the thesis vancouver

A Unified Neighbourhood Concept from Alabaster Homes

A Cultured Living Experience in the Heart of Vancouver

Thesis proves that a home is more than four walls—it’s all the elements that make up a connected life. In the heart of Vancouver, carefully selected retailers, premium residential amenities, and discerning design unite in a beautiful mix. Thesis offers a new kind of living experience: one where culture 01 , location 02 , and form 03 , come together to enrich the way you live.

Culture is built from the ground up.

Exceptional retail and residential amenities foster connections, creating a genuine sense of community.

Life is better when you meet in the middle.

West side legacy and east side vitality converge in the heart of the city. This is Vancouver’s next cultural hub.

Great design is equal parts intelligent and inspired .

  great design is equal parts intelligent and inspired ..

We tapped a pair of award-winning designers to help bring our vision of refined livability to life.

Meet the Creative Leaders Behind Thesis

Visit our Presentation Centre to experience Thesis in person. We’re located at 34 W 7th Ave, Vancouver.

Monday – Wednesday: Open By Private Appointment

Thursday: Open 12:00 – 5:00 PM

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Saturday + Sunday: Open 12:00 – 5:00 PM

t: 604.558.5857 e: [email protected]

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Description.

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• Property ID: 17268
• Post Updated: 2022-10-27 13:23:02
• Status: Active
• Type: Condo
• Website: liveatthesis.com
• Number of Units: 69
• Number of Stories: 4
• Selling Status: Registration
• Sales Start: 2023
• Construction Status: Preconstruction
• Construction Start: To Be Determined
• Estimated Completion: To Be Determined
• Builder(s): Alabaster
• Architect(s): Yamamoto Architecture Inc.

Thesis is a new condo development by  Alabaster currently in preconstruction at 131 West 49th Avenue, Vancouver. Thesis has a total of 69 units.

A Unified Neighbourhood Concept from Alabaster Homes

A Cultured Living Experience in the Heart of Vancouver

Thesis by Alabaster proves that a home is more than four walls—it’s all the elements that make up a connected life. In the heart of Vancouver, carefully selected retailers, premium residential amenities and discerning design unite in a beautiful mix.

Thesis offers a new kind of living experience: one where culture, location and form come together to enrich the way you live.

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The UBC Theses and Dissertations collection promotes open and comprehensive access to a significant body of unique knowledge created by graduate students to support further research and for private study. The authors retain copyright ownership and moral rights to their theses. The content of theses may not be re-purposed or exploited for commercial gain without the explicit permission of the authors.

UBC graduate students began submitting their theses online via cIRcle, UBC’s digital repository, in fall 2007, a practice that both simplified the submission process and also ensured the availability of this research to a global audience in a timely manner. As of March 2012, UBC Library has digitized and made openly accessible the full-text of more than 32,000 theses submitted by graduate students between 1919 and 2007. In addition to providing information about specific fields of study these theses also reveal important information about changes in pedagogy at the University and within academic disciplines. Authors concerned about having their pre-2007 theses included as part of this collection can notify [email protected] to have their thesis removed. Similarly, if copyrighted material appears in a thesis the copyright owner can request that material be removed.

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• {[{degree.key}]} ({[{degree.doc_count}]})

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Vancouver Referencing Style:  Theses

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Theses and dissertations

General rules:.

The exact format of references to theses and dissertations is dependent upon whether the thesis/dissertation is published or unpublished, and how it is available (online or in print). 

The elements common to references to an entire thesis/dissertation are:

• Author Name
• Thesis Title
• Use 'master's thesis' for work at the master's level and 'dissertation' for the doctorate.
• Academic Institution /University 
• The year the degree was granted
• If the document was consulted online, include the DOI if available, or a URL.

For citing published theses

• Cite  published theses  as books and add the publisher's name and date of publication in addition to the elements listed above.  

For citing parts of theses

• To cite parts of a thesis, such as chapters, figures, tables or appendixes, cite the thesis as a whole first, then follow it by the information about the part.    

Online theses and dissertations 

The following is the general format of a reference to an online thesis with example. For citing theses in print, see the tab above.  

See the  general rules for theses  for more details. 

