job analysis essay questions

Essay on Job Analysis

Introduction

Job analysis is the process of identifying and determining the tasks and duties of a given job. A job analysis is done to craft a good job description. it also helps to prepare the employees on what expectations to have about the job by defining clear tasks and objectives to avoid misunderstandings and provide the employee with a sense of direction. Job analysis helps determine the right fit for a job, to access the performance of the employee, and to evaluate if the employee is delivering a specific job (Hoffmann, 2018). It helps establish that job tasks, level of experience, specify the performance level and the working conditions. Well-structured job analysis helps create a detailed description of the roles and responsibilities for the employees and the entire organization. Job analysis helps employers qualify the candidate and review the expectations and the outcome required for the job. This activity is carried out to determine the placement of jobs and the context of job performance.

Principles and Purpose of Job Analysis

Job analysis helps in identifying particular skills and requirements that are necessary for a certain position. The purpose of a job analysis is to establish what entails the job at hand as well as the duties and conditions of the job. It is a fundamental resource for the management including performance evaluation, compensation, and training. It also establishes and documents job-related competencies, establishing a legal basis for the assessment and selection of the candidate. (Hoffmann, 2018). Job analysis helps determine the nature of the individual required to perform a certain position, it also checks whether the duties or objectives of a certain job are being met or not. A job analysis is also used in analyzing the production of an employee and qualifies accordingly. The vital role of this activity is to deciding the worth of the job and streamlining the human efforts hence increasing the output.

Compare and Contrast Methods of Job Analysis

A job analysis can be conducted using different methods. Some of these methods are observation, questionnaires, and interviews. Questionnaires are mailed to the respondents to be answered in a specified manner since a questionnaire consists of questions in a written format either open-ended or close-ended while an interview is a to one communication where respondents and the interviewer participate in a question and answer session directly, this questions administered in an interview are always open-ended (Semmer,& Zapf, 2017). While questionnaires can collect information from a large number of people, the interviews collect information from a small number of individuals compared to questionnaires.

On the other hand observation method involves the researcher makes themselves as a part of the community doing the observation, this method can help the job analyst learn more about the job at hand over a specified amount of time. In observation, it is allowed to use some tools like include a video which is best for recording non-verbal interaction. An interview is subjective while a questionnaire is objective (Semmer,& Zapf, 2017). All these methods collect information about certain research. These methods can be used to gather, analyze and measure information on variables of interest. These methods are used to provide fact-based information about a job including both the internal and external factors. They also help obtained first-hand information about the job being analyzed.

Job Analysis Plan

For the purpose of conducting an outstanding job analysis, I will have to follow the latter various effective steps which start gathering effective data through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaires will be distributed and answered by the employees which will require them to answer various questions concerning their job descriptions. That will help in comparing the results of the employees based on the questions and expectations of the organization. Then I will have to conduct an interview that will involve the workers for the purpose of asking specific questions. The questions will be based on their job duties and specific responsibilities which they have been given to them by the organization. Apart from that will have to demand an effective log sheet from the workers. The log sheet will have to contain information based on every task there have been involved in, the period they have spent to finish it and it should cover at least two weeks of full-time working (Nenoff, & Mowry, 2015).

Apart from that, I will have to effectively gather more information but through the observation method. That will help me to complete the desk audits via observing the workers in the process of working as I record everything they are doing which is helpful either positive or negative. That will help in noting the time they take to complete their task, the skills and knowledge which they have, areas which they are better in and areas which they are poor in. on the other hand I will have to conduct another interview but have the organizational leadership which will include the managers and supervisors as well as clients and employees who have been interacting directly with the managers and supervisors. After that, I will have to compare the jobs based on the job family and grades for the purpose of determining the area where it falls in terms of payment scale (Nenoff, & Mowry, 2015).

Job Analysis

In terms of the actual job analysis, I had to conduct a meeting with the leadership of the organization for the purpose of getting to fathom the goals and objectives of the organization. Apart from that, I also used that opportunity to grasp the manner in which they have aligned the employee’s goals and objectives with those of the organization. After grasping the expectation of the organization towards the workers, I had to conduct an interview with an incumbent for the purpose of getting more information about the employee, supervisors, managers, and the entire organization before making my conclusions (Hofer, 2018).

I had to ask the incumbent various questions that he answered best to her knowledge. The first question was, for how long have you worked for this organization, and how many positions have you worked since joining the employee’s team? She said that she has been working for the organization for the last six years and she has been changed to two different positions but under the same working level. What are the greatest challenges have you faced since you joined the organization? She was able to be open and talk about personal decision-making when it comes to additional creativity without consulting the line managers or supervisors. What is your greatest weakness? In terms of the weakness, she said she was weak in solving conflict which involves her leaders since she feels she does not have enough courage to correct her leaders due to fear of creating grudges with her leaders (Hoffmann, 2018).

Interpretation and Recommendation of the Job Analysis

The entire process of job analysis went well from the first to the last step. I was able to gather more information showing the strength and weaknesses which is available in the organizational departments among different employees and also with the management of the organization. That was based on the skills and knowledge which the employees portrayed when performing their tasks in the organization. With that kind of information, the organization can be made better and become effective when it comes to competition with its rivals in the market. That is because it will be able to gain a competitive advantage after correcting various mistakes which it has hence mitigating any arising challenges in the organization (Brooks, 2021).

Due to that, I would like to recommend the organization to consider rewarding the employees in different ways such as offering prizes, and mostly promotion of the employees since it shows a sign of growth to them which also enhances their courage to do better and feel valued. Apart from that, the organization should also consider the autonomy of the employees when it comes to the application of creativity and innovation for the benefit of the organization without making mistakes or lowering the level of production or the quality of products. That is because it helps the employees to have positive internal competition based on creativity and innovation which help in making an organization more unique and outstanding compared to its rivals in the market. Through that, the employees feel to have a sense of belonging and the organization can easily gain a competitive advantage over its competitors (Brooks, 2021).

Job analysis in an organization is very significant due to the effectiveness of the role which it plays for the benefit of the organization, clients, and employees. That is because it helps in making an organization better, helps the employees to get what they expect from the organization, and has a comfortable working environment (Nenoff, & Mowry, 2015).On the other side, it helps the customers in terms of ensuring their needs are met and their voices are listened to. That is because it helps in correcting mistakes and combating challenges in an organization in terms of solving effectively the problems which are being faced by the employees, customers, and the employer.

Brooks, N. (2021). How to undertake effective record-keeping and documentation.  Nursing Standard ,  36 (4), 31-33.  https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2021.e11700

Hofer, E. (2018). Step 6: Present the analysis and interpret its results.  The Uncertainty Analysis of Model Results , 265-271.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76297-5_7

Hoffmann, A. (2018). Purpose is a direction – and the power of ‘job-crafting’.  Purpose & Impact , 115-120.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351048941-9

Nenoff, T., & Mowry, C. (2015). Develop plan for analysis of the effluent from GCM production.  https://doi.org/10.2172/1213493

Semmer, N., & Zapf, D. (2017). Validity of various methods of measurement in job analysis.  Recent Developments in Job Analysis , 67-78.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315213712-6

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10 Common Job Interview Questions and How to Answer Them

• Vicky Oliver

Use this guide to stand out from the crowd and land the role you want.

Interviews can be high stress, anxiety-driving situations, especially if it’s your first interview. A little practice and preparation always pays off. While we can’t know exactly what an employer will ask, here are 10 common interview questions along with advice on how to answer them. The questions include:

• Could you tell me something about yourself and describe your background in brief? : Interviewers like to hear stories about candidates. Make sure your story has a great beginning, a riveting middle, and an end that makes the interviewer root for you to win the job.
• How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations? : Share an instance when you remained calm despite the turmoil. If it’s a skill you’re developing, acknowledge it and include the steps you’re taking to respond better to pressure in the future.
• What are your salary expectations? : Before you walk in for your first interview, you should already know what the salary is for the position you’re applying to. Check out websites such as Glassdoor, Fishbowl, or Vault.com for salary information. You could also ask people in the field by reaching out to your community on LinkedIn.

Where your work meets your life. See more from Ascend here .

Resignation numbers have remained abnormally high in the U.S. between July 2021 and October 2021, with millions of Americans quitting their jobs  — which also means there are millions of new openings up for grabs. If you’re entering the market for the first time, or just looking to make a change, use this guide to prepare for your next interview.

• Vicky Oliver is a leading career development expert and the multi-best-selling author of five books, including  301 Smart Answers to Tough Interview Questions , named in the top 10 list of “Best Books for HR Interview Prep.” She’s a sought-after speaker and seminar presenter and a popular media source, having made over 900 appearances in broadcast, print, and online outlets.    

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Performing Job Analysis

This toolkit reviews how job analysis can be used to identify the knowledge, skills and expertise required to effectively perform job assignments, establish criteria for selection and promotions, design objectives for training and development programs, develop the standards for the measurement of performance, and assist with the determination of pay classification levels.

Job analysis is the process of studying a job to determine which activities and responsibilities it includes, its relative importance to other jobs, the qualifications necessary for performance of the job and the conditions under which the work is performed. An important concept in job analysis is that the job, not the person doing the job, is assessed, even though human resources (HR) may collect some job analysis data from incumbents.

Job analysis is often confused with job evaluation, but the two activities are quite different. Job evaluation is the process of comparing a job to other jobs within the organization to determine the appropriate pay rate and is not addressed in this toolkit. See Performing Job Evaluations .

Examples of how an organization may use job analysis data:

• Workforce planning.
• Performance management.
• Recruitment and selection.
• Career and succession planning.
• Training and development.
• Compensation administration.
• Health, safety and security.
• Employee/labor relations.
• Risk management.

Information Collection

Job analysis involves collecting information on characteristics that differentiate jobs. The following factors help make distinctions between jobs:

• Knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) needed.
• Work activities and behaviors.
• Interactions with others (internal and external).
• Performance standards.
• Financial budgeting and impact.
• Machines and equipment used.
• Working conditions.
• Supervision provided and received.

If an employer has not already done so, grouping jobs with related functions is helpful in the job analysis process by identifying the job family, job duties and tasks of related work. For example:

• Job family. Grouping of related jobs with broadly similar content.
• Job. Group of tasks, duties and responsibilities an individual performs that make up his or her total work assignment.
• Task. A specific statement of what a person does, with similar tasks grouped into a task dimension (i.e., a classification system).

A technical service job family, for example, could be identified as follows:

• Job family.   Technical Service.
• Job.  Technical service representative.
• Task.  Provides technical support to customers by telephone.

Job Analysis Methods  

Determining which tasks employees perform is not easy. The most effective technique when collecting information for a job analysis is to obtain information through direct observation as well as from the most qualified incumbent(s) via questionnaires or interviews. The following describes the most common job analysis methods.

• Open-ended questionnaire Job incumbents and/or managers fill out questionnaires about the KSAs necessary for the job. HR compiles the answers and publishes a composite statement of job requirements. This method produces reasonable job requirements with input from employees and managers and helps analyze many jobs with limited resources.  See   Job Analysis Questionnaire  and  Job Analysis Template .
• Highly structured questionnaire These questionnaires allow only specific responses aimed at determining the frequency with which specific tasks are performed, their relative importance and the skills required. The structured questionnaire is helpful to define a job objectively, which also enables analysis with computer models.  See   O*NET Questionnaires .
• Interview In a face-to-face interview, the interviewer obtains the necessary information from the employee about the KSAs needed to perform the job. The interviewer uses predetermined questions, with additional follow-up questions based on the employee's response. This method works well for professional jobs.
• Observation Employees are directly observed performing job tasks, and observations are translated into the necessary KSAs for the job. Observation provides a realistic view of the job's daily tasks and activities and works best for short-cycle production jobs.
• Work diary or log A work diary or log is a record maintained by the employee and includes the frequency and timing of tasks. The employee keeps logs over a period of days or weeks. HR analyzes the logs, identifies patterns and translates them into duties and responsibilities. This method provides an enormous amount of data, but much of it is difficult to interpret, may not be job-related and is difficult to keep up-to-date.  See   Job Analysis: Time and Motion Study Form .
• A team of senior managers identifies future performance areas critical to the organization's business and strategic plans.
• HR assembles panels composed of individuals who are knowledgeable about the organization's jobs (i.e., subject matter experts). These groups may be employees, managers, supervisors, trainers and others.
• A facilitator interviews panel members to obtain examples of job behaviors and actual occurrences on the jobs.
• The facilitator develops detailed descriptions of each identified competency, including descriptive phrases for clarity.
• HR rates the competencies, and panel members identify KSAs required to meet them.
• HR identifies performance standards for each job. The organization must develop and implement selection, screening, training and compensation instruments, or processes that focus on competencies. 

Use of Job Analysis Data

• Job descriptions and specifications HR uses the job analysis output to develop a job description and job specifications. The job description summarizes and organizes the information for the organization's job-related actions. Generally, the job description and specifications are combined but compartmentalized to enable independent updating as needed. See  How To Develop a Job Description  and  Sample Job Descriptions .
• Compensation decisions In relation to employee pay practices, job analysis has two critical uses: It establishes similarities and differences in job content, and it helps determine the internal equity and relative worth of like jobs. If jobs have equal content, then the pay established for them will likely be equal. If, on the other hand, job content is perceptibly different, then those differences, along with the market rates, will become part of the rationale for paying certain jobs differently.
• Selection assessments Job analysis information can also be used as a basis for selecting or developing employment assessments that measure the most critical tasks or KSAs. Some assessments involve work samples that simulate job tasks and require candidates to demonstrate that they can perform these tasks effectively. HR uses job-oriented or task-based job analysis data as a basis for developing these types of assessments because they focus directly on assessing how well job candidates can perform critical work tasks. Other assessment methods focus on measuring KSAs that are required to perform job tasks effectively, such as various mental abilities, physical abilities or personality traits, depending on the job's requirements. See  SHRM Talent Assessment Center .

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causes of the revolution essay

The root causes of the american revolution.

The cause of the american revolution.

• America's Independent Way of Thinking

The Freedoms and Restrictions of Location

The control of government, the economic troubles, the corruption and control, the criminal justice system, grievances that led to revolution and the constitution.

• M.A., History, University of Florida
• B.A., History, University of Florida

The American Revolution began in 1775 as an open conflict between the United Thirteen Colonies  and Great Britain. Many factors played a role in the colonists' desires to fight for their independence. Not only did these issues lead to war , but they also shaped the foundation of the United States of America.

