should high school students be drug tested essay brainly

Should Schools Perform Drug Tests on Students?

Drug testing has become a common procedure in some areas of society, from teachers and athletes to professionals in a wide range of industries. More recently, the question of drug testing for students has been raised, as some schools have begun to institute random drug testing in high schools and even middle schools. Is drug testing an effective way to keep students “clean” or is it a blatant violation of students’ privacy rights? The answer to that question may depend on who you ask.

An Overview of Drug Testing

Drug testing can be done through a variety of methods, using samples that include urine or a few strands of hair. Common drugs tested for include marijuana, cocaine, steroids, opiates and amphetamines. Alcohol is not a substance that can be detected using standard drug testing procedures, since the substance does not stay in the body long enough to show up in test results. Current use of alcohol can be tested by breathalyzers and other testing methods.

Drug testing can be performed as a standard procedure, such as prior to hiring an applicant for a job. Some schools drug test teachers and have found positive results . Testing can also be done on an individual if substance use is suspected, due to suspicious behavior or actions of the individual. Another option is random testing, which can be done on any individual at any time, without warning. It is the random testing approach that has typically come under fire in public schools today.

According to a report at the National Institute of Drug Abuse, testing can be done as a deterrent for drug use. It can also be used to detect a potential substance abuse problem in students or employees, enabling the individual to receive the help needed to get off the drug in question. In some cases, drug testing may be used to enforce disciplinary measures on drug users in a company or school.

A History of Drug Testing in Public Schools

According to USLegal.com , drug testing in public schools did not begin to make an appearance until sometime in the 1980s. At that time, some public high schools began performing drug testing on student athletes – a practice that was already carried out by college and professional sports teams. Testing was also done on Olympic athletes and those competing in major sporting events like the Tour de France. By 2001, USLegal.com cites a report by the New York Times that estimated hundreds of school districts across the country were participating in some form of drug testing.

Although testing had been implemented in many schools, controversy surrounding the practice and some legal battles were waged over the practice. In 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the rights of schools to require drug testing on students for reasons beyond suspicious behavior. The ruling was perceived as a way to combat drug usage among the nation’s youth, despite concerns that it interfered with student privacy.

That Supreme Court ruling, which allowed for random drug testing on students participating in competitive extracurricular activities, has been interrupted in different ways by different school districts. In some schools, this restricts testing to student athletes – a practice that has now been in place for decades. However, other schools are using the looser translation of the law to test student participating in any type of after-school activity, as a criterion for joining a club or academic team . The practice is also moving into the younger grades, with some middles schools now adopting drug testing procedures along with their feeder high schools.

The New York Times reported last fall on new drug testing procedures implemented in both high schools and middle schools in Maryville, Missouri. Students who wish to participate in any club or sport in Maryville schools would have to consent to drug testing prior to joining. A spokesman for the schools told the Times the idea was to raise awareness of drug prevention among all middle and high school students. However, some parents are complaining that the policy is a violation of their children’s rights.

“They’re losing their rights every day and you ask yourself, what are we teaching the kids?” one Maryville parent told the Times.

However, proponents of the practice maintain their position that testing leads to prevention. Matthew Franz, owner of a drug testing company in Ohio, told the Times, “It starts early with kids. You want to get in there and plant these seeds of what’s out there and do prevention early.”

Some Private Schools Embrace Testing

While the battle over drug testing in public schools continues, some private schools are bypassing the conflict to form their own drug testing policies. Private institutions are exempt from the laws governing public schools, so they are allowed to test any and all students through random testing practices. While testing is not prevalent at private schools nationwide, some that have adopted the policy of random drug testing have been pleased with the results.

The Kansas City Star reports that a private Jesuit school has begun testing all of its students for drugs this fall. Administrators at Rockhurst High School determined that testing the entire student population will help them take a stand against drug use and offer help to those already victims of substance abuse. The testing policy was made through a collaboration of faculty, administrators and students.

While the debate on drug testing continues, no one knows definitively how much impact testing will have on student drug use overall. As more schools continue the practice, perhaps enough evidence can be compiled to determine whether testing is providing the desired effect on students. However, the question over student privacy rights is sure to remain a key component in the debate, no matter how successful testing proves to be.

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Should Schools Test Their Students for Nicotine and Drug Use?

Would such testing result in fewer students using these substances?

By Shannon Doyne

Find all our Student Opinion questions here.

Do you think schools should test their student for drugs, alcohol and nicotine? Do you think such tests would encourage students to stay away from drugs? Or do you worry these tests are an invasion of privacy, or that they might be ineffective?

In “ Ohio High School Plans to Drug-Test All Students at Least Once a Year ,” Derrick Bryson Taylor writes about Stephen T. Badin High School in Hamilton, Ohio. Starting in January, students at the high school will be tested at least once a year for illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine and other banned substances:

Students are required to consent to the testing as a condition of their enrollment at the school, and potential consequences for violating the drug policy include suspension and expulsion, the letter said. Under the new guidelines, a first positive drug test alone would not necessarily result in disciplinary action, provided there are no other violations of the policy, like rules against intoxication during school hours or possession of drugs on campus. But a comprehensive intervention plan would be put into place after a second positive test, and expulsion might be recommended after a third.

The policy reflects a growing trend among U.S. schools and districts:

A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study from 2016 said more than 37 percent of school districts had adopted a drug-testing policy. There seems to be an increase in similar programs across the country, Cindy Huang, assistant professor of counseling psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, said in an interview on Thursday. The research to prove if drug testing is beneficial to students is mixed, according to the Professor Huang. “There’s really no clear indication that implementing mandatory drug testing will directly lead to better and reduced substance abuse rates,” she said. Parents across the country should not be concerned if their school begins a drug-testing program if it is “properly planned and then implemented,” Professor Huang said. In such cases, she said, it has the potential to work as prevention. She added that parents should be asking detailed questions about what happens if a child tests positive, whether testing will truly be conducted at random and in such a way that does not target specific children, and whether there will be programs in addition to drug testing that will promote awareness of substance use.

Students, read the entire article, then tell us:

What would happen if your school started testing all students for drugs, alcohol and nicotine? Would the results surprise school leaders? Would the policy likely change student behavior, in your opinion?

Does your school already test students for illegal substances? Are there rules about who can be tested and how many times they can be tested? Is there a clear policy for handling students who test positive?

Do you think drug testing is an invasion of privacy? Why or why not?

The article raises the following issue about Stephen T. Badin High School’s drug-test policy: Since the school will have no maximum number of times it can test a particular student, the policy can lead to “arbitrary enforcement and harassment.” What are your thoughts on this idea? Have you ever seen a student or group of students targeted for disciplinary reasons? Explain.

If you were an administrator at a school where it is obvious that students are vaping, drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs, how would you handle the issue? Would you recommend a drug-testing policy similar to that of Stephen T. Badin High School? Would you recommend a different kind of policy? Why?

