extended essay on caffeine

IB Chemistry Web

• Syllabus 2016
• The IB Diploma
• Experimental
• Extended essay
• May 2023 schedule
• Periodic table
• MYP Chemistry

Extended essay in chemistry

The following is an overview of the extended essay guidelines for chemistry (IBO documents)

An extended essay in chemistry provides students with an opportunity to investigate a particular aspect of the materials of our environment. Such extended essays must be characterized by a particular chemical emphasis within a more general set of research criteria.

The outcome of the research should be a coherent and structured piece of writing that effectively addresses a particular issue or research question and arrives at a particular, and preferably personal, conclusion.

Choice of topic

It is important that the extended essay has a clear chemical emphasis and is not more closely related to another subject. Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition, characterization and transformation of substances. A chemistry extended essay should, therefore, incorporate chemical principles and theory, and emphasize the essential nature of chemistry, relating to the study of matter and of the changes it undergoes.

Although the same assessment criteria apply to all extended essays, for an extended essay submitted in chemistry the topic chosen must allow an approach that distinctly involves chemistry. Where a topic might be approached from different viewpoints, the treatment of the material must be approached from a chemistry perspective. For example, an extended essay in an interdisciplinary area such as biochemistry will, if registered as a chemistry extended essay, be judged on its chemical content, not its biological content.

The scope of the topic and the research associated with it should enable all the criteria to be addressed. A good topic is one where the single research question is sharply focused and can be treated effectively within the word limit. Perhaps the most important factor is the depth of treatment that can be given to the topic by the student. Broad or complex survey topics (for example, investigations into health problems caused by water pollution, chemotherapy for cancer treatment or the use of spectroscopy in chemical analysis) will not permit the student to discuss conflicting ideas and theories, nor to produce an in-depth personal analysis within the word limit.

Some topics may be unsuitable for investigation because of safety issues. For example, experiments involving toxic or dangerous chemicals, carcinogenic substances or radioactive materials should be avoided unless adequate safety apparatus and qualified supervision are available.

Other topics may be unsuitable because the outcome is already well known and documented in standard textbooks, and the student may not be able to show any personal input. An example might be a study of the reactions of the alkali metals with water as this is already covered by the syllabus. However, some care does need to be exercised in deciding whether a topic is suitable or not; for example, previously, the study of the allotropes of carbon might have been thought to be trivial but this would not be the case today.

Example essay titles

The following examples of titles for chemistry extended essays are intended as guidance only. The pairings illustrate that focused topics (indicated by the first title) should be encouraged rather than broad topics (indicated by the second title).

“The ratio of the gases evolved at the positive electrode during the electrolysis of common salt solution” is better than “Electrolysis of solutions”.

“Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of lead in drinking water” is better than “Water analysis”.

“The effects of sugar-free chewing gum on the pH of saliva in the mouth after a meal” is better than “Acid–base chemistry”.

“How can the natural oxidant rutin be extracted and purified from the seed of the Chinese Scholartree?” is better than “Extraction of natural products from plants”.

Moreover, it may help if the student further defines and refines the topic chosen for study in the form of a research question or statement.

The ratio of the gases evolved at the positive electrode during the electrolysis of common salt solution

Research question

Is there a relationship between the concentration of aqueous sodium chloride solution and the ratio of the amounts of oxygen and chlorine gas that are evolved at the positive electrode during electrolysis.

The caffeine content of a cup of tea

Does the time it takes to brew a cup of tea using a specific commercial brand of tea leaves significantly alter the amount of caffeine that is dissolved in the drink?

Analysis of strawberry jellies by paper chromatography

The use of paper chromatography to determine whether strawberry jellies obtained from 24 different countries in 5 different continents all contain the same red dyes.

Treatment of the topic

An extended essay in chemistry may be based on literature, theoretical models or experimental data. Whichever category or combination of categories is chosen, the student should ensure that sufficient data is available for evaluation and that the topic can be researched accurately using locally available resources.

Students who choose to write an extended essay based on literature and/or surveys should ensure that their extended essay clearly shows its chemical basis. Essays written at the level of a newspaper or news magazine article are unlikely to achieve a high mark.

Since chemistry is an experimental science, students are strongly encouraged to undertake experimental work as part of their research, although this is not compulsory. In order to place their research into the appropriate context, students should research the area of the investigation before commencing any experimental work. Where possible, they should consult original research using scientific journals, personal communications and the internet. Textbooks should never be the only source of information.

All essays involving experimental work undertaken by the student should include a clear and concise description of the experimental work. Students should indicate clearly whether they have personally designed the experiment, or give the source of an existing experiment method that they have used and state how they have adapted and improved upon it. All essays must be supervised by a school supervisor.

Many of the best essays are written by students investigating relatively simple phenomena using apparatus and materials that can be found in most school laboratories, and this approach is to be encouraged. If the practical work is carried out in an industrial or university laboratory, the essay should be accompanied by a letter from the external supervisor outlining the nature of the supervision and the level of guidance provided. The school supervisor must be satisfied that the work described in the essay is genuine and essentially that of the student.

Data collected from an experiment designed by the student is of little value unless it is analysed using appropriate scientific techniques, evaluated and perhaps compared with appropriate models.

It is possible to produce an extended essay in chemistry in which the student has used data collected elsewhere as the primary source. In such cases, the element of personal analysis and evaluation is extremely important.

In any chemistry extended essay, students should be able to demonstrate that they understand the theory underlying any experimental work and state any assumptions made. They should show an understanding of the results obtained and be able to interpret them with reference to the research question posed. They should be critical of inadequate experimental design, the limitations of the experimental method and any systematic errors.

Students should be encouraged to consider unresolved questions in their research, and to suggest new questions and areas for further investigation in their conclusion. Throughout the whole of the essay, students should emphasize clearly their own personal contribution.

Interpreting the assessment criteria

Criterion A: research question

Many research questions can be formulated as an actual question or questions. A typical example is: “What gas is evolved when zinc is added to copper (II) sulfate solution and what factors affect its formation?”. However, in chemistry extended essays it is perfectly reasonable to formulate the research question as a statement or as a hypothesis rather than an actual question. “An analysis of the amount of aluminium in three different brands of underarm deodorant by visible spectroscopy” and “The kinetics of oxidation of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide in acidic solutions” are two such examples where a statement rather than a question is appropriate. Whichever way it is formulated, it should be identified clearly as the research question and set out prominently in the introduction.

Criterion B: introduction

The purpose of the introduction is to set the research question into context, that is, to relate the research question to existing knowledge in chemistry. It is usually appropriate to include also the underlying chemical theory required to understand how the research question has arisen. Some research questions require some background knowledge that is not related to chemistry—for example, “Do the fossils found in different strata of rocks at a particular location contain different amounts of sulfur?” . For the essay to make sense, it would be important to state the ages of the rocks and give some geological background. In such cases, only the essential non-chemistry information should be provided in the introduction, as the essay will be marked on its chemical content. If it is necessary to include more non-chemistry (for example, geological) information, then the appropriate place for it is the appendix.

Criterion C: investigation

The way in which the investigation is undertaken will depend very much on whether or not the essay contains experimental work performed by the student. For non-experimental essays, students should endeavour to show clearly how the data has been selected. They should distinguish between primary sources (original scientific publications, personal communications, interviews) and secondary sources (textbooks, newspaper articles, reviews), and show awareness of how reliable these sources are. For experimental work, sufficient information should be provided so that the work could be repeated if necessary by an independent worker. Students should make it clear which experiments they have designed themselves and which they have altered, adapted or improved from existing methods.

Criterion D: knowledge and understanding of the topic studied

Students should show that they understand fully the underlying chemistry behind the context of their research question and their subsequent investigation. They are not expected to explain basic chemistry forming part of the Diploma Programme chemistry course, but they are expected to show that they fully understand the relevant principles and ideas and can apply them correctly. They should also demonstrate that they understand the theory behind any techniques or apparatus used.

Criterion E: reasoned argument

Students should be aware of the need to give their essays the backbone of a developing argument. A good argument in chemistry will almost certainly include consideration and comparison of different approaches and methods directly relevant to the research question. Straightforward descriptive or narrative accounts that lack analysis do not usually advance an argument and should be avoided.

Criterion F: application of analytical and evaluative skills appropriate to the subject

A thorough understanding of the reliability of all data used to support the argument should be shown. Inadequate experimental design or any systematic errors should be exposed. The magnitude of uncertainties in physical data should be evaluated and discussed. Approximations in models should be accounted for and all assumptions examined thoroughly. Where possible, the quality of sources accessed or data generated should be verified by secondary sources or by direct calculations.

Criterion G: use of language appropriate to the subject

Correct chemical terminology and nomenclature should be used consistently and effectively throughout the extended essay. Relevant chemical formulas (including structural formulas), balanced equations (including state symbols) and mechanisms should be included. The correct units for physical quantities must always be given and the proper use of significant figures is expected.

Criterion H: conclusion

The conclusion must be consistent with the argument presented and should not merely repeat material in the introduction or introduce new or extraneous points to the argument. In chemistry, it is almost always pertinent to consider unresolved questions and to suggest areas for further investigation.

Criterion I: formal presentation

This criterion relates to the extent to which the essay conforms to academic standards about the way in which research papers should be presented. The presentation of essays that omit a bibliography or that do not give references is deemed unacceptable (level 0). Essays that omit one of the required elements—title page, table of contents, page numbers—are deemed no better than satisfactory (maximum level 2), while essays that omit two of them are deemed poor at best (maximum level 1).

The essay must not exceed 4,000 words of narrative. Graphs, figures, calculations, diagrams, formulas and equations are not included in the word count. For experiments where numerical results are calculated from data obtained by changing one of the variables, it is generally good practice to show one example of the calculation. The remainder can be displayed in tabular or graphical form.

Criterion J: abstract

The abstract is judged on the clarity with which it presents an overview of the research and the essay, not on the quality of the research question itself, nor on the quality of the argument or the conclusions.

Criterion K: holistic judgment

Qualities that are rewarded under this criterion include the following.

Intellectual initiative: Ways of demonstrating this in chemistry essays include the choice of topic and research question, and the use of novel or innovative approaches to address the research question.

Insight and depth of understanding: These are most likely to be demonstrated as a consequence of detailed research and thorough reflection, and by a well-informed and reasoned argument that consistently and effectively addresses the research question.

Originality and creativity: These will be apparent by clear evidence of a personal approach backed up by solid research and reasoning.

The assessment criteria

Past essay titles

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113 Caffeine Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Caffeine Essay Topic Ideas & Examples: Exploring the Effects, Benefits, and Risks of Caffeine Consumption

Introduction

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed substances in the world. From coffee and tea to energy drinks and chocolate, caffeine can be found in various forms. While it is known for its ability to provide a temporary energy boost and increase alertness, caffeine also has its fair share of controversies. In this article, we will explore 113 caffeine essay topic ideas and provide examples to help you dive deeper into the effects, benefits, and risks associated with caffeine consumption.

Effects of Caffeine

• The impact of caffeine on cognitive performance
• Exploring the relationship between caffeine and memory
• Does caffeine enhance creativity?
• The effects of caffeine on reaction time and motor skills
• Investigating the influence of caffeine on attention and focus
• How does caffeine affect sleep quality and quantity?
• The impact of caffeine on mood and mental well-being
• Caffeine's role in reducing the risk of Parkinson's disease
• Examining the effects of caffeine on depression and anxiety
• The relationship between caffeine and stress levels

Benefits of Caffeine

• The role of caffeine in boosting physical performance and endurance
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on fat metabolism and weight loss
• Can caffeine improve athletic performance?
• Exploring the potential benefits of caffeine for individuals with asthma
• The impact of caffeine on headache relief and pain management
• Does caffeine have neuroprotective properties against diseases like Alzheimer's?
• Can caffeine reduce the risk of liver diseases, such as cirrhosis?
• Investigating the potential benefits of caffeine on skin health
• The role of caffeine in reducing the risk of certain types of cancer
• Exploring the effects of caffeine on gastrointestinal disorders, such as constipation

Risks and Side Effects of Caffeine

• Investigating the link between caffeine consumption and heart health
• The impact of caffeine on blood pressure and hypertension
• Does caffeine increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke?
• The relationship between caffeine and gastrointestinal disorders, such as acid reflux
• Exploring the potential risks of caffeine consumption during pregnancy
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on fertility and reproductive health
• Can caffeine worsen symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
• The impact of caffeine on bone health and osteoporosis risk
• Does caffeine increase the risk of urinary incontinence?
• Investigating the potential risks of caffeine addiction and withdrawal symptoms

Caffeine in Different Beverages and Foods

• Comparing the caffeine content in coffee, tea, and energy drinks
• Investigating the caffeine concentration in different types of tea
• The role of caffeine in different types of chocolate and cocoa products
• Exploring the caffeine content in soft drinks and sodas
• Does decaffeinated coffee still contain caffeine? A closer look
• The impact of brewing methods on caffeine extraction from coffee
• Investigating the caffeine content in energy shots and pre-workout supplements
• Comparing the caffeine content in different brands of energy drinks
• Does caffeine content vary in different types of coffee beans?
• The role of caffeine in herbal teas and its potential health benefits

