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Gram positive bacteria

Aero tolerant organisms cannot use oxygen for growth but are tolerate its presence. use fermentation to produce ATP. Characteristics: They don’t possess cytochromes. The cells are arranged in pairs, chain or tetrads. They have only fermentative type of metabolism and don’t respire They can grow anaerobically or aerobically. Genera Streptococcus Leuconostoc Pediococcus Non spore forming gram positive rods of regular shape: Non spore forming irregular shape Read less

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• 1. GRAM -POSITIVE BACTERIA RAMZA RASHEED
• 2. Aerotolerant fermentative cocci:  Definition: Aerotolerant organisms cannot use oxygen for growth but are tolerate its presence. use fermentation to produce ATP.  Characteristics:  They don’t possess cytochromes.  The cells are arranged in pairs, chain or tetrads.  They have only fermentative type of metabolism and don’t respire  They can grow anaerobically or aerobically.  Genera 1. Streptococcus 2. Leuconostoc 3. Pediococcus
• 3. Streptococcus:  Characteristics:  Gram positive cocci  The cells are arranged in pairs or chains  Catalase-negative  Organisms are homofermentative  Genus is usually considered aerotolerant  Streptococci divided into categories known as Lancefield group  This includes 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 hemolytic streptococci
• 4. Type of hemolysis:  α-hemolysis:  Partially hemolyzed red blood cells of certain species of animals  Colonies are surrounded by cloudy appearance  Colonies on blood agar plates are surrounded by a greenish-colored zone  Enzymes produced by some streptococci such as S. pneumoniae  β-hemolytic:  Complete lysis of red blood cells  Colonies are surrounded by clear  And colorless zone that indicate the complete lysis of the erythrocytes  γ-hemolytic:  Also called non-hemolytic  Partially decomposition of the hemoglobin of the red blood cell
• 5. α-hemolytic β-hemolytic γ-hemolytic
• 6. Species of streptococci  Streptococcus pyogenes:  β-hemolytic  Lancefield group A  Gram positive  Spherical /ovoid cocci arranged in long chains  Most clinically important species  Causes:  Streptococcal sore throat  Scarlet fever  Erysipelas  Acute glomerulonephritis  Rheumatic fever  And other human infection fogs
• 10. Streptococci mutans  Non-hemolytic  Not placed in any Lancefield group  rod-like with chains  Causes:  subacute bacterial endocarditis  dental caries (tooth decay)  Inhabits the human oral cavity
• 12. Streptococci faecalis  α-,β-, or non hemolytic  Lancefield group D  called enterococcus  Occur normally in intestinal tracts of humans and animals  Causes:  Endocarditis  Urinary tract infection  Meningitis  and other infections in humans.
• 14. S. lactis and S. cremoris  Lancefield group N  They are harmless contaminants of milk and dairy products  Causes:  Rapid souring and curdling of milk Because of this are widely used as starter culture in the manufacture of buttermilk and cheese
• 15. Streptococcus pneumoniae  α-hemolytic  Not placed in any Lancefield group  Colloquially called pneumococcus  They are usually found in pairs  Don’t form spores  Non motile  Capsulated  Small oval shaped cells  Has great clinical significance  Causes:  Lobar pneumonia in human xnbn mbnn
• 18. Leuconostoc  Characteristics:  Gram-positive bacteria  generally ovoid cocci  Cocci are arranged in pairs and chains  Catalase-negative  Organisms are heterofermentative  Leuconostoc are harmless saprophytes  Used in starter culture
• 19. Pediococcus  Characteristics:  Gram positive  Lactic acid bacteria  Cocci occur in pairs and tetrads  Catalase-negative  Hemolytic type of fermentative  Pediococci are saprophytes  Cause:  Beer to become ropy and viscous
• 20. Anaerobic gram positive cocci  These cocci have a fermentative type of metabolism  Some genera supplied fermentative carbohydrates  Some can ferment amino acid  Most genera contain CO2, H2, short chain fatty acid and ethanol or succinate acid
• 21. Genus Arrangements of cells Main sources of carbon and energy Occurrence Peptococc us Pairs, clusters, tetrads, and short or long chains Peptone or amino acids Human intestine and respiratory tract; Clinical specimens Peptostrept ococcus Pair, short or long chains Peptone or amino acids Human clinical specimens Ruminoco ccus Pairs and short or long chains Carbohydrates Bovine and ovine rumen; animal ceca Coprococc us Pairs and short or long chains Carbohydrates Human feces Sarcina Cubical packets of eight cells Carbohydrates Soil; mud; cereals grains; diseased human stomachs
• 23. Non spore forming gram positive rods of regular shape:  Heterogenous group  Parasitic and pathogenic organism  Long rods to very short rods  E.g. lactobacillus  One genus Caryophanon  Composed of large disk shaped arranged in trichomes
• 24. Non spore forming irregular shape  Straight and slightly curved rod  May be club shape  Anaerobic or facultative anaerobes in nature  Examples: 1) Corynebacterium  Rod shaped cells  May be pleiomorphic(change according to environment)  Cells accumulate intracellular granules  Formed by complex of inorganic phosphates  Stains are reddish purple or dilute methylene blue  Cells are mycolic acids which contain about 32-36 carbon atoms
• 25.  Arthrobacter:  Rod coccus cycle cell long phase of growth  irregularly shaped rods  In contrast stationary phase growth are distinctly coccoid  When these are inoculated into fresh media  Brevibacterium  Exhibit rod coccus cycle  Only recognized species β linens from orange colony and salt tolerant  Micro bacterium :  Small slender irregular shaped  Don’t exhibit rod coccus cycle
• 26.  Occur in milk and dairy products  Cellulomonas:  Irregular shaped rods  Functions:  degrade the cellular  Use as major carbon and energy  Aerobic filamentous Formed colonies to mircoscopic size  Branched filaments  Develop to macroscopic cell
• 27.  Parasite and pathogenic for human and animals  Belong to causative agents  Anaerobic non filaments:  Diff by their morphology  And their fermentation and products  2 Genera:  Propionibacterium  Actinomyces
• 28. Thank you