Students 13 and older are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

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Should High School Students be Drug Tested?

Drug test all high school students to reduce drug use and save lives! Sounds like a slam dunk, right? Upon closer examination, there are both pros and cons to going down this path. Learn the details of the debate.

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Drug Testing High School Students

It sounded like a great idea when I first heard it: drug test high school students ! Yet it's an idea wrapped in controversy. While substance use has declined over the last decade, almost 10 percent of the nation's teens report the use of illicit drugs within the last month . And like most parents, I'm enormously concerned about the devastating implications of illicit drug use on our adolescents. So, I've attempted to explore both sides of a question that doesn't come with an easy answer.

Pros of Drug Testing High School Students

1. random tests discourage drug use.

If students know they can be subject to drug tests at any time, it's a clear deterrent to partaking in drug use. More subtly, a random drug testing policy can also can aid those kids facing peer pressure to use, or who are on the fence, because it provides them with an easy excuse to say no to drugs.

2. Identifying Students in Need of Help

Drug testing is typically just one component to a larger system. A program combining prevention, intervention, counseling and a treatment plan synergistically work together to help combat students' drug use. And when a student tests positive, it's recommended that schools focus on helping the students deal with their usage rather than punishing them.

3. Evidence Leans Towards Effectiveness

Random drug testing in schools is intended to curb illicit drug use, but the question remains: is it even effective? While reports of effectiveness are conflicting, The Supreme Court has stood by their decision to allow schools to drug test on a random basis. At least one recent study shows that drug testing can, in fact, help. The National Center for Education Evaluation reports that students involved in extracurricular activities in schools that conducted drug testing had less substance use than comparable students from schools without drug testing.

Cons of Testing HS Students

1. the cost of testing.

With schools across the country tightening their budgets, the added expense of drug testing can be daunting for struggling school systems. Sharon Levy of the American Academy of Pediatrics estimates only 1 positive for every 125 students tested, thus equating to a cost of around $3,000 for each positive result. These funds could be earmarked for prevention programs instead.

2. Focusing on The Wrong Area

It's been proven that a student's involvement in extracurricular activities is one of the best ways to prevent drug abuse. By schools turning their focus on engaging their students in a meaningful high school experience, it could open up a greater opportunity to set up their kids for healthy decision-making in all aspects of life. Devoting efforts to this holistic approach might, in the long run, stop more kids from partaking in illicit drugs.

3. Drugs are not the Core Problem

Teenage substance abuse is frequently a manifestation of a child's problematic home life or inability to foster healthy social relations. Teens who are suffering often use drugs as a form of self-medication. By punishing teen users, the potential for academic harm increases, perpetuating an already precarious cycle of drug abuse and low self-esteem. Treatment and prevention should remain the top priority - with or without a complementary drug testing program. In any case, demonizing the students who test positive or moralizing about their behavior is likely to backfire.

So... Should High School Students be Tested for Drugs?

The debate over testing HS students continues, mostly centering on the effectiveness, the cost, and the possibility of infringing on students' rights. But when concerned parents and faculty turn to testing, it can serve as a way of generating help for the child in need to get treatment and related services. Only time and further research will tell if the benefits of testing programs in high school outweigh the negatives. But don't punt in forming your own opinion on this one, because the train is departing the station. More and more schools are moving ahead with a policy of random drug screenings, with the hope of changing a child's life, even if just one at a time.

Jared Rosenthal

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Fact Sheet: What the Experts Say on Student Drug Testing

Social Science Research on Adolescent Drug Use and School Involvement

American Academy of Pediatrics, “Testing for Drugs of Abuse in Children and Adolescents,” (offsite) Pediatrics Vol. 98 No. 2 August 1996: The AAP writes in opposition to non-suspicion-based screening for drug use among adolescents as a prerequisite to participation in school activities, stating: “Notwithstanding the Supreme Court ruling [in Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton], students and student athletes should not be singled out for involuntary screening for drugs of abuse. Such testing should not be a condition for participation in sports or any school functions except for health-related purposes. Suspicion of drug use warrants a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified health professional.”

Dr. William Bailey, Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 1998 Survey of “Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents,” (offsite) : Results from the Indiana survey, relating reported drug use by various adolescent groups with the potential that a particular drug will be detected, suggest that “many random school drug testing programs are unlikely to detect much drug use, since they often target the lowest risk students with tests that are unlikely to detect use of anything other than tobacco or marijuana use.”

Dr. Jeanne E. Jenkins, “The Influence of Peer Affiliation and Student Activities on Adolescent Drug Involvement,” (offsite) Adolescence, Vol. 31, No. 122, Summer 1996: In a study of extracurricular activity involvement by 2,229 students in sixth, seventh, and eighth grades, Dr. Jenkins found that involvement in extracurricular activities was correlated significantly with decreased drug use. Further, she concluded that a student’s risks of engaging in drug use was heightened by continued association with drug-using peers.

The National Center for Education Statistics, “Violence & Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools: 1996-1997” (offsite) : Zero tolerance is a policy that mandates predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses. This report found that 94% of all schools have zero tolerance policies for possession of weapons or firearms, 87% for possession of alcohol, while 79% report mandatory suspensions of expulsions for violence or possession of tobacco.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, “Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1997 Update on Violence,” (offsite) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1995. Data provided by the Justice Department reveals that the peak hours for violent juvenile crime are 3:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., the period when millions of young people are left without adult supervision or constructive activities. The sharpest increase in juvenile crime occurs between the hours of 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., when the rate nearly triples.

Robert Taylor, “Compensating Behavior and the Drug Testing of High School Student Athletes,” (offsite) The Cato Journal Vol. 16 No. 3: “Civil Liberties issues aside, the random drug testing of athletes may be a very risky policy innovation?few people would question the desirability of minimizing the use of drugs among minors. The use of random, suspicionless drug testing of school athletes as a means to achieve this end is more open to question, however. Not only does this policy invade the privacy of a group of students who are relatively unlikely to use drugs, but it also discourages athletic participation and may actually lead to an increase in overall drug use.”

The Rutherford Institute, Amicus Brief (offsite) in Board of Education v. Earls : “The more students are engaged in the extra curricular life of the school, the less time and inclination they will have to get caught up in drug use.” If students are drug tested as a prerequisite for participation, the benefit of extra curricular activities occupying the time of students who might otherwise be using drugs is lost.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, “Adolescent Time Use, Risky Behavior and Outcomes: An Analysis of National Data” (offsite) (September 11, 1995): A government study of adolescent use of leisure time found that participation in extracurricular activities helps reduce student involvement in risky activities, such as drug use, by reducing their after-school free time. For example, in comparison to those who spent 1-4 hours per week in extracurricular activities, the 10th graders studied were: “57 percent more likely to have dropped out by the time they would have been seniors; 49 percent more likely to have used drugs; 37 percent more likely to have become teen parents; 35 percent more likely to have smoked cigarettes; and 27 percent more likely to have been arrested.” Further, the study found different relationships among various activities and risky behaviors: whereas student athletes were more likely to have engaged in binge drinking, students who participated in band, orchestra, chorus, or in a school play or musical were significantly less likely to engage in that or nearly any other problem activity.