No single event caused the revolution. It was, instead, a series of events that led to the war . Essentially, it began as a disagreement over the way Great Britain governed the colonies and the way the colonies thought they should be treated. Americans felt they deserved all the rights of Englishmen. The British, on the other hand, thought that the colonies were created to be used in ways that best suited the Crown and Parliament. This conflict is embodied in one of the rallying cries of the ​ American Revolution : "No Taxation Without Representation."

America's Independent Way of Thinking

In order to understand what led to the rebellion, it's important to look at the mindset of the founding fathers . It should also be noted that this mindset was not that of the majority of colonists. There were no pollsters during the American revolution, but it's safe to say its popularity rose and fell over the course of the war. Historian Robert M. Calhoon estimated that only about 40–45% of the free population supported the revolution, while about 15–20% of the free white males remained loyal.     

The 18th century is known historically as the age of Enlightenment . It was a period when thinkers, philosophers, statesman, and artists began to question the politics of government, the role of the church, and other fundamental and ethical questions of society as a whole. The period was also known as the Age of Reason, and many colonists followed this new way of thinking.

A number of the revolutionary leaders had studied major writings of the Enlightenment, including those of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the Baron de Montesquieu. From these thinkers, the founders gleaned such new political concepts as the social contract , limited government, the consent of the governed, and the  separation of powers .

Locke's writings, in particular, struck a chord. His books helped to raise questions about the rights of the governed and the overreach of the British government. They spurred the "republican" ideology that stood up in opposition to those viewed as tyrants.

Men such as Benjamin Franklin and John Adams were also influenced by the teachings of the Puritans and Presbyterians. These teachings included such new radical ideas as the principle that all men are created equal and the belief that a king has no divine rights. Together, these innovative ways of thinking led many in this era to consider it their duty to rebel against laws they viewed as unjust.

The geography of the colonies also contributed to the revolution. Their distance from Great Britain naturally created a sense of independence that was hard to overcome. Those willing to colonize the new world generally had a strong independent streak with a profound desire for new opportunities and more freedom.

The Proclamation of 1763 played its own role. After the French and Indian War , King George III issued the royal decree that prevented further colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains. The intent was to normalize relations with the Indigenous peoples, many of whom fought with the French.

A number of settlers had purchased land in the now forbidden area or had received land grants. The crown's proclamation was largely ignored as settlers moved anyway and the "Proclamation Line" eventually moved after much lobbying. Despite this concession, the affair left another stain on the relationship between the colonies and Britain.

The existence of colonial legislatures meant that the colonies were in many ways independent of the crown. The legislatures were allowed to levy taxes, muster troops, and pass laws. Over time, these powers became rights in the eyes of many colonists.

The British government had different ideas and attempted to curtail the powers of these newly elected bodies. There were numerous measures designed to ensure the colonial legislatures did not achieve autonomy, although many had nothing to do with the larger British Empire . In the minds of colonists, they were a matter of local concern.

From these small, rebellious legislative bodies that represented the colonists, the future leaders of the United States were born.

Even though the British believed in mercantilism , Prime Minister Robert Walpole espoused a view of " salutary neglect ." This system was in place from 1607 through 1763, during which the British were lax on enforcement of external trade relations. Walpole believed this enhanced freedom would stimulate commerce.

The French and Indian War led to considerable economic trouble for the British government. Its cost was significant, and the British were determined to make up for the lack of funds. They levied new taxes on the colonists and increased trade regulations. These actions were not well received by the colonists.

New taxes were enforced, including the Sugar Act and the Currency Act , both in 1764. The Sugar Act increased already considerable taxes on molasses and restricted certain export goods to Britain alone. The Currency Act prohibited the printing of money in the colonies, making businesses rely more on the crippled British economy. 

Feeling underrepresented, overtaxed, and unable to engage in free trade, the colonists rallied to the slogan, "No Taxation Without Representation." This discontent became very apparent in 1773 with the events that later became known as the Boston Tea Party .

The British government's presence became increasingly more visible in the years leading to the revolution. British officials and soldiers were given more control over the colonists and this led to widespread corruption.

Among the most glaring of these issues were the "Writs of Assistance." These were general search warrants that gave British soldiers the right to search and seize any property they deemed to be smuggled or illegal goods. Designed to assist the British in enforcing trade laws, these documents allowed British soldiers to enter, search, and seize warehouses, private homes, and ships whenever necessary. However, many abused this power.

In 1761, Boston lawyer James Otis fought for the constitutional rights of the colonists in this matter but lost. The defeat only inflamed the level of defiance and ultimately led to the Fourth Amendment in the U.S. Constitution .

The Third Amendment was also inspired by the overreach of the British government. Forcing colonists to house British soldiers in their homes infuriated the population. It was inconvenient and costly to the colonists, and many also found it a traumatic experience after events like the  Boston Massacre in 1770 .

Trade and commerce were overly controlled, the British Army made its presence known, and the local colonial government was limited by a power far across the Atlantic Ocean. If these affronts to the colonists' dignity were not enough to ignite the fires of rebellion, American colonists also had to endure a corrupt justice system.

Political protests became a regular occurrence as these realities set in. In 1769, Alexander McDougall was imprisoned for libel when his work "To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York" was published. His imprisonment and the Boston Massacre were just two infamous examples of the measures the British took to crack down on protesters. 

After six British soldiers were acquitted and two dishonorably discharged for the Boston Massacre—ironically enough, they were defended by John Adams—the British government changed the rules. From then on, officers accused of any offense in the colonies would be sent to England for trial. This meant that fewer witnesses would be on hand to give their accounts of events and it led to even fewer convictions.

To make matters even worse, jury trials were replaced with verdicts and punishments handed down directly by colonial judges. Over time, the colonial authorities lost power over this as well because the judges were known to be chosen, paid, and supervised by the British government. The right to a fair trial by a jury of their peers was no longer possible for many colonists.

All of these grievances that colonists had with the British government led to the events of the American Revolution. And many of these grievances directly affected what the founding fathers wrote into the U.S. Constitution . These constitutional rights and principles reflect the hopes of the framers that the new American government would not subject their citizens to the same loss of freedoms that the colonists had experienced under Britain's rule.

Schellhammer, Michael. " John Adams's Rule of Thirds ." Critical Thinking, Journal of the American Revolution . 11 Feb. 2013.

Calhoon, Robert M. " Loyalism and Neutrality ." A Companion to the American Revolution , edited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, Wiley, 2008, pp. 235-247, doi:10.1002/9780470756454.ch29 

• Major Events That Led to the American Revolution
• The Declaration of Independence
• The History of British Taxation in the American Colonies
• American Revolution: The Boston Massacre
• American Revolution: The Stamp Act of 1765
• American Revolution: Boston Tea Party
• The Original 13 U.S. States
• Questions Left by The Boston Massacre
• American Revolution: The Intolerable Acts
• An Introduction to the American Revolutionary War
• Biography of Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher
• What Led to the Boston Tea Party?
• Brief History of the Declaration of Independence
• Europe and the American Revolutionary War
• Patrick Henry
• Federalism and the United States Constitution

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5.3: The Causes of the American Revolution

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• Stanford via Stanford University Press

Most immediately, the American Revolution resulted directly from attempts to reform the British Empire after the Seven Years’ War. The Seven Years’ War culminated nearly a half century of war between Europe’s imperial powers. It was truly a world war, fought between multiple empires on multiple continents. At its conclusion, the British Empire had never been larger. Britain now controlled the North American continent east of the Mississippi River, including French Canada. It had also consolidated its control over India. But the realities and responsibilities of the postwar empire were daunting. War (let alone victory) on such a scale was costly. Britain doubled the national debt to 13.5 times its annual revenue. Britain faced significant new costs required to secure and defend its far-flung empire, especially the western frontiers of the North American colonies. These factors led Britain in the 1760s to attempt to consolidate control over its North American colonies, which, in turn, led to resistance.

King George III took the crown in 1760 and brought Tories into his government after three decades of Whig rule. They represented an authoritarian vision of empire in which colonies would be subordinate. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was Britain’s first major postwar imperial action targeting North America. The king forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to limit costly wars with Native Americans. Colonists, however, protested and demanded access to the territory for which they had fought alongside the British.

In 1764, Parliament passed two more reforms. The Sugar Act sought to combat widespread smuggling of molasses in New England by cutting the duty in half but increasing enforcement. Also, smugglers would be tried by vice-admiralty courts and not juries. Parliament also passed the Currency Act, which restricted colonies from producing paper money. Hard money, such as gold and silver coins, was scarce in the colonies. The lack of currency impeded the colonies’ increasingly sophisticated transatlantic economies, but it was especially damaging in 1764 because a postwar recession had already begun. Between the restrictions of the Proclamation of 1763, the Currency Act, and the Sugar Act’s canceling of trials-by-jury for smugglers, some colonists began to fear a pattern of increased taxation and restricted liberties.

In March 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act. The act required that many documents be printed on paper that had been stamped to show the duty had been paid, including newspapers, pamphlets, diplomas, legal documents, and even playing cards. The Sugar Act of 1764 was an attempt to get merchants to pay an already existing duty, but the Stamp Act created a new, direct (or “internal”) tax. Parliament had never before directly taxed the colonists. Instead, colonies contributed to the empire through the payment of indirect, “external” taxes, such as customs duties. In 1765, Daniel Dulany of Maryland wrote, “A right to impose an internal tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single purpose of revenue, is denied, a right to regulate their trade without their consent is, admitted.” 7 Also, unlike the Sugar Act, which primarily affected merchants, the Stamp Act directly affected numerous groups throughout colonial society, including printers, lawyers, college graduates, and even sailors who played cards. This led, in part, to broader, more popular resistance.

Resistance to the Stamp Act took three forms, distinguished largely by class: legislative resistance by elites, economic resistance by merchants, and popular protest by common colonists. Colonial elites responded by passing resolutions in their assemblies. The most famous of the anti-Stamp Act resolutions were the Virginia Resolves, passed by the House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765, which declared that the colonists were entitled to “all the liberties, privileges, franchises, and immunities . . . possessed by the people of Great Britain.” When the Virginia Resolves were printed throughout the colonies, however, they often included a few extra, far more radical resolutions not passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses, the last of which asserted that only “the general assembly of this colony have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation” and that anyone who argued differently “shall be deemed an enemy to this his majesty’s colony.” 8 These additional items spread throughout the colonies and helped radicalize subsequent responses in other colonial assemblies. These responses eventually led to the calling of the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765. Nine colonies sent delegates, who included Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, Thomas Hutchinson, Philip Livingston, and James Otis. 9

The Stamp Act Congress issued a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances,” which, like the Virginia Resolves, declared allegiance to the king and “all due subordination” to Parliament but also reasserted the idea that colonists were entitled to the same rights as Britons. Those rights included trial by jury, which had been abridged by the Sugar Act, and the right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives. As Daniel Dulany wrote in 1765, “It is an essential principle of the English constitution, that the subject shall not be taxed without his consent.” 10 Benjamin Franklin called it the “prime Maxim of all free Government.” 11 Because the colonies did not elect members to Parliament, they believed that they were not represented and could not be taxed by that body. In response, Parliament and the Crown argued that the colonists were “virtually represented,” just like the residents of those boroughs or counties in England that did not elect members to Parliament. However, the colonists rejected the notion of virtual representation, with one pamphleteer calling it a “monstrous idea.” 12

The second type of resistance to the Stamp Act was economic. While the Stamp Act Congress deliberated, merchants in major port cities were preparing nonimportation agreements, hoping that their refusal to import British goods would lead British merchants to lobby for the repeal of the Stamp Act. In New York City, “upwards of two hundred principal merchants” agreed not to import, sell, or buy “any goods, wares, or merchandises” from Great Britain. 13 In Philadelphia, merchants gathered at “a general meeting” to agree that “they would not Import any Goods from Great-Britain until the Stamp-Act was Repealed.” 14 The plan worked. By January 1766, London merchants sent a letter to Parliament arguing that they had been “reduced to the necessity of pending ruin” by the Stamp Act and the subsequent boycotts. 15

The third, and perhaps, most crucial type of resistance was popular protest. Riots broke out in Boston. Crowds burned the appointed stamp distributor for Massachusetts, Andrew Oliver, in effigy and pulled a building he owned “down to the Ground in five minutes.” 16 Oliver resigned the position the next day. The following week, a crowd also set upon the home of his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson, who had publicly argued for submission to the stamp tax. Before the evening was over, much of Hutchinson’s home and belongings had been destroyed. 17

Popular violence and intimidation spread quickly throughout the colonies. In New York City, posted notices read:

PRO PATRIA, The first Man that either distributes or makes use of Stampt Paper, let him take care of his House, Person, & Effects. Vox Populi; We dare.” 18

By November 16, all of the original twelve stamp distributors had resigned, and by 1766, groups calling themselves the Sons of Liberty were formed in most colonies to direct and organize further resistance. These tactics had the dual effect of sending a message to Parliament and discouraging colonists from accepting appointments as stamp collectors. With no one to distribute the stamps, the act became unenforceable.

Pressure on Parliament grew until, in February 1766, it repealed the Stamp Act. But to save face and to try to avoid this kind of problem in the future, Parliament also passed the Declaratory Act, asserting that Parliament had the “full power and authority to make laws . . . to bind the colonies and people of America . . . in all cases whatsoever.” However, colonists were too busy celebrating the repeal of the Stamp Act to take much notice of the Declaratory Act. In New York City, the inhabitants raised a huge lead statue of King George III in honor of the Stamp Act’s repeal. It could be argued that there was no moment at which colonists felt more proud to be members of the free British Empire than 1766. But Britain still needed revenue from the colonies. 19

The colonies had resisted the implementation of direct taxes, but the Declaratory Act reserved Parliament’s right to impose them. And, in the colonists’ dispatches to Parliament and in numerous pamphlets, they had explicitly acknowledged the right of Parliament to regulate colonial trade. So Britain’s next attempt to draw revenues from the colonies, the Townshend Acts, were passed in June 1767, creating new customs duties on common items, like lead, glass, paint, and tea, instead of direct taxes. The acts also created and strengthened formal mechanisms to enforce compliance, including a new American Board of Customs Commissioners and more vice-admiralty courts to try smugglers. Revenues from customs seizures would be used to pay customs officers and other royal officials, including the governors, thereby incentivizing them to convict offenders. These acts increased the presence of the British government in the colonies and circumscribed the authority of the colonial assemblies, since paying the governor’s salary had long given the assemblies significant power over them. Unsurprisingly, colonists, once again, resisted.