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

StatPearls [Internet].

Gram-positive bacteria.

Omeed Sizar ; Stephen W. Leslie ; Chandrashekhar G. Unakal .

Affiliations

Last Update: May 30, 2023 .

• Continuing Education Activity

Gram-positive organisms have highly variable growth and resistance patterns. The SCOPE project (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic Importance) found that in those with an underlying malignancy, gram-positive organisms accounted for 62 percent of all bloodstream infections in 1995 and 76 percent in 2000 while gram-negative organisms accounted for 22 percent in 1995 and 14 percent in 2000. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of gram-positive bacterial infections and explains the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for affected patients.

• Explain how to evaluate for a gram-positive bacterial infection.
• Identify common infections caused by gram-positive bacteria.
• Describe treatment strategies for gram-positive bacterial infections.
• Outline interprofessional team strategies to improve care coordination and communication to provide quality care to patients with gram-positive bacterial infections.
• Introduction

Health professionals need to understand the important difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria classified by the color they turn in the staining method. Hans Christian Gram developed the staining method in 1884. The staining method uses crystal violet dye, which is retained by the thick peptidoglycan cell wall found in gram-positive organisms. This reaction gives gram-positive organisms a blue color when viewed under a microscope. Although gram-negative organisms classically have an outer membrane, they have a thinner peptidoglycan layer, which does not hold the blue dye used in the initial dying process. Other information used to differentiate bacteria is the shape. Gram-positive bacteria comprise cocci, bacilli, or branching filaments.

Gram-positive cocci include  Staphylococcus (catalase-positive), which grows clusters, and Streptococcus (catalase-negative), which grows in chains. The staphylococci further subdivide into coagulase-positive ( S. aureus ) and coagulase-negative ( S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus ) species. Streptococcus bacteria subdivide into Strep. pyogenes  (Group A), Strep. agalactiae  (Group B), enterococci (Group D), Strep viridans , and Strep pneumonia .