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Crime in the United States: Uniform Crime Reports (2000, 1998, 1993)” (offsite) : There has been a continuing decline nationwide in the rate and number of youth arrested for serious violent offenses (criminal homicide, robbery, aggravated assault and forcible rape). Juvenile homicide rates, in particular, dropped 56% from 1993 to 1998.

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The learning network | should students be required to take drug tests.

Should Students Be Required to Take Drug Tests?

Questions about issues in the news for students 13 and older.

• See all Student Opinion »

Linn State Technical College in Linn, Mo., has notified its 1,200 students that they will have to take a drug test to enroll there, although this action has been postponed, at least temporarily. What do you think about drug testing for students? Is it an invasion of their privacy, a powerful motivator to not take drugs or something else?

In ”At One College, a Fight Over Required Drug Tests” Timothy Williams interviewed the college’s lawyer, Kent Brown, about the issue:

QUESTION Why did Linn State decide drug testing was necessary? ANSWER There are several reasons that culminated in the decision. It was a progression, I would say. Several of the programs have been drug tested previously, either because there’s a federal or state law or regulation that requires it. The school has advisory councils that are made up of businesses that would be potential businesses to hire our graduates that support the program with their expertise, and those advisory councils have been surveyed and the majority of their comments is that drug testing is pretty well becoming the norm in their industries so there was that vector also that was moving toward drug testing. And the third thing that I would identify: the college has been moving toward its mission, which is preparing students for profitable employment and a lifetime of learning. And there was a feeling that the college wasn’t properly stepping up to prepare the students for getting jobs in industries where drug testing was becoming the norm and an unavoidable barrier to getting and keeping the good jobs in the industry. There was an educational motivation as well. And that, and other miscellaneous things, I think motivated the adoption of the policy. Q. What would the punishment be if someone tested positive? A. We don’t view it as a punishment, but the response would be, well, they’d of course have appeal rights if they think something was wrong with the test, But assuming everyone agreed, they’d have to meet with a counselor and then they can participate in an online program designed to avoid drug abuse and dependence. There are options for education. And they would retest, and originally, it would have been about 45 days later. So there’s no adverse action from a positive initial test. It would not be until a second or even a third bad test that they would seriously be considered to be forced out of the college. Q. Did graduates have problems with failed drug tests at their jobs? Is that the reason for this? A. I probably need to answer that this way: I can’t give you specific examples, but it would not surprise me at all if some students encountered difficulties with drug tests after they graduated. The members of our advisory councils for various programs were some of the initiators of this idea and I doubt they would have brought it up if it hadn’t been a problem. We don’t have any statistics once they graduate.

Students: Tell us what you think about students being drug-tested at school. Can this policy help students at Linn State Technical College prepare for their future? Do you think some schools or student populations need it, or would benefit from it? How would you feel if you had to submit to a drug test at school? What about at work?

Students 13 and older are invited to comment below. Please use only your first name. For privacy policy reasons, we will not publish student comments that include a last name.

Comments are no longer being accepted.

i think that this idea of having everyone take a drug test is a good idea. Some people have a problem with drugs & sometmes some people can’t control it; this will help keep everyone safe & even help people who have problems with drugs. although i think it’s a good idea i also think it’s an invasion of privacy; you must have consent from all the students with a signed paper saying that it is okay for you to test them, if they don’t agree that you should, then don’t.

I think that drug testing in college is ok if the students agree. It is a good way to prepare for real world jobs that actually have this. This should not be done in high school or middle school because they have a while to go before they reach the age were they can get a job that does this.

I think that this is a good idea for many of the colleges that we have today. Especially for the ones that are experiencing problems with their students with drug abuse. Even if the school does not have a record of drug addiction, this process can help ensure that many students will not use drugs. However, i do not think that this would be necessary for high schools. Only for colleges to help prepare them for their near future, and work. Their should be drug tests at work because employers would not want to have their employees being addicted to drugs. This would affect their job performance greatly.

Drug testing at a collage could be a huge motavator and wake up call to prepare students for what life has instore for them in the future. Drug testing would help the students at Linn State Technical College prepare for the future because it will show them how your chances in life for somthing can get ruined compleatly from drugs. Also this would be benafitial for the students because their may be situations in life where they are required to take a drug test.Although, i do not think that all schools may NEED it. It would be good for everyschool to do it to prepare students for life but i dont think it is 100% nessisary. Many people would have no problum takeing a drug test at school or work because they dont take drugs. But others may think the school or buisness is trying to get too much of your private information.

Students at Linn State Technical College are being drug tested to make sure they aren’t taking drugs before or during school. I think this is a good benefit for them in a way because when they graduate, and their drug tests were always good, then they can probably could get into good jobs. But in another way I wouldn’t want to be drug tested because I’d feel like they are violating my privacy and don’t trust us and think we were a bunch of druggies. I don’t think schools need it unless they see certain individuals have symptoms of doing drugs.

I believe that drug test are good for the future of some teenagers. I think a lot of school should do it for the health of some of their students. I would like to make a drug test to me because it would help me be a better person in the future without problems .

I feel that drug testing may be a good idea. I think that with drug testing before students enrolling is a way to let the students know that drug abuse wont be tolerated but, also there will be counciling for then if needed. With my moms job before she got hired she had to take a drug test because of the place she would be working at. If you are going to a college for cirten types of schooling drug testing may not be necessary. With others it may be required. So i feel that depending on the job/school drug testing may be needed.

I think the drug tests would be helpful because even for a job they would have to take one for their jobs. Also whoever takes it and comes up postive would have to do other schooling till retested. Also I think its important for the teachers to watch the adults and to see if theyre high or signs because if they operate macheinery they could really get hurt.

I think students should not be druged tested at school because they are there for education purposes.Its not like they have incriminated the property or gave the authority a logically reason too be drug tested.I also think it is too strict because this is not the treatment a collage attendee should be recieveing,someone on probation or an x convict yes but someone thats actually doing the right thing and trying to be successful in life no.My opinion on the drug tests on jobs I say yes but only so random

what they do in their personal life is their business

I believe students should be required to take drug tests at random, not just athletes. Schools should have random screenings once a month. This will cause students to be more cautious about partying on weekends. Teachers should be screened for drug tests also, so that the entire school is drug free.