Reference list entry: format and example

Citation No.   Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis on the Internet].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication  [cited date] .  Page.  URL

1.           Rutting S. Dietary fatty acids and innate immune responses in primary human lung cells [dissertation on the Internet]. Callaghan (NSW): University of Newcastle; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 8]. 195 p. Available from: https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:35633

Print theses and dissertations 

The following is the general format of a reference to a thesis in print. For citing online theses see the tab above.  

Citation No.  Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication, Page.

1.           Weisbaum LD. Human sexuality of children and adolescents: a comprehensive training guide for social work professionals [master's thesis]. Long Beach (CA): California State University, Long Beach; 2005. 101 p.

2.           Baldwin KB. An exploratory method of data retrieval from the electronic medical record for the evaluation of quality in healthcare [dissertation]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center; 2004. 116 p.

Parts of theses and dissertations

To cite parts of a thesis, such as chapters, figures, tables or appendixes, cite the thesis as a whole first, then follow it by the information about the part.  

The following is the general format of a reference to a part of a thesis. 

Citation No.  Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication.  Part No, Part title; page range.

1.           Christensen PM. Infant nutrition and child health on Tarawa, Kiribati: a nutritional anthropological approach [master's thesis]. Sydney: University of New South Wales, Centre for South Pacific Studies; 1995. Chapter 3.1, Breastfeeding practices on Tarawa; p. 46-53.

2.           Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's thesis]. Sydney: University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996. Appendix 4, Health claims questionnaire; p. 49.

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• Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples

Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples

Published on 18 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 19 August 2022.

Vancouver is a system of referencing commonly used in biomedicine, among other scientific disciplines. In Vancouver style, you place a reference number in the text wherever a source is cited:

This number corresponds to an entry in your reference list – a numbered list of all the sources cited in your text, giving complete information on each:

This quick guide presents the most common rules for Vancouver style referencing. Note that some universities and journals have their own guidelines for the formatting of Vancouver references.

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Table of contents

Vancouver in-text citations, creating a vancouver reference list, vancouver reference examples, missing information in vancouver references, frequently asked questions about vancouver referencing.

In Vancouver style, citations are marked in your text with numbers. These numbers appear either in parentheses or in superscript – choose one option and stick to it consistently:

The numbers usually appear after the name of the author or after a direct quote. They may also appear at the end of the sentence:

Naming authors

You will often need to mention the author when referring to a work or introducing a quote. Only use the author’s last name in your text. If a source has multiple authors, name only the first author followed by ‘et al.’:

It’s not always necessary to mention the author’s name in your text – but always include the reference number when you refer to a source:

Numbering references

Sources are numbered based on the order in which they are cited in the text: the first source you cite is 1, the second 2, and so on.

If the same source is cited again, use the same number to refer to it throughout your paper. This means that the numbers might not appear in consecutive order in your text:

Citing multiple sources

You can also cite multiple sources in the same place:

To cite several sources that appear consecutively in your numbered list, you can use an en dash to mark the range.

In this case, the citation refers the reader to sources 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Citing page numbers

You must specify a page number or range when you directly quote a text, and it can be helpful to do so when you are paraphrasing a particular passage.

Place the page number after the reference number inside the same parentheses, preceded by ‘p.’:

If you’re using superscript numbers, the page number also appears in superscript, in parentheses after the reference number:

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Your reference list is where you provide the information your readers will need in order to look up the sources cited in your text. It consists of a numbered list of all your sources, providing key information including the author, title and publication date of each source.

The list appears in numerical order at the end of your paper. Each entry ends with a full stop, unless the last element is a DOI or URL.

Vancouver reference list example

Author names

Each entry starts with the author’s last name and initials.

When a source has more than one author, their names are separated by commas. If a source has more than six authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’

Source titles

Only the first word of the title and subtitle, along with any proper nouns, are capitalised:

Titles in Vancouver referencing are consistently written in plain text. Do not use italics or quotation marks.

The information you provide differs according to the type of source you’re citing, since different details are relevant in different cases. Formats and examples for the most commonly cited source types are given below.

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Some sources will be missing some of the information needed for a complete reference. See below for how to handle missing elements.