Caffeine and Mental Health

• Investigating the link between caffeine consumption and ADHD symptoms
• The impact of caffeine on sleep disorders, such as insomnia
• Can caffeine worsen symptoms of panic disorder and anxiety disorders?
• Exploring the relationship between caffeine and bipolar disorder
• The role of caffeine in reducing the risk of suicide
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Does caffeine affect individuals with schizophrenia differently?
• The impact of caffeine on individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Exploring the potential benefits of caffeine for individuals with autism
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on individuals with attention deficit disorder (ADD)

Caffeine and Children

• The impact of caffeine consumption on children's behavior and hyperactivity
• Does caffeine affect children's growth and development?
• Investigating the link between caffeine consumption and childhood obesity
• The role of caffeine in childhood sleep disorders
• Exploring the effects of caffeine on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Investigating the potential risks of caffeine addiction in children
• Can caffeine increase the risk of bedwetting in children?
• The impact of caffeine on children's dental health
• Does caffeine consumption affect academic performance in children?
• The role of caffeine in childhood migraines and headaches

Caffeine and Aging

• Investigating the effects of caffeine on cognitive decline in older adults
• The impact of caffeine on age-related memory impairment
• Does caffeine reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
• Exploring the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease in older adults
• The role of caffeine in reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia)
• Can caffeine improve age-related hearing loss?
• The impact of caffeine on bone health in older adults
• Does caffeine affect sleep patterns in older individuals?
• Investigating the potential benefits of caffeine for age-related depression

Caffeine and Drug Interactions

• Exploring the interactions between caffeine and common medications
• The impact of caffeine on the effectiveness of birth control pills
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on antidepressant medications
• Can caffeine interfere with the absorption of certain antibiotics?
• The role of caffeine in altering the effects of antiepileptic drugs
• Exploring the potential interactions between caffeine and antipsychotics
• The impact of caffeine on blood-thinning medications
• Does caffeine affect the metabolism of statin medications?
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on the effectiveness of painkillers
• Can caffeine interfere with the absorption of certain vitamins and minerals?

Caffeine and Genetics

• Exploring the genetic factors that influence caffeine metabolism
• The impact of genetic variations on caffeine sensitivity
• Investigating the relationship between caffeine and genetic markers for obesity
• Does caffeine affect individuals with specific genetic mutations differently?
• The role of genetics in determining caffeine addiction and withdrawal symptoms
• Exploring the genetic basis for caffeine-induced anxiety or panic attacks
• The impact of genetic variations on caffeine's effects on sleep patterns
• Investigating the genetic factors that influence the risk of caffeine-related heart problems
• Can genetic testing help individuals determine their optimal caffeine consumption?
• The role of genetics in caffeine-related gastrointestinal disorders

Caffeine and Society

• The history and cultural significance of caffeine consumption
• Exploring the social rituals and traditions associated with caffeine consumption
• The impact of caffeine marketing on consumer behavior
• Does caffeine play a role in social interactions and bonding?
• Investigating the influence of caffeine on productivity and work performance
• The role of caffeine in enhancing academic performance and studying habits
• Exploring the prevalence of caffeine use among different age groups and demographics
• The impact of caffeine on driving performance and road safety
• Does caffeine consumption contribute to environmental issues?
• Investigating the potential role of caffeine in addiction and substance abuse

Caffeine and Mental Disorders

• Exploring the link between caffeine and eating disorders
• The impact of caffeine on individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
• Investigating the relationship between caffeine and self-harm behaviors
• Does caffeine affect individuals with personality disorders differently?
• The role of caffeine in individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
• Exploring the potential effects of caffeine on individuals with narcissistic personality disorder
• The impact of caffeine on individuals with social anxiety disorder
• Investigating the link between caffeine and individuals with borderline personality disorder
• Can caffeine worsen symptoms of individuals with postpartum depression?
• The role of caffeine in individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Caffeine and Technology

• The impact of caffeine on sleep patterns in the age of technology
• Exploring the relationship between caffeine and screen time addiction
• Investigating the effects of caffeine on digital detox and mindfulness practices

Caffeine consumption is a topic that offers endless possibilities for exploration. Whether you are interested in its effects on physical performance, mental health, or society as a whole, these 113 essay topic ideas provide a starting point for your research and discussions. Remember to critically analyze the available evidence and consider both the benefits and risks associated with caffeine consumption.

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IB Extended Essay: 250+ Ideas and Guide

Charles Whitehouse

What is the IB Extended Essay?

The Extended Essay , along with the Creativity, Activity, Service component and Theory of Knowledge , forms an integral part of the IB Diploma Programme . It offers IB high school students an opportunity to explore a topic of personal interest in-depth, develop research and writing skills, and experience the rigours of academic investigation.

One of the distinguishing features of the IB Extended Essay is its length. It requires students to write a substantial essay of up to 4,000 words, which is equivalent to about 16-20 pages. This allows students to delve into their chosen subject matter and demonstrate their ability to engage with complex ideas.

Over 88,000 IBDP students across the globe undertook the Extended Essay in 2022 as part of their IB Diploma requirements. It has been lauded as an effective preparation for university-level research and writing, helping students develop critical thinking, analytical, and independent research skills.

The Extended Essay is an opportunity for students to apply the knowledge and skills gained from their chosen subjects in a multidisciplinary manner. It encourages interdisciplinary exploration, enabling students to connect different areas of knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

In order to successfully complete the Extended Essay, students must adhere to a structured process that includes selecting a research question, conducting thorough research, organising their findings, and presenting their analysis and conclusions in a coherent manner. By undertaking the IB Extended Essay, students not only enhance their academic skills but also develop essential skills such as time management, critical thinking, and independent inquiry.

How to Choose Your Extended Essay Research Question?

Choosing a research question for your IB Extended Essay is a crucial step that sets the direction and scope of your investigation. Here are some key considerations to keep in mind when selecting your research question:

1. Personal Interest: Choose a topic that genuinely interests you. Passion for the subject matter will fuel your motivation and dedication throughout the research process.

2. Feasibility: Ensure that your research question is manageable within the constraints of the Extended Essay. Consider the availability of resources, time required for research and analysis, and the scope of the topic.

3. Specificity: Formulate a research question that is focused and specific. A broad question may lead to a lack of depth in your analysis, while a narrow question may limit the availability of relevant sources and data.

4. Relevance: Select a research question that is relevant to the subject you are investigating. It should align with the objectives and content of the chosen subject area.

5. Novelty: Aim for a research question that offers a unique perspective or contributes to existing knowledge. Originality in your approach and analysis can make your Extended Essay stand out.

6. Consultation: Seek guidance from your teachers, mentors, or IB tutors . They can provide valuable insights and help you refine your research question.

Remember that your research question will shape the entire trajectory of your Extended Essay, so take the time to carefully consider and refine it before proceeding with your research.

Now, let's explore a variety of ideas for each subject, providing you with a diverse range of potential topics to consider for your IB Extended Essay.

Top 10 IB Extended Essay Subjects in 2022

Extended Essay Ideas for Each Subject

1. How Do Fibonacci Sequences Apply in Real World Scenarios?

2. Do Fractals Have a Role in Modelling Weather Patterns?

3. Is the Monty Hall Problem Really Counter-Intuitive? A Statistical Analysis.

4. To What Extent Does the Golden Ratio Appear in Architecture?

5. How Does Bayesian Probability Predict Election Outcomes?

6. The Role of Game Theory in the Cold War: A Mathematical Perspective.

7. Can Catastrophe Theory Model Stock Market Crashes?

8. How Effective are Neural Networks in Predicting Future Events?

9. A Study of the Mathematical Strategies Employed in Chess.

10. Comparing the Accuracy of Different Numerical Methods for Solving Differential Equations.

11. Is Bitcoin's Value Deterministic or Stochastic?

12. How Does Voronoi Diagram Optimize Emergency Service Locations?

13. Using the Markov Chain to Predict Weather Patterns.

14. To What Extent is RSA Encryption Secure?

15. How Does Linear Algebra Apply in Computer Graphics?

16. An Investigation into the Math Behind Google's PageRank Algorithm.

17. How Effective is the Math Behind Machine Learning Algorithms?

18. Exploring the Effect of Maths in Optimising Traffic Flow.

19. Are There Mathematical Patterns in Successful Lottery Numbers?

20. How Efficiently Can Prime Numbers Be Generated?

Have a look at our comprehensive set of IB Study Notes and IB Practice Questions , developed by expert IB teachers and examiners!

English Literature

1. The Role of Feminism in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.

2. A Study of Racial Identity in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye.

3. Is Hamlet Truly Mad or Just Pretending? An Analysis.

4. The Impact of Post-Colonialism in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart.

5. How Does Orwell Use Language to Depict Dystopia in 1984?

6. The Influence of Gothic Elements in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights.

7. The Depiction of Mental Illness in Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar.

8. The Role of Nature in William Wordsworth's Romantic Poetry.

9. The Effect of Social Hierarchy in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.

10. How Does Harper Lee Convey Themes of Racial Injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird?

11. Exploring Gender Stereotypes in George Eliot's Middlemarch.

12. The Role of Supernatural in Shakespeare's Macbeth.

13. Exploring the Influence of Marxism in George Orwell's Animal Farm.

14. A Study of Homosexuality in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray.

15. How Does Virginia Woolf Explore Feminism in Mrs Dalloway?

16. The Depiction of War in Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front.

17. The Role of the American Dream in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.

18. The Use of Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.

19. A Study of Isolation in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.

20. The Impact of Social Class in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations.

1. How Do Different pH Levels Affect the Activity of Enzymes in Yeast?

2. Investigating the Effects of Light Intensity on the Rate of Photosynthesis.

3. How Does Temperature Affect the Germination of Seeds?

4. Impact of Varying Salinity Levels on Brine Shrimp Survival Rates.

5. The Role of Epigenetics in Gene Expression: Case Study on Identical Twins.

6. To What Extent Do Different Antibiotics Inhibit Bacterial Growth?

7. How Does Caffeine Affect the Heart Rate of Daphnia?

8. An Investigation into the Impact of Pollution on Local Plant Diversity.

9. The Impact of Various Drugs on the Pulsation Rate of Lumbriculus variegatus.

10. Comparing the Efficacy of Natural Vs. Synthetic Pesticides on Plant Growth.

11. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity: A Literature Review.

12. Does the Level of Vitamin C in Oranges Change Over Time?

13. How Do Different Types of Soil Affect Earthworm Activity?

14. Investigating the Correlation Between Altitude and Plant Biodiversity.

15. Analysis of Microplastic Concentration in Local Freshwater Bodies.

16. Impact of Noise Pollution on Birdsong: A Case Study.

17. A Comparison of Antibacterial Properties in Manuka Honey Vs. Regular Honey.

18. The Effect of Different Light Wavelengths on the Growth of Pea Plants.

19. How Does Exercise Intensity Impact Blood Glucose Levels?

20. Is There a Correlation Between Water pH and Aquatic Life Diversity?

1. How Does Temperature Affect the Rate of Reaction in the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide?

2. Investigating the Effectiveness of Different Antacids on Stomach Acid.

3. A Comparative Study on the Vitamin C Concentration in Different Citrus Fruits.

4. How Does Cooking Time Affect the Vitamin C Levels in Vegetables?

5. To What Extent Does Enzyme Concentration Affect the Fermentation of Yeast?

6. Analysis of Caffeine Content in Different Types of Tea .

7. The Effect of Different Factors on the Corrosion of Iron.

8. How Does the Concentration of Sodium Chloride Affect the Electrolysis of Water?

9. Comparing the Energy Output of Different Biofuels.

10. The Effect of Temperature on the Crystal Size in the Recrystallisation Process.

11. Comparing the Acidities of Natural and Processed Foods.

12. Investigating the Effect of Various Catalysts on the Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition.

13. Synthesis of Aspirin: A Study on the Purity of the Product.

14. Comparing the Efficiency of Different Types of Solar Panels.

15. Investigating the Impact of Carbonation on pH Levels in Various Soft Drinks.

16. The Effect of Chelating Agents on the Solubility of Metal Ions.

17. A Study on the Photodegradation of Dyes Using Titanium Dioxide.

18. How Do Different Sugar Types Affect Fermentation Rates in Yeast?

19. Analysis of Water Hardness in Various Local Water Supplies.

20. Investigating the Efficacy of Different Water Filtration Methods in Removing Heavy Metals.

1. Investigating the Relationship Between the Drop Height and Crater Size in a Simulated Impact.

2. How Does the Angle of Incidence Affect the Efficiency of a Solar Panel?

3. Analysing the Relationship Between the Length of a Pendulum and Its Period.

4. To What Extent Does the Mass of a Projectile Affect Its Range?

5. Investigating the Factors Affecting the Drag Force on a Falling Object.

6. A Study on the Efficiency of Different Insulating Materials in Reducing Heat Loss.

7. How Does the Depth of Water Affect Wave Speed?

8. The Relationship Between the Angle of Release and the Distance Traveled by a Trebuchet.

9. Investigating the Effect of Surface Area on Terminal Velocity.

10. How Does the Thickness of a Wire Affect Its Electrical Resistance?

11. The Impact of Varying Air Pressure on the Lift Force of an Airfoil.

12. Analysing the Relationship Between the Magnitude of an Earthquake and the Distance from the Epicentre.

13. Investigating the Factors Affecting the Speed of Sound in Different Media.

14. How Does the Concentration of a Solution Affect Its Refractive Index?

15. The Effect of Various Materials on the Absorption of Radiation.

16. A Study on the Efficiency of Wind Turbines at Different Wind Speeds.

17. Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity of Liquids.