I believe that drug testing is a good idea. This could be helpful for jobs and also for sports. This will alos keeps the students healthy and stop from any drug addictions. I do not think this is violating privacy everyone should get drug tested or have random ones for people to stay clean. Not only should students have drug tests but teachers should also

Drug tests should be required. They not only prepare students for the real world, they help maintain a healthy student body. Ultimately increasing test scores and keeping students out of trouble.

I think drug testing the students is a smart idea. It will probably result in less drug abuse by the students if they don’t want to be punished for their actions. It is discouraging drug use in the school environment, which can be helpful to students because it is helping to protect their health. If the school feels that drugs are a big problem, they should definately drug test the students. However, I can see how some would feel that it is an invasion of privacy. Although it can be considered invasive, the students who do drugs are probably the ones who have the biggest issue with this.

I feel like this would be a good way to help the youth of our country. Some people will definitely think this is unfair, but if someone doesn’t do drugs illegally, then the individual has nothing to worry about. It would also be a good way to moderate our government. In some local and state governments, people must drug test to receive benefits from the government. If someone does not pass the test, maybe they will be more inclined to try to get help for their problem.

I think drug testing on students is an invasion f privacy and should not be done. Although if a student is on a sports team i feel they should. Some students could be using steroids to enhance their ability and this is wrong. That is my opinion on drug testing.

Whether someone uses drugs or not has no bearing on how well they can do a job. Drug testing should only been used if the student’s grades or attendence are suffering. If someone is passing all thier classes and doing well, there should be no punishment for what they do on thier own time.

The drug test idea would ultimately be a good movement because more teenagers woulld refrain from doing drugs. The risk and the consequences would become real in their eyes and some teens really need to step into reality.

I think that drug tests should only been given if the student agrees to it. If they refuse, thats their choice and they shouldent be forced into a test they dont want to take.

I believe that drug testing in schools is a good thing because it perpares students for the real world where drug testing is a completly unavoidable thing every job some one may apply for will need the person to take a drug test. So drug testing in school, in my oppinon, is a good thing.

I think that this is a big step in the right direction. I think this is good so that people wont do things that they will be embarrased for latter in life. This program can also help so that people who do abuse drugs can find help, and eventually stop abusing drugs. I think that this should only be done in collages though.

I don’t think that these students should take a drug test because the police are violating there privacy.

I think about the drug test is that, it’s good for everyone, because everyone in the school never knows who does drug. The risk and the consequences would come to a shock, more than reality. To everyone that does it or not.

I think that having students take a drug test is a great idea mostly because a lot of graduates at colleges have problems with drugs and that effects their jobs in the future and there life now( their grades). If students take drug tests then it will keep the kids at some colleges safe and far away from anyone who does or have done drugs. This can increase the students grades and the kind of job they will have in the future just by taking a little test.

i don’t think its fair to make people take drug tests, because people go to school to study.

What's Next

Drug Testing in Schools: What You and Your Student Need to Know

Is it legal for your child's school to conduct a random drug test on students lawyers weigh in.

By Mary Fetzer

Published on: october 19, 2016.

Rebecca’s son, a junior in high school, came home one afternoon and surprised his mother with the news that he had been called down to the assistant principal’s office and given a drug test. His results were clean, but that made no difference to Rebecca, who was appalled that the school took such a liberty. What, exactly, are the rules regarding random drug tests in public schools?

Is random testing legal?

In most cases, yes. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed  the permissibility of random student drug test for students engaged in competitive extracurricular activities, which includes not just athletics, but glee club, cheerleading and a host of other school-sponsored pursuits. And that’s a fact that does not sit well with some child advocates.

“Subjecting students to harsh, drug war-style punishment, including using drug testing as a prevention tool, has failed to improve outcomes for young people who use drugs or those who don’t,” says Betty Aldworth, executive director of Students for Sensible Drug Policy , an organization representing young people in support of health- and evidence-based approaches to drugs.

“Schools have a responsibility to create a safe learning environment for students, not one where participation in extracurricular activities could lead to punishments or sanctions with lifelong consequences,” Aldworth says. 

“Drug testing in schools is not just ineffective but insidious: Students who are suspended or expelled are more likely to use drugs and less likely to successfully complete their education ,” she continues. “Those who are using drugs will be disinclined to participate in extracurricular activity, and those who are undeterred from drug use will use drugs which are less likely to appear on tests but are more likely to results in permanent brain injury or sudden death.”

The American Academy of Pediatrics opposes random drug testing  as well, saying that it harbors “the potential for breach of privacy (e.g., when a student’s prescribed medications are identified on a drug test), detrimental consequences (such as suspension or expulsion for students who have positive drug test results), school dropout or increased truancy for students who fear they would fail a drug test, or increased use of substances not easily detectable on a drug screen.”

Is parental consent necessary?

OK, the Supreme Court has given schools the right to conduct random drug tests of student athletes and the jazz band. But can they test a student without first getting the consent of the parent? Consider, for a moment, all of the things — marriage, tattoos, medical treatment — for which a minor needs parental consent, muses Scott Behren of Behren Law . Then, turning to drug tests, he asks, “How on earth can a school undertake these kinds of tests without consent from a parent?”

In general, schools that perform random drug tests seem to agree with Behren. That’s why they make permission for such testing part of the consent form that parents sign to allow their child to participate in extracurricular activities . Still, the whole question is highly nuanced, according to attorney Matthew Kreitzer .

“Each individual public school’s policy is examined for reasonableness,” Kreitzer explains. “A school testing each and every student without warning and subjecting them to extremely intrusive measures may likely be declared void. A policy which tests merely athletes while the school official waits outside the restroom may likely be upheld.”

What about students in the classroom?

Testing of students apart from their participation in extracurricular activities is permissible, but only in limited circumstances.

“Case laws do exist that suggest schools may test students when there is a reasonable suspicion that the student is under the influence of drugs,” says attorney LaTonya Moore. But if the policy is too broad — for example, testing a student based on gossip — the test may be considered a violation of the student’s constitutional rights, and the student and parents may have a civil rights claim.

“If parents believe that a school’s policy is excessively broad, they have the option of bringing a federal civil rights claim against the school,” says Kreitzer. “These are typically instituted by consulting with a local civil rights lawyer who can better analyze the nature and function of the school searches.” Kreitzer adds that the parents may be entitled to compensation if the school’s policy violates the law.

Moore encourages parents to be “vigilant and proactive” by staying involved and present at the schools to obtain a full understanding of the policies and procedures. “If there is a perceived violating of their child’s rights,” she adds, “parents should immediately seek legal advice.”

Meanwhile, Kreitzer urges parents who are concerned about their school’s drug testing policy to talk with the administration. “Parents should discuss their concerns with school officials,” says Kreitzer. “Most school officials are open to listening to parents.” If the school is not responsive, he adds, then it’s time to contact an attorney.

Originally published by  Avvo

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Drug Testing in High School Athletes

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DepEd on student drug testing: SC says it’s constitutional

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This is AI generated summarization, which may have errors. For context, always refer to the full article.