As shown in the website example above, when no individual author is named, you can usually name the organisation that produced the source as the author.

If there is no clear corporate author – for example, a wiki that is created and updated collaboratively by users – you can begin your reference with the title instead:

Sources such as websites may lack a clear publication date. In these cases you can omit the year in your reference and just include the date of your citation:

No page numbers

You may want to show the location of a direct quote from a source without page numbers, such as a website. When the source is short, you can often just omit this, but where you feel it’s necessary you can use an alternate locator like a heading or paragraph number:

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Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A citation should appear wherever you use information or ideas from a source, whether by quoting or paraphrasing its content.

In Vancouver style , you have some flexibility about where the citation number appears in the sentence – usually directly after mentioning the author’s name is best, but simply placing it at the end of the sentence is an acceptable alternative, as long as it’s clear what it relates to.

In Vancouver style , when you refer to a source with multiple authors in your text, you should only name the first author followed by ‘et al.’. This applies even when there are only two authors.

In your reference list, include up to six authors. For sources with seven or more authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, August 19). Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 7 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/vancouver-style/

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Referencing guide for Vancouver

This guide gives you information on how to format references in the Vancouver referencing style. The references are numbered sequentially, following the order in which they first appear in the text. The bibliography should be placed at the end of the document, be arranged numerically and contain all necessary bibliographic information.

The guide is primarily intended for students at Karolinska Institutet. The references should be considered as recommendations based on  International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Sample References  and  Citing Medicine  and in some cases with the support of Swedish cataloging rules for libraries . When in doubt, double check with official manuals. You might also need to discuss with your supervisor or teacher at KI before submitting your thesis or assignment.

Book, 1-6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Lorig K. Patient education: A practical approach. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications; 2000.

Crossman AR, Neary D. Neuroanatomy: An illustrated colour text. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2010.

In the text, numbers are used in parentheses. The citations are numbered and the reference list is arranged in the same order.

More information

• Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there is no information about the edition of your source, you can assume that it is the first edition.Use the abbreviation “ed.”
• If there is no year of publication, use year of copyright instead, preceded by c. If neither a year of publication nor a year of copyright can be found, use [date unknown]
• The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source

Book, more than 6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF, et al. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Doornbos MM, Groenhout ER, Hotz GK, Brandsen C, Cusveller B, Flikkema M, et al. Transforming care: a Christian vision of nursing practice. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company; 2005.

Mer information

• The first six authors are mentioned, followed by “et al.”
• Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there is no information about the edition of your source, you can assume that it is the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.”

Surname AA , Surname BB, editor(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Pryor JA, Ammani Prasad S, editors. Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems: adults and paediatrics. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2008.

• Editor(s) is noted after the names
• Up to six editors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six editors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”

Chapter in edited book

Author of chapter’s Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of chapter. In: Editor(s) Surname AA, editor(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. xx-x.

Spatz D. The use of human milk and breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit. In: Wamback K & Riordan J, editors. Breastfeeding and human lactation. 5th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2014. p. 469-522.

Skoog T. Adolescent and adult implications of girls' pubertal timing. In: Andershed A-K, editor. Girls at risk: Swedish longitudinal research on adjustment.New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London: Springer; 2012. p. 9-34.

• Up to six authors or editors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• Editor(s) is noted after the editors names
• State the chapter's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18

Chapter in authored book

Surname AA. Title. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Number of chapter, Title of chapter; p. x..

Moody HR. Aging. Concepts and controversies. (6th ed.) Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press; 2010. Basic Concepts I, A life course perspective on aging; p. 1-26.

Steketee G, Frost RO. Treatment for hoarding disorder. Therapist guide [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. Chapter 2, Evidence-based treatment for hoarding disorder; p. 13-22. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ki/detail.action?docID=1573147

• The reference is constructed in the same way as the reference to the entire book, followed by information about the chapter
• For more information on how to format references to books and report, see these reference types
• Use the same name and number for the chapter as in the source. If a number is lacking, omit this information
• State the chapter's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18. If page numbers are lacking, omit this information

Conference contribution

Author of contribution’s Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of contribution. In: Editor(s) Surname AA, editor(s). Title of proceedings. Title of conference. Date of conference; Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. xx-x.