Gram-positive bacilli (rods) subdivide according to their ability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are spore-forming rods while Listeria and Corynebacterium are not. Spore-forming rods that produce spores can survive in environments for many years. Also, the branching filament rods encompass Nocardia and actinomyces. 

Gram-positive organisms have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall compared with gram-negative bacteria. It is a 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with an outer lipid bilayer membrane.

• Epidemiology

Bloodstream infection mortality rates have increased by 78% in just two decades [1] . Gram-positive organisms have highly variable growth and resistance patterns. The SCOPE project (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic Importance) found that gram-positive organisms in those with an underlying malignancy accounted for 62% of all bloodstream infections in 1995 and 76% in 2000 while gram-negative organisms accounted for 22% and 14% of infections for these years. [2]

• Pathophysiology

Gram-positive cocci:

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive cocci in clusters. S. aureus can cause inflammatory diseases, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and abscesses. S. aureus can also cause toxic shock syndrome (TSST-1), scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin, and food poisoning (enterotoxin). 

Staphylococcus epidermidis  is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative cocci in clusters and is novobiocin sensitive. S. epidermidis commonly infects prosthetic devices and IV catheters producing biofilms. Staphylococcus saprophyticus  is novobiocin resistant and is a normal flora of the genital tract and perineum. S. saprophyticus  accounts for the second most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). 

Streptococcus pneumoniae  is a gram-positive, encapsulated, lancet-shaped diplococci, most commonly causing otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis, and meningitis. Streptococcus viridans  consist of Strep . mutans  and Strep mitis found in the normal flora of the oropharynx commonly cause dental carries and subacute bacterial endocarditis (Strep. sanguinis).

Streptococcus pyogenes  is a gram-positive group A cocci that can cause pyogenic infections (pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, erysipelas), toxigenic infections (scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis), and immunologic infections (glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever). ASO titer detects S. pyogenes infections.

Streptococcus agalactiae is a gram-positive group B cocci that colonize the vagina and is found mainly in babies. Pregnant women need screening for Group-B Strep (GBS) at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation. 

Enterococci is a gram-positive group D cocci found mainly in the colonic flora and can cause biliary tract infections and UTIs. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are an important cause of nosocomial infections. 

Gram-positive rods:

Clostridia is a gram-positive spore-forming rod consisting of C. tetani , C. botulinum , C. perfringens , and C. difficile . C. difficile is often secondary to antibiotic use (clindamycin/ampicillin), PPI use, and recent hospitalization. Treatment involves primarily with oral vancomycin.

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming rod that produces anthrax toxin resulting in an ulcer with a black eschar. Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive rod that can be acquired from spores surviving under-cooked or reheated rice. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and watery non-bloody diarrhea. 

Corynebacterium diphtheria is a gram-positive club-shaped rod that can cause pseudomembranous pharyngitis, myocarditis, and arrhythmias. Toxoid vaccines prevent diphtheria.

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive rod acquired by the ingestion of cold deli meats and unpasteurized dairy products or by vaginal transmission during birth. Listeria can cause neonatal meningitis, meningitis in immunocompromised patients, gastroenteritis, and septicemia. Treatment includes ampicillin. 

• History and Physical

It is important to identify patients with sepsis and order necessary blood cultures and labs. 