MANILA, Philippines – The Department of Education cited the legal basis of its plan to carry out random drug tests on about 20,000 junior and senior high school students as it again defended the scheme from criticism.

Parents, lawmakers, and human rights groups have opposed the procedure, which the DepEd said would help them determine the prevalence of drug use among students. (READ: Drug testing of students ‘preventive, not punitive’ – Briones )

“That’s based on the law, in terms of what is required by the law….This matter has already been decided by the Supreme Court (SC),” Education Assistant Secretary Nepomuceno Malaluan said in defense of the plan.

He was referring to Section 36 of Republic Act (RA) Number 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, which mandates that random drug testing be conducted among secondary and tertiary students “pursuant to the related rules and regulations as contained in the school’s student handbook and with notice to the parents.”  

The law also says drug testing expenses, whether in public or private schools, shall be “borne by the government.”

RA 9165 was challenged before the SC in 2008 for mandating the random drug testing of students, among other issues.

But the High Court found this provision under RA 9165 as constitutional, guided by the United States SC’s separate rulings on two cases – Vernonia School District 47J versus Acton and Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County, et al versus Earls, et al.

“The Court is of the view and so holds that the provisions of RA 9165 requiring mandatory, random, and suspicionless drug testing of students are constitutional,” the SC said in its ruling.

The High Court said it can take “judicial notice” of the proliferation of drugs that threatens the well-being of students “who usually end up as victims.” 

“Accordingly, and until a more effective method is conceptualized and put in motion, a random drug testing of students in secondary and tertiary schools is not only acceptable but may even be necessary if the safety and interest of the student population, doubtless a legitimate concern of the government, are to be promoted and protected,” the SC said.

Consultations

Malaluan said DepEd is consulting with statisticians if factoring in parents’ consent in their sampling method would still yield a 95% statistical confidence level for the random drug test. 

“With that ultimately, I think, that’s why we’re being cautious or careful because the way we will do the orientation will spell the difference whether this will be supported strongly both by our students  and their parents,” said Malaluan.

He emphasized that the department will keep the drug test results under wraps to ensure students’ safety. 

“That’s why the guidelines are very clear, that the confidentiality is going to be very strictly followed and under no circumstance will a positive result be used against the student – whether in the context of the school or outside of the school,” said Malaluan.

“That is different if the students are caught in the context of, let’s say, a law enforcement operation. And so we hope that the exercise can be appreciated in that context,” he added.

With the spate of drug-related killings, critics argued the random drug test would make students vulnerable to President Rodrigo Duterte’s bloody war against drugs. 

One main contention is the provision in DepEd Order Number 4, series of 2017 when it comes to parental consent – or the lack thereof.  

While the order mandates that the school orient parents about the drug testing procedure both in person and in writing, they cannot refuse, should their child be chosen for the drug test. 

A written notice will be given to the parents before the drug test, but the failure to return the acknowledgement slip of this notice “shall not be a bar to the conduct of the drug testing and of the said students’ inclusion in the sample.”

DepEd Secretary Leonor Briones previously said in a House hearing on her department’s proposed 2018 budget that she is open to other suggestions on how best to determine drug prevalence among students.  

She plans to consult Cabinet officials about the procedure in their next meeting in October. – Rappler.com  

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Khabarovsk Krai

Administrative divisions, heavy industry, demographics, ethnic groups, settlements, sister relations, external links.

Being dominated by the Siberian High winter cold, the continental climates of the krai see extreme freezing for an area adjacent to the sea near the mid-latitudes, but also warm summers in the interior. The southern region lies mostly in the basin of the lower Amur River , with the mouth of the river located at Nikolaevsk-on-Amur draining into the Strait of Tartary , which separates Khabarovsk Krai from the island of Sakhalin . The north occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk , a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean . Khabarovsk Krai is bordered by Magadan Oblast to the north; Amur Oblast , Jewish Autonomous Oblast , and the Sakha Republic to the west; Primorsky Krai to the south; and Sakhalin Oblast to the east.

The population consists of mostly ethnic Russians , but indigenous people of the area are numerous, such as the Tungusic peoples ( Evenks , Negidals , Ulchs , Nanai , Oroch , Udege ), Amur Nivkhs , and Ainu . [10]

Khabarovsk Krai shares its borders with Magadan Oblast in the north; with the Sakha Republic and Amur Oblast in the west; with the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , China ( Heilongjiang ), and Primorsky Krai in the south; and is limited by the Sea of Okhotsk in the east. In terms of area, it is the fourth-largest federal subject within Russia. Major islands include the Shantar Islands .

Taiga and tundra in the north, swampy forest in the central depression, and deciduous forest in the south are the natural vegetation in the area. The main rivers are the Amur , Amgun , Uda , and Tugur , among others. There are also lakes such as Bokon , Bolon , Chukchagir , Evoron , Kizi , Khummi , Orel , and Udyl , among others. [11]

Khabarovsk Krai has a severely continental climate with its northern areas being subarctic with stronger maritime summer moderation in the north. In its southerly areas, especially inland, annual swings are extremely strong, with Khabarovsk itself having hot, wet, and humid summers which rapidly transform into severely cold and long winters, where temperatures hardly ever go above freezing. This is because of the influence of the East Asian monsoon in summer and the bitterly cold Siberian High in winter. The second-largest city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur has even more violent temperature swings than Khabarovsk, with winter average lows below −30   °C (−22   °F) , but in spite of this, avoiding being subarctic because of the significant heat in summer.

The main mountain ranges in the region are the Bureya Range , the Badzhal Range (highest point 2,221 metres (7,287   ft) high, the Gora Ulun ), the Yam-Alin , the Dusse-Alin , the Sikhote-Alin , the Dzhugdzhur Mountains , the Kondyor Massif , as well as a small section of the Suntar-Khayata Range , the Yudoma-Maya Highlands , and the Sette-Daban in the western border regions. The highest point is 2,933 metres (9,623   ft) high, Berill Mountain . [12] [13]

There are a number of peninsulas along the krai's extensive coast, the main ones being (north to south) the Lisyansky Peninsula , Nurki Peninsula , Tugurskiy Peninsula , and the Tokhareu Peninsula .

The main islands of Khabarovsk Krai (north to south) are Malminskiye Island , the Shantar Islands , Menshikov Island , Reyneke Island (Sea of Okhotsk) , Chkalov Island , Baydukov Island , and the Chastye Islands . The island of Sakhalin (Russia's largest) is administered separately as Sakhalin Oblast , along with the Kuril Islands .

The charts below detail climate averages from various locations in the krai. Khabarovsk is set near the Chinese border at a lower latitude far inland, while Komsomolsk-on-Amur being further downstream on the Amur river at a higher latitude. Sovetskaya Gavan and Okhotsk are coastal settlements in the deep south and far north, respectively.