Haglund L, Hanson UC. Making yourself indispensable: Experiences from 25 years of networking. In: Bakker S, editor. Health Information Management: What Strategies? Proceedings of the 5th European Conference of Medical and Health Libraries. September 18-21, 1996; Coimbra, Portugal. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1997. p. 45-8.

• Conference contributions can also be published as articles in journals; in such cases, follow the template for journal articles
• State the conference contribution's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18
• If the material comes from an electronic source, state [Internet] after the title and state [cited date] “Available from: current URL” at the end of the reference

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title [Internet]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Fromm HJ, Hargrove M. Essentials of Biochemistry [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. [cited 2014 Jan 17] Available from: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-19624-9

Translated book

Author’s surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title. Edition. Translator’s surname AA, translator. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Foucault M. Madness: The invention of an idea. Sheridan A, translator. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought; 2011.

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”.
• Information regarding the title, edition, publisher, and place of publication should apply to the translation (not the original)
• Information about the translator is not mandatory and can be omitted
• If there is no information regarding publication year, use [date unknown]

Forthcoming book

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Forthcoming Planned publication year.

Fleischman AR. Pediatric Ethics. Protecting the Interests of Children. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Forthcoming 2016.

• Unpublished material is normally only cited in the text, and not included in the reference list
• If a book has been accepted for publication it may be included in the reference list even if it has not been published yet. State Forthcoming and planned publication year (if known) in the end of the reference
• Please see the examples for books to find more information about how to refer to books with more than six authors or edited books.

Journal article, 1-6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x.

Müllersdorf M, Ivarsson A. Use of creative activities in occupational therapy practice in Sweden. Occup Ther Int. 2012 Sep;19(3):127-34.

• The same template applies to printed and electronic journals
• Use the abbreviated title of the journal in accordance with PubMed
• Sometimes, the day and month are stated in PubMed in connection to years (for example Dec 25) and then this should be stated in the reference
• State the article's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12-18
• If information is missing, for example regarding issue or page numbers, this information is omitted from your reference
• You can chose to add a unique number from the database that the references is collected from, for example the PMID number in PubMed – you add the following after the page number: PubMed: PMID: 22489029
• Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x. Available from: URL

Journal article, more than 6 authors

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF, et al. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x

Walsh JP, Ward LC, Burke V, Bhagat CI, Shiels L, Henley D, et al. Small changes in thyroxine dosage do not produce measurable changes in hypothyroid symptoms, well-being, or quality of life: results of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2624-30.

• State the article's first and last page. Omit the numbers that the first and the last page have in common, for example 12-8 instead of 12 -18
• Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF, et al. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year;volume(issue):pages xx-x. Available from: URL

Forthcoming journal article

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC, Surname DD, Surname EE, Surname FF. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Forthcoming Planned publication year.

Fasano A. Importance of response time of esophageal thermal probes. Heart Rhythm. Forthcoming 2016.

• If an article has been accepted for publication it may be included in the reference list even if it has not been published yet, State Forthcoming and planned publication year (if known) in the end of the reference
• It is possible to add a DOI number in the end of the reference: DOI: 10.1002/oti.1327
• Please see Journal articles, more than 6 authors for information on how to refer to articles with more than six authors

Newspaper articles, printed form

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of article. Title of newspaper. Date; Ev section:beginning page.

Konnikova M. The joy of psyching myself out. International New York Times. 2016 Jan 11:8

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Journal article, more than 6 authors”

Newspaper articles, electronic form

Surname AA, Surname BB, Surname CC. Title of article. Title of newspaper [Internet]. Date [cited date]; Available from: URL

Medina J. California set to mandate childhood vaccines amid intense fight. New York Times [Internet]. 2015 Jun 25 [cited 2015 Sep 11]. Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/us/california-vaccines-religious-and-personal-exemptions.html

Entry in encyclopaedia

Unsigned article.