• Bullous impetigo
• Draining sinus tracts
• Murmur if endocarditis is present
• Petechiae if toxic shock syndrome is present
• Superficial abscesses

Once a gram-positive organism infection is suspected, these laboratory studies are useful:

• Electrolytes
• Blood cultures
• Pro-calcitonin level
• Echocardiogram if endocarditis is suspected
• Joint aspiration if a septic joint is suspected
• Treatment / Management

Penicillin was the first antibiotic ever introduced during World War II by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillin does not cover Staph or Enterococcus but used mainly streptococcal infections. The penicillinase-resistant organisms (nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin) cover Staph (MSSA) and Strep. Anti-pseudomonal penicillins include piperacillin and ticarcillin effective against gram-positive, gram-negative, pseudomonas, and anaerobes. Carbapenems cover gram-positives, gram negatives, and anaerobes. [3] [4] [5]

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline are oral antibiotics used for mild to moderate MRSA infections. It is important to note that trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole increases warfarin levels leading to increased INR. Vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline cover moderate to severe community and hospital-acquired MRSA. Vancomycin requires renal dosing with trough levels between 15 to 20. Linezolid is an option if a patient is allergic to vancomycin. CBC needs to be checked weekly to avoid bone marrow suppression, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. Linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline are options to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci. [6] [7] [8]

• Differential Diagnosis
• Bronchiectasis imaging
• Chemical burns
• Electrical injuries in emergency Medicine
• Emergent management of acute otitis
• Emergent management of thermal burns
• Empyema imaging
• Fever in the infant and toddler
• Fever without a focus
• Henoch-schonlein purpura
• Hospital-acquired infections
• Ingrown nails
• Necrotizing enterocolitis  imaging

The prognosis following infection with gram-positive organisms is variable. The highest mortality rates are in elderly persons who tend to have suppressed immune systems and less physiologic reserve.

• Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Health professionals, including doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, need to be aware of risk factors to treat patients with selected antibiotics properly. Pharmacists need to accurately monitor vancomycin trough levels to avoid mortality in patients with Staph aureus. They also need to review medication for dose and interactions and counsel patients about finishing all prescribed antibiotics. Infection control nurses evaluate nosocomial infections and implement appropriate policies. An interprofessional approach will produce the best outcomes. [Level 5]

Outcomes: Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) risk factors enhance infection control. MRSA risk factors include patients who are above age 65, urinary catheter, previous antibiotic treatment past three months, trauma, and those admitted from a long-term facility. [9]  [Level 5]

• Review Questions
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Gram Stain of Staphylococcus aureus Contributed by Scott Jones, MD

Disclosure: Omeed Sizar declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Stephen Leslie declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Chandrashekhar Unakal declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

• Cite this Page Sizar O, Leslie SW, Unakal CG. Gram-Positive Bacteria. [Updated 2023 May 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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3.3: Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

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• Page ID 131121

• Matthew F Kirk
• Kansas State University

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The cell walls of Bacteria have a rigid layer composed of peptidoglycan that is the main source of strength of the wall (Madigan et al., 2003). Peptidoglycan is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids. For some Bacteria, peptidoglycan makes up as much as 90% of the cell wall. However, for other Bacteria, it makes up only about 10% of the cell wall (Fig. \(3.3\)).

These two groups of Bacteria can be distinguished based on a staining procedure. By this method, cells are exposed to a stain, crystal violet, that binds to peptidoglycan. Cells with an abundance of peptidoglycan retain more of the stain than those that have little. The cells that retain more stain are referred to as gram-positive cells (i.e., the staining result is positive). Those that bind little stain are referred to as gram-negative cells. This difference in stain retention was traditionally used to help classify Bacteria and was originally developed in the nineteenth century by a Danish scientist, Hans Christian Gram.

Aside from the difference in peptidoglycan thickness, gram-negative cell walls differ from gram-positive cell walls in a few other ways as well. Gram-negative cell walls have an outer membrane. Unlike the cytoplasmic membrane, the outer membrane is not composed entirely of phospholipid but also contains polysaccharide and protein components and can be referred to as the lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS). Moreover, gram-negative cells also contain a thicker periplasm, a gel-like matrix between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane (Fig. \(3.3\)).

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GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA. Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology March 2004 Amy Fayette. What is the major source of infection with Listeria monocytogenes?. Silage pH over 5.5. What is the morphology of rhodococcus equi?. Gram + Some rods, some cocci.