According to various Chinese and Korean records, the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai was originally occupied by one of the five semi-nomadic Shiwei , the Bo Shiwei tribes, and the Black Water Mohe tribes living, respectively, on the west and the east of the Bureya and the Lesser Khingan ranges.

In 1643, Vassili Poyarkov 's boats descended the Amur , returning to Yakutsk by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Aldan River , and in 1649–1650, Yerofey Khabarov occupied the banks of the Amur. The resistance of the Chinese, however, obliged the Cossacks to quit their forts, and by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), Russia abandoned its advance into the basin of the river.

Although the Russians were thus deprived of the right to navigate the Amur River, the territorial claim over the lower courses of the river was not settled in the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689. The area between the Uda River and the Greater Khingan mountain range (i.e. most of Lower Amuria) was left undemarcated and the Sino-Russian border was allowed to fluctuate. [20] [21]

Later in the nineteenth century, Nikolay Muravyov conducted an aggressive policy with China by claiming that the lower reaches of the Amur River belonged to Russia . In 1852, a Russian military expedition under Muravyov explored the Amur, and by 1857, a chain of Russian Cossacks and peasants had been settled along the whole course of the river. In 1858, in the Treaty of Aigun , China recognized the Amur River downstream as far as the Ussuri River as the boundary between Russia and the Qing Empire, and granted Russia free access to the Pacific Ocean. [22] The Sino-Russian border was later further delineated in the Treaty of Peking of 1860 when the Ussuri Territory (the Maritime Territory ), which was previously a joint possession, became Russian. [23]

Khabarovsk Krai was established on 20 October 1938, when the Far Eastern Krai was split into the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krais . [24] Kamchatka Oblast , which was originally subordinated to the Far Eastern Krai, fell under the Jurisdiction of Khabarovsk Krai, along with its two National Okrugs, Chukotka and Koryak . In 1947, the northern part of Sakhalin was removed from the Krai to join the southern part and form Sakhalin Oblast . In 1948, parts of its southwestern territories were removed from the Krai to form Amur Oblast . In 1953, Magadan Oblast was established from the northern parts of the Krai and was given jurisdiction over Chukotka National Okrug, which was originally under the jurisdiction of Kamchatka oblast. In 1956, Kamchatka Oblast became its own region and took Koryak National Okrug with it. The Krai took its modern form in 1991, just before the USSR's collapse when the Jewish Autonomous Oblast was created within its territory. On 24 April 1996, Khabarovsk signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. [25] This agreement would be abolished on 12 August 2002. [26]

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Khabarovsk CPSU Committee (who, in reality, had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor, was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament .

The Charter of Khabarovsk Krai is the fundamental law of the krai. The Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai is the regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Duma exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Krai Government, which includes territorial executive bodies, such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Krai Administration supports the activities of the Governor , who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia .

On 9 July 2020, the governor of the region, Sergei Furgal , was arrested and flown to Moscow. The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests began on 11 July 2020, in support of Furgal. [27]

Khabarovsk Krai is the most industrialized territory of the Far East of Russia, producing 30% of the total industrial products in the Far Eastern Economic Region.

The machine construction industry consists primarily of a highly developed military–industrial complex of large-scale aircraft- and shipbuilding enterprises. [28] The Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association is currently among the krai's most successful enterprises, and for years has been the largest taxpayer of the territory. [28] Other major industries include timber-working and fishing , along with metallurgy in the main cities. Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the iron and steel centre of the Far East; a pipeline from northern Sakhalin supplies the petroleum-refining industry in the city of Khabarovsk . In the Amur basin, there is also some cultivation of wheat and soybeans . The administrative centre , Khabarovsk, is at the junction of the Amur River and the Trans-Siberian Railway .

The region's mineral resources are relatively underdeveloped. Khabarovsk Krai contains large gold mining operations (Highland Gold, Polus Gold), a major but low-grade copper deposit being explored by IG Integro Group , and a world-class tin district which was a major contributor to the Soviet industrial complex and is currently being revitalised by Far Eastern Tin (Festivalnoye mine) and by Sable Tin Resources Archived March 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , which is developing the Sable Tin Deposit (Sobolinoye) , a large high-grade deposit, 25   km from Solnechny town.

Population : 1,292,944   ( 2021 Census ) ; [29] 1,343,869   ( 2010 Census ) ; [9] 1,436,570   ( 2002 Census ) ; [30] 1,824,506   ( 1989 Census ) . [31]

Vital statistics for 2022: [33] [34]

• Births: 12,404 (9.6 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 18,209 (14.0 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [35] 1.50 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [36] Total — 67.85 years (male   — 62.91, female   — 72.94)

According to a 2012 survey, [37] 26.2% of the population of Khabarovsk Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% adhere to other Orthodox churches or are believers in Orthodox Christianity who do not belong to any church, while 1% are adherents of Islam . In addition, 28% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 23% are atheist , and 16.8% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question. [37]

There are the following institutions of higher education in Khabarovsk Krai. [39] [40]

• Pacific National University
• Far Eastern State University of Humanities
• Far Eastern State Medical University
• Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law   [ ru ]
• Far Eastern State Transport University
• Far Eastern Academy of Government Services
• Far Eastern State Physical Education University
• Khabarovsk State Institute of Arts and Culture
• Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University
• Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Pedagogical institute

• Amur Khabarovsk , a professional hockey club of the international Kontinental Hockey League and plays its home games at the Platinum Arena .
• FC SKA-Energiya Khabarovsk is a professional association football team playing in the Russian Football National League , the second tier of Russian association football.
• SKA-Neftyanik is a professional bandy club which plays in the top-tier Russian Bandy Super League at its own indoor venue Arena Yerofey . In the 2016–17 season , the club became Russian champion for the first time. [41]

The city was a host to the 1981 Bandy World Championship as well as to the 2015 Bandy World Championship . For the 2015 games, twenty-one teams originally were expected, which would have been four more than the record-making seventeen from the 2014 tournament , but eventually, only sixteen teams came. The A Division of the 2018 Bandy World Championship was again to be played in Khabarovsk. [42]

• List of Chairmen of the Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai
• Tourism in Khabarovsk Krai

Related Research Articles

Amur Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya rivers in the Russian Far East. Amur Oblast borders Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the south.

Okha is a town and the administrative center of Okhinsky District of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. Population: 23,008 (2010 Census) ; 27,963 (2002 Census) ; 36,104 (1989 Census) .

Sakhalin Oblast is a federal subject of Russia comprising the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East. The oblast has an area of 87,100 square kilometers (33,600 sq mi). Its administrative center and largest city is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. As of the 2021 Census, the oblast has a population of roughly 500,000.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur is a city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the west bank of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. It is located on the Baikal-Amur Mainline, 356 kilometers (221 mi) northeast of Khabarovsk. Population: 238,505 (2021 Census) ; 263,906 (2010 Census) ; 281,035 (2002 Census) ; 315,325 (1989 Census) .