Even though these were duties, many colonial resistance authors still referred to them as “taxes,” because they were designed primarily to extract revenues from the colonies not to regulate trade. John Dickinson, in his “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” wrote, “That we may legally be bound to pay any general duties on these commodities, relative to the regulation of trade, is granted; but we being obliged by her laws to take them from Great Britain, any special duties imposed on their exportation to us only, with intention to raise a revenue from us only, are as much taxes upon us, as those imposed by the Stamp Act.” Hence, many authors asked: once the colonists assented to a tax in any form , what would stop the British from imposing ever more and greater taxes on the colonists? 20

New forms of resistance emerged in which elite, middling, and working-class colonists participated together. Merchants reinstituted nonimportation agreements, and common colonists agreed not to consume these same products. Lists were circulated with signatories promising not to buy any British goods. These lists were often published in newspapers, bestowing recognition on those who had signed and led to pressure on those who had not.

Women, too, became involved to an unprecedented degree in resistance to the Townshend Acts. They circulated subscription lists and gathered signatures. The first political commentaries in newspapers written by women appeared. 21 Also, without new imports of British clothes, colonists took to wearing simple, homespun clothing. Spinning clubs were formed, in which local women would gather at one of their homes and spin cloth for homespun clothing for their families and even for the community. 22

Homespun clothing quickly became a marker of one’s virtue and patriotism, and women were an important part of this cultural shift. At the same time, British goods and luxuries previously desired now became symbols of tyranny. Nonimportation and, especially, nonconsumption agreements changed colonists’ cultural relationship with the mother country. Committees of Inspection monitored merchants and residents to make sure that no one broke the agreements. Offenders could expect to be shamed by having their names and offenses published in the newspaper and in broadsides.

Nonimportation and nonconsumption helped forge colonial unity. Colonies formed Committees of Correspondence to keep each other informed of the resistance efforts throughout the colonies. Newspapers reprinted exploits of resistance, giving colonists a sense that they were part of a broader political community. The best example of this new “continental conversation” came in the wake of the Boston Massacre. Britain sent regiments to Boston in 1768 to help enforce the new acts and quell the resistance. On the evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd gathered outside the Custom House and began hurling insults, snowballs, and perhaps more at the young sentry. When a small number of soldiers came to the sentry’s aid, the crowd grew increasingly hostile until the soldiers fired. After the smoke cleared, five Bostonians were dead, including one of the ringleaders, Crispus Attucks, a former slave turned free dockworker. The soldiers were tried in Boston and won acquittal, thanks, in part, to their defense attorney, John Adams. News of the Boston Massacre spread quickly through the new resistance communication networks, aided by a famous engraving initially circulated by Paul Revere, which depicted bloodthirsty British soldiers with grins on their faces firing into a peaceful crowd. The engraving was quickly circulated and reprinted throughout the colonies, generating sympathy for Boston and anger with Britain.

Resistance again led to repeal. In March 1770, Parliament repealed all of the new duties except the one on tea, which, like the Declaratory Act, was left, in part, to save face and assert that Parliament still retained the right to tax the colonies. The character of colonial resistance had changed between 1765 and 1770. During the Stamp Act resistance, elites wrote resolves and held congresses while violent, popular mobs burned effigies and tore down houses, with minimal coordination between colonies. But methods of resistance against the Townshend Acts became more inclusive and more coordinated. Colonists previously excluded from meaningful political participation now gathered signatures, and colonists of all ranks participated in the resistance by not buying British goods and monitoring and enforcing the boycotts.

Britain’s failed attempts at imperial reform in the 1760s created an increasingly vigilant and resistant colonial population and, most importantly, an enlarged political sphere—both on the colonial and continental levels—far beyond anything anyone could have imagined a few years earlier. A new sense of shared grievances began to join the colonists in a shared American political identity.

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• French Revolution and Napoleon

The 6 Main Causes of the French Revolution

The main causes of the french revolution remain debated. the middle class resented political exclusion, the lower classes didn't want to support the current feudal system and the government was on the brink of bankruptcty. here we take a deeper look into the main causes of the french revolution..

Sarah Roller

27 sep 2021, @sarahroller8.

This educational video is a visual version of this article and presented by Artificial Intelligence (AI). Please see our AI ethics and diversity policy for more information on how we use AI and select presenters on our website.

In 1789, France was the powerhouse of Europe, with a large overseas empire, strong colonial trade links as well as a flourishing silk trade at home, and was the centre of the Enlightenment movement in Europe. The Revolution which engulfed France shocked her European counterparts and changed the course of French politics and government completely. Many of its values – l iberté, égalité, fraternité –  are still widely used as a motto today.

1. Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

France had an absolute monarchy in the 18th century – life centred around the king, who had complete power. Whilst theoretically this could work well, it was a system heavily dependent on the personality of the king in question. Louis XVI was indecisive, shy and lacked the charisma and charm which his predecessors had so benefited from.

The court at Versailles , just outside Paris, had between 3,000 and 10,000 courtiers living there at any one time, all bound by strict etiquette. Such a large and complex social set required management by the king in order to manage power, bestow favours and keep a watchful eye over potential troublemakers. Louis simply didn’t have the capability or iron will necessary to do this.

Louis’ wife and queen, Marie Antoinette , was an Austrian-born princess whose (supposedly) profligate spending, Austrian sympathies and alleged sexual deviancy were targeted repeatedly. Incapable of acting in a way which might have transformed public opinion, the royal couple saw themselves become scapegoats for far more issues than those which they could control.

‘Marie Antoinette en chemise’, portrait of the queen in a muslin dress (by Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, 1783)

Image Credit: Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

As an absolute monarch, Louis was also held somewhat responsible – along with his advisors – for failures. Failures could only be blamed on advisors or external parties for so long, and by the late 1780s, the king himself was the target of popular discontent and anger rather than those around him: a dangerous position for an absolute monarch to be in. Whilst contemporaries may have perceived the king as being anointed by God, it was their subjects who permitted them to maintain this status.

2. Inherited problems

By no means did Louis XVI inherit an easy situation. The power of the French monarchy had peaked under Louis XIV, and by the time Louis XVI inherited, France found herself in an increasingly dire financial situation, weakened by the Seven Years War and American War of Independence .

With an old and inefficient taxation system which saw large portions of the wealthiest parts of French society exempt from major taxes, the burden was carried by the poorest and simply didn’t provide enough cash.

Variations by region also caused unhappiness: Brittany continued to pay the gabelle  (salt tax) and the  pays d’election  no longer had regional autonomy, for example. The system was clunky and unfair, with some areas over-represented and some under-represented in government and through financial contributions. It was desperately in need of sweeping reforms. The French economy was also growing increasingly stagnant. Hampered by internal tolls and tariffs, regional trade was slow and the agricultural and industrial revolution which was hitting Britain was much slower to arrive, and to be adopted in France.

3. The Estates System & the bourgeoise

The Estates System was far from unique to France: this ancient feudal social structure broke society into 3 groups, clergy, nobility and everyone else. In the Medieval period, prior to the boom of the merchant classes, this system did broadly reflect the structure of the world. As more and more prosperous self-made men rose through the ranks, the system’s rigidity became an increasing source of frustration. The new bourgeoise class could only make the leap to the Second Estate (the nobility) through the practice of venality, the buying and selling of offices.

Following  parlements  blocking of reforms, Louis XVI was persuaded to call an assembly known as the Estates General, which had last been called in 1614. Each estate drew up a list of grievances, the  cahier de doleances,  which were presented to the king. The event turned into a stalemate, with the First and Second Estates continually voting to block the Third Estate out of a petty desire to keep their status firm, refusing to acknowledge the need to work together to achieve reform.

Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles 5 May 1789

Image Credit: Isidore-Stanislaus Helman (1743-1806) and Charles Monnet (1732-1808), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

These deep divisions between the estates were a major contributing factor to the eruption of revolution. With an ever-growing and increasingly loud Third Estate, the prospect of meaningful societal change began to increasingly appear to be something of a possibility.

4. Taxation & money

French finances were a mess by the late 18th century. The taxation system allowed the wealthiest to avoid paying virtually any tax at all, and given that wealth almost always equalled power, any attempt to push through radical financial reforms was blocked by the  parlements.  Unable to change the tax, and not daring to increase the burden on those who already shouldered it, Jacques Necker, the finance minister, raised money through taking out loans rather than raising taxes. Whilst this had some short term benefits, loans accrued interest and pushed the country further into debt.

In an attempt to add some form of transparency to royal expenditure and to create a more educated and informed populace, Necker published the Crown’s expenses and accounts in a document known as the Compte rendu au roi.  Instead of placating the situation, it in fact gave the people an insight into something they had previously considered to be none of their concern.

With France on the brink of bankruptcy, and people more acutely aware and less tolerant of the feudal financial system they were upholding, the situation was becoming more and more delicate. Attempts to push through radical financial reforms were made, but Louis’ influence was too weak to force his nobles to bend to his will.

5. The Enlightenment

Historians debate the influence of Enlightenment in the French Revolution. Individuals like Voltaire and Rousseau espoused values of liberty, equality, tolerance, constitutional government and the separation of church and state. In an age where literacy levels were increasing and printing was cheap, these ideas were discussed and disseminated far more than previous movements had been.

Many also view the philosophy and ideals of the First Republic as being underpinned by Enlightenment ideas, and the motto most closely associated with the revolution itself – ‘liberté, égalité, fraternité’ – can be seen as a reflection of key ideas in Enlightenment pamphlets.

Voltaire, Portrait by Nicolas de Largillière, c. 1724

Image Credit: Nicolas de Largillière, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

6. Bad luck

Many of these issues were long term factors causing discontent and stagnation in France, but they had not caused revolution to erupt in the first 15 years of Louis’ reign. The real cost of living had increased by 62% between 1741 and 1785, and two successive years of poor harvests in 1788 and 1789 caused the price of bread to be dramatically inflated along with a drop in wages.

This added hardship added an extra layer of resentment and weight to the grievances of the Third Estate, which was largely made up of peasants and a few bourgeoise. Accusations of the extravagant spending of the royal family – irrespective of their truth – further exacerbated tensions, and the king and queen were increasingly targets of  libelles and attacks in print.

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“causes of french revolution” essay.

Following are the causes of the french revolution  .

Social Inequality

France had an estate system. The First Estate consisted of the Roman Catholic Clergy, the Second Estate was the French nobility, and the Third Estate consisted of peasants, laborers, lawyers, and merchants. The Third Estate was excluded from positions of honor and political power and was looked down upon by the other Estates. This was resented and led to the Third Estate coming together to revolt against the other two Estates.

The Third Estate was forced to pay heavy taxes while the other Estates were exempted from paying taxes. This was questioned by the Third Estate that planned to fight against this tax system.

Rise of Bourgeoisie

Bourgeoisie referred to the rich men and women who became highly influential in the years leading to the revolution. These men and women did not like the power that the other two Estates had and wanted to get rid of the feudal system and this was a major reason for the French Revolution.

Financial Crisis

France was suffering from an economic and financial crisis because of the high costs involved in the war. The French also supported the American War and spent a lot of money. This led to the mounting of the debts and led France to bankruptcy.

Poor Harvest

Poor weather conditions led to droughts, famines, and poor harvests that took a toll on the peasants who were already struggling to survive daily. The peasants were angered and this led them to revolt.

Increasing Cost of Bread

The bread was the staple food of people in France and its increasing prices were also causes of the revolt. The rise in the cost of bread led to a food crisis that the monarch was not able to solve. This led to discontent of the poor peasants and they revolted.

Ineffective Leadership

The monarch was not answerable to the common people for any of the policies and reforms. Additionally, King Louis XVI was ineffective because he could not solve the financial or the food crisis of the country. The poor economic conditions of the nation angered the masses and became critical of their king. The additional extravagant expenditure of the monarch on personal things as well as in the war made the people consider the expenditures as wasteful and revolted against the monarch.

The French Revolution sparked by a series of events led the common people in France to revolt against the monarchy and overthrow it. The French Revolution also saw periods of a lot of violence where a lot of common people were killed mercilessly and wealth was looted. The revolution came to an end with a coup organized by Napoleon Bonaparte.

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What caused the American Revolution?

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Learn how the Institute impacts history education through our work guiding teachers, energizing students, and supporting research.

What Caused the French Revolution? Essay

Introduction, causes of the french revolution, works cited.

The French revolution that took place in 1789-1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in France. However, the revolution did not only affect France alone but also the whole of Europe (Lefebvre 6). The revolution brought about the modern revolution- an idea of a plan that can transform the world. The revolution ushered in modernity after the collapse of the old regime that was characterized by legal inequality, feudal economy and absolutist politics.

The revolution began after a meeting of the Estates-Generals on 5 May 1989, which was attended by the Third Estates (merchants, peasants, professional men and artisans) representatives who felt uncomfortable with the old regime governance that exempted clergies and the rich from paying taxes. The meeting then changed its name to National Assembly after the nobles and clergies joined.

The main aim of this meeting was to give France a constitution that called for liberty, equality, and fraternity. After the King realized of the meeting he kicked them out of their usual meeting place (Lefebvre 8). On 20 June 1789, they changed their meeting venue to the Oath of Tennis Court.

The King further tried to remove them from the hall, which sparked out the revolution. On July 14, the revolution became radical after a mob stormed and captured the Bastille, the old royal prison in Paris. The radicals further spread from Paris to other districts in the country. In this paper, the focus is in support of John Locke’s statement that “if man’s rights are deprived the people affected have the right to overthrow the government and establish a new one.”

Royal Absolutism: In 18 th century, France had an absolute monarch that was applicable in both theory and practice. In reality, France rather than having a parliament had Estate General that was composed of members from each of the three estates (Cobban 3). This Estate General was semi-representative and ineffective as it last convened in 1641. France experienced a bloated bureaucratic administration from the government officials.

The bureaucracy overgrew and by 1750, it was very large, inefficient and corrupt. The officials had acquired properties illegally, bought and sold government offices for their own benefits. In addition, there was no unified system of law in France as every region had its parliament that determined the law. The French revolution implemented a single and unified system of law.

Finances: Lack of legislature made the French monarchy to have an overall control of the finances. The king managed the countries fiscal year and by 1789, the government of France was so bankrupt that it could not settle its debts.

In addition, the level of debts had increased in the past years due to the involvement of France in many wars in the late 17 th century and early 18 th century (Cobban 1946). Further, the exemption of a number of social groups from payment of taxes led to the government’s failure to raise enough finances. The rich, the clergy and the church, universities and the cities were exempted from paying taxes.