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GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology March 2004 Amy Fayette

What is the major source of infection with Listeria monocytogenes? • Silage • pH over 5.5

What is the morphology of rhodococcus equi? • Gram + • Some rods, some cocci

What is a synonym of C. pseudotuberculosis? • C. ovis

What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in horses? • Ulcerative lymphangitis • Abscesses and swellings in lnn. That burst and leave ulcers

What are the host factors behind rhodococcus equi? • Age- 6 weeks • Breed lines

What is the bacteria that causes listeriosis? • Listeria monocytogenes

What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in sheep? • Pus filled lymph nodes

What are the forms of disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes? • Neural disease- meningoencephalitis • Septicemia • Abortion • Mastitis

What is the morphology of typical corynebacterium spp.? • Small gram + rods • Club-shaped swellings at one or both ends • “chinese lettering”

What is the morphology of Actinomyces? • Gram + • Slender rods

What causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle and “pizzle rot” in sheep and goats? • Corynebacterium renale group • C. renale • C. pilosum • C. cystidis

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces suis? • Habitat is prepuce and urethra of boar • Disease only in sow, causing cystitis and pyelonephritis

How is tetanus diagnosed? • Clinical signs • Discovery of appropriate wound

What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? • Gram + • slender rods

What is the main cause of pizzle rot in sheep? • High protein diet

What are the main forms of erysipelas in pigs? • Septicemia • Diamond skin lesions (urticaria) • Endocarditis • arthritis

What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in horses? • Infection of bursae in horses • “poll evil” or “fistulous withers”

What is the bacteria associated with Swine erysipelas? • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes? • Small gram + rods • May be coccoid

How is Listeria typically enriched in the laboratory? • “cold enrichment”

What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes? • Small gram + rods • Resemble corynebacterium

What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in cattle? • “lumpy jaw” • Caused by erupting teeth or abrasive food

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium sordellii? • Isolated from sudden deaths, and “big head” in rams

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium botulinum in wild birds? • “limberneck”- ingestion of rotting vegetation and dead invertebrates • Ingestion of dead fish

What are the signs associated with rhodococcus equi? • Bronchopenumonia • Extensive anscessation and lymphangitis • Necrotizing enterocolitis with ulceration

What is the disease forms associated with Nocardia asteroides? • Cattle • mastitis • Dogs, cats • aspiration of organisms • Blood stained purulent fluid in pleural cavity

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type A? • Gas gangrene (man and occasionally animals) • Food Poisoning (man • Colitis in horses • Necrotic enteritis in chickens • Enterotoxemic jaundice in lambs

What is another name for Rhodococcus equi? • Corynebacterium equi

What are the predisposing factors of dermatophilus congolensis? • Prolonged rainfall • Humid conditions • Heavy tick infestation

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type B? • Lamb dysentery • 2d-2wks old • Causes severed diarrhea sometimes with blood • Neonatal hemorrhagic enteritis in calves and foals • Enterotoxemia in adult sheep and goats

What is the morphology of dermatophilus congolensis? • Gram + rods • Branching filaments • Motile zoospores

What is the significance of Corynebacterium bovis? • Commensal of bovine udder • Provokes neutrophil response, thought to protect the udder from more serious infections

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type C? • Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia- esp. in neonatal piglets, lambs, foals and calves • Necrotic enteritis- chicks under 2 weeks • Enterotoxemia in post weaning/ adult sheep in Britain and adult goats

What is the general lesion produced by actinomyces spp.? • Pyogranulomatous lesions • Presence of hard “sulfur granules”

What is the morphology of bacillus spp.? • Large gram+ rods • Aerobic or facultative anaerobic • Sporeforming • Catalase +

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type D? • Enterotoxemia (“pulpy kidney”) • Associated with change in diet usually for better • Increases cerebral pressure which causes nervous signs • Also causes hydropericardium, and edema of lungs • Hyperglycemia, and glucosuria • Enterotoxemia in goats and possibly cattle

What are the cultural characteristics of streptococcus? • Facultative anaerobes • Catalase neg (staph catalase pos)