Nikolayevsk-on-Amur is a town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia located on the Amur River close to its liman in the Pacific Ocean. Population: 22,752 (2010 Census) ; 28,492 (2002 Census) ; 36,296 (1989 Census) .

Sovetskaya Gavan is a town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, and a port on the Strait of Tartary which connects the Sea of Okhotsk in the north with the Sea of Japan in the south. Population: 27,712 (2010 Census) ; 30,480 (2002 Census) ; 34,915 (1989 Census) .

Kamchatka Krai is a federal subject of Russia, situated in the Russian Far East. It is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Its administrative center and largest city is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, home to over half of its population of 291,705.

Amursk is a town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Amur River 45 kilometers (28 mi) south of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Population: 42,970 (2010 Census) ; 47,759 (2002 Census) ; 58,395 (1989 Census) .

Lesozavodsk is a town in Primorsky Krai, Russia, located on the Ussuri River, 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) from the Sino–Russian border and about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of Vladivostok, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 37,034 (2010 Census) ; 42,185 (2002 Census) ; 44,065 (1989 Census) ; 37,000 (1972).

Poronaysk is a town and the administrative center of Poronaysky District of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, located on the Poronay River 288 kilometers (179 mi) north of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Population: 16,120 (2010 Census) ; 17,954 (2002 Census) ; 25,971 (1989 Census) .

Ayano-Maysky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the north of the krai. The area of the district is 167,200 square kilometers (64,600 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Ayan. Population: 2,292 (2010 Census) ; 3,271 (2002 Census) ; 4,802 (1989 Census) . The population of Ayan accounts for 42.2% of the district's total population.

Fevralsk is an urban locality in Selemdzhinsky District of Amur Oblast, Russia, located between the Selemdzha River and its tributary the Byssa, about 340 kilometers (210 mi) northeast of Blagoveshchensk, the oblast's administrative center, and 204 kilometers (127 mi) southwest of Ekimchan, the administrative center of the district. Population: 5,128 (2010 Census) ; 4,690 (2002 Census) ; 8,816 (1989 Census) .

Novy Urgal is an urban locality in Verkhnebureinsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located in the valley of the Bureya River, close to its confluence with the Urgal River, about 340 kilometers (210 mi) northwest of the krai's administrative center of Khabarovsk and 28 kilometers (17 mi) west of the district's administrative center of Chegdomyn. Population: 6,803 (2010 Census) ; 7,274 (2002 Census) ; 9,126 (1989 Census) .

Nogliki is an urban locality and the administrative center of Nogliksky District of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, located near the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island, about 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) inland from the Sea of Okhotsk shoreline and about 600 kilometers (370 mi) north of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Population: 10,231 (2010 Census) ; 10,729 (2002 Census) ; 11,546 (1989 Census) .

Komsomolsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the krai. The area of the district is 25,167 square kilometers (9,717 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Population: 29,072 (2010 Census) ; 31,563 (2002 Census) ; 33,649 (1989 Census) .

Nikolayevsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai. The area of the district is 17,188 square kilometers (6,636 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. Population: 9,942 (2010 Census) ; 13,850 (2002 Census) ; 19,683 (1989 Census) .

Okhotsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the north of the krai. The area of the district is 158,517.8 square kilometers (61,204.1 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Okhotsk. Population: 8,197 (2010 Census) ; 12,017 (2002 Census) ; 19,183 (1989 Census) . The population of Okhotsk accounts for 51.4% of the district's total population.

Tuguro-Chumikansky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the center of the krai. The area of the district is 96,069 square kilometers (37,092 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Chumikan. Population: 2,255 (2010 Census) ; 2,860 (2002 Census) ; 3,610 (1989 Census) . The population of Chumikan accounts for 47.0% of the district's total population.

Smidovichsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the five in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the autonomous oblast and borders Khabarovsk Krai in the north and east, China in the south, and Birobidzhansky District in the west. The area of the district is 5,900 square kilometers (2,300 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Smidovich. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 28,165, with the population of Smidovich accounting for 18.2% of that number.

Selikhino is a rural locality in Komsomolsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Population: 4,255 (2010 Census) ; 4,865 (2002 Census) .

• ↑ Президент Российской Федерации.   Указ   №849   от   13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу   13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.   20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation.   Decree   # 849   of   May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District . Effective as of   May 13, 2000.).
• ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации.   №ОК 024-95   27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2.   Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. ( Gosstandart of the Russian Federation.   # OK 024-95   December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2.   Economic Regions , as amended by the Amendment   # 5/2001 OKER. ).
• 1 2 Charter of Khabarovsk Krai, Article   4
• ↑ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved September 1, 2022 .
• ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved January 23, 2019 .
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 .
• ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article   68.1 of the Constitution of Russia .
• 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Chaussonnet, p.109
• ↑ Topographic map N-53; M 1: 1,000,00
• ↑ Khabarovsk Krai Mountains - PeakVisor
• ↑ Google Earth
• ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian) . Retrieved November 8, 2021 .
• ↑ "Habarovsk/Novy (Khabarovsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved November 2, 2021 .
• ↑ "climatebase.ru (1948-2011)" . Retrieved April 28, 2012 .
• ↑ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Russia" . Weatherbase. 2012. Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
• ↑ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Okhotsk" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on December 3, 2019 . Retrieved December 3, 2019 .
• ↑ "Ohotsk (Okhotsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 3, 2019 .
• ↑ "1689, Nerchinsk – Russia" . China's External Relations .
• ↑ Alexei D. Voskressenski (2002). Russia and China: A Theory of Inter-State Relations . Routledge. pp.   107–108. ISBN   978-0700714957 .
• ↑ "1858, Aigun – Russia" . China's External Relations .
• ↑ Alexei D. Voskressenski (2002). Russia and China: A Theory of Inter-State Relations . Routledge. pp.   112–113. ISBN   978-0700714957 .
• ↑ Decree of October   20, 1938
• ↑ Solnick, Steven (May 29, 1996). "Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining" (PDF) . The National Council for Soviet and East European Research : 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
• ↑ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF) . Demokratizatsiya : 146. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
• ↑ "Anger at Kremlin Grows in Latest Massive Russian Far East Protest" . The Moscow Times . July 25, 2020.
• 1 2 "KNAAPO Komsomolsk na Amure Aviation Industrial Association named after Gagarin - Russian" . www.globalsecurity.org .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly .
• ↑ "Национальный состав населения" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved December 30, 2022 .
• ↑ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on March 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 21, 2023 .
• ↑ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on March 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 21, 2023 .
• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on August 10, 2023 . Retrieved August 10, 2023 .
• ↑ "Демографический ежегодник России" [ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia ] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) . Retrieved June 1, 2022 .
• 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012.
• ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived .
• ↑ The Institutions of Higher Education in Khabarovsk Krai Archived December 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
• ↑ "Independent Russian and Ukrainian Interpreters" . RusMoose.com .
• ↑ "Google Translate" . translate.google.co.uk .
• ↑ "Annual Congress in Sandviken, Sweden on Jan 30 2017 2017-01-28" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2017 . Retrieved February 23, 2017 .
• ↑ Gyeongsangnam-do official website English Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
• ↑ "Sister cities of the Hyogo Prefecture" . Archived from the original on October 29, 2007 . Retrieved January 10, 2009 .
• Хабаровская краевая Дума.   Постановление   №150   от   30 ноября 1995 г. «Устав Хабаровского края», в ред. Закона №152 от   23 декабря 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в статьи   26 и   34 Устава Хабаровского края». Вступил в силу   16 января 1996 г. Опубликован: "Тихоокеанская звезда", №№7–8, 13 и 16 января 1996 г. (Khabarovsk Krai Duma.   Resolution   # 150   of   November   30, 1995 Charter of Khabarovsk Krai , as amended by the Law   # 152 of   December   23, 2015 On Amending Articles   26 and   34 of the Charter of Khabarovsk Krai . Effective as of   January   16, 1996.).
• Президиум Верховного Совета СССР.   Указ   от   20 октября 1938 г. «О разделении Дальневосточного края на Приморский и Хабаровский края». ( Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR .   Decree   of   October   20, 1938 On Splitting Far Eastern Krai into Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krais . ).
• Chaussonnet, Valerie (1995) Native Cultures of Alaska and Siberia . Arctic Studies Center. Washington, D.C. 112p. ISBN   1-56098-661-1
• (in Russian) — Official website of Khabarovsk Krai
• Information concerning the Shiwei tribes and their relationship with the Khitans
• (in Russian) — Brief history of Khabaovsk Krai