Enlightenment: During the 18 th century, the French society started awareness of the happenings in their nations. The third class that was paying taxes while the first and second did not, became aware of the inequality and the effects it had on them (Cobban 6).

In addition, the need for women to take part in elections and decision-making in the country also brought about the rise of revolution. Further, the realization of the third class that all men were born to be equal in paying taxes, enjoying equal rights, owning properties, and being elected to representatives contributed to the rise of the revolution.

The American Revolution : In 1775-1783, America experienced a revolution and the government of France sent its troops and navy to help the rebelling colonists. Its troops had contacts with the Americans, which is believed to be a source of exchange of revolutionary ideas.

These troops further spread the ideas to the French citizens after returning to France (Cobban 5). In addition, the formation of democratic republic in 1780s attracted attention of various writers who wrote about the America and predicted the trend to follow in European countries. Those who read the books became enlightened and preached the information of steady and inevitable progress of man’s intellectual nature and morals, which caused more tensions in France.

Food Scarcity: Years before the revolution, France experienced a harsh climate conditions that led to poor harvests (Cobban 5). This consequently led to the rise of hunger and high prices of bread in France. In addition, the government was unable to deal with the situation due to poor means of transport that hindered the transportation of food from rural areas with plenty foods to the hunger stricken and populated areas. This led to destabilization of the French Citizens, which eventually led to the revolution.

The causes of the French revolution were due to inefficiency of the old regime of governance of the French Monarchy. This made the monarchy to violate human rights and needs. To look for an alternative means for a government that would cater and have the concerns of the French society as the priority, the society had to kick out the old regime and form a new modern regime.

This gives support and concurs with John Locke statement “if man’s rights are deprived they have the right to overthrow the government and establish a new one.”

Cobban, Alfred. Historians and the Causes of French Revolution . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1946. Print

Lefebvre, Georges. The French Revolution: From its Origin to 1793 . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962. Print.

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IvyPanda. (2022, March 15). What Caused the French Revolution? https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-french-revolution/

"What Caused the French Revolution?" IvyPanda , 15 Mar. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/the-french-revolution/.

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American Revolution

Dbq: causes of the american revolution, using evidence: nys regents style dbq.

U.S. History

American Revolution: DBQ: Causes of the American Revolution

Students will examine and evaluate primary and secondary source documents to construct an essay that analyzes the causes of the American Revolution.

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The American Revolution was motivated by many different reasons. The citizens living in the American colonies at the time were driven by many factors that lead them to declare independence from Great Britain. Some of these factors include social, cultural, economic, and political issues, among others. However, the main cause for the American ...

American Revolution Timeline. List of some of the major causes and effects of the American Revolution. The revolution began after Britain imposed new taxes and trade restrictions on the 13 American colonies, fueling growing resentment and strengthening the colonists' objection to their lack of representation in the British Parliament.

The American Revolution—also called the U.S. War of Independence—was the insurrection fought between 1775 and 1783 through which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies threw off British rule to establish the sovereign United States of America, founded with the Declaration of Independence in 1776. British attempts to assert greater control over colonial affairs after a long period ...

The American Revolution was no different. Here are 6 key causes of the American revolution. 1. Seven Years War (1756-1763) Although the Seven Years War was a multinational conflict, the main belligerents were the British and French Empires. Each looking to expand their territory across numerous continents, both nations suffered mass casualties ...

The Cause of the American Revolution. No single event caused the revolution. It was, instead, a series of events that led to the war. Essentially, it began as a disagreement over the way Great Britain governed the colonies and the way the colonies thought they should be treated. Americans felt they deserved all the rights of Englishmen.

5.3: The Causes of the American Revolution. Most immediately, the American Revolution resulted directly from attempts to reform the British Empire after the Seven Years' War. The Seven Years' War culminated nearly a half century of war between Europe's imperial powers.

French Revolution, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789—hence the conventional term "Revolution of 1789," denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 1848.. Origins of the Revolution. The French Revolution had general causes ...

Instead of relying on a monarch, the government rested on the consent of the governed, first in the states, and then after 1789 with the passage of the U.S. Constitution, in the nation as a whole. To paraphrase Thomas Paine, whereas in England the King was the law, in America the law was king. This radical shift in the basis of power created ...

It is argued that the first awaking that involved religious upheavals acted to set the stage for creating colonies that gave a hand to a political revolution. It is thus evident that American Revolution resulted from putting together the customs of republicanism and those relating to the radical protestant dissent (Wood, 2002, pp 178-190).

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Introduction

This paper is a job analysis about a high school teacher who teaches psychology. The analysis was written down after an extensive interview on this particular teacher concerning her job (Holmes, 2011). Upon finding this particular individual for my interview, I went ahead and did a research of my own on some aspects of her job such as the knowledge required to be a psychology teacher, the tasks, tools and even the abilities one should have in order to be able to deliver as a psychology teacher in high school (McIntyre, 1995). I communicated with the interviewee and she gave me an appointment at her current school the next day. Prior to carrying out the interview, I clearly explained to this teacher that the interview was intended to gather information that I was going got use in writing down the job analysis of her own career. I also stated to her that the exercise was part of my course requirement.

When we sat down for the interview in her nicely arranged office, one thing that I had to make sure was that I was in light mood while explaining the purpose of the interview but at the same time did my best to presents myself as professional as I could. I explained to her that a job analysis was basically a scheme about her job profile and not her personal life.

The interviewee is a high school, psychology teacher. She is responsible for teaching the subject of psychology in high school (Holmes, 2011). She is required to cater for the interests of all the students in her school that are in line with her job description.

The roles of this teacher extent from the simple trips to class in order to give her students notes to help them pass exams. She is expected to mentor these young ones into becoming important members of the society. Many of the high school students are going thought the adolescent stage of maturity. The psychology teacher is expected to guide them mentally on how to deal with some of the challenges that come with this crucial stage such as developments of secondary body characteristics and how it affects their self-esteem.

Duties and responsibilities

She is primarily required to ensure support for the morals of the school and the students. She is required to ensure that laws on conduct are followed by the students and that sanity is maintained in the school setup. A basic responsibility such as maintenance of attendance records and grades that needs to be kept properly is another role of this teacher. Her support and supervision for the students is always kept in a high standard. She has to make sure that lectures are delivered in such a way that students easily fathom the fundamental skills (Holmes, 2011). In this case, the lectures are planned and executed in a very effective manner. Another vital role of this psychology teacher is to supervise the learners in both practical and theory work in a manner that will enable them to comprehend well. Apart from carrying out her administrative tasks, she ensures that her students behave in a proper manner both in class and in the whole of the school environment.

She instructs demonstrations such as that of carrying out the personality test by her students during the cultural and welfare week. She uses differentiated instructions and teaching to meet the varying needs of her students. She assigns and grades class work and as well as the home works. For example is she gives a test in class that consists of ten (10) questions, the students that scores between 6.5 and 10 receives an A grade while those that score between 5-6 get a B grade. Those who have get 3-5 get a C while those with 2-3 get a D. Individuals with less than a score of 2 are the ones that receive an E. She says that her grading is very fair and is meant to encourage better performance. The preparation, administration and grading of the tests is geared towards evaluating the progress of her students (Holmes, 2011).

The psychology teacher is expected to understand the human behavior and how it relates with performance. This includes things such as personal differences in interests, personality differences, ability, learning and motivation variances among students and many more. She should also be equipped with the knowledge on psychological research methods, assessment techniques and ways of dealing with affective and behavioral disorders (e.g. bipolar disorder). Accordingly, she has a Bachelor’s degree in psychobiology and a teaching experience of almost twenty (20) years.

She instructs her students on the various tasks that they are required to do. She understands a number of training methods that varies under different situations such as the introduction of a new concept or topic (McIntyre, 1995). As is expected of her, she ensures that she is very audible and fluent when communicating to students both in class and outside the classroom. She keenly listens to her students without any interruption for clear conveyance of information from the learners. Above all, the teacher an autonomous thinker who is open to new ideas from others while using logic to sieve through the alternatives. Time is an essential commodity to this teacher so she keeps watch of it carefully.

The teacher is able to keenly listen and digest any information presented to her even by the learners. The can communicate her ideas in the most appropriate manner using spoken word. She is also able to apply her general knowledge to deal with her student’s problems and can also use specific example to form meaning of a whole idea about the conclusion.

Work context

Hers is both an indoor and outdoor job. Outdoor in the sense that she gets out of her home to go to her work while indoor in the sense that she spends most of her time either in the classroom or in her office carrying out her duties. The environments both in the classroom and the office are conduce because of the good air conditioning within the school. However, she notes that some of the interpersonal conflicts that can happen in the school setup include things such as teacher-student affair (which is illegal), sexual exploitation or violence amongst colleague teachers, fights for positions in the school administration among the teachers or use of inappropriate punishment by a teacher on a student.

Organizational culture

This psychology teacher describes the organizational culture of her school as being conducive to both the teachers and students in performing their duties and responsibilities. The number of teachers in her school are adequate for al l the subject meaning their there is no overload of work for the teachers (McIntyre, 1995). The teachers and the student, hold a cordial relationship that is founded on respect and cooperation for their excellence. The students and teachers are appreciated for their good work through incentives such as prices and trophies. The cord of conduct is strict and set goals clear with the aim of setting an example higher than that of the competing schools (this is reflected in the school motto). The avenues for communication are both in oral and written form (Holmes, 2011). Written communication is used especially for official purposes that involve the administration.

The teacher (whose name shall remain in discretion for purposes of confidentiality) was very kind to provide me with the above information since nothing was given in return for the favor. After writing down a rough analysis of her job, I presented it to her and left it with her for any comment or critique (McIntyre, 1995). She phoned me that very night and the only issue she raised is that I was not specific about her academic qualification, upon which I apologized and told her that I would include this vital information under the section of knowledge in her job analysis (Holmes, 2011). We met after two days for another session and I gave her the final copy which she went through and did not have any issue with. After the meeting, I told her how grateful I was for her time and patience, thus concluded our business.

Holmes, D. (2011). The smart guide to the perfect job interview . Norman, OK: Smart Guide Publications.

McIntire, S. A., & Bucklan, M. A. (1995). The job analysis kit . Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

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Essay on job analysis | hrm.

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Read this essay to learn about Job Analysis in an Organisation. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Definitions of Job Analysis 2. Objectives of Job Analysis 3. Uses 4. Process 5. Techniques 6.. Problems.

Essay on Job Analysis Contents

• Essay on the Problems of Job Analysis

Essay # 1. Definitions of Job Analysis :

Some of the definitions of job analysis are given as follows, to understand the meaning of the term more clearly:

According to Michael J. Jucius, “Job analysis refers to the process of studying the operations, duties and organisational aspects of jobs in order to derive specifications or as they are called by some job descriptions.”

According to Edwin B. Flippo, “Job analysis is the process of studying and collecting information relating to the operations and responsibilities of a specific job.”

According to John A. Shbim “Job analysis is the methodical compilation and study of work data in order to define and characterise each occupation in such a manner as to distinguish it from all others.”

According to Richard Henderson “Job analysis involves the identification and precisely identifying the required tasks, the knowledge and skills necessary for performing them and the conditions under which they must be performed.”

According to S.P. Robbins & D.A. De Cenzo “Job analysis is the systematic exploration of activities within a job. It is a basic technical procedure. One that is used to define the duties, responsibilities and accountabilities of a job.”

According to Herbert G Hereman “A job is a collection of tasks that can be performed by a single employee to contribute to the production of some product or service provided by the organisation. Each job has certain ability requirements (as well as certain rewards) associated with it. Job analysis is the process used to identify these requirements.”

The study of these definitions reveals that job analysis is a process by which job, duties and responsibilities are defined and the information of various factors relating to jobs are collected and compiled to determine the work conditions, nature of work, qualities of persons to be employed on job, position of the job, opportunities available and authorities and privileges to be given on the job etc.

The main purpose of job analysis is thus to collect the data and then to analyse the data relating to a job. A job can be analysed only after it has been designed and someone is already performing it. Job analysis is thus performed upon ongoing jobs. As jobs are subject to change a job analysis may become obsolete within a short period of time.

The data relating to the job may be classified as under:

(i) Job identification

(ii) Nature of the job

(iii) Operations involved in doing the job

(iv) Materials and equipment required to do the job

(v) Personnel qualities required to do the job

(vi) Relation of the job with other jobs in the organisation

A careful examination of the data collected and classified suggests that some data relates to the job and some concern the individuals doing the job. The requirements of job are known as job description and the qualities required from the job holder are termed as job specifications. Thus, job description and job specification are two products of job analysis.

Essay # 2. Objectives of Job Analysis:

The main objectives of job analysis are as follows:

1. Work Simplification :

A job may be analysed to simplify the process and methods involved in it. This will mean redesigning the job. Work simplification helps to improve productivity of personnel.

2. Establishment of Standards of Performance :

In order to hire the personnel on the scientific basis, it is very necessary to determine in advance a standard of performance with which applicants can be compared. This standard should establish the minimum acceptable qualities necessary for the effective performance of the job duties and responsibilities. These standards would be established with the help of job analysis only.

3. Support to Other Personnel Activities :

Job analysis provides support to other personnel activities such as recruitment, selection, training, development, performance appraisal, job evaluation etc.

Essay # 3. Uses of Job Analysis:

A comprehensive job analysis is an essential ingredient in designing a sound human resource programme.

Job information gathered from job analysis process and its resulting products-job description and job specification may be used for the following purposes.

1. Organisational Design:

Job analysis will be useful in classifying the jobs and the interrelationships among the jobs. On the basis of information obtained through job analysis, sound decisions regarding hierarchical positions and functional differentiation can be taken. This will improve operational efficiency.

2. Manpower Planning:

Job analysis is the qualitative aspect of manpower requirements because it determines the demands of the job in terms of responsibilities and duties and then translates these demands in terms of skills, qualities and other human attributes.

It also determines the quantum of work which an average person can perform on the job in a day. It facilitates the division of work into different jobs. Thus, it is an essential element of manpower planning because it matches jobs with men.

3. Recruitment and Selection:

In order to hire a right person for a job, it is very essential to know the requirements of the job and the qualities of the individual who will perform the job.

The information regarding these two are procured from job description and job specifications respectively and help the management in matching as closely as possible the job requirements with workers’ aptitudes, abilities, interests etc. to facilitate the execution of employment programmes.