18. How Does the Type of Material Affect the Transmission of Sound Waves?

19. The Relationship Between the Angle of a Ramp and the Frictional Force Acting on an Object.

20. A Study on the Factors Affecting the Strength of Electromagnets.

1. The Impact of Social Media on Teenagers' Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Study.

2. Investigating the Role of Parenting Styles in Child Development.

3. The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performance.

4. How Does Classical Conditioning Apply in Advertising Strategies?

5. The Impact of Colour on Consumer Behaviour: A Study in Retail Settings.

6. The Role of Social Support in Coping with Stress.

7. To What Extent Does Personality Influence Career Success?

8. Investigating the Effect of Group Dynamics on Decision Making.

9. The Impact of Music on Cognitive Task Performance.

10. A Study on the Effectiveness of Different Techniques for Reducing Test Anxiety.

11. The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance.

12. Analysing the Impact of Stereotype Threat on Test Performance.

13. Investigating the Factors Affecting the Formation of False Memories.

14. How Does the Bystander Effect Manifest in Online Settings?

15. The Role of Mindfulness in Reducing Stress and Anxiety.

16. Analysing the Impact of Gender Stereotypes on Occupational Choices.

17. Investigating the Influence of Cultural Background on Conflict Resolution Styles.

18. The Impact of Video Games on Aggression: A Meta-Analysis.

19. A Study on the Factors Affecting Altruistic Behaviour.

20. The Role of Attachment Styles in Romantic Relationships.

1. Investigating the Impact of Unemployment on Crime Rates in Urban Areas.

2. The Effect of Immigration on Wage Levels: A Case Study.

3. To What Extent Does Government Spending Influence Economic Growth?

4. A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Impact of Tourism in Coastal Vs. Inland Regions.

5. Assessing the Impact of Brexit on the UK's Trade Balance.

6. The Role of Microfinance in Alleviating Poverty in Rural India.

7. Investigating the Effects of Minimum Wage Policies on Small Businesses.

8. The Impact of Covid-19 on the Global Supply Chain: A Study on the Auto Industry.

9. How Do Oil Prices Affect Inflation Rates? A Historical Analysis.

10. A Study on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth.

11. The Effect of Trade Tariffs on Domestic Industries: The Case of US-China Trade War.

12. The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Economic Development of Emerging Markets.

13. To What Extent Does Education Contribute to Economic Productivity?

14. The Impact of Climate Change Policies on the Energy Sector.

15. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy in Combating Recessions.

16. The Role of the Informal Economy in Urban Development: A Case Study.

17. Investigating the Correlation Between Real Estate Prices and Economic Growth.

18. The Impact of Population Aging on Healthcare Expenditure .

19. Assessing the Economic Consequences of Natural Disasters: A Case Study.

20. The Effect of Technological Advancements on Employment Rates in the Manufacturing Sector.

Business Management

1. The Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee Motivation in Tech Start-ups.

2. How Does Corporate Social Responsibility Influence Brand Image?

3. The Role of Human Resource Management in Employee Retention.

4. Investigating the Impact of E-commerce on Traditional Retail Businesses.

5. How Do Changes in Interest Rates Affect Small Business Financing?

6. The Role of Innovation in the Competitive Advantage of Businesses.

7. Investigating the Effects of Workplace Diversity on Team Performance.

8. The Impact of Organisational Culture on Employee Job Satisfaction.

9. How Does Supply Chain Management Affect the Profitability of Manufacturing Firms?

10. The Role of Digital Marketing in Enhancing Customer Engagement.

11. Assessing the Impact of Brexit on the Business Strategy of UK-based Companies.

12. The Effect of Ethical Practices on Business Reputation.

13. Investigating the Role of Strategic Alliances in Enhancing Market Position.

14. The Impact of Covid-19 on Remote Work Policies: A Case Study.

15. How Does Customer Relationship Management Influence Customer Loyalty?

16. The Effect of Government Regulations on Startup Ecosystem.

17. Evaluating the Role of Corporate Governance in Financial Performance.

18. The Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Employee Morale.

19. The Effect of Green Initiatives on Business Sustainability.

20. The Role of Business Intelligence in Decision-making.

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1. Investigating the Impact of Urbanisation on Local Biodiversity: A Case Study.

2. The Role of Climate Change in the Spread of Vector-borne Diseases.

3. The Effect of River Diversions on Local Ecosystems.

4. Assessing the Impact of Deforestation on Local Climate: A Case Study.

5. The Role of Tourism in the Sustainable Development of Coastal Regions.

6. Investigating the Impact of Gentrification on Urban Neighbourhoods: A Case Study.

7. The Effect of Climate Change on the Availability of Freshwater Resources.

8. Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Practices on Soil Erosion in Rural Areas.

9. Analysing the Relationship Between Population Density and Transportation Infrastructure.

10. The Role of Renewable Energy in Reducing Carbon Emissions: A Case Study.

11. Investigating the Impact of Land Reclamation on Coastal Ecosystems.

12. The Effect of Urban Sprawl on Air Quality in Major Cities.

13. Assessing the Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Sea Level Rise.

14. The Impact of Industrialisation on River Water Quality: A Case Study.

15. How Does Waste Management Affect the Sustainability of Urban Areas?

16. Investigating the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Spatial Segregation.

17. The Role of Urban Green Spaces in Enhancing Residents' Well-being.

18. The Impact of Natural Disasters on Economic Development in Small Island Nations.

19. Analysing the Factors Affecting the Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanic Activity.

20. The Effect of Land Use Change on Flood Risk in Urban Areas.

Computer Science

1. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Different Machine Learning Algorithms in Predicting Stock Prices.

2. Investigating the Impact of Encryption Techniques on Data Security.

3. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Automating Routine Tasks.

4. How Does the Implementation of Blockchain Technology Affect Supply Chain Management?

5. Assessing the Impact of Social Media Algorithms on User Behaviour.

6. The Effect of Augmented Reality on the User Experience in Mobile Applications.

7. Investigating the Feasibility of Quantum Computing in Solving Complex Problems.

8. The Role of Big Data Analytics in Enhancing Business Decision-making.

9. Analysing the Factors Affecting the Adoption of Cloud Computing by SMEs.

10. The Impact of Cybersecurity Measures on the Prevention of Data Breaches.

11. Investigating the Ethical Implications of Facial Recognition Technology.

12. The Effect of Internet of Things on Energy Efficiency in Smart Homes.

13. Assessing the Impact of Virtual Reality on Gaming Industry.

14. The Role of Natural Language Processing in Enhancing Human-Computer Interaction.

15. How Does the Development of Autonomous Vehicles Affect Traffic Management?

16. Investigating the Scalability Issues in Distributed Systems.

17. The Effect of Software Development Methodologies on Project Success Rates.

18. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Job Market: A Case Study.

19. Analysing the Factors Affecting the Performance of Mobile Networks.

20. The Role of Bioinformatics in Personalised Medicine.

Environmental Systems and Societies

1. Investigating the Impact of E-waste on Soil and Water Quality.

2. The Effect of Climate Change on Coral Reef Ecosystems.

3. Assessing the Impact of Invasive Species on Native Biodiversity.

4. The Role of Sustainable Agriculture in Reducing Environmental Degradation.

5. Analysing the Factors Affecting the Ozone Layer Depletion.

6. The Impact of Plastic Pollution on Marine Life: A Case Study.

7. Investigating the Feasibility of Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies.

8. The Role of Urban Planning in Reducing Air Pollution in Cities.

9. The Effect of Overfishing on Marine Ecosystems: A Case Study.

10. Assessing the Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on Carbon Emissions.

11. Investigating the Relationship Between Deforestation and Climate Change.

12. The Impact of Industrial Pollution on Local Communities' Health: A Case Study.

13. The Role of Waste Management in Reducing Ocean Pollution.

14. The Effect of Pesticides on Soil Microorganism Diversity.

15. Assessing the Impact of Dams on River Ecosystems.

16. Investigating the Efficacy of Reforestation Efforts in Carbon Sequestration.

17. The Role of Environmental Education in Promoting Sustainable Consumption Behaviours.

18. The Effect of Acid Rain on Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study.

19. Analysing the Impact of Mining Activities on Local Water Quality.

20. The Role of Green Infrastructure in Enhancing Urban Sustainability.

Social and Cultural Anthropology

1. Investigating the Impact of Globalisation on Indigenous Cultures: A Case Study.

2. The Role of Language in Shaping Cultural Identity.

3. Analysing the Influence of Cultural Practices on Gender Roles.

4. The Effect of Migration on Cultural Assimilation: A Case Study.

5. The Impact of Western Media on Body Image Perceptions in Non-Western Societies.

6. Investigating the Relationship Between Religion and Social Norms in a Given Society.

7. The Role of Cultural Traditions in Shaping Food Habits.

8. The Impact of Social Media on Cultural Exchange: A Case Study.

9. Analysing the Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Educational Attainment.

10. The Effect of Colonialism on Cultural Diversity: A Case Study.

11. Investigating the Role of Folklore in Preserving Cultural Heritage.

12. The Impact of Urbanisation on Traditional Social Structures: A Case Study.

13. The Role of Music and Dance in Cultural Expression.

14. Analysing the Influence of Cultural Factors on Mental Health.

15. The Effect of Cultural Beliefs on Healthcare Practices: A Case Study.

16. Investigating the Impact of Tourism on Local Cultures.

17. The Role of Rituals and Ceremonies in Social Cohesion.

18. The Impact of Legal Systems on Gender Equality: A Comparative Study.

19. Analysing the Cultural Adaptations of Immigrants in a New Society.

20. The Role of Art and Literature in Reflecting Social Changes.

Visual Arts

1. Investigating the Influence of Social Issues on Banksy's Street Art.

2. The Impact of Japanese Art on Claude Monet’s Painting Style.

3. Analysing the Representation of Women in Renaissance Paintings.

4. The Role of Surrealism in Salvador Dali's Artistic Expression.

5. Investigating the Cultural Symbolism in Frida Kahlo’s Self-portraits.

6. The Impact of Pop Culture on Andy Warhol's Art .

7. Analysing the Use of Light and Shadow in Caravaggio's Paintings.

8. The Role of Spirituality in Wassily Kandinsky's Abstract Art.

9. The Influence of African Art on Picasso's Cubist Period.

10. The Depiction of War and Its Aftermath in Otto Dix's Works.

11. Investigating the Use of Colour in Mark Rothko’s Abstract Paintings.

12. The Role of Indigenous Culture in Emily Carr's Landscape Paintings.

13. Analysing the Evolution of Political Themes in Chinese Contemporary Art.

14. The Effect of the Harlem Renaissance on Aaron Douglas' Art.

15. Investigating the Use of Geometric Shapes in Kandinsky’s Abstract Art.

16. The Role of Dutch Culture and Society in Vermeer's Paintings.

17. The Depiction of Nature in Georgia O'Keeffe's Works.

18. Analysing the Impact of Feminism on Barbara Kruger's Art.

19. Investigating the Influence of Post-Impressionism on Vincent van Gogh’s Style.

20. The Representation of the American Dream in Edward Hopper's Paintings.

World Studies

1. Investigating the Global Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Mental Health.

2. The Effect of Climate Change on Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.

3. Analysing the Influence of Globalisation on Indigenous Cultures.

4. The Role of International Law in Resolving Border Disputes: A Case Study.

5. Investigating the Impact of Global Trade Policies on Developing Economies.

6. The Effect of Globalisation on Income Inequality: A Comparative Study.

7. Analysing the Influence of Western Media on Global Perceptions of Beauty.

8. The Role of International Organizations in Addressing the Refugee Crisis.

9. Investigating the Global Response to the Rise of Cybercrime.

10. The Impact of Climate Change on Natural Disaster Frequency and Severity Worldwide.

11. Analysing the Influence of Globalisation on Language Diversity.

12. The Role of Technology in Bridging the Education Gap in Developing Countries.

13. Investigating the Global Impact of Antibiotic Resistance.

14. The Effect of International Trade on Cultural Exchange: A Case Study.

15. Analysing the Impact of Global Warming on Polar Ecosystems.

16. The Role of the United Nations in Promoting Global Gender Equality.

17. Investigating the Impact of Social Media on Political Activism Worldwide.

18. The Effect of Globalisation on the Sustainability of Traditional Crafts.

19. Analysing the Global Strategies for Wildlife Conservation.

20. The Role of International Cooperation in Space Exploration.

How to Write a Great IB Extended Essay

Crafting an exceptional IB Extended Essay requires a combination of strategic planning, critical thinking, and effective writing. In this guide, we will provide you with valuable insights and practical advice to help you excel in your writing journey and produce an outstanding essay.