What are the cultural characteristics of Actinomyces? • Anaerobic or microaerophilic- some CO2 prefered

What are the disease forms associated with Staph hyicus? • “Greasy pig disease” • “exudative epidermitis” • Primarily in Suckling piglets • Excessive sebaceous secretion • Subacute disease- thickening and wrinkling of skin

What is the disease forms associated with bovine farcy? • Nocardia sp. • Infection of the lymphatics of the lower limbs or head of cattle

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium perfringes Type E? • Enteritis/enterotoxemia in calves and lambs

What is the morphology of Nocardia spp. • Slender gram + rods and filaments • Modified acid-fast

What are some synonyms of dermatophilus congolensis? • Cattle- dermatophilosis, streptothricosis, senkobo skin disease • Sheep- lumpy wool, mycotic dermatitis, strawberry footrot • Horse- rain scald

What are the disease forms associated with staph intermedius? • Pyoderma in dogs and cats • Lesions in skin folds • Otitis externa

What is the disease forms associated with B. anthracis? • Septicemia with sudden death • Dark, tarry unclotted blood oozing from orifices • Spleen is greatly enlarged

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces hordeovulneris? • Injury by grass awns • Local abscesses and serositis

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium piliforme? • Was: bacillus piliformis • Aka: tyzzers disease • Enteritis of lower small intestine and proximal large intestine and focal necrosis of liver • Disease seen in young animals

What are the three most common streptococci associated with bovine mastitis? • S. agalactiae • S. dysgalactiae • S. uberis

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Gram-Positive Bacteria

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Highlights from Section 2 – Bacteria in Your Life

What kind of impact does bacteria have on the world around you?

Wonderful World of Bacteria. The Cell The cell is a unit of organization Cells are classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes Living things are classified.

Kingdom Eubacteria (True Bacteria) Bacteria are located everywhere – air, water, land, and living organisms including people. General Characteristics:

Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Ch. 7. Section 2: Bacteria The Bacterial Cell A Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek found bacteria in the.

Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World Bellringer

Bacteria Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaebacteria. Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotes Two kingdoms of bacteria: Archaebacteria Eubacteria.

Bacteria Smallest and simplest organisms on the planet Smallest and simplest organisms on the planet Also the most abundant Also the most abundant 1 gram.

A substance used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria Antibiotics:

10.2. Warm upWarm up  What is a prokaryote?  Give some examples where you might find bacteria.  Which one is more important: prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

BACTERIA Basic structure: –Prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) –Single-celled –Single circular piece of DNA –May have pili (attachment)

Chapter 7 Bacteria and Viruses.

Chapter 7 Bacteria.

Domain Bacteria 4 Single Celled 4 Prokaryote - no nucleus or other organelles to 10 micrometers long (100 times smaller than the cells we’ve looked.

Microorganisms Graphic Organizer

Bacteria and Disease A pathogen is a disease-causing agent. Bacteria can damage the tissues of the affected organism directly or release toxins that harm.

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GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