4. Placement and Orientation:

Job analysis helps in matching the job requirements with the abilities, interests and aptitudes of people. Jobs will be assigned to persons on the basis of suitability for the job. The orientation programme will help the employees in learning the activities and understanding duties that are required to perform a given job more effectively.

5. Training and Development:

Job analysis provides valuable information which is required to identify the training needs, to design training progammes and to evaluate training effectiveness. Job analysis helps in deciding what is to be learnt and how it is to be learnt. Employee development programmes such as job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment are also based on the analysis of job requirements.

6. Job Evaluation:

Job analysis provides a basis for job evaluation. Job evaluation aims at determining the relative worth of the jobs which in turn helps in determining the remuneration for the jobs. An accurate and comprehensive set of job descriptions and job specifications forms a factual basis for evaluating the worth of the job.

7. Performance Appraisal:

Job analysis data provide a clear-cut standard of performance for every job. The performance of employee can be appraised objectively with the standard of job performance so established. A supervisor can very easily compare the contribution of each man with the set standards.

8. Job Designing:

Job analysis helps the industrial engineers in designing the job by making comprehensive study of the job elements. It also helps in time and motion study, work specifications, methods and work place improvement and work measurement. Human engineering activities such as physical, mental and psychological are also studied with the help of job analysis information.

9. Safety and Health:

The job analysis process uncovers the hazardous and unhealthy environmental factors such as heat, noise, fumes, dust etc. The management can take corrective measures to minimise the chances of various risks to ensure safety of workers and to avoid unhealthy conditions.

10. Discipline:

Job analysis studies the failure of the workers to meet the required standard of performance. Corrective measures may be taken in time to avoid untoward situations. In this way, it helps in maintaining discipline in the organisation.

11. Employee Counselling:

Job analysis provides information about career choices and personal limitations. Such information is helpful in vocational guidance and rehabilitation counselling. Employees who are unable to cope with the hazards and demands of given jobs may be advised to opt for subsidiary jobs or to seek premature retirement.

12. Labour Relations:

Job analysis will be helpful in improving labour management relations. It can also be used to resolve disputes and grievances relating to work load, work procedures etc.

Essay # 4. Process of Job Analysis:

The process of job analysis is nothing but a data collection process.

The main steps involved in job analysis are as follows:

1. Organising and Planning for the Programme:

The first step in the process of job analysis is to organise and to plan for the programme. The company must decide who will be incharge of the programme and must assign responsibilities to the designated persons. A time schedule and a budget for carrying out the analysis of job should also be prepared.

2. Obtaining Current Job Design Information:

The job analyst should obtain information concerning the current design of the representative job. For this purpose, current job description and job specification, procedure manual, systems flow charts etc., should be studied.

3. Conducting “Needs Research”:

The job analyst should investigate to determine which organisation, managers or staff people require job analysis or output from job analysis. The analyst should also determine for what purpose and to what extent jobs must be analysed and how the information will be used.

4. Establishing Priorities in the Jobs to be analysed:

The human resource department working with various operational executives should identify the jobs to be analysed and the priority of each job analysis.

5. Collecting Job Data:

The next step is to collect data about the selected jobs as they are currently being performed using established systematic techniques.

6. Redesigning the Job:

The next step is to redesign the job, if necessary.

7. Preparing Job Descriptions and Job Classifications:

Job information which has been collected must be processed to prepare the job description form. It is a statement showing full details of the activities of the job. Separate job description forms may be used for various activities in the job and may be compiled later on. The job analysis is made with the help of these description forms. These forms may be used as reference for the future.

8. Developing Job Specifications:

Job specifications are also prepared on the basis of information collected. It is a statement of minimum acceptable qualities of the person to be placed on the job. It specifies the standard by which the qualities of the person are measured.

Job analyst prepares such statement taking into consideration the skills required in performing the job properly. Such statement is used in selecting a person matching with the job.

Essay # 5. Techniques of Job Analysis:

Job analysis is mainly and essentially a data collection process.

The information can be obtained in one of the following ways:

1. Questionnaire :

In this method a detailed questionnaire is prepared by the Job analyst and distributed among the workers. The workers answer the questions to the best of their knowledge and belief. Employees’ cooperation can more easily be achieved by explaining the entire programme fully in detail to the representatives of employees. Assistance of supervisors can also be sought.

This technique is time consuming and generally does not yield satisfactory results because many employees do not complete the questionnaire or furnish incorrect information because of their own limitations. The use of questionnaire is recommended only in case of those technical jobs where the job contents are not completely known to the supervisor or the operation is too complex to observe.

2. Observation Method :

The most practical and reliable technique of getting information regarding job is through personal observation of the work performed, coupled with the discussion with the supervisor of the job. The analyst may ask questions from the workers on a job.

The complete and useful information can be gathered by the use of this technique. This technique can be used if a particular job is simple and of repetitive nature. Observations coupled with discussions with the supervisor and the workers, constitutes the preferred approach in most of the cases, to get the required information.

3. Interview :

Job analyst uses interview as a prime method of data collection. He contacts the workers and the supervisor concerned and asks questions regarding the various jobs performed by them for collecting the information.

The supervisor may be taken into confidence in collecting the information about the work which the worker is not willing to supply due to certain limitations. Interview may be used as a technique for comparing the data, collected by the analyst through observation or questionnaire.

This technique can do much to dispel any doubts and suspicions which might be held. It may also be useful to crosscheck the information obtained with the incumbents of identical or similar jobs. But it may be kept in view that when information is gathered by interviewing; it is the study of positions and not of persons holding the positions.

4. Record :

Personnel department maintains the record of the facts regarding job and the job holders. The analyst collects the information from the record maintained by the personnel department. This method is also not free from defects.

Certain information such as supervisor worker relationship, tools and accessories used and work conditions are not made available from records and hence complete information about work and worker cannot be obtained by this technique.

5. Critical Incidents :

In this method, job holders are asked to describe incidents concerning the job on the basis of their past experience. The incidents so collected are analysed and classified according to the job areas they describe.

A fairly clear picture of actual job requirements can be obtained by distinguishing between effective and ineffective behaviour of workers on the job. However, this method is time consuming. The analyst requires a high degree of skill to analyse the contents of descriptions given by workers.

The above techniques of collecting information are generally used but none of them is free from defects. The analyst should use these techniques in combination and not in isolation to get better results.

6. Job Performance :

In this method, the job analyst actually performs the job under study to obtain a firsthand experience of the actual tastes, physical and social demands and the environment of the job.

This method can be used only for jobs where skill requirements are low and can therefore, be learnt quickly and easily. It is not suitable for jobs that are hazardous or for jobs that require extensive training. Moreover, it is a very time consuming method.

Although most employers use the above methods for collecting job analysis data, there are many tunes when these narrative approaches are not appropriate. In that case, a more quantitative job analysis approach may be best.

Essay # 6. Problems in Job Analysis :

Certain problems may crop up while conducting job analysis.

The major ones are as follows:

1. Lack of Support from Top Management:

In most cases the support from top management is missing. They refuse to appropriately describe what an employee is supposed to do in the company creating confusion in the minds of employees. The top management should make it clear to all employees that their full and honest participation is extremely important for the process.

2. Single Method:

All too often, job analyst relies on only one of the methods when a combination of two or more methods might provide a better idea.

3. Lack of Training/Motivation:

Job holders are a great source of information about the job, but they are not trained or motivated to generate quality data for job analysis. Further, job holders are rarely made aware of the importance of the data and are never rewarded for providing accurate data.

4. Distortion of Activities:

When training or preparedness does not exist, job holders tend to submit distorted data, either intentionally or inadvertently. Another reason for the negative attitude is the feeling that “as long as someone does not know precisely what I am supposed to be doing, I am safe.”

Related Articles:

• Job Analysis: Methods to Obtain Information for a Job Analysis
• Job Analysis and Its Advantages

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Job analysis plays a vital role in human recruitment. It helps HR managers determine the competencies or skills needed to perform a specific occupation, ensure that the job conditions are fair, and see how the position influences other parts of the business. Moreover, it improves employee participation and productivity. Based on job analysis, executives can create new positions, reorganize the team, or dismiss unproductive employees. On this page, we will explain what job analysis is and why it’s essential and provide a step-by-step guide on conducting it.

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What Is a Job Analysis?

A job analysis is an approach that examines job position , knowledge, and abilities required to carry out a specific task, the working environment, and its impact on business spheres. A job study assesses the position rather than the employee who performs the work. The method enables HR managers to comprehend the duties that employees carry out at work and the human capacities necessary to carry out these duties.

Why Is Job Analysis Important?

Job observation is very time-consuming and involves a lot of human effort, but still, its results bring a lot of advantages:

• Information regarding required skills and responsibilities. Work observation can assist the business and the employees by providing a clearer picture of what a job involves. It also establishes criteria for employees so they know what is expected of them within their work position.
• Development of evaluation methods. Employers can use job analysis to update or build new performance evaluation forms. The study also allows for a more realistic assessment of how an employee performs their work obligations.
• Establishment of salary and promotion standards. A job analysis can assist in determining whether a specific role requires a more significant skill set. It also helps employers decide whether to adjust the pay scale for a certain position or promote a worker.
• Refreshment of hiring procedures. A job observation could convince companies that the job descriptions they use for hiring and grading must be updated. It also allows them to create a new manual for hire procedures.
• Training for employees. A job analysis assists organizations in determining the optimum way to train new and already existing staff. The research process can also reveal the most beneficial areas for professional development .

Work Analysis Types

The information acquired from the work observation is divided into 2 groups : the occupation’s task demands and the human qualities required to fulfill these tasks.

• Task-based analysis This kind of job analysis is the most common and focuses on identifying elements of the job. In this type of analysis, tasks must be stated as a task statement . The task statement is the most significant component of the task analysis process because it provides a standardized format for describing worker actions with all the details.
• Skills-based analysis A skill-based analysis aims at the specific knowledge and abilities required for the job. This form is more subjective and is more suited to high-level positions.

It is essential to use effective techniques while conducting job research. A job analysis combines 3 methods , which are simple but bring fantastic results.

The process of job analysis consists of 6 phases. Here’s a quick step-by-step breakdown:

Step 1 Examine the Employee Responsibilities

The first step is to determine the specific position’s roles and responsibilities . The information can be gathered through employee interviews, questionnaires, or work manuals. After creating a list of required activities, the numerous tasks can be classified and grouped based on the amount of knowledge and experience.

Step 2 Investigate Relevant Positions

The second step is to examine relevant positions to see if the work experience aligns with industry standards. Analyzing the necessary qualifications, duties, and activities seen as most vital by other employers can be beneficial. It can help discover employee job obligations a company was unaware of.

Step 3 Specify the Outcomes Required for the Position

Since roles and duties differ within departments, even equivalent positions don’t produce the same results. Employers need to specify what exactly they want to receive from the person they hire. It’s best to write down skill sets and degrees of expertise a company needs from its workforce.

Step 4 Determine Skills, Training, and Level of Education

Specifying the exact skills, training, and education each worker will require is crucial. To receive good job analysis results, a company must be specific and accurate about each point. Depending on the value they bring to the team , it may change some functional responsibilities and duties.

Step 5 Determine Benefits and Compensation

A company needs to examine the pay range for the position and the revenue that its rivals provide for the identical job. Visiting websites like Glassdoor or Payscale will give all the necessary information about the amounts of compensation and benefits . Also, it’s essential to list the actions that will lead the employee to a financial promotion.

Step 6 Continually Iterate and Improve the Job

A job observation is a continuous process because the requirements for each position change every time. After the research, a company can choose workers who fit the job the most and pay them following industry standards. It will also allow the company to help those employees who want to progress in their careers.

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• Firm Analysis
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Essays on Job Analysis

28 samples on this topic

The mixture of written assignments you might receive while studying Job Analysis is stunning. If some are too difficult, an expertly crafted sample Job Analysis piece on a related subject might lead you out of a deadlock. This is when you will definitely praise WowEssays.com ever-expanding database of Job Analysis essay samples meant to catalyze your writing enthusiasm.

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Free Essay On Job Analysis

Job Analysis – Operations and Logistics Manager

Job Analysis Essay Example

Introduction

Job Analysis Essay Sample

Proper report example about riva.

Executive Summary:

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Example Of Essay On Job Analysis To Job Description

Example of job analysis / job manager research paper.

Job Analysis

Job analysis incorporates the collection and analysis of data by analyzing a job in accordance with its tasks, duties and responsibilities (Singh, 2008). The current paper aims to conduct a job analysis and develop job description for the position of a Store Branch Manager and Sales Representative of a retail store. The job analysis has been conducted by observing the tasks and duties performed by the incumbents (Singh, 2008).

Sales Representative

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Netflix is one of the leading companies in internet streaming industry with extremely aggressive growth strategy in its domestic and international market. Singapore is one of the strategic locations for the organization, which allows access not only to the large and technologically advanced market in the country but also to North Korea and other regions within the East and South East Asian Market (Netflix, 2015). Singapore growth strategy is based on competitive pricing and aggressive differentiation strategy, where Netflix offers own original content and plans to expand production on Singapore local market (Peng, 2015).

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Organizational structure essay examples, expertly written essay on job analysis to follow.

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Job Definition 3

Job Analysis definition 3 Need for Job Analysis 3 Job Description and Analysis 4 Information sources 4 Forms of Job Analysis 5 Analysis regarding revised or new jobs 5 Job Analysis by request 5 Considerations in a Job Analysis 6

References 7

Healthcare Administration Essay

Description and relationship of the primary functions of management

In healthcare administration, management functions can be described to mean key duties rendered upon the organization’s management in the running of a health organization. These functions can be broadly categorized as planning, organizing, controlling and leading/directing.

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Free Case Study On A Proposed Orientation Program And Solution

Southlands veterinary services face a host of organizational challenges that need to be addressed for the firm to turn around and be successful. A number of changes need to be made in the company’s operations. They are informed by the discussions that a vet, Richard had with a receptionist, Mary.

Legal emphasis

Human Resource Course Work

Chapter 1 staffing models or strategies  course work.

What would happen if there was a primary focus on the person/job match in hiring faculty and staff versus a focus on the person/organization match? Give specific examples.

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Management Consulting Job

Management Consulting indicates both the practice of, and the industry of assisting organization to improve their performance through the analysis of the business that exists and has problems. It is a service industry that gives advice to those in charge or operating the business. I chose to give a report of this particular job because I am quite familiar with this particular field. Moreover, the job reward job analysis of this particular job is given in details.