1. Develop a Clear and Coherent Structure : Creating a well-organised structure is crucial to convey your ideas effectively. Start by outlining the main sections and subtopics of your essay. Ensure a logical flow of information, with each paragraph building upon the previous one. This will guide the reader through your arguments and analysis smoothly.

2. Conduct Thorough and Methodical Research : Thorough research forms the foundation of a strong Extended Essay. Dive into reputable sources, including academic journals, books, and credible websites. Gather evidence, data, and expert opinions to support your arguments. Take meticulous notes and properly cite your sources to maintain academic integrity.

3. Apply Critical Thinking and Evaluation : Engage in critical analysis by examining and evaluating the evidence you've gathered. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of different viewpoints, theories, or methodologies. Develop your own informed perspective and present a well-reasoned argument supported by reliable evidence.

4. Craft Engaging and Coherent Paragraphs : Each paragraph should focus on a specific idea or argument, clearly stated in a topic sentence. Support your claims with evidence, examples, and relevant data. Use smooth transitions between paragraphs to ensure a cohesive and coherent essay.

5. Revise, Edit, and Proofread : Give yourself ample time for revising, editing, and proofreading your essay. Review your work for clarity, coherence, and consistency. Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. Consider seeking feedback from teachers, peers, or mentors to gain valuable insights and improve your essay further.

We asked one IB teacher what they had to say about writing a great essay:

"The key is to choose a topic that truly ignites your curiosity, one that you are passionate about exploring. Don't be afraid to think outside the box and delve into uncharted territories. Remember, this is your chance to showcase your unique perspective and make a meaningful contribution to your chosen field. Embrace the research process, be diligent in gathering reliable sources, and let your creativity shine through in your writing. And most importantly, enjoy the journey of discovery and growth that the Extended Essay offers."

Remember, the IB Extended Essay is an opportunity to demonstrate your intellectual curiosity, research skills, and ability to present a coherent argument. Choose a topic that genuinely interests you, stay organised throughout the process, and invest time in thoughtful analysis and writing. To maximise your chances of success, you may also want to purchase an Extended Essay textbook or get the help of an IB Extended Essay tutor .

IB Extended Essay Grade Distribution in 2022

Finding Reliable Sources for Your Extended Essay

When writing your IB Extended Essay, it is essential to rely on credible and trustworthy sources. Follow these strategies to find reliable information:

1. Use Academic Databases: Access reputable databases like JSTOR and PubMed to find scholarly articles and research papers relevant to your subject.

2. Consult Library Resources: Take advantage of books, encyclopaedias, and reference materials available in your school or local library.

3. Explore Digital Libraries: Visit digital libraries such as the Digital Public Library of America and Europeana for access to a wide range of digitised resources.

4. Evaluate Websites Carefully: Verify the credibility of the author or organisation, check for peer-reviewed articles or references, and consider the domain (.edu, .gov, or .org) for reliable information.

5. Utilise Scholarly Search Engines: Utilise specialised search engines like Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic to find academic publications.

6. Consult Subject-Specific Journals: Look for reputable journals in your field and review their latest issues for current research.

7. Seek Guidance from Librarians and Experts: Librarians and subject experts can offer valuable assistance in finding reliable sources and publications.

By following these strategies and critically evaluating the sources you find, you can ensure the credibility and integrity of your Extended Essay research. Reliable sources will strengthen your arguments and provide a solid foundation for your essay.

Strategies for Conducting Primary and Secondary Research

To conduct comprehensive primary and secondary research for your essay, consider the following strategies:

Primary Research

Surveys and Questionnaires: Create well-designed surveys or questionnaires to collect data directly from participants. Utilise online survey tools like Google Forms or SurveyMonkey for wider reach and convenient data analysis.

Interviews: Conduct interviews with subject experts, professionals, or individuals relevant to your research topic. Prepare insightful questions and record their responses for later analysis.

Experiments and Observations: Design and conduct controlled experiments or observations to gather firsthand data. Document procedures, measurements, and observations accurately.

Secondary Research

Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing scholarly articles, books, and reports. Analyse and synthesise the information to identify research gaps and contribute to the existing knowledge.

Online Databases: Utilise reputable academic databases such as PubMed, JSTOR, and IEEE Xplore to access peer-reviewed articles and research papers specific to your subject area.

Government and Institutional Sources: Explore official government websites, research repositories of educational institutions, and databases of international organisations for reliable data, reports, and statistics.

Subject-Specific Sources: Identify subject-specific journals, publications, and conferences related to your research topic. These sources provide up-to-date research and insights from experts in the field.

Remember to consider ethical considerations throughout your research process, including obtaining necessary permissions, maintaining confidentiality, and respecting the rights and privacy of participants. Documentation of your research methods, sources, and any challenges faced is crucial. Analyse and interpret your findings critically, using them as evidence to support your arguments and contribute to your overall analysis.

Formatting and Structure Guidelines for the IB Extended Essay

To ensure a well-organised and coherent IB Extended Essay, consider the following structure as a guideline:

1. Title Page : Include essential information such as the title, subject, research question, and candidate number. Refer to the official IB Extended Essay Guide for specific requirements.

2. Abstract: Provide a concise summary of your essay, outlining the main research question, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. Limit the abstract to 300 words.

3. Table of Contents : Create a clear and accurate table of contents that outlines the structure of your essay, including sections, subheadings, and page numbers.

4. Introduction : Start with an engaging introduction that presents the research question, provides background information, and explains the significance of the topic. Clearly state the aim and objectives of your research.

5. Body : The body of your essay should delve into your research in-depth. Organize your content into coherent paragraphs, each addressing a specific aspect of your research. Consider the following elements:

a. Literature Review: Provide an overview of the relevant literature and theories related to your research topic. Analyse existing research, highlight key concepts, and discuss any debates or gaps in knowledge.

b. Methodology: Describe the research methodology employed, including the research design, data collection methods, and ethical considerations. Explain why the chosen methods are appropriate for addressing your research question.

c. Data Analysis and Findings: Present your findings based on the data collected. Use appropriate analysis techniques, such as statistical analysis or qualitative coding, to interpret your data and draw meaningful conclusions. Include tables, charts, or graphs to support your findings.

d. Discussion: Analyse and interpret your findings in the context of your research question. Explore the implications of your results, compare them with existing research, and discuss any limitations or challenges encountered during the research process.

6. Conclusion : Summarise your key findings, address your research question, and draw meaningful conclusions based on your analysis. Reflect on the implications and broader significance of your research. Highlight any recommendations for future research or areas for further exploration.

7. References : Include a comprehensive list of all sources consulted in your research. Follow the appropriate citation style (e.g., MLA, APA, or Chicago) for in-text citations and the bibliography. Accurately cite all sources, including books, articles, websites, and any other references used.

8. Appendices (if applicable): Include any supplementary materials, such as raw data, charts, graphs, or additional supporting evidence that are relevant to your research.

Typically, the Extended Essay has a word limit of around 4,000 words. It is important to note that this word count does not include footnotes, citations, and the bibliography. Additionally, the essay should be formatted using a standard font (e.g., Times New Roman or Arial) and a font size of 12 points. It is recommended to have double-spacing throughout the essay and to include page numbers.

The IB Extended Essay Assessment Criteria and Grading

The IB Extended Essay is assessed by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34. Your essay will be evaluated based on five criteria, each carrying a specific point value. It is crucial to comprehend these criteria and how they relate to letter grades to gauge your performance accurately. Here's an overview of the assessment criteria:

Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum) Demonstrate a clear research question and a well-defined approach. Show how you applied appropriate research methods to investigate your topic.

Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum) Display a strong understanding of the subject matter, relevant concepts, and theories. Support your arguments with accurate and relevant evidence.

Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum) Apply critical thinking skills to analyse and evaluate information, theories, and arguments. Demonstrate the ability to consider alternative viewpoints and draw well-reasoned conclusions.

Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum) Organize your essay effectively with a clear and logical structure. Use proper formatting, referencing, and citation methods consistently.

Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum) Engage in a reflective process throughout your research and writing. Show awareness of the strengths, limitations, and implications of your research.

To determine your letter grade, it is important to understand how the rubric assessment points correlate to the overall score. Here is a rough estimation of how the point values align with letter grades:

• 30-34: Excellent - A
• 25-29: Good - B
• 17-24: Satisfactory - C
• 9-16: Mediocre - D
• 0-8: Elementary - E

However, relying solely on these point values is not sufficient. It is crucial to thoroughly read and comprehend the specific grade descriptors provided by the IB. These descriptors offer comprehensive information about the expectations and criteria that examiners consider when assigning letter grades.

The grade you receive on your IB Extended Essay contributes to your overall International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme points score. The Extended Essay and Theory of Knowledge combined are worth up to 3 points of the total 45 points available for the IBDP .

IB Extended Essay and TOK points matrix

Final Thoughts

The IB Extended Essay is a challenging yet rewarding endeavour that allows high school students to showcase their research and analytical skills. With proper guidance and adherence to the assessment criteria, students have the opportunity to excel and achieve outstanding results. Embrace this opportunity to delve into a topic of interest, conduct in-depth research, and present your findings in a well-structured and engaging manner. Remember to consult reputable sources, seek guidance from your supervisor, and enjoy the journey of exploration and academic growth through the IB Extended Essay.

Is the IB Extended Essay hard?

The IB Extended Essay is undoubtedly a challenging undertaking, requiring significant effort and dedication, and is one of the hardest IB subjects . It is estimated that between 70% and 80% of IB students successfully complete the Extended Essay each year. Less than 14% of students received an A in the extended essay in 2022, showing its difficult.

Can you change your research question after starting the Extended Essay?

Yes, it is possible to change your research question after starting the Extended Essay. However, it is important to consult with your supervisor and ensure that the new research question still meets the requirements and aligns with the subject area you are pursuing.

When is the deadline to submit the Extended Essay?

The deadline to submit the Extended Essay can vary depending on the policies and timelines set by individual schools. In most cases, schools establish internal deadlines to ensure students have ample time to complete and revise their essays before the final submission. The typical deadline for submitting the Extended Essay is often set in the first half of the senior year, ranging from November to January. It is essential to check with your school's IB coordinator or Extended Essay coordinator for the specific deadline applicable to your academic institution.

Can you fail the Extended Essay?

Yes, it is possible to fail the Extended Essay if the work does not meet the required standards or does not fulfil the assessment criteria set by the IB. It is important to carefully follow the guidelines, seek guidance from your supervisor, and ensure your essay demonstrates strong research, analysis, and critical thinking skills. In 2022, 1.1% of students did not received no grade for their Extended Essays.

Can you fail the Extended Essay and still pass the IB?

Yes, it is possible to fail the Extended Essay and still pass the overall IB Diploma Programme. The Extended Essay contributes to a maximum of 3 points out of the total 45 points available for the diploma. Failing the Extended Essay means not earning any points from this component, but it does not necessarily mean failing the entire IB Diploma.

Can you collaborate with other students on the Extended Essay?

The IB allows limited collaboration with other students on the Extended Essay. While you can seek advice and support from others, it is important to maintain individual responsibility for your research, writing, and analysis. Collaboration should not compromise the integrity of your work, and any collaborative effort should be properly acknowledged and cited in your essay.

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Written by: Charles Whitehouse

Charles scored 45/45 on the International Baccalaureate and has six years' experience tutoring IB and IGCSE students and advising them with their university applications. He studied a double integrated Masters at Magdalen College Oxford and has worked as a research scientist and strategy consultant.

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The Pros and Cons of Caffeine

• by Eric Trexler
• Articles , Nutrition , Supplements

Note : This article was the MASS Research Review cover story for February 2024 and is a review of  a recent paper by Marcus et al . If you want more content like this,  subscribe to MASS .

• The present study examined the effects of acute caffeine consumption on cardiac arrhythmias, daily step counts, and sleep outcomes in 100 healthy adults. 
• Participants took more steps on coffee days (10,646 steps) than caffeine avoidance days (9665 steps). However, caffeine also led to less sleep (36 fewer minutes per night) and more daily premature ventricular contractions (p < 0.05).
• Caffeine isn’t inherently bad or unhealthy, but we still don’t fully understand its long-term impact on training adaptations and there are plenty of people who are better off without it. If you’re experiencing issues that could potentially be related to caffeine (e.g., headaches, poor sleep, anxiousness, etc.), experimenting with caffeine avoidance might be worthwhile.