Title of encyclopedia [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Entry term. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Unsigned articlel

Encyclopaedia Britannica [Internet]. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc; c2015. Anemia. [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/24269/anemia

Signed article

Surname AA. Entry term. In Title of encyclopedia [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

Delinsky SS, St Germain SA. Anorexia Nervosa. In Cash T, editor. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance [Internet]. London, San Diego, Waltman, Oxford: Academic Press; 2012 [cited 2015 Dec 18]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012384925000002X

• Up to six authors or editors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Journal article, more than 6 authors”..
• When referring to an entire encyclopaedia, see the example for books

Reports in printed form by named author(s)

Surname AA. Title. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number.

Bánóczy J, Petersen PE, Rugg-Gunn AJ, editors. Milk fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

• If information is missing, for example regarding series or serial numbers, this information is omitted from the reference

Reports in printed form by agencies/institutions/organisations

Organisation. Title. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number.

World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: Growth velocity based on weight, length and head circumference: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

• If information is missing, for example regarding series and serial number, this information is omitted from the reference

Reports in electronic form by named author(s)

Surname AA. Title [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Lucas R, McMichael T, Smith W, Armstrong B. Solar ultraviolet radiation: Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. Environmental Burden of Disease Series; No. 13. [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.who.int/uv/health/solaruvradfull_180706.pdf

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• If information is missing, for example regarding series or serial number, this information is omitted from the reference

Reports in electronic form by agencies/institutions/organisations

Organisation. Title [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Series; serial number. [cited date]. Available from: URL

World Health Organization. Guideline: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/vit_d_supp_pregnant_women/en/

Government publications

Laws and legislation, template printed form.

Title (SFS Year:number) Place of publication: Publisher

Example printed form

Hälso- och sjukvårdslag (SFS 1982:763) Stockholm: Socialdepartementet

Template electronic form

Title (SFS Year:number) [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Example electronic form

Hälso- och sjukvårdslag (SFS 1982:763) [Internet]. Stockholm: Socialdepartementet [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument- Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Halso--och-sjukvardslag-1982_sfs-1982-763/?bet=1982:763

• Most Swedish laws and regulations are now available electronically on the Internet

Socialstyrelsens författningssamling (HSLF-FS/SOSFS)

Title (HSLF-FS Year:number). Place of publication: Publisher

Title (SOFS Year:number). Place of publication: Publisher

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd om vissa åtgärder i hälso- och sjukvården vid dödsfall (HSLF-FS 2015:15). Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter om praktisk tjänstgöring för psykologer (SOSFS 2008:34). Västerås: Edita Västra Aros

Title (HSLF-FS Year:number). [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Title (SOFS Year:number). [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd om vissa åtgärder i hälso- och sjukvården vid dödsfall (HSLF-FS 2015:15) [Internet]. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen [cited 2018 Jul 31]. Available from https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer2015/2015-10-13

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter om praktisk tjänstgöring för psykologer (SOSFS 2008:34). [Internet]. Västerås: Edita Västra Aros. [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/19244/2008-10-34.pdf

• Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd is now published as a part of a series common to several governmental agencies in the field of health care, social service, pharmaceutical drugs and public health. Regulations published before 1 July 2015 are included in the new collection but retain their old names with the abbreviation SOFS

Statens offentliga utredningar (SOU)

Organisation. Title (SOU Year:number) Place of publication: Publisher

Nationella folkhälsokommittén. Hälsa på lika villkor: nationella mål för folkhälsan: slutbetänkande (SOU 2000:91). Stockholm: Fritze

Institution. Title (SOU Year:number) [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URLL

Nationella folkhälsokommittén. Hälsa på lika villkor: nationella mål för folkhälsan: slutbetänkande (SOU 2000:91) [Internet]. Stockholm: Fritze [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/2822

• SOUs are handled as reports and the organisations are treated as the authors, for example the National Board of Health and Welfare
• The organisations often appoint committees or investigation groups who become the actual authors and who are to be listed as authors
• If the names of these authors cannot act independently (or if it is difficult to determine the name format) these shall be subservient to their respective administrative units. For example, authorities and departments or geographic units such as countries or cities
• The administrate unit for this example is “Sweden” but this can be omitted if it is entirely certain from the context that the organisation/committee is Swedish

Departementsserien (DS)

