfortable

How to Practice Formal Language Now, let’s look at formal English. You can…

• listen to the news or government debates
• read academic papers, essays, discussion responses, journals or other nonfiction texts on topics of interest
• review updated magazines and newspapers dealing with current events
• scan professional writings
• role play formal situations and what you would say
• practice speaking with someone else in a dialogue situation reflective of a formal situation or with a person of authority
• watch some videos on how to interview or how to conduct a meeting
• attend a city council meeting or open court hearing

Importance of Formal English

• shows you are professional in verbal and written responses
• supports the seriousness or importance of the situation
• meets requirements in academic and work settings
• clearly defines for the reader
• email messages to instructors, other faculty and staff members; email company employees and management
• apply for internships, grants, volunteer work, and jobs
• observe others in formal situations (business meetings or luncheons, talking to people in authority or at a more structured time and place)

Other Differences

• Casual English is used in situations where speech is improvised and not prepared ahead of time or when the writer is writing quickly without editing (e.g., Internet chat rooms or personal emails).
• Formal English is characterized by longer, more complicated sentences, whereas casual English has simpler, shorter words and sentences.
• Formal English follows the standards of English grammar ; casual English may not adhere as closely to these rules.
• Formal English relies on choice and accuracy of words; casual English may use what is called “delaying expressions” like Well, I think it is a good idea, you know? and other expressions for “correctness” like Mr. Smith is not well.   I mean, not that he is sick, just that he is very tired or “qualifying expressions” such as Your cake recipe is kind of like my mom’s recipe.
• Formal English does not use the “everyday phrases” you would use when talking to a good friend.  Examples include Here you go (when giving something to someone); Come again (asking someone to repeat something); What do you mean? (wondering what was said and needing a further explanation).
• Formal English uses some vocabulary that you would not say in more casual situations.  Words like anew, daunting, nevertheless, disclose, constitute, as it happens, etc. Similarly there is vocabulary used only in casual situations (in addition to the words listed earlier in this article) like dude (a person); freaking out (getting scared; wondering what was happening); uh-huh (yes); nope (no); puke (throw up); john (bathroom); stuff (things); to tick someone off (to upset someone), like crazy (a lot or excessively; usually with a verb).  In addition, casual language uses words/phrases that are shortened like I’m doin’ it my way (doing); Lemme go! (let me go); Whatcha gonna do? (What are you going to do?); Whassup? (What’s up?); I kinda wanna go to the movies (kind of want to).

Your Turn to Practice Informal – Formal English

Informal: Hi, How are ya?, How’s it going?, How ya doin’? Formal: Hello, Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening, Nice to meet you, (title) Informal (response): Not much, Not bad, How’s everything with you?, Can’t complain, How ‘bout you? Formal (response): How are you doing?, I hope everything is fine with you.

• Making Suggestions/Giving Advice

Informal: You know what ya need to do? You gotta… Formal: Would you please allow me to make a suggestion?  I think it might be best to…

• To Show Approval or Excitement

Informal: Cool!  Sweet! Awesome! Oh, my god that’s great! Formal: That is wonderful news! That is terrific to hear!  That really is quite impressive.

• To Say Good-bye

Informal: Bye!, See ya!, Catch ya’ later!, See you, guys!, I’m outta here!, Later y’all!, Take care now! Formal: Good-bye, Mr./Mrs./Dr./Rev. (last name and add something to show respect, appreciation or importance to the situation) like Good-bye, Dr. Taleon.  Thank you for taking the time to talk with my mother and for being so helpful to us.

• To Say Good Night

Informal: G’night!, Sleep tight! Formal: Good night, Mr./Mrs./Dr./Rev. (last name) *****

Concluding Remarks ‍

The English language is no different from other languages in that the choice of words matches the person and situation you are in.  There are times that casual English is the better choice and there are other times when formal language should be used. As you become more familiar with the English language and the English-speaking culture, you will more clearly understand the differences of casual and formal words/phrases. With daily practice and revision, your communications (whether casual or formal) will become as natural as it is in your first language and your confidence will open exciting new opportunities for you.

Please write to me using the comment box below and let me know of any interesting casual/formal expressions that you have in your native language.  Or share an example of a casual or formal English phrase and when you have used it.  I would be most grateful to hear from you (formal)…Hey! That would really be cool to hear from you, ya’ know? (casual).  Thank you, very much for your time (formal).  Respects! (casual).

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• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Formal and informal language

We use formal language in situations that are serious or that involve people we don’t know well. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more relaxed and involve people we know well.

Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are neutral; that is, they are neither formal nor informal.

Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of grammar and vocabulary.

Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more common in informal language.

More formal vocabulary commonly involves longer words or words with origins in Latin and Greek. More informal vocabulary commonly involves shorter words, or words with origins in Anglo-Saxon. Most dictionaries indicate very informal and/or formal words.

We often choose to use certain modal verbs to be more formal and polite:

Can I suggest you try this new model? (neutral)

May I suggest you try this new model? (more formal)

Might I suggest you try this new model? (very formal)

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The 5 Different Types of Speech Styles

Human beings have different ways of communicating . No two people speak the same (and nor should they). In fact, if you’ve paid any attention to people’s speeches around you, you might have already noticed that they vary from speaker to speaker, according to the context. Those variations aren’t merely coincidental. 

The 5 Different Types of Speech Styles (Table)

Martin Joos, a famous german linguist and professor, was the first one to organize the speeches according to their variations, having come up with five speech styles, depending on their degree of formality: 

1. Frozen Style (or Fixed speech)

A speech style is characterized by the use of certain grammar and vocabulary particular to a certain field, one in which the speaker is inserted. The language in this speech style is very formal and static, making it one of the highest forms of speech styles. It’s usually done in a format where the speaker talks and the audience listens without actually being given the space to respond. 

Application: It’s generally reserved for formal settings such as important ceremonies (for instance, a ceremony at the royal palace or one in which a country’s president is present), weddings, funerals, etc. 

Examples: a presidential speech, an anthem, and a school creed.

2. Formal Style

This style, just like the previous one, is also characterized by a formal (agreed upon and even documented) vocabulary and choice of words, yet it’s more universal as it doesn’t necessarily require expertise in any field and it’s not as rigid as the frozen style. 

The language in this speech is respectful and rejects the use of slang, contractions, ellipses and qualifying modal adverbials. Oftentimes the speaker must plan the sentences before delivering them. 

Application: Although it’s often used in writing, it also applies to speaking, especially to medium to large-sized groups. It’s also the type of speech that should be used when communicating with strangers and others such as older people, elders, professionals, and figures of authority. 

Examples: meetings (corporate or other formal meetings), court, class, interview, speech, or presentation. 

3. Consultative Style 

The third level of communication it’s a style characterized by a semi-formal vocabulary, often unplanned and reliant on the listener ’s responses and overall participation. 

Application: any type of two-way communication, dialogue, whether between two people or more, where there’s no intimacy or any acquaintanceship. 

Examples: group discussions, teacher-student communication, expert-apprentice, communication between work colleagues or even between employer-employee, and talking to a stranger. 

4. Casual Style (or Informal Style) 

As the name says, this style is characterized by its casualty, with a flexible and informal vocabulary that may include slang. It’s usually unplanned, pretty relaxed, and reliant on the fluid back and forth between those involved, without any particular order. 

Application: used between people with a sense of familiarity and a relatively close relationship, whether in a group or in a one-on-one scenario.

Examples: chats with friends and family, casual phone calls, or text messages. 

5. Intimate Style

This is the speech style that’s reserved for people who have a really close connection. It’s casual and relaxed and goes beyond words, as it incorporates nonverbal communication and even personal language codes, such as terms of endearment and expressions whose meaning are only understood by the participants, besides slang. 

Application: used between people who share an intimate bond. 

Examples: chats between best friends, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings and other family members, whether in messages, phone calls, or personally.  

Here are some of our top recommended Articles to Check next!

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4 factors that influence speech styles.

Although knowing the definition and some examples of situations in which each speech style might apply is helpful, there are four important factors that are key in speech styles. These factors help the speakers understand when it is appropriate to use one style instead of the other. They are: 

1. The Setting 

The setting is essentially the context in which the speech shall take place. It’s probably the most important factor to be considered when choosing which speech style to use as nothing could be more harmful than applying the wrong speech style to the wrong setting. 

Although it’s a factor that’s exhausted and diverse,  to make things simple for you, I’ve divided them in three main categories: 

• Formal Settings:  
• Casual Settings: 

In these settings, people are more relaxed and less uptight than in formal settings. Since there’s a degree of familiarity between those speaking, even though people are not necessarily intimate, the speaker can apply either consultative or casual speech styles. Some examples of these settings include weddings, company or team meetings, and school classes. 

• Informal Settings: 

These settings are more open than casual ones as there are almost no rules to how people should interact. Everyone in it either has a deep degree of familiarity or intimacy. The styles of speeches that are used in these settings are Casual and Intimate. A few examples of these settings are family and friends gatherings, private conversations, etc. 

Misreading the setting can be really embarrassing and have devastating consequences. If, for instance, you make inappropriate jokes in a work meeting or use slang words, you could be perceived as unprofessional and disrespectful, and that could cost you your job. 