Caffeine is one of the few fitness-related topics where the passion of fitness enthusiasts is matched, if not exceeded, by the general public. The interest from lifters is understandable, as meta-analyses indicate that caffeine can acutely enhance a variety of performance outcomes including strength and power (as covered in this MASS video ). Interest from non-lifters is equally understandable, as everyone could use a morning boost of energy and caffeinated beverages like tea and coffee play a prominent role in many cultures. Approximately 85% of American adults consume a caffeinated beverage daily ( 2 ), and some estimates place their average daily caffeine intake just north of 200 mg/day ( 3 ). That might sound like a lot, but average daily caffeine intakes in Sweden and Finland exceed 400 mg/day ( 3 ). To date, one of the top highlights of my career has been presenting at an incredible exercise science conference in Finland – having been there during a relatively cold month, I can vouch for the 400+ mg/day estimate. Coffee was virtually always within reach, and as a coffee lover, I was in heaven. 

Having said that, many governments advise citizens to limit their daily caffeine intake to no more than 300-400 mg/day, while some caution that daily intakes above 200 mg/day might lead to unwanted side effects like nervousness or anxiety ( 4 ). Caffeinated beverages are also in the news after two recent lawsuits attributed fatal cardiac arrhythmias to the consumption of a particular product at an American restaurant chain. I wouldn’t dare get between a coffee drinker and their morning dose of caffeine, but we shouldn’t turn a blind eye to caffeine’s potential drawbacks just because we enjoy its most desirable characteristics. Instead, we should consult the evidence to determine if the pros outweigh the cons, and that’s exactly what this article intends to do. Marcus et al ( 1 ) recently examined the effects of acute caffeine consumption on cardiac arrhythmias, daily step counts, and sleep outcomes, so let’s dive in and see what they found.

Purpose and Hypotheses

The purpose of the presently reviewed study was “to examine the effects of caffeinated coffee on cardiac ectopy and arrhythmias, daily step counts, sleep minutes, and serum glucose levels.”

The researchers did not explicitly state a hypothesis.

Subjects and Methods

The present study screened 113 potential participants and ended up enrolling 100 eligible adults who consumed caffeinated coffee at least once per year. The researchers excluded participants who had certain heart conditions, took certain medications impacting heart rhythms, or had a medical reason to avoid coffee. The study was a randomized crossover trial; participants were instructed to consume caffeinated coffee or avoid caffeine in a series of seven 2-day sequences (on-off or off-on), with the trial lasting 14 days in total. Each morning, participants received a text message informing them of their assigned condition (caffeinated coffee or no caffeine). These assignments were sent in a randomized order with two-day sequences to ensure that participants would never go more than two consecutive days with caffeine or more than two consecutive days without caffeine. 

The primary study outcome was premature atrial contractions, but other outcomes of interest included premature ventricular contractions, arrhythmias, step count, sleep minutes, and glucose levels. To measure these outcomes, participants were fitted with an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) patch, activity tracker (Fitbit), and continuous glucose monitor. The researchers took several steps to confirm protocol adherence; participants pressed a button on their ECG patch when they consumed caffeinated coffee, in addition to completing surveys, providing receipts, and downloading a geolocation app to confirm their presence in coffee shops. Participant characteristics are presented in Table 1.

Participants had more premature atrial and ventricular contractions during coffee days than caffeine avoidance days. This was statistically significant for premature ventricular contractions (p < 0.05), but not for premature atrial contractions (p = 0.10). These outcomes are presented in Table 2.

Participants took an average of 1058 additional steps on coffee days in comparison to caffeine avoidance days. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 441 to 1675. These data are presented in Figure 1. 

Participants got less sleep on coffee days (for a total of 397 minutes per night) than on caffeine avoidance days (for a total of 432 minutes per night). This mean difference of ~36 minutes was statistically significant (p < 0.05), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 25 to 47 minutes. These data are presented in Figure 2.

Average blood glucose levels were not meaningfully impacted by coffee or caffeine avoidance. Average glucose levels were 95 mg/dL on coffee days and 96 mg/dL on caffeine avoidance days (mean difference = -0.41 mg/dL; 95% CI, -5.42 to 4.60 mg/dL). In past MASS articles ( one , two ), we’ve talked about how certain genotypes are associated with faster caffeine metabolism, while other genotypes are associated with slower caffeine metabolism. In the present study, these genotypes did not have a consistent impact on outcomes. Participants with faster genotypes tended to have more premature ventricular contractions on coffee days, whereas participants with slower genotypes tended to experience larger sleep reductions on coffee days. In other words, there was a tendency for fast metabolizers to have better sleep-related outcomes, but worse heart-related outcomes. Genotype had virtually no impact on step count responses to caffeine.

Interpretation

We’ve presented the case “for” caffeine on many occasions within the pages of MASS, and it’s an easy case to make. First and foremost, people love caffeine and the beverages that carry it. Across numerous countries, the vast majority of adults consume caffeinated beverages on a regular basis because they love the beverage itself or enjoy a quick energy boost. In addition, meta-analyses indicate that acute caffeine consumption improves a variety of exercise-related outcomes including endurance, strength, and power ( 5 ). On top of all that, the presently reviewed study suggests that caffeine consumption can boost the amount of physical activity you accrue throughout the day, which is generally favorable for health-related outcomes. Nonetheless, against my better judgment, my goal in this article is to present the case “against” caffeine.

Many lifters and athletes refuse to entertain the idea of ditching caffeine because they are hesitant to forego the ergogenic (performance-enhancing) effect of caffeine consumption. While that perspective is understandable, there are valid reasons to challenge (or at least question) the premise. First and foremost, it’s important to recognize that caffeine’s effects on strength and power outcomes tend to be modest in magnitude, with meta-analyses reporting Cohen’s d effect sizes in the 0.1 to 0.3 range ( 5 ). That’s a respectable effect size for a dietary supplement (given that so few of them actually work), but it’s certainly not going to make a game-changing impact in the long run. Speaking of the long run, I’ve noted in a previous MASS article that cross-sectional caffeine supplementation studies report acute performance improvements in habitual caffeine users ( 6 ). However, there are very few longitudinal studies that actually quantify caffeine’s performance-enhancing effects over an extended timeline of repeated use. One such study ( 7 ) was previously reviewed in MASS, and the results hinted at reduced effect sizes over the course of 20 days. There’s also a glaring lack of studies exploring the effects of caffeine withdrawal on exercise performance. So, despite cross-sectional studies reporting acute performance enhancement when habitual caffeine users consume pre-exercise caffeine ( 6 ), it’s often difficult to determine if caffeine is merely overcoming performance impairments induced by caffeine withdrawal symptoms. In such a scenario, caffeine would be restoring typical performance levels rather than elevating performance beyond an individual’s typical level. Based on the lack of direct evidence related to these considerations, it’s hard to definitively conclude that routinely supplementing with caffeine before exercise will meaningfully boost performance in the long run.

On a related note, there are very few studies exploring chronic training adaptations in response to habitual pre-exercise caffeine supplementation. People often assume that caffeine must facilitate better training adaptations over time because it acutely enhances performance. While it’s intuitive to assume that acutely enhancing training performance will inevitably lead to better training adaptations over time, that’s not always the case . Some folks draw conclusions about chronic caffeine consumption based on multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement studies , but this is a risky extrapolation to make. Pre-workout supplements typically contain caffeine in conjunction with several other ergogenic ingredients, which makes it difficult to discern the effects attributable to caffeine itself. We previously reviewed a study ( 8 ) that directly investigated the effects of regular caffeine supplementation on chronic training adaptations. While the results leaned very slightly in favor of the caffeine group (compared to the placebo group), the findings were not statistically significant. In summary, we still don’t know if chronic pre-exercise caffeine supplementation actually improves training adaptations for lifters.

While habituation is an important consideration for chronic caffeine use, sleep impairment is as well. Back in 2013, a study by Drake and colleagues ( 9 ) sought to determine how the timing of caffeine consumption impacts sleep quality. Participants either consumed no caffeine or consumed 400mg of caffeine 0, 3, and 6 hours prior to bed. Results indicated that caffeine impaired sleep quality at all time points measured. While this is often misinterpreted as suggesting that you should stop consuming caffeine 6 hours before bed, the results actually don’t help us determine when the “ideal” cut-off time would be. Knowing that caffeine impairs sleep 6 hours before bed doesn’t give us any evidence indicating that sleep is not impaired when caffeine is consumed 7 hours before bed. As reviewed in a previous issue of MASS, a recent meta-regression ( 10 ) provides much more practical guidance regarding caffeine timing. As you might expect, Gardiner and colleagues found that caffeine dose impacted caffeine timing with regards to sleep disruption. They concluded that you’d want to consume a 217.5mg dose at least 13 hours before bed and a 107mg dose at least 9 hours before bed, whereas smaller doses (<50mg) don’t seem to meaningfully impact sleep quality. These findings are summarized in Figure 3. I believe it’s safe to assume that these doses should be viewed as cumulative in nature; if you have 100mg at 9 a.m. and 100mg at 1 p.m., the “dose” at 1 p.m. would be greater than 100mg but lower than 200mg, as only a small portion of the 11 a.m. dose would be metabolized and cleared from the bloodstream by 1 p.m.

The presently reviewed study found positive effects on step counts, but it broadly reinforces concerns about caffeine intake and sleep quality impairment. Caffeine lovers often downplay these concerns by leaning on one of two justifications: habituation or genotype. If you dig into the supplementary materials of the present study, you’ll find partial support for these justifications. For example, some people suggest that they’re so habituated to caffeine’s wakefulness effects that late-night caffeine intake fails to impact their sleep. In the present study, people who regularly consumed 1 or more cups of coffee per day at baseline experienced an average sleep reduction of -28.9 minutes on caffeine days, whereas people who regularly consumed less than one cup per day experienced an average sleep reduction of -52.6 minutes. This may indirectly suggest that daily caffeine consumption attenuates, but doesn’t eliminate, negative impacts on sleep. In addition, some people suggest that they’re “immune” to caffeine’s effects on sleep because they’ve got the genotype associated with faster caffeine metabolism. In the present study, individuals with intermediate and slow caffeine genotypes lost an average of 34 and 47 minutes of sleep per night (respectively) on caffeine days, whereas fast metabolizers experienced a mean increase of 33 minutes per night. Nonetheless, I’m hesitant to conclude that the typical person can assume (hope) they’re a fast metabolizer and consume late-night caffeine without sleep-related consequences for two reasons. First, we have insufficient information about how much caffeine these individuals consumed and what time of day they consumed it. Second, there were only 13 participants with “fast” genotypes. This increases the likelihood of a spurious finding, and also suggests that the vast majority of participants in this study (who are, in theory, representative of the population they were sampled from) experienced worse sleep on caffeine days.

When it comes to the heart-related outcomes reported in this study, I want to contextualize those a bit. I know my goal in this article was to present a viable case against caffeine, but I don’t want to present a hyperbolic or alarmist argument. If you’ve ever watched a TV show or movie with a hospital scene, you’ve probably seen someone hooked up to a heart monitor, also known as an EKG (elektrokardiogramm) or ECG (electrocardiogram). The classic squiggly pattern reflects the electrical activity of the heart, which dictates the coordinated rhythm and contraction of each heartbeat. The Q wave represents depolarization of the atrium, the QRS wave complex represents the depolarization of the ventricle, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization (you can learn more about ECGs and heart rhythms here ). When we talk about heart arrhythmias, we’re talking about a disruption in the typical rhythm of the heart. In many cases, arrhythmias are transient and benign (this study observed over 100 premature ventricular contractions per day, on average), but they can sometimes lead to potentially life-threatening medical emergencies. 

If you follow the news consistently, you sometimes come across surprising stories indicating that someone died from a high, but not astronomically high, dose of caffeine ( for example , 400-800 mg or so). Mounting evidence suggests that individuals with a heart condition called “long QT syndrome” are particularly susceptible to dangerous arrhythmias in response to caffeine consumption ( 11 ). Long QT syndrome is exactly what it sounds like – individuals with this condition have a longer-than-average QT interval, which is the length of time between their Q wave and T wave. Caffeine may prolong QT intervals, which can be dangerous for people who have long QT intervals to start with ( 12 ). All of that is to say, unless we’re talking about an accidental overdose from a misidentified powder or a completely reckless attempt to intentionally over-consume caffeine, caffeine is unlikely to induce clinically relevant or severe heart arrhythmias in otherwise healthy individuals. However, people with pre-existing heart conditions should consult with a qualified clinician to determine a safe intake range for them.

To conclude this article, I want to share a brief anecdote. I have been a high-dose (≥400-500 mg per day) caffeine consumer for many years, and I recently stopped consuming caffeine entirely. I was too sick to comfortably drink beverages for a few days, so I figured I’d do a little experiment if I was going to experience caffeine withdrawal either way. I’ve been off of caffeine for about a month now, and my observations have been quite interesting. As someone who is generally prone to anxiousness, I’ve noticed a dramatic reduction in anxiety-related symptoms. I used to get headaches if I consumed too little caffeine, but I also got headaches if I consumed too much caffeine. Needless to say, that’s not a problem anymore. I also observed that I feel the need to nap more – on the surface that seems too obvious to be insightful, but I’ve come to realize that I had been undersleeping to a much greater degree than I realized, and caffeine was covering that up like a Band-Aid. 