Cities [ edit ]

• 48.483333 135.066667 1 Khabarovsk — the capital and major regional center (population 570,000)
• 50.55 137 3 Komsomolsk-on-Amur — a good sized city that is the steel center of Far Eastern Russia
• 59.383333 143.3 4 Okhotsk — First Russian settlement in the Far East (17th Century) and former headquarters of Vitus Bering, discoverer of the Bering Strait and Alaska; located in the region's far north
• 53.15 140.733333 5 Nikolaevsk-on-Amur
• 49.083333 140.266667 6 Vanino
• 48.966667 140.283333 7 Sovetskaya Gavan
• 48.748889 135.646111 8 Sikachi-Alyan — a small village of the Nanai people with a museum of local culture, opportunities for fine Nanai dining, and 13000 year old Nanai cliff drawings

Other destinations [ edit ]

• 57.104283 138.257106 4 Dzhugdzhursky Nature Reserve
• 48.204944 134.858911 5 Bolshekhekhtsirsky Nature Reserve
• 48.10582 135.136973 7 Vladimirovka , located miles and miles away from Komsomolsk, a native village of Negidals.

Understand [ edit ]

Geography [ edit ]

Khabarovsk Krai occupies a long swathe of Russia's Pacific coastline, a full 2000 kilometers of it, going as far south as Sakhalin and north to Magadan Oblast . At nearly 800.000 km², it's Russias fourth largest province. In the north, taiga and tundra prevail, deciduous forests in the south, and swampy forests in the central areas around Nikolaevsk-on-Amur . As a testament to its size there are more than 50 thousand lakes to fish in, more rivers and streams than you would care to count, and several mountain ranges intersect the region, including the northern reaches of the Sikhote-Alin mountains shared with Primorsky krai. The highest point is Mount Bery, towering nearly in fact, three quarters of the area is occupied by mountains and plateaus.

Biodiversity [ edit ]

The diversity of purely North animals like brown bear and sheer South representatives like Eastern softshell spiny turtle (Trionix) is backed by the legend that God would mix the rest of seeds and animals when somebody told him about missing spot on Earth.

One can encounter pine-tree and wild Far-Eastern grape which came definitely from the South. Its blue round berries with sour taste are cultivated in gardens to produce home wine.

Like Trionix many species are listed in the Red Book.

Culture [ edit ]

Japanese director Akira Kurosawa's 1975 film Dersu Uzala, based on a book by Russian explorer Vladimir Arsenyev, describes the friendship of a Russian explorer and his Nanai guide named Dersu Uzala. (Wikipedia)

Aboriginal culture within small enclaves across the krai are Nanai, Ulchi, Manchur, Orochi, Udege, Negidal, Nivkhi, Evenki and varies in each settlement.

Facts [ edit ]

Talk [ edit ].

See Russian phrasebook .

Get in [ edit ]

Khabarovsk is a major transportation hub for the entire Russian Far East and will likely be any visitor's first stop by either the Trans-Siberian Railway or via Khabarovsk's international airport ( KHV  IATA ).

From China there are two entrance routes: one begins on the border with the Heihe - Blagoveshchensk crossing point, the other from Fuyuan town on Amur river. Another possible way is one from Sakhalin, where international ferry operates between Russian Korsakov and Japan's Wakkanai . A one-night bus trip along the federal highway Vladivostok-Khabarovsk is an option for a traveller, if the train carriage by some odd reason is not preferable.

Do [ edit ]

Fishing and hunting in the wild are the major attractions for local villagers, town and city dwellers as well as trekking routes to taiga plains and mountains untouched by humans are favourite activities for all sorts of tourists. Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk mountain bike clubs are all at it. Taiga forest roads are always abuzz with mosquitos in summer and the best seasons for visiting are May and September when the air is not so stifling and the sun is just warm. Winter attracts regional skiers and snowboarders to the ski bases "Holdomi" and "Amut Snow Lake" near Komsomolsk and "Spartak" slopes near Khabarovsk.

Eat [ edit ]

Local food follows traditional Russian cuisine featured with salted bracken, mushrooms, Korean and Chinese and even European dishes served in theme restaurants of two big cities. Don't forget to taste pancakes with a spoonful of linden, wildflower, buckweat honey or a season caviar stuffing.

Stay safe [ edit ]

Snakes and bears are rare attackers in the wild, lest provoked. More dangerous are infectious ticks which are active most of all in spring. Use spray against ticks.

Go next [ edit ]

Khabarovsk is the hub for regional air travel with important flights to Russian destinations Anadyr , Irkutsk , Krasnoyarsk , Magadan , Moscow , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky , Yakutsk , and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk , as well as international flights to Niigata , Japan and to Seoul , Korea . There are no direct flights to/from the US .

The next major stops to the east on the Trans-Siberian Railway are Ussuriysk and Vladivostok ; to the west, Birobidzhan .

There is a regular ferry from Vanino (the terminus of the Baikal-Amur Mainline ) to Kholmsk , Sakhalin .

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