2. The Participants  

Your audience, the people to whom your speech is directed, or the people you interact with are decisive factors when choosing your speech style. 

To put it simply: 

• Reserve Frozen and Formal styles for people whom you respect and are not intimate or even familiar with ,  either because of their position in society or because of their position in relation to you. These can be authority figures or even superiors in your workplace and strangers.
• Use Consultative and Casual speech styles with people who, even though they are familiar to you (either because you both know each other or interact often), still owe them a certain level of respect . These can be people in your workplace such as your colleagues and business partners, people in school, elders and older family members, neighbors, acquaintances and even strangers . 
• Feel free to use Intimate speech styles with anyone who you share an intimate bond with . These can be your friends and your immediate and extended family members .

3. The Topic 

Speech styles can give appropriate weight to serious topics, just as they can help alleviate the heaviness of certain topics. There’s no specific rule of which style to use with each topic, actually, when it comes to topics, the choice should be more intuitive and keep in mind the other factors. 

For example, sometimes, when making a presentation about a serious topic at a conference, you might want to mix formal speech with a more consultative or casual speech by sliding in a joke or two in between your presentation, as this helps lighten up the mood. 

4. The Purpose of The Discourse or Conversation 

The purpose of your discourse is your main motivation for speaking.  Just like with the topic, when it comes to choosing the speech style taking into account the purpose, the choice is mostly intuitive and keeps in mind the other factors. 

You should remember never to mix a business-centered discussion, where the purpose is mostly professional and formal, with a mainly informal speech of speaking. 

Speaker Styles

• Content-rich speaker:  

A content-rich speaker is one whose aim is to use the speech to inform. He is factual and very objective and focused on providing all the information the audience or receptor of the message needs.

A man speaking in a presentation could be an example of this, or even a lawyer defending a case in court. 

• Funny or humorous speakers:

As the name already suggests, this type of speaker uses humor as a tool to help them deliver their message. Even when delivering facts, they make jokes to lighten things up and break the tension. 

Stand-up comedians are a great example of this type of speaker. 

• Storyteller: 

This type of speaker usually relies on the story format to deliver his message; whether it’s factual or not is not relevant as long as the main message behind the story is relevant to the receptor. 

Usually, the type of speaker is not fixed in each speech style; one person can be many types of speakers depending on the speech style that they are using and keeping in mind the factors that influence the choice of the speech style. 

Make sure you weigh all factors equally before choosing a speech style. You don’t want to be THAT person bringing up an intimate subject to a friend in front of a group of strangers during a business meeting where the subject has nothing to do with whatever you’re talking about.

What’s The Importance of Speech Styles In Communication 

Using and knowing speech styles is the key to effective communication. Choosing the right way to communicate in different settings and with different people is what separates a good communicator from a bad communicator. 

Knowing the speech styles and the rules that apply to each of them saves you from embarrassment and positions you as someone of principles and respectful, especially in formal and conservative settings. 

Besides that, people tend to gravitate more towards and get influenced by good communicators; therefore, learning something new in that area and improving the quality of your speech and presentations will only benefit you. 

Further Readings

Speech Styles- ELCOMBLUS

Types of Speech Styles | PDF | Sentence (Linguistics) | Cognitive Science- SCRIBD

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What Does Vernacular Mean? Definition, Examples of Vernacular

Home » The Writer’s Dictionary » What Does Vernacular Mean? Definition, Examples of Vernacular

Definition of vernacular: Vernacular refers to ordinary, common, and casual speech—rather than the formal use of language.

What is Vernacular?

Vernacular refers to the everyday, common language of the people. It is differentiated from formal and sometimes standard forms of language.

Example of Vernacular:

• Felis Domesticus = house cat
• Fagus Grandifolia = Beech tree

This is a rather extreme example to demonstrate the point. Vernacular is the local language of common speech. No one is running around in society using the scientific names of animals. Instead, they use their everyday names.

By using vernacular, the writer has the ability to connect to a larger audience. Many writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and Mark Twain were known for using vernacular language in their writings.

Vernacular vs. Dialect

Vernacular is more widespread in its use throughout a language speaking community. Think of vernacular as simply being the colloquial use of a language.

A dialect, on the other hand, is peculiar to specific regions or social classes, and it is often unrecognizable by those outside these areas.

Dialect also deals with differences in pronunciation, where vernacular is usually limited to word choice or word meaning, not necessarily pronunciation.

Examples of Dialect:

In Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God , she utilizes dialect in her dialogue to show the social status and setting of her characters:

• “Hand me dat wash-rag on dat chair by you, honey. Lemme scrub mah feet.”