In terms of lifting performance, I haven’t noticed anything at all. At first it felt strange to lift weights without a pre-exercise dose of caffeine, but I’ve come to realize that this was more related to the ritual and subjective experience of caffeination than anything else. I consume caffeine before workouts because it’s what I’ve always done (for many, many years). As a result, I’ve subconsciously associated the subjective feeling of “peak caffeination” as the feeling of being prepared to lift. This psychological link has historically led me to feel unprepared to lift when I’m not caffeinated, but pushing through uncaffeinated workouts has opened my eyes to the fact that caffeine wasn’t doing too much for my workouts in the first place. 

We’ve reinforced the importance of sleep many times in previous MASS issues, with research collectively indicating that adequate sleep can be important for performance, body composition, appetite regulation, subjective wellness (generally feeling good), and a variety of other outcomes. We’ve also mentioned the concept of expectancy effects ( one , two ), like when we expect a placebo to have positive effects or expect a nocebo to have negative effects. In my time away from caffeine, I’ve come to find that caffeine’s net impact on my fitness progress was probably neutral at best – the potential benefits, which may be susceptible to some degree of habituation, came with the drawback of inadequate sleep quality. I’ve also observed that many of the benefits I previously associated with caffeine were most likely influenced by my expectations; I tended to overestimate caffeine’s positive effects and exaggerate the hypothetical downsides of not consuming caffeine. Much to the dismay of the high-powered marketing machine that dictates my every move, I’m not going to make the flashy claim that ditching caffeine will change your life, or that caffeine abstention is the one weird trick you’re missing out on. However, I would encourage you to ask yourself a few questions: 

Do you feel better when you consume caffeine, or does caffeine help you avoid bad feelings (e.g., headaches, drowsiness, etc.) that are caused by caffeine in the first place? Are you actually sleeping well enough, or is caffeine masking the signs of insufficient sleep? Does caffeine meaningfully improve your performance, or have you come to expect poor performance when you’re not caffeinated? Do you have any predispositions (e.g., anxiety, slow caffeine metabolism, sleep issues, heart arrhythmias, or family history of heart conditions) that make you question your current level of caffeine consumption?

Don’t get me wrong – most people consume caffeinated beverages regularly and tolerate them quite well. They feel great, perform well, and experience absolutely no adverse outcomes related to their caffeine consumption. However, for some percentage of the human population, caffeine avoidance might be preferable in comparison to regular caffeine consumption. In other words, caffeine is totally fine for most people, but it’s not for everyone, and it’s not without potential drawbacks. I never imagined I would say this, but I much prefer the decaffeinated life based on how it makes me feel on a day-to-day basis. I feel less anxious, well-rested, and ready to perform (mentally and physically) at all hours of the day, and I never find myself feeling unprepared for a mental, social, or physical task because I haven’t had my coffee yet. 

But enough with the anecdotes – let’s wrap this up by summarizing the evidence. In the presently reviewed study, caffeine was associated with some pros and some cons. On the bright side, people were more physically active and accrued more steps per day on caffeine. However, caffeine consumption led to sleep impairment and increased frequency of heart arrhythmias. Caffeine is not inherently bad for you, and most people will experience no meaningful improvements in their health, wellness, or performance if they scale back from two daily cups of coffee to zero. Nonetheless, if you have been diagnosed with a heart condition (or suspect that you might have an undiagnosed heart condition), you should check with a qualified healthcare professional to thoroughly explore the matter and determine an appropriate caffeine intake level for your situation. If you’re experiencing issues that could potentially be related to caffeine (e.g., headaches, poor sleep, anxiousness, etc.), or if you’re simply getting way out of hand with your daily caffeine dosage, it might be time to ask yourself the questions listed in this article to determine if a caffeine-free experiment is a worthwhile pursuit.

Surprisingly enough, we still have a lot to learn about caffeine. I’d like to see more experimental research pertaining to how different caffeine doses and timing strategies impact sleep, and how we can explain different subjective experiences (i.e., some people suggest that caffeine has no impact on their sleep, while others report being highly sensitive to it). I’m particularly interested in finding out if these divergent impacts on subjective sleep quality are related to rate of caffeine metabolism, habituation among regular caffeine consumers, inaccurate self-assessments of sleep quality, or something else entirely. On the fitness side of things, I think we need a few longitudinal studies to examine how caffeine’s effects on strength and power change over time and how caffeine withdrawal impacts exercise performance. These types of studies would be perfect for a master’s-level thesis project or as part of a multi-study doctoral dissertation – they address a straightforward question and could be completed with very modest budgets and relatively short study timelines. Finally, it’d be great to see more longitudinal studies that actually quantify caffeine’s effects on chronic training adaptations rather than acute performance metrics.

Application and Takeaways

Caffeine acutely improves performance and may passively lead to higher physical activity levels. However, caffeine can impair sleep, and its effects on long-term training adaptations are currently uncertain. In addition, caffeine can worsen anxiety symptoms and lead to clinically relevant arrhythmias in people with pre-existing heart conditions. Caffeine isn’t inherently bad, but it’s not for everybody. Caffeine consumption habits should be individualized to fit your goals, preferences, subjective experiences, and medical considerations.

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This article was the cover story for the February 2024 issue of MASS Research Review. If you’d like to read the full, 93-page publication (and dive into the MASS archives), you can  subscribe to MASS here .

Subscribers get a new edition of MASS each month. Each issue includes research review articles, video presentations, and audio summaries. PDF issues are usually around 100 pages long.

• Marcus GM, Rosenthal DG, Nah G, Vittinghoff E, Fang C, Ogomori K, et al. Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Health among Ambulatory Adults . N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 23;388(12):1092–100.
• Mitchell DC, Knight CA, Hockenberry J, Teplansky R, Hartman TJ. Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Jan;63:136–42.
• Fredholm BB, Bättig K, Holmén J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use . Pharmacol Rev. 1999 Mar;51(1):83–133.
• Reyes CM, Cornelis MC. Caffeine in the Diet: Country-Level Consumption and Guidelines . Nutrients. 2018 Nov 15;10(11):1772.
• Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses . Br J Sports Med. 2020 Jun;54(11):681–8.
• Carvalho A, Marticorena FM, Grecco BH, Barreto G, Saunders B. Can I Have My Coffee and Drink It? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Determine Whether Habitual Caffeine Consumption Affects the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine . Sports Med. 2022 Sep;52(9):2209–20.
• Lara B, Ruiz-Moreno C, Salinero JJ, Del Coso J. Time course of tolerance to the performance benefits of caffeine . PLoS ONE. 2019 Jan 23;14(1):e0210275.
• Giráldez-Costas V, Ruíz-Moreno C, González-García J, Lara B, Del Coso J, Salinero JJ. Pre-exercise Caffeine Intake Enhances Bench Press Strength Training Adaptations . Front Nutr. 2021 Jan 26:8:622564.
• Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed . J Clin Sleep Med. 2013 Nov 15;9(11):1195–200.
• Gardiner C, Weakley J, Burke LM, Roach GD, Sargent C, Maniar N, et al. The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Sleep Med Rev. 2023 Feb 6;69:101764.
• Gray B, Ingles J, Medi C, Driscoll T, Semsarian C. Cardiovascular Effects of Energy Drinks in Familial Long QT Syndrome: A Randomized Cross-Over Study . Int J Cardiol. 2017 Mar 15;231:150–4.
• Shah SA, Szeto AH, Farewell R, Shek A, Fan D, Quach KN, et al. Impact of High Volume Energy Drink Consumption on Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Parameters: A Randomized Trial . J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Jun 4;8(11):e011318.

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The Pros And Cons Of Daily Caffeine Intake

Whether it’s brewing a cup of coffee at home, ordering a specialty $6 latte from a local coffee shop or cracking open a Red Bull on the way to the gym, the consensus is clear: The prevalence of the caffeinated beverage industry continues to grow. According to the National Coffee Association’s Coffee Impact Report , the coffee industry employed 2.2 million people and generated more than $100 billion in wages in 2022.

Caffeine — most commonly found in and associated with coffee, black and green teas, energy drinks and some dietary supplements — is ingested with the goals of increasing energy levels and boosting alertness along with motivation. However, regularly ingesting high amounts of caffeine has the potential to develop into a dependence and can induce feelings of anxiety as well as insomnia while also exacerbating some mental illness symptoms.

Dr. Sherecce Fields , a clinical psychologist and professor in the  Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences  at Texas A&M University, says it’s important to remember that caffeine is classified as a stimulant drug and should be ingested in moderation and with caution.

“Caffeine is in a similar class as drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine and behaves in a way that increases activity in dopamine neurons,” Fields said. “All of the things that are related to how it improves things like cognition and memory are related to its stimulant effects.”

According to the  National Library of Medicine , stimulant drugs function by increasing the activity of the central nervous system. Specifically, they activate neural pathways connecting the brain and the body, contributing to feelings of euphoria and focus and creating a cognitive edge.

At the correct dosages, caffeine can provide benefits to athletes and students by respectively increasing muscle speed and improving levels of focus.

“Caffeine is very popular with athletes because it can increase things like muscle speed, muscle efficiency and can reduce fatigue as it stimulates the peripheral nervous system to get up and get out,” Fields said. “A lot of individuals with undiagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will also use caffeine to help them focus because it acts in a similar way to some ADHD medications.”

Despite these benefits, caffeine is a substance that should be ingested and monitored carefully, and should never exceed the daily amount of 400 milligrams, as recommended by the  Food and Drug Administration .

“For individuals who consume quite a bit of caffeine, when they stop, they usually have increased anxiety or a depressed mood,” Fields said. “For someone who is suffering from a mood disorder like major depressive disorder or a generalized anxiety disorder, it can certainly exacerbate those feelings.”

Fields notes it becomes especially dangerous for individuals with underlying health issues like high blood pressure and inadequate heart health, as highly caffeinated beverages consumed without a level of caution can cause health complications.

These instances can even make their way into a courtroom, as in the case of Panera Bread’s three lawsuits surrounding their highly caffeinated “ charged lemonades .” These drinks contain more caffeine than a 12-ounce Red Bull and 16-ounce Monster energy drink combined. After consuming multiple refills of the drinks, two individuals died, while a third faced permanent health complications. Each had underlying health problems that made them sensitive to caffeine.

The multifaceted question of whether Panera Bread should be held liable for the deaths of these individuals is not easily answered. Fields emphasizes the importance of being a good consumer of information and the ethicality of accurate advertising.

“As a consumer, I try to encourage my students and my own son to be good consumers of information,” Fields said. “In Panera’s instance, it is important to understand that 390 milligrams of caffeine is pushing the limit, and if you have more than that, it can be quite dangerous, especially if you have hypertension or some other cardiovascular disease.”

Being aware of personal limits and a drink’s caffeine level are two simple but effective ways to reap the benefits of caffeinated drinks while avoiding the feelings of jitteriness and anxiety that often accompany them.

“Somebody drinking two to three cups of coffee a day exceeds the recommended maximum amount, which can have detrimental effects on your fight-or-flight system, your heart and your digestion,” Fields said. “At low doses, caffeine can improve behavior and focus, so the most important thing to consider is finding balance and having the correct dosage for your specific needs.”

The bottom line is that caffeine reactions differ significantly from person to person and can provide both health benefits and detriments, depending on the amount. So before ordering that third cup of coffee, remember that more doesn’t always mean better.

Media contact: Shana K. Hutchins, [email protected], 979-862-1237

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The pros and cons of daily caffeine intake

by Emily Chan, Texas A&M University

Whether it's brewing a cup of coffee at home, ordering a specialty $6 latte from a local coffee shop or cracking open a Red Bull on the way to the gym, the consensus is clear: The prevalence of the caffeinated beverage industry continues to grow. According to the National Coffee Association's Coffee Impact Report , the coffee industry employed 2.2 million people and generated more than $100 billion in wages in 2022.

Caffeine—most commonly found in and associated with coffee, black and green teas, energy drinks and some dietary supplements—is ingested with the goals of increasing energy levels and boosting alertness along with motivation. However, regularly ingesting high amounts of caffeine has the potential to develop into a dependence and can induce feelings of anxiety as well as insomnia while also exacerbating some mental illness symptoms.

Dr. Sherecce Fields, a clinical psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Texas A&M University, says it's important to remember that caffeine is classified as a stimulant drug and should be ingested in moderation and with caution.

"Caffeine is in a similar class as drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine and behaves in a way that increases activity in dopamine neurons," Fields said. "All of the things that are related to how it improves things like cognition and memory are related to its stimulant effects."

According to the National Library of Medicine, stimulant drugs function by increasing the activity of the central nervous system. Specifically, they activate neural pathways connecting the brain and the body, contributing to feelings of euphoria and focus and creating a cognitive edge.

At the correct dosages, caffeine can provide benefits to athletes and students by respectively increasing muscle speed and improving levels of focus.