Below are the methods of conducting job analysis for this particular job:

275 words = 1 page double-spaced

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160 Excellent Analysis Essay Topics & Questions

An analysis essay aims to break down the subject in order to understand it. You can choose to analyze a text, a process, or an idea. This article will help you write a great essay!

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Selecting an interesting topic makes writing a lot easier. We’ve prepared a list of excellent analytical essay topics for your paper. Continue reading to find out more about analysis topics and essays.

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🔝 Top 10 Analytical Essay Topics

✅ types of analysis essays, ⭐ top 10 topics for analytical essay 2024.

• 🎨 Cultural Analysis
• ➡️ Causal Analysis
• 🎬 Visual Media
• ➗ Analysis by Division
• 🤔 Critical Analysis
• 🧑🤝🧑 Society
• 🧪 Healthcare

🔍 References

• Are school uniforms still relevant?
• Is it possible to reduce inequality?
• The main causes of job satisfaction
• What causes phobia development?
• Why is it difficult to take criticism?
• The effect of gambling on one’s health
• What makes social media so addictive?
• Reasons why minors choose to drink alcohol
• Can one’s appearance influence their personality?
• What makes people choose traditional medicine?

For a quality paper, it is essential to know about the analysis essay types. Here is what you need to remember:

• Literary analysis focuses on examining and evaluating a literary work. You can also explore a specific aspect of the piece. Analyze anything from plot to stylistic devices.

• Causal analysis essays are usually connected to human activities. Relational questions or social issues can be the focus of such a piece. You can also center it on the outcomes of people’s actions.
• Begin with evaluating the matter in its entirety.
• Brainstorm your ideas and find the best way to divide the topic.
• Analyze each part separately.
• Bring the components back together to finish the analysis.
• Critical essays focus on examining somebody’s work. You can choose to analyze writing, painting, or movies. Such an assignment requires critical thinking. Consider the intended audience, language, and imagery.

As you can see, all analysis essay types are different.Make sure to follow your assignment instructions thoroughly! Keep in mind that every essay needs a title page. And for that, you can use an online title page generator . But if there are no specific directions, pick one type that fits you.

• Homeopathy vs. naturopathy
• Recent changes in gender roles
• Can introversion be unhealthy?
• Should the voting age be lowered?
• Is standardized testing accurate?
• What makes horror movies entertaining?
• Why do we associate colors with emotions?
• Modern technology’s contribution to job cuts
• How societal pressure affects mental health
• The importance of space exploration for healthcare

🎨 Cultural Analysis Essay Topics

Every nation has its unique worldview and traditions. Narrow down your essay to one cultural component. It can be anything from customs to food. Try to be as specific as possible. Here is a helpful list of topic ideas and prompts on culture:

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• Why is slang language constantly getting updated?
• Analyze the Ancient Spartan community.
• The way art gives voice to national identity.
• Why are there many ways to greet someone?
• Examine how food reflects the culture’s history.
• Does the national anthem foster patriotism in people?
• Discuss the importance of cultural framing.
• The value of personal space in American culture.
• Discuss the worldwide tendency to forget traditions.
• Why does the U.S. have such a variety of accents?
• Write about superstitions and their impact on society.
• Analyze how Europe influenced American history.

• Pick a national hero and examine their legacy.
• How did technology reshape the lifestyle in the U.S?
• Reasons why America developed a two-party system.
• Analyze the way cultural beliefs affect a nation.
• What are the most famous American holidays?
• Take a close look at how fairy tales reflect cultural values.
• Describe how ethnic diversity influences society .
• The importance of humor in a culture.

➡️ Causal Analysis Essay Topics

A causal analysis essay focuses on the consequences of actions or events. This assignment aims to determine how one thing influences another. Research the subject thoroughly and find supporting evidence. This list of topic ideas will help you write a good paper!

• How education impacts one’s quality of life.
• Describe the way music piracy affects the recording industry.
• Write about the influence of social media on our lives .
• How does technology impact children’s development?
• Examine the effects of eating high-sodium food.
• Describe how censorship influences the media.
• Does a low-quality pillow cause neck pain?
• Analyze how good time management makes one more productive.
• Correlation between reading and fluency.
• Does classical music help you study better?
• Prove the claim that smoking is bad for the lungs.
• Analyze how eating sugar impacts blood quality.
• Does a pet improve its owner’s health?
• Examine a connection between education and self-esteem.
• How art therapy influences health.
• Write about the effect of video games on one’s cognitive abilities.
• Correlation between ozone depletion and global warming.
• The effect of political conflicts on society.
• Review the adverse effects of increased screen time.
• Analyze why weather affects people’s moods.

🎬 Visual Analysis Essay Topics

The term “visual media” refers to things such as videos and images. For your assignment, analyze how the content is delivered to the viewer. What do the critics say? What about your subjective judgment? Discuss a movie, a painting, or even a website. Here are some ideas for your analysis essay.

• Do the landscapes in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty add value to the film?
• Choose an Oscar-winning movie and say what made it successful.
• Analyze the way BBC Sherlock uses visual elements.

• Describe what makes a successful TV show.
• Techniques used in broadcast journalism to engage with the audience.
• How pictures can convey meaning.
• Analyze Van Gogh’s art from a psychological and aesthetic perspective.
• How promo videos help attract people to an event.
• Choose a digital advert and say what makes it persuasive.
• Discuss the iconography of Procne Showing Tereus the Head of His Child .
• Are posters effective in advertising concerts?
• What visual elements do charities use to attract donors?
• The connection between a website’s design and its traffic statistic.
• Write about the role of masculinity in advertisements.
• Pick a movie with low ratings and analyze why it failed.
• Conduct a visual analysis of an anti-smoking poster.
• Describe how social media ads deduce customer’s preferences.
• Should a business have an Instagram account to be successful?
• Are advertisements that use pictures of people effective?
• Examine the way music adds value to YouTube videos.

➗ Analysis by Division Essay Topics

The purpose of the division analysis is to break an idea into parts. To write an essay, you analyze each part of the subject. This kind of paper shouldn’t be complicated. Still, it needs to support your main argument. The following list will help you choose a topic for your division essay.

• Analyze components of your favorite short story.
• What elements are present in every TV news report?
• Fundamental elements of Christian worldview.
• Write about the process of driving a car.
• Describe the aspects of family happiness.
• Determine the types of social network users.
• Analyze what makes your favorite TV show worth watching.
• What are the dangerous aspects of spots exercises?
• Analyze the success story of a wealthy person.
• Describe the elements of a musical.

• What makes an excellent movie theater experience?
• Necessary elements of a strong friendship.
• Describe the stages of grief in different cultures.
• Analyze the stages of filmmaking.
• Write about things necessary for overcoming addiction.
• Various ways of conflict resolution.
• What are the modern types of energy production?
• Employee performance: positive and negative factors.
• The most effective ways to reduce stress levels.
• Describe the types of world religions.

🤔 Critical Analysis Essay Topics

A critical analysis essay focuses on somebody’s work. It describes its positive and negative sides. Before you start writing, make yourself familiar with the work you will discuss. And remember: all criticism should be constructive!

• Analyze the author’s intentions in your favorite book.
• Give a subjective critique of a fictional villain.
• The theme of family and friendship in One Hundred Years of Solitude .
• Idealism vs. pragmatism in A Farewell to Arms .
• The way racism is portrayed in To Kill a Mockingbird .
• The minorities’ role in The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas .
• Gender differences in Eve’s Diary by Mark Twain.
• The meaning of death in The Boarded Window by Ambrose Bierce.
• Discuss the message in Roland Emmerich’s 2012.
• The role of marriage in Amour (2012).
• Analyze the way memories are portrayed in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind .
• What contributed to the success of South Park ?
• The meaning of friendship in Sherlock Holmes (2009).
• The role of money in The Great Gatsby .
• Exposition analysis: Maxine Hong Kingston’s Tongue-Tied .
• Critique the use of language in the magazine article you’ve read recently.
• Pick a painting and analyze how the artist expresses their emotions.
• Discuss the color scheme of Gustave Caillebotte’s Paris Street; Rainy Day .
• The character’s body language in Science and Charity by Pablo Picasso.
• Analyze the mood of Composition X by Wassily Kandinsky.

🧑🤝🧑 Social Issue Analysis Topics

Society is a diverse institution. Your essay can focus on sociological issues or development areas of a society. This list of topics will stir you towards an excellent paper.

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• The impact of the foster care system on American society.
• What resources are available for those who battle addictions?
• Mobility barriers for disabled citizens.
• Analyze the society’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Conduct an ideological analysis of political parties in Canada.
• Describe social benefits for high-risk patients.
• Are we moving towards gender equality in workplaces?
• Examine how schools are welcoming cultural diversity.
• Workplace descrimination: analysis and solutions.
• Material wealth as a motivation for success.
• Challenges faced by single-parent families.

• The effect of social unrest on the legal system.
• What is the meaning of social status in business?
• Analyze the way national pride affects American society.
• The impact of COVID-19 on the world’s economy.
• The way freedom of speech shapes the U.S.
• How does the internet shape the way we think?
• Do workplaces experience the problem of bullying?
• Analyze the effects of global warming on society.
• Policies against prejudice in a racist environment.

🧪 Healthcare Analysis Essay Topics

The subject of health includes anything concerning physical well-being. You can analyze diets or medical programs. Think about the most common health concerns nowadays. What aspect of healthcare do you want to know more about? The following list of topics will help you focus on the right subject.

• Healthcare programs for people on the lower economic level.
• Analyze the efficiency of the American health insurance system.
• What are the most recent innovations in U.S. medicine?
• Healthcare in developing countries.
• What country has the most modernized medical assistance?
• Adult and child obesity levels in America.
• What effect does alcohol have on the human body?
• Examine the necessity of child vaccination.
• What treatments are available for patients with mental illness?
• Analyze the most common psychological disorders in the U.S.
• Cancer diagnostics, staging, and complications.
• Eastern medicine: pros and cons.
• Running as a way to maintain a healthy body.
• Discover the effect of smartphones on national health.
• Ways to prevent getting sick.
• What are the available clinical depression treatment options?
• Write about the effects of sitting meditation on one’s health.
• Benefits and downsides of a vegan diet.
• Analyze the reasons why the keto diet is popular.
• Examine the way weather conditions affect one’s well-being.

We hope that this article has helped you understand what an analysis essay is. Now you only need to pick a topic and ace your paper!

Good luck with your essay!

You might also be interested in:

• How to Write an Analysis Essay: Top 7 Rules for a Good Analysis
• How to Write an Art Critique: Examples and Simple Techniques
• How to Write a Film Analysis Essay: Top 20 Tips + Example
• 435 Literary Analysis Essay Topics and Prompts [2024 Upd]
• How To Write A Literary Analysis Essay: Bucks County Community College
• Critical Analysis: Southeastern Louisiana University
• How to Write an Analytical Essay in 6 Steps: Grammarly
• Writing an Analytic Essay: University of Toronto
• How Health Care Data Analytics Improves Quality of Care: University of Southern California
• Writing Critical Analysis Papers: University of Washington
• How to Analyze Visual Media: Lumen Learning
• A Manual for Cultural Analysis: RAND
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Environment affects us all, whether we want it or not. Political leaders and students alike discuss ways to tackle environmental topics & issues. Some might argue about the role humans play in all this. The fact remains that our environment is a delicate matter. That’s why we must educate ourselves...

Our code of ethics is derived from what we think is right or wrong. On top of that, we have to agree to the moral standards established by the society we live in. Conventional norms generally label theft, murder, or harassment as bad. However, there are many influences that impact...

A definition explains the meaning of a term or a concept. In a dictionary, you’ll find a definition in a single sentence. A definition paper, however, encompasses several paragraphs. Such an essay, amongst other things, can include personal experience and examples. To write a successful definition paper, you need to...

As simple as it is, the purpose of the descriptive essay is to explain or portray its subject. It can focus on any topic or issue you want to write about. Be sure that any middle school, high school, or college student can manage this type of creative writing assignment!...

Rhetorical analysis essay focuses on assessing the method used for delivering a message. This assignment isn’t about giving an opinion on the topic. The purpose is to analyze how the author presents the argument and whether or not they succeeded. Keep reading to find out more strategies and prompts for...

A narrative essay tells a story about a series of events. At the core of this kind of essay can be a personal experience or a fictional plot. Any story can be a basis for a narrative essay! Narratives can look similar to descriptions. Still, they are different. A descriptive...

Similar to the instructions in a recipe book, process essays convey information in a step-by-step format. In this type of paper, you follow a structured chronological process. You can also call it a how-to essay. A closely related type is a process analysis essay. Here you have to carefully consider...

In a classification essay, you divide the subject into categories. To create these categories, you single out certain attributes of things. You can classify them according to their characteristics, themes, or traits. Sounds complicated? Be sure that any high school or college student can manage this type of essay!

Throughout your high school years, you are likely to write many evaluative papers. In an evaluation essay you aim is to justify your point of view through evidence.

Immigration is a permanent move to a foreign country. It takes place all over the globe, including the United States. It played an important role in history, and it continues to influence society today. This article offers a variety of immigration essay topics. They are suitable for college-level works, as...

Should you buy a green or a red apple? Before making a decision, people often compare their options. In a compare and contrast essay, you analyze the similarities and differences between certain things. In this article, you’ll find interesting and easy compare and contrast essay topics for college, high school...

An opinion essay requires a student to present a point of view on a chosen subject and back it up with substantial evidence. Like in a debate, the writer has to give their opinion and defend it while using scholarly resources. This article will help you find a good opinion...

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Job Analysis and Job Evaluation Essay

Job analysis refers to the process of collecting relevant information relating to a job position. The primary goal of job analysis is to come up with a job description. The process involves the collection of data that is relevant in establishing the mental and physical abilities of the individual to fill the job position. It establishes the skills, experience and educational capacity of the job’s candidate. It also involves the definition of the nature of the job, amount of work required of the job position. The process involves the description of the occupant’s responsibilities and duties.

Job evaluation refers to the process of determining the comparative job worth of an organization’s work in order to create the organization’s job structure. The process involves determination of the content of the job, the skills needed to perform the job, the value of the job to the organization. The process also involves the evaluation of the company culture and external market. The process determines how well the job fit into these two forces. A human resource manager achieves job evaluation by using such methods as job ranking, job classification/grading or point method, which involves assigning values to the different job components of a job from which the sum total is used for evaluation.

Job analysis is done prior to job evaluation

The two processes are essential in ensuring internal consistency. Organizations perform these processes to comply with legal regulations of equal pay and to ensure internal consistency in the job structure. Internal job consistency is achieved by determining the relative worth of each job to the organization based on the job’s complexity and value to the organization. Describe the challenges in developing compensations that are both internally consistent and market competitive.