Scarlet fever. pyoderma - erysipelas. necrotising fascitis. puerperal sepsis ... acute rheumatic fever. acute glomerulonephritis. streptococci. pathogenicity factors ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Classification
• morphology and staining behavior
• structure of murein of cell wall
• metabolic properties
• DNA homologies
• antigenic similarities
• Aerobic / Facultatively anaerobic
• Micrococcaciae
• Staphylococcus spp.
• Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Lactococcus spp.
• Leuconostoc spp, Pediococcus, spp, Gemella spp., Aerococcus spp..
• e.g. Peptococcaceae
• Peptococcus spp.
• Peptostreptococcus spp.
• Bacillaceae e.g. Bacillus anthracis
• Corynebacteriaceae e.g. Corynebacteria diphtheriae
• Lactobacillaceae e.g Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Other e.g. Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix spp.
• Anaerobic / Microaerophilic
• Bacillaceae e.g. Clostridium perfringens
• Actinomycetaceae e.g. Actinomyces
• Gram positive cocci in clusters
• Aerobic/facultatively anaerobic
• Catalase positive
• Coagulase enzyme - clots plasma
• Coagulase negative staphylococci e.g.
• S. epidermidis
• S. haemolyticus
• Pathogenicity factors
• Capsule polysaccharide
• Protein A, Peptidoglycan, Clumping factor
• Haemolysins, Leukocidin, Staphylokinase, Protease, Nuclease
• B-lactamase
• Epidermolytic toxins
• Enterotoxins
• Exotoxins e.g. TSST1
• Non-toxin mediated
• Furuncles/carbuncles
• Wound infections
• Bacteraemia
• Osteomyelitis/Endocarditis/Pneumonia
• Toxin-mediated
• Acute staphylococcal enterocolitis
• Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
• Toxic shock syndrome
• Normal skin / mucous membrane flora
• Non-pathogenic in normal host
• Pathogenic in immunocompromised host
• adherence to plastic material
• central lines
• artificial heart valves
• endoprosthesis etc.
• Gram positive cocci in chains
• Catalase enzyme - negative
• Classified on basis of haemolysis
• ?-haemolysis
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• viridans streptococci
• Lancefield group A, B, C, D, E, F, G
• cell wall C-polysaccharide
• non-haemolysis
• Group A ? -haemolytic streptococcus
• Small colonies after 24 hours incubation
• Identified using slide agglutination / latex antigen detection kits
• By invasion
• Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess
• Sinusitis, otitis media
• Scarlet fever
• Pyoderma - erysipelas
• Necrotising fascitis
• Puerperal sepsis
• Long term immunological
• Acute rheumatic fever
• Acute glomerulonephritis
• C carbohydrate
• Lipoteichoic acid
• peptidoglycan
• M-proteins (group A), T-proteins, R-proteins
• Exotoxins and enzymes
• Group B ? -haemolytic streptococcus
• Early neonatal infection
• Late neonatal infection
• Adult disease
• wound infection, sepsis, meningitis, urinary tract infection
• Group D ? -haemolytic streptococcus
• Urinary tract infection
• Endocarditis
• Wound infections (mixed)
• Peritonitis
• Gram positive diplococci
• ?-haemolytic
• Autolysis - depressed central colonies, Optochin sensitive, Bile soluble
• Lobar pneumonia
• Sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis
• S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. angiosus, S. sanguis etc.
• Numerous genospecies
• tooth decay
• oropharyngeal infection
• endocarditis
• septicaemia in immunocompromised
• Peptococcaceae
• Peptostreptococcus spp
• wound infection
• abscess formation
• Corynebacteria
• Gram positive bacillus
• Obligate pathogens
• C. diphtheriae
• Clinical manifestations produced by exotoxin
• inhibits protein synthesis
• Local vs systemic effects (cardiac/neurological)
• Clinical diagnosis
• Rapid treatment
• C. ulcerans, C. pseudotuberculosis etc
• Local effects
• Diphtheroids
• Opportunistic
• Non-spore forming Gram positive bacillus
• Haemolytic, cryophilic
• Food borne outbreaks
• Pregnant women
• Neonatal infection
• Elderly / immunocompromised
• Gram positive bacillus with endospores
• Bacillus spp.
• B. anthracis - toxin composed of 3 proteins
• B. cereus - enterotoxins
• C. tetani - tetanus
• swarming, obligate anaerobe
• produce toxins (metalloproteinase)
• degrades synaptobrevin - prevents transmitter release in inhibitory cells of CNS
• irreversible event
• Clinical diagnosis - laboratory diagnosis too late
• C. botulinum - botulism
• produces toxin (metalloproteinase)
• targets the peripheral neuromuscular junction and autonomic synapses
• classically causes acute cranial neuropathy in association with descending weakness
• C. perfringens
• non-motile, boxcar appearance on gram staining
• produces a number of exo-toxins
• gas gangrene
• food poisoning

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