"Caffeine is very popular with athletes because it can increase things like muscle speed, muscle efficiency and can reduce fatigue as it stimulates the peripheral nervous system to get up and get out," Fields said. "A lot of individuals with undiagnosed attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will also use caffeine to help them focus because it acts in a similar way to some ADHD medications."

Despite these benefits, caffeine is a substance that should be ingested and monitored carefully, and should never exceed the daily amount of 400 milligrams, as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration .

"For individuals who consume quite a bit of caffeine, when they stop, they usually have increased anxiety or a depressed mood," Fields said. "For someone who is suffering from a mood disorder like major depressive disorder or a generalized anxiety disorder, it can certainly exacerbate those feelings."

Fields notes it becomes especially dangerous for individuals with underlying health issues like high blood pressure and inadequate heart health, as highly caffeinated beverages consumed without a level of caution can cause health complications.

These instances can even make their way into a courtroom, as in the case of Panera Bread's three lawsuits surrounding their highly caffeinated "charged lemonades." These drinks contain more caffeine than a 12-ounce Red Bull and 16-ounce Monster energy drink combined. After consuming multiple refills of the drinks, two individuals died, while a third faced permanent health complications. Each had underlying health problems that made them sensitive to caffeine.

The multifaceted question of whether Panera Bread should be held liable for the deaths of these individuals is not easily answered. Fields emphasizes the importance of being a good consumer of information and the ethicality of accurate advertising.

"As a consumer, I try to encourage my students and my own son to be good consumers of information," Fields said. "In Panera's instance, it is important to understand that 390 milligrams of caffeine is pushing the limit, and if you have more than that, it can be quite dangerous, especially if you have hypertension or some other cardiovascular disease."

Being aware of personal limits and a drink's caffeine level are two simple but effective ways to reap the benefits of caffeinated drinks while avoiding the feelings of jitteriness and anxiety that often accompany them.

"Somebody drinking two to three cups of coffee a day exceeds the recommended maximum amount, which can have detrimental effects on your fight-or-flight system, your heart and your digestion," Fields said. "At low doses, caffeine can improve behavior and focus, so the most important thing to consider is finding balance and having the correct dosage for your specific needs."

The bottom line is that caffeine reactions differ significantly from person to person and can provide both health benefits and detriments, depending on the amount. So before ordering that third cup of coffee, remember that more doesn't always mean better.

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65 Caffeine Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best caffeine topic ideas & essay examples, ⭐ good research topics about caffeine, 👍 simple & easy caffeine essay titles.

• Negative Effects of Caffeine and Energy Drinks It leads to avoidance of making choices and biasness and may result in impaired self-regulation that may affect the social problems of the users.
• Starbucks and Caffeine: Is It Unhealthy? It is the caffeine in coffee which makes it addictive, so addictive in fact that it’s the most addictive substance known to mankind.
• Restrictions, Warning Labels, or Other Controls on Caffeine Use The risks of caffeine intoxication are underrated, and only a few products include warnings, which increases the probability of exposing the consumer to unknown effects of the commodity.
• Cardiovascular Disease and Caffeine Effects There have been conflicting ideas about the effects of caffeine on the body especially in relation to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is mainly due to the changes in […]
• The Impact of Caffeine on Athletic Performance Caffeine is a legal substance, so it may be used to enhance athletic performance within the bounds of the law. The amount of anhydrous caffeine given to study participants is an independent variable.
• Critique: “Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?” The third was the most specific and supported paragraph about the specifics of the European country’s culture and habits regarding coffee.
• Caffeine: Health Benefits and Risks The topic I want to address today is on health effects of caffeine. It is mostly found in seeds of the Coffea plant, and the safe dose is determined to be 400 mg/day.
• Aspirin, Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Caffeine: Analgesics Analysis The reduced synthesis of prostaglandins prevents the brain from receiving information of pain and inflammation while the reduced synthesis of thromboxanes hinders the formation of blood clots.
• The Effect of Caffeine on Pulse and Respiration Rates The bodily effect of caffeine, known by its chemical name of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is thought to be related to the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. The aim of this experiment is to […]
• Decaffeinated Coffee Is Not Caffeine-Free This is what triggered the research fronted by the Professor to determine the degree of caffeine in decaffeinated coffee brands, in the market.
• The Effect of Caffeine on the Blood Glucose Level The goal of the investigation was to explore the effect of caffeine on the blood glucose level. The only difference between the two groups was the administration of plain water to one group and the […]
• Consumption of Caffeine Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Parkinson’s Disease The risk of the disease was found to reduce more progressively with the increase in the level of coffee consumption. Some observers argue that the level of reduction in cases of PD amongst coffee drinkers […]
• Caffeine Addiction and Negative Effects The thesis of this paper is that scientists need to reclassify caffeine as a potentially addictive stimulant drug. In addition to the potential to cause addictive behavior, caffeine can have an adverse effect on the […]
• Physical Performance Among Athletes: The Impact of Caffeine Consequently, the proposed research topic is the investigation of caffeine’s effect on physical and cognitive performance among athletes who are not used to the continuous intake of this element.
• Caffeine: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism Immediately after the consumption of caffeine, the paraxanthine and caffeine concentration increases in the body within 8 to 9 hours and it leaves minute traces of toxicology into the blood. The sudden cessation in the […]
• Caffeine Addiction as a Mental Disorder And it is a rather pragmatic question stipulated by the professionals need to debate about, but not by the addiction nature itself.
• Effects of Caffeine on Open Field Behavior of the Rat It was studies the psychological function of behavior of rats and the influence of caffeine on it through 8-9 weeks from the beginning of application of caffeine.
• Caffeine Consumption in Personal Experience It is possible to note that, in the case of tolerance, the situation is somewhat similar to the consumption in general.
• Caffeine: Does Acute Consumption Affect Aerobic Performance? The research regarding the connection between caffeine consumption and one’s response to exercising is replete with studies failing to find any significant effects of the stimulant on people’s vitals.
• Caffeine and Its Positive Impacts on Mental Activity The increased level of these neurotransmitters results in increased neuron activity in the body. That being the case, the affected individuals will be forced to consume high doses of coffee in order to increase the […]
• Prenatal Caffeine Exposure’ Effects To prove the hypothesis, the authors conduct the experimental study that delves into the investigation of the major concerns of the issue.
• Caffeine: Carriers, Addiction and Diseases When caffeine is taken in, the body absorbs and then gets rid of it fast. But, generally, it creates no threat to the physical and social aspects of health, like the addictive drugs do, though […]
• Why College Students Should Not Turn to Caffeine The paper will look at some of the trend of involvement of college students into caffeine consumption and the risks that surround consumption of caffeine by college students.
• Caffeine and Its Effects on Brain: Long-Term Physiological Changes
• The Confusion and Inconsistencies About the Effects of Caffeine
• Caffeine and Bicarbonate for Speed: A Meta-Analysis of Supplements Potential for Improving Intense Endurance Exercise Performance
• Insomnia: Sleep and Caffeine Related Components
• Caffeine and Global Spatial Processing in Habitual and Non-habitual Caffeine Consumers
• Cognition and Brain Activation in Response to Various Doses of Caffeine: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study
• Caffeine, Stress, and Proneness to Psychosis-Like Experiences
• The Alarming Aspects and Effects of Caffeine
• Caffeine and Energy Drinks: High Levels of Stress
• Alcohol, Caffeine, and Nicotine: The Most Widely Consumed Psychotropic Drugs Worldwide
• Caffeine Enhances Memory Performance in Young Adults During Their Non-optimal Time of Day
• Combination Ergotamine and Caffeine Improve Seated Blood Pressure and Presyncope Symptoms in Autonomic Failure
• Caffeine and Its Effects on the Human Body and Society
• Prenatal Nutrition: The Effects of Caffeine and Green Tea
• Caffeine Consumption and the Number of Sleep Needed
• Natural Product Extraction: Isolation of Caffeine From Tea, Thin Layer Chromatography
• Caffeine: The Health Benefits of Drinking Coffee, or Anything With Caffeine in It
• Caffeine Controls Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission and Pyramidal Neuron Excitability in Human Neocortex
• Blood and Caffeine: Behavioral and Side Effects of Caffeine
• Caffeine Citrate for Apnea of Prematurity: A Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study Neonates
• Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy Accelerates the Development of Cognitive Deficits in Offspring
• Association Between Plasma Caffeine and Other Methylxanthines and Metabolic Parameters in a Psychiatric Population Treated With Psychotropic Drugs Inducing Metabolic Disturbances
• Caffeine and Modulate of Food Intake Depending on the Context That Gives Access to Food: Comparison With Dopamine Depletion
• Improved Exercise Tolerance With Caffeine and Modulation of Both Peripheral and Central Neural Processes in Human
• Chlorpheniramine and the Analgesic Effect in Migraine of Usual Caffeine, Acetaminophen, and Acetylsalicylic Acid Combination
• Caffeine and Responsiveness With Different Individuals
• Energy Drinks and the Neurophysiological Impact of Caffeine
• Coffee With High Caffeine Content Augments Fluid and Electrolyte Excretion at Rest
• Caffeine and Parkinson’s Disease: Multiple Benefits and Emerging Mechanisms
• Individual Differences Affecting Caffeine Intake
• Caffeine Addiction and Chronic Fatigue Recovery
• Caffeine and Selective Adenosine Receptor Antagonists as New Therapeutic Tools for the Motivational Symptoms of Depression
• Legal Drugs: Caffeine’s Effects
• Caffeine Consumption and General Health in Secondary School Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis
• Reason for Using Caffeine in Dermocosmetics: Sunscreen Adjuvant
• Caffeine and Primary Headaches: Friend or Foe
• Caffeine and Sleep Deprivation: Pros and Cons for Tired Individuals
• Pre-exercise Caffeine Intake Enhances Bench Press Strength Training Adaptations
• Caffeine: The World’s Drug of Choice
• Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Intake and the Risk of Severe Depression
• Caffeine and Exercise Performance: Possible Directions for Definitive Findings
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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IvyPanda . "65 Caffeine Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/caffeine-essay-topics/.

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How long does caffeine stay in your system? There's a reason why your coffee wears off.

We all know this person – do not speak to them until they have had a cup of coffee or an energy drink . Hot chocolate just won't do the trick. They will not be nice. They will not be alert. Proceed with caution. 

You may even be this person. 

Then, 3 or 4 p.m. rolls around and the same thing happens – you may be cranky or tired . Some lose the focus required for work or school. 

What is going on here? What does caffeine do to your body? And how long does it last?

Caffeine and its effects are actually fairly complicated and scientists still aren’t sure exactly how it works. We try to break it all down. 

Caffeine effects, explained

Caffeine consumption averages around 76 mg per person per day in the United States and Canada, so it’s important to know and understand what it does. 

Caffeine is a naturally occurring substance found primarily in coffee, but also in tea leaves and cacao nuts. It can also be created synthetically in a lab. 

Caffeine is considered to be a stimulant drug. Some people report feeling alert and energized, while others feel jittery and anxious. Caffeine even has a few medical uses – it can be added to certain pain relievers to help with migraines or decreased respiration (breathing) in infants. Recently, there has also been a pleasant surprise: three cups of black, caffeinated coffee can help your liver function. Dr. Blanca Lizaola-Mayo, MD , a transplant hepatologist (liver doctor) and the Medical Director of the Liver Transplant Center at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona says with a smile, “A least three cups of coffee a day will keep the hepatologist away.” 

What does caffeine do to our bodies?

Caffeine works against the effects of the neurotransmitter receptor. How a reduction in the function of neurotransmitter receptors leads to the effects of caffeine (wakefulness, attention) is unclear, however, it is hypothesized that high levels of adenosine promote sleepiness, so if the receptor is not functioning properly, your brain might not be getting the signals that it needs to rest. 

How long does caffeine last? 

The half-life (the amount of time it takes for the amount of a drug in your body to be cut in half) of caffeine is between 4-6 hours. So even if you feel the effects starting to wane because of the decreased dosage, you still have some caffeine in your system after a few hours. For some, this may be why it’s difficult to sleep after drinking caffeine, even if it was earlier in the day. For others, this amount is not sufficient to have a stimulating effect. It’s dependent on the individual person. 

Read more about caffeine, coffee here:

Energy drinks: Do energy drinks do more harm than good?

How much caffeine is dangerous? Here's what to know before having that next cup.

Study says: Drink 2 or 3 cups of coffee a day? You might live longer - especially if it's ground.

The tea on tea: Millions of Americans drink tea daily. This is why many choose green tea.

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Panera says it will stop serving 'Charged Sips' drinks at center of lawsuits

The Associated Press

Panera Bread said that it's discontinuing its Charged Sips drinks that were tied to at least two wrongful death lawsuits due to their high caffeine content. Richard Vogel/AP hide caption

Panera Bread said that it's discontinuing its Charged Sips drinks that were tied to at least two wrongful death lawsuits due to their high caffeine content.

Panera Bread said it's discontinuing its Charged Sips drinks that were tied to at least two wrongful death lawsuits due to their high caffeine content.