Compensation plans exist in organizations for such reasons as to retain the existing workforce or for the purpose of attracting a competitive workforce. The plans exist in both formal and informal modes depending on the intended purpose of the compensation plan. Compensation irrespective of the size of the organization can be identified due to its features that should be considered in designing compensation plans. Designing an effective compensation plan ought to undergo the following processes. Definition of the different jobs, the analysis of the organization’s compensation composition and patterns of other compensation plans in the industry and determination of a fair reward range. The process also involves the provision of all elements that constitute the compensation plan, revising the existing plans and finally the implementation and regular evaluation of the plan.

Challenges that arise in the construction of compensation plans may affect the internal consistency of the organization as well as the market competitiveness of the compensation plan. A HRM’s key challenge is maintenance of equity as regards internal, external equity and individual equity. The development of a fair pay structure is crucial but posses a great challenge to the managers. Human resource managers face challenges in ensuring that the goal of formulating the compensation plan is consistent with organizational overall objectives. Decisions in the formation of the plan should also be made while considering the decision making process practiced in the organization. Decisions in establishing rates that are market competitive while taking consideration of the financial position and strategic plan of the organization may prove challenging. This relates to the ability of the organization in maintaining its market position in paying wages at or above the market rate. Challenge may also arise in the implementation and change over process to the new plan. The implementation process should not be seen to alter the organization functions and should match the overall organizational goals. An overall challenge for human resource managers would be in establishing a balance between internal consistency and market competitiveness in the formulation of the compensation plan.

Two employees perform the same job and each received exemplary performance ratings. Employees performing similar jobs which result to them being awarded a similar performance rating which in the case is exemplary deserve similar reward. The reward,  salary increment, should be equal irrespective of the pay quartile in which the two employees fall. This would serve to ensure that the organization uphold the standards of equity and fairness in its compensation structure. It would be unfair for an employee to receive more pay for the same kind of work. The organization should come up with pay structures that reward performance in other forms such as bonuses and benefits. Salary increment could be awarded but at similar percentage for both employees in order for the organization to uphold equity.

Discuss the basic concept of insurance and how it applies to health care.

Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism used by individuals. The insurance involves the transfer of risk to an insurer at a fee known as premiums. The procedure involves two major parties the insured and the insurer who is the insurance company. Premiums are determined based on the value of loss at stake and the likelihood of the risk actually occurring. The premiums are calculated using various actuarial and statistical techniques. There are many forms of insurance covers among them health insurance, property insurance and life assurance. A health insurance also known as healthcare insurance applies the same concept as any other insurance policy. It is thus a contract between the insured who is the policy holder and another individual (company) or government for the reimbursement of medical costs incurred by the policy holder for the treatment or preventive care of any ailment provided by medical institutions and their personnel. Except for the Family and Medical Leave Act, the remaining legally required benefits were conceived decades ago.

Describe the changes in the business environment and society that might affect the relevance or perhaps the viability of any of these benefits.

Employee benefit plans such as the family and medical leave provided by various Acts of parliament face the risk of being seen as irrelevant in the changing business environment. The legal environment is in constant change where laws are amended. Changes occur relating to taxes and legal compliance is likely to cause inconsistencies with employee benefits established in the past years. Changes in financial environment resulting from varying growth rates may interfere with the viability of employee benefits. An organization facing financial difficulty may be forced to cut down on the payment of employee benefits. Organizations facing financial success may also have an ability to pay for more benefits than are provided for by the law. The employee benefits are not consistent to the financial variations in the country.

Mergers are a common scenario in today’s business world. The mergers often involve organizations from different fields, which results to variations in the employee benefits paid to the employee from different organizations. The implementation of old policies may result to unfair remedies to individuals taking into consideration current structural changes in organizations. Employee demographics were not considered in the formulation of various employee benefits in the Acts of parliament. Employee demographics involve the changing composition of a company’s employees where an organization may consist of many parents. Such an organization may need to come up with day care benefits that have not been considered in the family and medical leave Act in order to retain its employees. The changing business environment as a result may make the benefit plans redundant.

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How Pew Research Center will report on generations moving forward

Journalists, researchers and the public often look at society through the lens of generation, using terms like Millennial or Gen Z to describe groups of similarly aged people. This approach can help readers see themselves in the data and assess where we are and where we’re headed as a country.

Pew Research Center has been at the forefront of generational research over the years, telling the story of Millennials as they came of age politically and as they moved more firmly into adult life . In recent years, we’ve also been eager to learn about Gen Z as the leading edge of this generation moves into adulthood.

But generational research has become a crowded arena. The field has been flooded with content that’s often sold as research but is more like clickbait or marketing mythology. There’s also been a growing chorus of criticism about generational research and generational labels in particular.

Recently, as we were preparing to embark on a major research project related to Gen Z, we decided to take a step back and consider how we can study generations in a way that aligns with our values of accuracy, rigor and providing a foundation of facts that enriches the public dialogue.

A typical generation spans 15 to 18 years. As many critics of generational research point out, there is great diversity of thought, experience and behavior within generations.

We set out on a yearlong process of assessing the landscape of generational research. We spoke with experts from outside Pew Research Center, including those who have been publicly critical of our generational analysis, to get their take on the pros and cons of this type of work. We invested in methodological testing to determine whether we could compare findings from our earlier telephone surveys to the online ones we’re conducting now. And we experimented with higher-level statistical analyses that would allow us to isolate the effect of generation.

What emerged from this process was a set of clear guidelines that will help frame our approach going forward. Many of these are principles we’ve always adhered to , but others will require us to change the way we’ve been doing things in recent years.

Here’s a short overview of how we’ll approach generational research in the future:

We’ll only do generational analysis when we have historical data that allows us to compare generations at similar stages of life. When comparing generations, it’s crucial to control for age. In other words, researchers need to look at each generation or age cohort at a similar point in the life cycle. (“Age cohort” is a fancy way of referring to a group of people who were born around the same time.)

When doing this kind of research, the question isn’t whether young adults today are different from middle-aged or older adults today. The question is whether young adults today are different from young adults at some specific point in the past.

To answer this question, it’s necessary to have data that’s been collected over a considerable amount of time – think decades. Standard surveys don’t allow for this type of analysis. We can look at differences across age groups, but we can’t compare age groups over time.

Another complication is that the surveys we conducted 20 or 30 years ago aren’t usually comparable enough to the surveys we’re doing today. Our earlier surveys were done over the phone, and we’ve since transitioned to our nationally representative online survey panel , the American Trends Panel . Our internal testing showed that on many topics, respondents answer questions differently depending on the way they’re being interviewed. So we can’t use most of our surveys from the late 1980s and early 2000s to compare Gen Z with Millennials and Gen Xers at a similar stage of life.

This means that most generational analysis we do will use datasets that have employed similar methodologies over a long period of time, such as surveys from the U.S. Census Bureau. A good example is our 2020 report on Millennial families , which used census data going back to the late 1960s. The report showed that Millennials are marrying and forming families at a much different pace than the generations that came before them.

Even when we have historical data, we will attempt to control for other factors beyond age in making generational comparisons. If we accept that there are real differences across generations, we’re basically saying that people who were born around the same time share certain attitudes or beliefs – and that their views have been influenced by external forces that uniquely shaped them during their formative years. Those forces may have been social changes, economic circumstances, technological advances or political movements.

When we see that younger adults have different views than their older counterparts, it may be driven by their demographic traits rather than the fact that they belong to a particular generation.

The tricky part is isolating those forces from events or circumstances that have affected all age groups, not just one generation. These are often called “period effects.” An example of a period effect is the Watergate scandal, which drove down trust in government among all age groups. Differences in trust across age groups in the wake of Watergate shouldn’t be attributed to the outsize impact that event had on one age group or another, because the change occurred across the board.

Changing demographics also may play a role in patterns that might at first seem like generational differences. We know that the United States has become more racially and ethnically diverse in recent decades, and that race and ethnicity are linked with certain key social and political views. When we see that younger adults have different views than their older counterparts, it may be driven by their demographic traits rather than the fact that they belong to a particular generation.

Controlling for these factors can involve complicated statistical analysis that helps determine whether the differences we see across age groups are indeed due to generation or not. This additional step adds rigor to the process. Unfortunately, it’s often absent from current discussions about Gen Z, Millennials and other generations.

When we can’t do generational analysis, we still see value in looking at differences by age and will do so where it makes sense. Age is one of the most common predictors of differences in attitudes and behaviors. And even if age gaps aren’t rooted in generational differences, they can still be illuminating. They help us understand how people across the age spectrum are responding to key trends, technological breakthroughs and historical events.

Each stage of life comes with a unique set of experiences. Young adults are often at the leading edge of changing attitudes on emerging social trends. Take views on same-sex marriage , for example, or attitudes about gender identity .

Many middle-aged adults, in turn, face the challenge of raising children while also providing care and support to their aging parents. And older adults have their own obstacles and opportunities. All of these stories – rooted in the life cycle, not in generations – are important and compelling, and we can tell them by analyzing our surveys at any given point in time.

When we do have the data to study groups of similarly aged people over time, we won’t always default to using the standard generational definitions and labels. While generational labels are simple and catchy, there are other ways to analyze age cohorts. For example, some observers have suggested grouping people by the decade in which they were born. This would create narrower cohorts in which the members may share more in common. People could also be grouped relative to their age during key historical events (such as the Great Recession or the COVID-19 pandemic) or technological innovations (like the invention of the iPhone).

By choosing not to use the standard generational labels when they’re not appropriate, we can avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes or oversimplifying people’s complex lived experiences.

Existing generational definitions also may be too broad and arbitrary to capture differences that exist among narrower cohorts. A typical generation spans 15 to 18 years. As many critics of generational research point out, there is great diversity of thought, experience and behavior within generations. The key is to pick a lens that’s most appropriate for the research question that’s being studied. If we’re looking at political views and how they’ve shifted over time, for example, we might group people together according to the first presidential election in which they were eligible to vote.

With these considerations in mind, our audiences should not expect to see a lot of new research coming out of Pew Research Center that uses the generational lens. We’ll only talk about generations when it adds value, advances important national debates and highlights meaningful societal trends.

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Kim Parker is director of social trends research at Pew Research Center

How Teens and Parents Approach Screen Time

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Raise JobSeeker by $17 a day, advisory committee tells government

An expert panel tasked with advising the federal government on income supports says the JobSeeker unemployment payment must be increased by about $17 a day as a "first priority" in next month's budget, arguing any move would have a "negligible" inflationary impact.

The Economic Inclusion Advisory Committee was established in 2022 following negotiations with independent senator David Pocock over unrelated legislation.

It is chaired by former Labor minister Jenny Macklin and includes academics, community sector advocates, business representatives and unions and provides advice ahead of every budget.

In this year's report, the committee said the payments remain too low and have left many to forego essentials.

The federal government announced a $40-per-fortnight base rate increase in last year's budget, but the committee said the rate remained "seriously inadequate".

It found there had been some improvement in the economic security of recipients in the past 12 months following that increase, but it was limited.

The panel appealed for the government to increase JobSeeker and related income supports to 90 per cent of the age pension in next month's budget.

Based on the current rates, that would see the JobSeeker payment for single people with no dependent children increase from just over $54 a day to nearly $72 a day.

Previous committee analysis revealed as of 2019 Australia had the lowest benefits for short-term unemployed people in the OECD.

Increasing payments to 90 per cent of the aged pension would move Australia to the second lowest in the OECD, above New Zealand, the UK and US.

They also recommended a review of indexation arrangements for the payments to apply more consistency and labelled the current method unsatisfactory.

In their report the committee called for the government to outline a time frame for change, if increases are to be staged.

Inflation impact minimal, committee argues

The committee sought analysis of the inflationary impact of its proposal, noting the "heightened concern around inflation in Australia."

This analysis suggested the effect would be "small to negligible".

The committee estimated the cost of the change would be in the order of $4.6 billion a year. The smaller increase delivered in the last federal budget cost $1.3 billion a year.

In a media release, Treasurer Jim Chalmers and Social Services Minister Amanda Rishworth said the advice would be an "important input" to budget deliberations but did not indicate whether it would adopt the recommendations.

"We will always do what we can for people where it is responsible and affordable, and weighed up against other priorities and fiscal challenges," the ministers said.

"We can't fund every good idea and everything we would like to do."

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Supreme Court immunity case: Updates of oral arguments in Trump's fight for immunity

Lawyers for the former president argue trump can't be criminally charged for any action he took in office..

• Justice Department special counsel Jack Smith has charged Trump with conspiring to overturn his 2020 loss to Joe Biden.
• Trump is currently on trial in New York, charged with covering up hush money payments made to to porn star Stormy Daniels before the 2016 election.
• Trump is the first former president to face criminal trial.

Can presidents get away with murder?

Nine Supreme Court justices heard Donald Trump’s arguments today that yes, maybe they can. 

The former president's lawyers say all presidents are immune from prosecution for anything they do in office – even murder, bribery, and corruption . The only way to hold one criminally accountable, Trump's attorneys will argue today, is if a president is first impeached in the House of Representatives and then convicted by two-thirds of the Senate. 

Here are USA TODAY's live updates from Trump’s remarkable stand at the Supreme Court .

The case is submitted

The historic arguments wrapped up after more than two-and-a-half hours of debate with Trump’s attorney, John Sauer, forgoing his opportunity for a final rebuttal after the Justice Department made its case.

Prep for the polls: See who is running for president and compare where they stand on key issues in our Voter Guide

“I have nothing further,” Sauer said.

And with that, Chief Justice John Roberts declared that the case is submitted.

--Maureen Groppe

Jackson pushes for quick, narrow decision

Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson appeared to be trying to convince her colleagues to decide the case quickly and narrowly.

If the court wanted to use the case to decide all the possible times when a president does or doesn’t have immunity, she asked the Justice Department, “is this the right vehicle to hammer out that test?”

“I don’t see any need in this case for the court to embark on that analysis,” Justice Department Michael Dreeben responded.

Barrett looks for way for Trump trial to proceed

Justice Amy Coney Barrett asks the Justice Department whether the government can get to trial faster by prosecuting only on the Trump acts that his lawyer agrees are private conduct so are not immune.

Michael Dreeben, the Justice Department attorney, said Trump’s official and private acts are part of an “integrated conspiracy.”

But he added that a trial could proceed by allowing the government to introduce anything considered an official act as information that has relevance even if not a crime itself.