This line of dialogue includes dialect such as:

• Lemme = let me

In the same novel, she uses vernacular in the narration in order to set the tone as common, everyday to match the region in which the story is being told:

• “Old Nanny sat there rocking Janie like an infant and thinking back and back. Mind-pictures brought feelings, and feelings dragged out dramas from the hollows of her heart.”

The Function of Vernacular

The purpose of using vernacular is to allow readers to understand the language of a work. It is important to connect to readers, and if the language being used isn’t understood, this will not be possible.

Therefore, it is important to identify the audience for which the work is being written in order to determine if vernacular is the appropriate language to be used in the work.

Examples of Vernacular in Literature

• “ He’s a big, goofy dreamer, too, just like me. He likes to pretend he lives inside the comic books. I guess a fake life inside a cartoon is a lot better than his real life.”

In John Kennedy Toole’s A Confederacy of Dunces , he utilizes vernacular when describing the cartoon of a character Ignatius J. Reilly in order to add humor to the novel:

• “A green hunting cap squeezed the top of the fleshy balloon of a head. The green earflaps, full of large ears and uncut hair and the fine bristles that grew in the ears themselves, stuck out on either side like turn signals indicating two directions at once.”

Define vernacular: Vernacular is the use of everyday language when speaking or writing. When writing, it is important to identify the intended audience in order to determine the appropriateness of using vernacular versus formal, technical language.

Final example,

• Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird utilizes vernacular to connect to a large audience:Our mother died when I was two, so I never felt her absence. She was a Graham from Montgomery; Atticus met her when he was first elected to the state legislature. He was middle-aged then, she was fifteen years his junior. Jem was the product of their first year of marriage; four years later I was born, and two years later our mother died from a sudden heart attack.

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A Guide to Using Casual Language in Your Writing

Table of Contents

Casual language , like casual clothes, could be used almost anywhere, like at a sports game, a party, or a get-together with friends or family.

Transformation: Casual English to Formal English

People you know and are more at ease with are more likely to utilize casual words. While using casual words in informal conditions , they should be avoided in more formal contexts.

See how these words transform from Casual to English.

‍ Casual – Formal

• ‍ Cuz – Because
• Chill/chillin’- Relax/relaxing
• Gonna – Going to
• Sick – Great; amazing
• Lame – Not good; worthless

 Practice your Casual English in the places below.

You’re allowed to…

• Talk casually to the driver/pilot and the people seated next to you as you board a bus, rail, or plane
• Converse with your classmates in the classroom or your coworkers in the office
• Learn new words and phrases by listening to television shows/movies/music lyrics and writing them down.
• Chat with strangers when doing your daily activities at the bank, the shop, or the post office.
• Try talking on the phone with your friends or exchanging emails, texts, and letters

Importance of Casual Language

• It’s vital to use casual language because it offers the listener a sense of intimacy and authenticity .
• Make others feel at ease by displaying your individuality.

A Real-World Setting for Learning Formal Language

Let us now turn our attention to the use of formal English. Formal English is used in these settings, and you can learn formal language from these instances:

• Watching the news or participating in government debates.
• Glancing at current publications and newspapers as well as scholarly articles, essays, and other nonfiction literature
• Sifting through academic papers
• Take a look at tutorials on interviews and meetings
• Check out the proceedings at a public hearing or municipal council meeting

Importance of Formal Language

• Gives credence to a situation’s gravity or relevance
• Satisfies academic and professional standards
• Clarifies the reader’s understanding

Tips For Formal Language

Grammar is more complicated in formal language, and sentences are often lengthier.

Modal verbs

Modal verbs are used in formal language. In this case, 

• We  would  appreciate it if… 
• Could  you kindly notify us when.?

2.  Pronouns are the fourth category.

The pronoun ‘we’ is more commonly used in formal language than ‘I.’ 

Example:  

 [formal] I can help you with this issue. Please stay on the line.

[informal] We’re sorry to tell you that… 

[informal] We’d like to announce that…

3.  Pronunciation.

The formal language calls for a more severe tone of voice and slower speech to ensure proper pronunciation.

4.  Colloquial Language

This is not used in formal language. For example:

• Would you like a cup of coffee? [formal] vs. a tall chilled glass of beer? [informal]
• ‘Would you have…’ [formal] vs. ‘Do you want….’ [informal]

5. Using Emojis in a Formal Setting Is Not Allowed!

Casual English is spoken by people who do not expect to be understood by anyone. It relaxes and has a light, friendly and informal feel to it.