Panera didn't say Tuesday whether the drinks were being discontinued because of the lawsuits or health concerns, and it wouldn't comment on the timeline for removing them from stores. Panera said it's introducing new low-sugar and low-caffeine drinks after listening to customers' suggestions..

The St. Louis-based company introduced Charged Sips in the spring of 2022. The fruit-flavored beverages contain between 155 milligrams and 302 milligrams of caffeine. The typical cup of 8-ounce coffee contains 95 milligrams of caffeine, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, while a 16-ounce can of Monster Energy contains 160 milligrams.

A lawsuit says a man died after drinking a highly caffeinated beverage at Panera

For Panera, the drinks helped meet customers' growing demand for natural drinks with functional benefits, like boosting energy or immunity. Charged Sips contained caffeine derived from guarana, a plant extract often used in energy drinks, and green coffee extract.

But last October, a wrongful death lawsuit was filed against Panera by the family of Sarah Katz, a 21-year-old University of Pennsylvania student with a heart condition who died in September 2022 after drinking a Charged Lemonade.

Then, last December, the family of a Florida man filed a wrongful death and negligence lawsuit against Panera.

In that case, the family said David Brown, 46, suffered cardiac arrest and died on Oct. 9 after drinking three Charged Lemonades at his local Panera. Brown's family said Brown had high blood pressure and didn't drink energy drinks, but believed Charged Sips were safe because they weren't advertised as energy drinks.

The lawsuit said Brown had ordered at least seven Charged Lemonades over a two-week period before he died.

Panera's online menu now includes the language, "Consume in moderation. Not recommended for children, people sensitive to caffeine, pregnant or nursing women." It's not clear when that was added.

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Panera to stop serving ‘Charged Sips’ drinks after wrongful death lawsuits over caffeine content

FILE - A Panera Bread sign and logo is attached to the outside of a Panera Bread restaurant location in the Studio City section of Los Angeles, on Thursday, March 7, 2024. Panera Bread said Tuesday, May 7, it’s discontinuing its Charged Sips drinks that were tied to at least two wrongful death lawsuits due to their high caffeine content. (AP Photo/Richard Vogel, File)

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Panera Bread said it’s discontinuing its Charged Sips drinks that were tied to at least two wrongful death lawsuits due to their high caffeine content.

Panera didn’t say Tuesday whether the drinks were being discontinued because of the lawsuits or health concerns, and it wouldn’t comment on the timeline for removing them from stores. Panera said it’s introducing new low-sugar and low-caffeine drinks after listening to customers’ suggestions.

The St. Louis-based company introduced Charged Sips in the spring of 2022. The fruit-flavored beverages contain between 155 milligrams and 302 milligrams of caffeine. The typical cup of 8-ounce coffee contains 95 milligrams of caffeine, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, while a 16-ounce can of Monster Energy contains 160 milligrams.

For Panera, the drinks helped meet customers’ growing demand for natural drinks with functional benefits, like boosting energy or immunity. Charged Sips contained caffeine derived from guarana, a plant extract often used in energy drinks, and green coffee extract.

But last October, a wrongful death lawsuit was filed against Panera by the family of Sarah Katz, a 21-year-old University of Pennsylvania student with a heart condition who died in September 2022 after drinking a Charged Lemonade.

Then, last December, the family of a Florida man filed a wrongful death and negligence lawsuit against Panera.

In that case, the family said David Brown, 46, suffered cardiac arrest and died on Oct. 9 after drinking three Charged Lemonades at his local Panera. Brown’s family said Brown had high blood pressure and didn’t drink energy drinks, but believed Charged Sips were safe because they weren’t advertised as energy drinks.

The lawsuit said Brown had ordered at least seven Charged Lemonades over a two-week period before he died.

Panera’s online menu now includes the language, “Consume in moderation. Not recommended for children, people sensitive to caffeine, pregnant or nursing women.” It’s not clear when that was added.

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Chemistry EE HELP! My EE is related to coffee

By akr1 July 31, 2011 in Extended Essay

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For my EE in Chemistry I am doing it about "How does the environment where the coffee was grown and it's level of toast affect the pH and the quantity of caffeine in the coffee". I am really stucked here because even though I finished my experimental process, I don't have anyone guiding me on my EE. My chemistry teacher doesn't know a thing about coffee and I can't find any book that explains me how the environment affects the coffee. Also, on the internet I can only fing vague information about what I am looking for... I am really desperate because I've worked really hard for this... Also, supposedly the company from whom I bought the coffee beans was going to help me in exchange of me giving them all the information I got in the experimental process, but I haven't got any written information and they assigned me with a "coffee specialist" who strangely works in a photocopying shop and doesn't want to meet me and keeps pushing our meetings... I really feel as if they have only taken my precious information... It's as if ive been ripped off... So please I need someone to help me or act as the guide that I can't find even though Ive tried...

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Share on other sites, spencerware.

Just keep pushing, be relentless with these coffee people. If they need your information, so be it - you need THEIR information. Don't let the fact that you're a kid give them an advantage to brush you off. Go for broke. And stuff.

It's not a great idea to do an EE on something you've not researched beforehand, for the record, because otherwise you end up in your situation without knowing any of the figures and can get really stuck. However obviously it's too late for all that, so I suggest you get a list of exactly the detailed information you need. For instance, what criteria are you using as 'environment' - the level of light, dampness, shade? I suggest you pick a single 'environment' factor OR scrap the environment bit. Talking about the environment would mean controlling for various environmental factors and then be more of a Biology than a Chemistry EE. Level of toast would work fine by itself, no?

Also give your supervisor a kick up the behind. Just because they don't know much about coffee, they should be A) trying to help you out and B) helping you with all non-coffee related elements of this EE. Tell them you need more help or perhaps try asking a different teacher in your Chemistry department if they could look over your EE for a second opinion. If nothing else, it might sting the pride of your actual supervisor!

I really appreciate your response... no worries I'll keep trying and I'll show them the power of an IB student! HAHA THANKYOU you really made me keep trying

Thank you! Supervisor! you guys were the only two to reply and help me in my first post... haha... Thanks for the guiding and thanks for the specifications you've made... The problem in my school is that the school has only two chemistry teachers and one of them just comes in the mornings (I know him and even though he is good at teaching, he HATES to help...haha) and MY teacher is somewhat not a very helpful person in the EE part... So, I'll have to keep pushing and researching... thanks guys your replies really fired me up at these harsh times...

I know what you're talking about with unhelpful teachers - there's only one chemistry teacher at my school, and he went to IB training a year ago and is still pretty much clueless. Great teacher, but not so much a supervisor for EEs.

Keep at it man! I'm struggling to do my EE myself - got to do the chemistry experiment over the next week, and have the whole thing finished by the 17th...we can do it!

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Panera says it's phasing out its controversial Charged Lemonade nationwide

A Panera Bread spokesperson says the restaurant chain is phasing out its Charged Lemonade, a highly caffeinated beverage that has been blamed for at least two deaths in lawsuits.

The beverages prompted controversy in October following a lawsuit filed by the family of 21-year-old Sarah Katz, a University of Pennsylvania student with a heart condition who died after consuming Charged Lemonade. A second lawsuit was filed in December by the family of Dennis Brown , a Florida man with a chromosomal deficiency disorder and a developmental delay who also died after drinking a Charged Lemonade.

A third lawsuit was filed in January by Lauren Skerritt, a 28-year-old Rhode Island woman , which claimed the beverage left her with “permanent cardiac injuries.”

A spokesperson for Panera said Tuesday that the nationwide discontinuation of the Charged Lemonade comes after a “recent menu transformation.” 

“We listened to more than 30,000 guests about what they wanted from Panera, and are focusing next on the broad array of beverages we know our guests desire — ranging from exciting, on-trend flavors, to low sugar and low-caffeine options,” the spokesperson said.

Panera declined to say when the Charged Lemonade would be completely removed from menus.

Sarah Katz's mother, Jill Katz, said Wednesday that she was relieved that the chain had decided to discontinue the drink.

"It's a good thing," Katz said in a phone interview. "But I'm sad, because I wish they came to this conclusion before they put this product on the market."

Panera previously advertised its Charged Lemonade as “Plant-based and Clean with as much caffeine as our Dark Roast coffee.” But the lawsuits said that at 390 milligrams, a large, 30-fluid-ounce Charged Lemonade has more caffeine in total than any size of Panera’s dark roast coffee, referring to the amount of caffeine that is in the drink with no ice. Panera has since updated its nutrition information to reflect how much caffeine is in the Charged Lemonade with ice, listing the large size of the blood orange Charged Lemonade, for example, as having 302 milligrams.

According to the Food and Drug Administration , healthy adults can generally safely consume 400 milligrams of caffeine a day. 

After NBC News broke news last year of the Katz family's lawsuit, which referred to Charged Lemonade as “a dangerous energy drink,” Panera put more detailed disclosures in all of its restaurants and on its website warning customers to consume Charged Lemonade in moderation, stating that it is not recommended for children, people sensitive to caffeine or pregnant or nursing women. 

Sarah Katz's mother Jill said her daughter avoided all energy drinks because of her heart condition, long QT syndrome, which she was diagnosed with as a young child. Jill Katz said that there was "no way that she had any clue" that the Charged Lemonade had so much caffeine.

Panera has previously expressed sympathy for the Katz and the Brown families. Following the second suit , it said in a statement that it felt the customer’s “unfortunate passing was not caused by one of the company’s products” and said that it stands by the safety of the items on its menu. The restaurant chain did not comment on the third lawsuit. 

On Monday evening, two Panera employees who spoke to NBC News on condition of anonymity because they feared they could lose their jobs confirmed that they had received memos earlier in the day from staff above them stating that their restaurants would no longer be ordering ingredients to make Charged Lemonade. 

The memos, which were shared with NBC News, came from a manager in one case and a regional manager in another case, the employees said. One memo said the Charged Lemonade would be replaced within two weeks.

The first employee identified himself as an associate at a Panera restaurant in Missouri, while the other said she was a manager at a Panera in Pennsylvania. 

But not all Panera employees were immediately aware of the change. At a Panera restaurant in the Queens borough of New York City on Tuesday morning, three associates said they had not heard that the Charged Lemonade would be discontinued. 

Elizabeth Crawford, a partner at the Philadelphia-based law firm Kline & Specter, PC, who represents the plaintiffs in the three lawsuits, said Tuesday that Panera had taken a “good step.” 

“This is exactly what we set out to do, to some extent, is to make sure that this poison is taken off the shelves,” she said in an exclusive interview. “Obviously, it won’t bring back Sarah, and it won’t bring back Dennis, and the life that Lauren used to have.” 

“But at least what it will do is prevent this from happening to someone else,” she said.

Elizabeth Chuck is a reporter for NBC News who focuses on health and mental health, particularly issues that affect women and children.

Panera to drop its high-caffeine Charged Lemonade amid lawsuits

Panera will stop selling the high-caffeine lemonade and other fruit drinks amid lawsuits claiming that people were harmed or killed.

Panera Bread will no longer sell the ultra-caffeinated lemonade and fruit drinks that made the chain the subject of at least three lawsuits claiming that people who drank the beverages were harmed or killed by them.

Charged Lemonade and Charged Sips will be taken off the menu, according to a source familiar with the move who spoke on the condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak publicly.

The drinks, which contained up to 390 milligrams of caffeine per 30 ounces — four times the amount found in a cup of coffee — first became notorious in 2022 on TikTok, where users shared stories of inadvertently consuming massive amounts of caffeine.

Then came the lawsuits: A 28-year-old woman sued Panera in January , claiming that after drinking 2½ lemonades at Panera, she began having heart palpitations. She went to the hospital, where she ended up in critical care with atrial fibrillation, and she says the episode has left her with lasting heart problems.

Two previous lawsuits claimed that the drinks were fatal. Those were brought by the families of a 46-year-old Florida man and a 21-year-old Pennsylvania student, both of whom had conditions that made it potentially unsafe for them to have too much caffeine. The lawsuits claim that Panera did not adequately warn customers about the high caffeine levels in the drinks, which were offered in self-service dispensers, with free refills for Panera Unlimited Sip Club members.

Asked for comment about the removal of the Charged drinks, a Panera spokesman sent a statement in which he enthused about Panera’s recently revamped menu, which includes “low sugar and low-caffeine options.”

“Our enhanced beverage portfolio, including new Blueberry Lavender Lemonade, Pomegranate Hibiscus Tea, Citrus Punch and a Tropical Green Smoothie will reinforce our mission of delivering what our guests want most — amazing taste, quality ingredients and value,” the statement reads.

An online menu notes that the drinks, which come in blood orange, strawberry lemon mint and mango yuzu flavors, contain caffeine. “Use in moderation,” the listings read. “NOT RECOMMENDED FOR children, people sensitive to caffeine, pregnant or nursing women.”

The Food and Drug Administration says 400 milligrams of caffeine a day is generally safe for healthy adults. But it notes that some people are more sensitive to the stimulant. You would get 400 milligrams in “about four or five cups of coffee,” the FDA notes. Drinking more than one Charged Lemonade would put an adult over the recommended amount.