Does presidential motive matter?

Justice Neil Gorsuch pressed the Justice Department on whether the court should consider the motive of a president when deciding whether a presidential act deserves immunity. Everything a president does can be seen through the prism of his interest in getting re-elected, he said.

Michael Dreeben, the Justice Department’s attorney, said motive doesn’t have to be considered for a core presidential act – such as a veto, or appointment – which is protected from prosecution.

“None is involved in this case,” Dreeben said.

Gorsuch said he’s not asking so much about Trump’s case but whether accusations about a president’s motives can be a future basis for prosecution.

“We’re writing a rule for the ages,” Gorsuch said.

Dreeben said wanting to get re-elected is not an illegal motive.

“And you don’t have to worry about prosecuting presidents for that,” he said.

Ham sandwiches, grand juries and solar eclipses: Alito has questions

Justice Samuel Alito asked Justice Department attorney Michael Dreeben if a former president should be left to the mercy of prosecutors, noting the old saying on the pliability of grand juries: That grand jurors would indict a ham sandwich if a prosecutor asked them to.

Alito asked Dreeben if he knew of a single case in which a federal prosecutor had asked a grand jury to indict a suspect “and the grand jury refused to do so.” 

Drebeen said it had happened. 

“Every once in  a while there’s an eclipse too,” Alito replied. No prosecutor wants to indict without sufficient evidence, Drebeen said, because the case would end in an acquittal. 

--Dan Morrison

More: What does 'SCOTUS' mean? Here's a brief rundown on the country's highest court.

Trump back in New York courtroom

As attorneys at the Supreme Court argued over a president’s ability to escape prosecution for official acts, Donald Trump returned to the Manhattan courtroom where he is on trial on charges he doctored business records to cover up a $130,000 hush money payment to adult film star Stormy Daniels. Trump entered the courtroom at 11:22 a.m. ET, taking a look at reporters in the audience as he walked past them to the defense table.

– Aysha Bagchi

Trump named unindicted co-conspirator in Arizona election case

Former President Donald Trump was named an unindicted co-conspirator in the Arizona fake elector case unsealed yesterday. The indictment charges 18 state Republicans and former Trump aides including former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows, former New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani and attorney John Eastman.

The defendants are charged with crimes including conspiracy and forgery for falsely claiming they were presidential electors and that Trump won the state in the 2020 election. Trump was identified as “unindicted coconspirator 1" in the indictment.

--Bart Jansen

All That Jazz: Demonstrators drum, clang, and sing their views of Trump

As justices and lawyers solemnly discussed the finer points of law inside the Supreme Court, the scene outside featured the clang of bells, the shrill of whistles, the throb of electric music, and the chants of demonstrators - most of them anti-Trump.

“The whole world is watching!” a crowd of demonstrators chanted at one point. A small brass band serenaded the crowd of three-to-four dozen with jazz-like tunes.

In addition to attacking Trump, the crowd also weighed in on other issues, particularly abortion rights and the campaign between Trump and President Joe Biden. “Feminists vs. Fascists,” said one sign.

The two sides exchanged a few f-bombs, but nothing serious broke out and the dozen or so police officers who watched the proceedings had little to do.

-- David Jackson

Roberts asks what protects against political prosecutions

Chief Justice John Roberts pressed on whether there are enough protections against retaliatory or harassing prosecutions for presidents.

Dreeben, the Justice Department’s lawyer, said politically driven prosecutions would violate the Constitution.

The chilling effect of prosecutions is one of Trump’s main arguments for why presidents should have immunity.

Who are the conservative Supreme Court justices?  

There are six conservative-leaning justices, making up the majority of the Supreme Court bench : Chief Justice John Roberts, along with Justices Samuel Alito, Brett Kavanaugh, Neil Gorsuch, Amy Coney Barrett and Clarence Thomas. 

Thomas is the longest serving of the group, nominated by former President George H. W. Bush in 1991. Former President George W. Bush nominated Roberts and Alito in 2005, while former President Donald Trump nominated Kavanaugh, Gorsuch and Barrett. 

– Savannah Kuchar  

More: Who are the current Supreme Court justices? Get to know the bench in 2024.

Thomas raises the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba 

Apparently picking up on Justice Elena Kagan’s earlier questions touching on a military coup in the U.S., Justice Clarence Thomas asked why past presidents haven’t faced criminal charges for fomenting coups in foreign countries, using Operation Mongoose, the failed 1961 CIA attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, as an example.

“There were no prosecutions” after the so-called Bay of Pigs affair, Thomas said. (President John F. Kennedy, who ordered the operation, was assassinated before the end of his first term.)

Michael Dreeben, arguing for the Justice Department, replied that U.S. law has a “public authority defense” that protects a president from prosecution for overseas acts. The defense “would prevent it from being a violation of law.” 

–Dan Morrison

Who are the liberal Supreme Court justices?  

There are three liberal-leaning justices on the Supreme Court bench: Justices Sonya Sotomayor, Ketanji Brown Jackson and Elena Kagan. 

Sotomayor and Kagan were nominees of former President Barack Obama, while Jackson was nominated by President Joe Biden in 2022, becoming the first Black woman to serve as a justice on the Supreme Court. 

J ustice Department: `Such presidential immunity has no foundation in the Constitution’

Opening his argument for the Justice Department, Michael Dreeben said the Supreme Court has never recognized absolute criminal immunity for any public official.

But Trump, Dreeben said, is asking that presidents be protected from prosecution for bribery, treason, sedition, murder and for conspiring to use fraud to overturn an election.

“Such presidential immunity has no foundation in the Constitution,” Dreeben said. “The framers knew too well the danger of a king who could do no wrong.”

Immunity for official acts versus private

Although Trump’s lawyer concedes that presidents can be prosecuted for private acts, Justice Ketanji  Brown Jackson pressed why that should be different for official acts.

“If there’s no threat to criminal prosecution, what prevents the president from doing whatever he wants?” she asked.

Sauer said the president is required to follow the law for his official acts. But the question is whether the punishment for not doing so is impeachment or criminal prosecution.

 Jackson asked how Trump's argument didn't "risk turning the oval office into the center of criminality in this country." 

--Maureen Groppe and Dan Morrison

How to watch today’s Supreme Court case live  

Cameras are not allowed inside the nation’s highest court, so there is no televised coverage of today’s oral arguments. 

But the justices and lawyers can be listened to live on USA TODAY’s broadcast or via C-SPAN. 

Coup could be an official act, Trump lawyer says

Trump lawyer D. John Sauer, speaking in a notable rasp, found himself cornered by Justice Elena Kagan as she pushed him to draw a line between a president’s official and unofficial acts.

Kagan asked Sauer whether a president could officially order the military to stage a coup at the end of their term. “Is it an official act?”

“It could well be,” Sauer replied. 

“It certainly sounds very bad,” Kagan said. 

Sauer said the Constitution and the military’s code of justice prevents “that very extreme hypothetical.”

Can presidents self pardon?

Justice Neil Gorsuch raised the issue of whether presidents can pardon themselves.

“Happily,” Gorsuch said of that issue, “it’s never been presented to us.”

Sauer, Trump’s lawyers, said if the court agrees with him that presidents have absolute immunity, they will never have to decide if presidents can self pardon.

Should trial be further delayed for fact finding?

The Justice Department has urged the court not to delay the trial further even if the justices find presidents have immunity in some  circumstances.

Justice Sonia Sotomayor appeared to side with that position, pressing Trump’s lawyer on why fact-finding questions about immunity in Trump’s particular case can’t be done at trial.

Sauer said it would be difficult to do that.

Sotomayor asks about fake electors

Justice Sonia Sotomayor asked Trump’s lawyer why he can claim that Trump’s actions were part of his official duties instead of being done for personal gain. Trump, she said, created a fraudulent list of presidential electors.

“Is that plausible that that would be within his right to do?” she asked.

Sauer, Trump’s lawyer, disputed Sotomayor’s characterization that Trump was doing anything fraudulent with the electors he was pushing.

“This was being done on an alternative basis,” Sauer said.

-- Maureen Groppe

Justice Alito stands up for Navy SEALs

Amid a blizzard of hypothetical questions over whether a president can order Navy SEALs to assassinate a rival, Justice Samuel Alito took a moment to stand up for the armed forces. 

 “I don’t want to slander SEAL Team Six,” Alito said. “They are honorable officers, bound by the military code of justice not to obey an illegal order.”

Sotomayor: 'Fundamentally evil' acts must be prosecuted

Challenging former President Donald Trump’s argument that a president is entitled to complete immunity, Justice Sonia Sotomayor said, “there are some things that are so fundamentally evil that they have to be protected against.”

“Immunity says even if you did it for personal gain,” Sotomayor told attorney D. John Sauer, president’s actions, including murder and bribery, ”cannot be prosecuted.”

-- Dan Morrison

Sotomayor brings up assassination of political rival

Justice Sonia Sotomayor goes right to a key issue that came up during the appeals court review: does a president have immunity if he orders the assassination of a political rival?

Sauer, Trump’s lawyer, said that depends on the situation, but it could well be an official act for which a president is immune.

Sotomayor said Trump wants the court to find that presidents are entitled to use the trappings of their office for total personal gain without facing criminal liability.

Kangaroo masks and revolutionary war hats

More than two dozen demonstrators organized by the group Women’s March protested Trump’s immunity claim, and criticized the Supreme Court for even considering the matter.

“We’re here to demand that they wrap this up,” said Amanda Chavez Barnes, senior program director for Women’s March, protesting that the court’s decision to take up the case delayed Trump’s trial on Jan. 6-related charges.

Some of the protesters wore kangaroo masks in order to mock the “Kangaroo Court.” They rang cowbells, banged on small drums, and chanted slogans like “lock him up!”

Just a few Trump supporters counter-demonstrated. Matthew Atwood, 62, a local DJ and classical pianist, mounted a sign describing other people as “the real authoritarians.” Wearing a Revolutionary War-style uniform, Atwood described himself as “pro-American.”

He also sought to engage the anti-Trump faction in debate, asking members of three crowd at one point, “are you better off now than you were three years ago?”

“Yes we are,” replied a Trump opponent.

Trump lawyer: Without immunity, `there can be no presidency as we know it.’

In his opening argument, Trump lawyer John Sauer told the justices presidents should be immune from prosecution because otherwise “there can be no presidency as we know it.”

No president has ever been prosecuted for their official acts, he said.

Without immunity, he continued, the threat of prosecution will “distort the president’s decision making.”

Every president will face defacto blackmail and distortion from his political rivals while he’s still in office, Sauer said.

Could Supreme Court presidential immunity arguments impact Trump's New York case?

Early this month, New York trial Judge Juan Merchan rejected an argument from Trump to delay Trump's New York criminal trial until after the Supreme Court rules on the scope of presidential immunity in Trump's federal election interference case. Merchan said Trump raised the immunity defense in his New York case too late.

If Trump is found guilty in the New York criminal trial, he could challenge Merchan's immunity ruling on appeal, and potentially point to a Supreme Court immunity ruling as a basis for re-trying the New York case.

Where is Donald Trump today?

Trump held a campaign event en route to the courthouse in New York, stopping at a nearby construction site to speak with supportive union members .

Reporters asked the former president about the Supreme Court’s immunity hearing, but his comments were drowned out by the cheers of his audience.

What are the charges against Trump?

Justice Department special counsel Jack Smith indicted Trump last August on four charges, to which he’s  pleaded not guilty.

Trump is charged with conspiring to try to steal the 2020 election and remain in power by spreading lies about election fraud that fueled the Capitol attack on Jan. 6, 2021. Trump is also charged with obstructing Congress because the riot interrupted lawmakers counting Electoral College votes to certify that President Joe Biden won the election.

Protesting 'fake news' and tyranny

Outside the Supreme Court, protestors who traveled from Minnesota, Florida, and other states to register their support and concern about the historic Trump case.“Absolute Immunity = Absolute Tyranny,” reads the sign carried by Demitri Morgan, 38, who said he traveled from his home in Montana for the high court hearing.

Another hand-painted sign says “Loser.”

“Yo, fake news! What’s up with fake news?,” chanted Jim Whalen, 61, an ad salesman who said he came up from his home in West Palm Beach, Fla.-- David Jackson

Trump immunity argument ‘ridiculous’: Schumer

Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., called former President Donald Trump’s immunity argument “ridiculous” and said the Supreme Court shouldn’t have agreed to hear the case.

“Today, SCOTUS hears Trump’s ridiculous claim of total immunity. He's obviously not immune,” Schumer wrote on X , formerly Twitter. “SCOTUS is only protecting Trump and slowing his trial. SCOTUS should not have taken this case or frozen the district court.”

What is presidential immunity?

The Supreme Court ruled in 1982 that presidents are immune both while in office and after from civil damages for official acts, including those on the “outer perimeter of a president’s official responsibilities.”

In 1997, the court said presidents can be sued for their private acts.

The court has also said presidents have no broad immunity from complying with subpoenas in criminal cases brought by states or the federal government.

The Justice Department has long argued that presidents can’t be criminally prosecuted while in office.

But the court has never weighed in on whether former presidents are immune from criminal prosecution.

What is Donald Trump trying to do with his Supreme Court immunity argument?

Donald Trump is trying to quash federal charges that he conspired to overturn the 2020 election after his bitter loss to President Joe Biden .

Without sweeping immunity, a president “will always be concerned, and even paralyzed, by the prospect of wrongful prosecution and retaliation after they leave office,” Trump wrote on Truth Social Sunday.

Is Donald Trump at the Supreme Court today?

The presumptive Republican nominee won’t be at the Supreme Court for today’s blockbuster arguments.

Trump is on trial in New York , charged with doctoring records to hide $130,000 in hush money paid to an adult film star . Trump also faces two other criminal indictments.

The judge in his New York trial told him he was required to be in court , which meant he was not able to attend his historic hearing.

Significance of being the first president to face criminal charges

What should the justices make of the fact that Donald Trump is the first president – former or current – to face criminal charges?

Trump’s lawyers say it’s evidence that presidents can’t be prosecuted.

“The long history of not prosecuting Presidents for official acts, despite ample motive and opportunity to do so over the years, demonstrates that the newly discovered alleged power to do so does not exist,” they wrote in their main brief previewing their oral argument.

Special counsel Jack Smith counters that the fact that no previous president has been prosecuted underscores the unprecedented nature of Trump’s alleged crimes.

Recent ruling: Supreme Court snubbed House Republicans who dodged metal detectors after Jan. 6