On the other hand, formal English is spoken by people who want to be understood by everyone. It is serious and businesslike. 

Hopefully, you have learned how to tell them apart and how to express yourself in style anywhere!

Pam is an expert grammarian with years of experience teaching English, writing and ESL Grammar courses at the university level. She is enamored with all things language and fascinated with how we use words to shape our world.

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Winston marshall: i didn’t have to expose nancy pelosi — she did it herself.

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Musician, writer and podcaster Winston Marshall squared off against former Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) in an Oxford Union debate that ‘s drawn viral attention, focusing on whether “populism is a threat to democracy.” Below are Marshall’s thoughts on the event and his opponent’s performance.

I could’ve gotten her on her and her husband’s stock trading. But I thought that would be bad taste.

Or on the casual flaunting of her decadent ice-cream collection mid-pandemic. That would have been rather cheap of me, don’t you think?

It was quite the opportunity I had in front of me — a debate on populism and its supposed threat to democracy with one of the very people the American populist movement has been most inspired by: Speaker Emerita, Rep. Nancy Pelosi.

Best stick to her political hypocrisies, I concluded. Of which there are plenty.

Too many even, for the 10 minutes of speech time.

It was rather curious that Madame Pelosi would even agree to such a debate.

I’ve never seen the 84-year-old do more than five-minute puff pieces with the usual fawning mainstream media outlets.

She was brave, I thought. But given how unprepared she turned out to be, what I mistook for courage was actually naivety.

So just as she peppered her speech with same-old smearing of working people as “ethnonationlists,” I seasoned mine with evidence of her hypocrisies.

Would she condemn the June 2020 federal courthouse insurrection in Portland, Ore., by radical progressives? Remember — the one that lasted the entire month?

No. She was more concerned with Jan. 6, insisting to the room of Oxford students that it had been incited by Donald Trump.

Whatever might have happened on Jan. 6, I agreed it was a dark day. But would she condemn the Oregon incident?

She stared at me blankly.

Trump — who she would not refer to by name through her speech, like Voldemort (“he who must not be named”) — was the real threat to democracy.

So much so that the paradoxically named Democratic Party should do everything in its power to subvert democracy in order to protect democracy.

Trump should’ve accepted the 2020 election, I baited. So, too, should Pelosi have in 2016 instead of claiming it was “hijacked.”

“It was!” she interrupted, adding “that doesn’t mean we don’t accept the result of it.”

There we have it, ladies and gentlemen: In one breath calling into question the legitimacy of the election. And in the next breath saying she accepted an illegitimate election.

These politicians are all the same.

It turns out I did not have to expose her disdain for ordinary Americans in my speech. She did it herself in hers.

I encourage you to watch a video of the event: In a long, self-contradictory, incoherent ramble, she claimed ordinary Americans were “blocked” from making good decisions because of their culture and because of their “God.”

It is the “basket of deplorables” all over again.

I lost count of how many times she blurted the word “ethnonationalist” — a new buzzword adopted by the left, having given up on “alt-right,” “racist” and “uneducated.”

All these have lost meaning, given their brazen repeated misuse and abuse.

And before my very eyes, whilst in one swoop decrying demagoguery, she then engages in it.

Seeing as we were at the Oxford Union, I’ll give you the Oxford English Dictionary definition of the word: “political activity or practices that seek support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument.”

For Pelosi, the prejudice she plays to is that of the elites.

The prejudice of America’s coastal elites, who sit with upturned noses at the concerns of the flyover underclasses.

The prejudice that ordinary working Americans who vote conservative must be white nationalists.

The prejudice that MAGA Americans are white supremacists.

It’s a lie.

And how better to illustrate it than to see the rise in popularity of Trump amongst ethnic minorities.

“Both national and battleground state public polls consistently show Trump, at this point, drawing more support from Black and Hispanic voters than any Republican nominee since at least 1960,” CNN reported recently.

“When The New York Times/Siena College, NBC News, Wall Street Journal and CBS News/YouGov all released national polls a few days apart this month, each of them found Trump winning from 20% to 28% of Black voters and 45% to 48% of Hispanic voters. That’s far more than the 12% of Black and 32% of Hispanic voters he won in 2020.”

Are we to believe that America’s minorities are converting to white “ethnonationalism”?

Perhaps, Madame Pelosi, 36 years atop the dizzying heights of DC have blurred your conception of reality.

She is a demagogue. And I mean that literally.

I went into the prestigious Oxford Union debate with small ambition to call out the ex-speaker’s various hypocrisies. But it turns out I didn’t need to. She exposed herself.

No wonder she fears populism. She is the embodiment of an elitism ordinary American’s are finished with.

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