Organization. Title (Ds Year:number) Place of publication: Publisher

Socialdepartementet. Fysioterapeut: ny skyddad yrkestitel för sjukgymnaster (Ds 2013:4). Stockholm: Fritze

Institution. Title (Ds Year:number) [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher [cited date]. Available from: URL

Sverige. Socialdepartementet. Fysioterapeut: ny skyddad yrkestitel för sjukgymnaster (Ds 2013:4). [Internet]. Stockholm: Fritze [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/207575

• Reports in Departementserien are handled as reports and the organisations are treated as the authors, for example the National Board of Health and Welfare

University. Title of curriculum. [Internet]. Place of publication: University, department; Year. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Karolinska Institutet. Utbildningsplan för tandläkarprogrammet; 2013. [Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, Styrelsen för utbildning; 2013. [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://www.ki.se/ua/utbildningsplan/2TL13.pdf

• If there is no information regarding year of publication, use [date unknown]

Dissertations and degree projects

Degree projects, bachelor's & master's theses.

Surname AA. Title [degree project/master's thesis on the Internet]. Place: University; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

Duque-Arrubla M. Exploring the use of health communication in health policy implementation: response to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone [master's thesis on the Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2015 [cited 2017 Jan 17]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10616/44903

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list
• If there is no year of publication, use year of copyright instead, preceded by c. If neither a year of publication nor a year of copyright can be found, use [date unknown
• For degree projects and theses in printed form, omit date cited and URL

Doctoral and licenciate theses

Surname AA. Title [dissertation/ licentiate thesis (on the Internet)]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

Mattsson J. Uncovering pain and caring for children in the pediatric intensive care unit: nurses' clinical approach and parent's perspective [dissertation on the Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 14]. Available from: http://publications.ki.se/xmlui/handle/10616/41340

Saidi S. An exploration of self-care practice and self-care support of patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia [dissertation on the Internet]. Manchester; University of Manchester; 2015 [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:269816

• For theses, the academic department constitutes the publisher
• If a thesis is published as a part of a series, this information is stated at the end of the reference

Organisation/Surname AA. Title [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. [cited 2015 Nov 19] Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/neglected_diseases/dracunculiasis/en/

• Documents, for example reports, pdf-files or books, that have been downloaded from websites are referenced in the same way as printed documents. The only difference is that the supplement [Internet] comes after the title, and the URL in question, or any eventual DOI no. is stated at the end of the reference
• If information is missing, for example regarding author or when the web page was updated, this information is omitted from your reference

X post (Tweet)

Author/User name. Title [X post or tweet if before 2023]. Date [cited date]. Available from: URL

Biden, J. We're back in the Paris Climate Agreement. [X post]. 2021 January 21 [cited 2024 February 20]. Availble from: https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/1352072818847068163

Obama B. Women can no longer be charged more for health coverage just for being women [tweet]. 2015 June 25 [cited 2015 Nov 26]. Available from https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/614111236620427265

• Use the twitterers real name if this is known. If the twitter user is a group or organization, use the real name of the group
• If the real name of the twitterer is unknown, use the Twitter user name without brackets
• The terms that are used in the references (for example X post, cited, Availiable from) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source

Title of blog [Internet/Blog on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date/Beginning date- . [cited date]. Available from: URL

Aspiring docs diaries [Blog on the Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2012 Aug 20- . [cited 2015 Dec 17]. Available from: http://aspiringdocsdiaries.org/

In the text, numbers are used in parentheses. The citations are numbered and the reference list is arranged in the same order. You can read more about how citations are inserted in the text in accordance with the Vancouver style  here

• If it is not clear from the title that the reference is a blog, this is included in accordance with the template above – [Blog on the Internet]

Surname AA. Title of blog post. Year of publication, date [cited date]. In: Title of blog [Internet/Blog on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date/Beginning date- . Available from: URL

Besselink A. Is non-evidence-based clinical practice an ethical dilemma? 2011 Oct 3 [cited 2015 Nov 26]. In: Allan Besselink [Blog on the Internet]. Austin: Allan Besselink; 2006- . Available from: http://www.allanbesselink.com/blog/smart/854-is-non-evidence-based-clinical-practice-an-ethical-dilemma

With author

Surname AA. Title of article. Year [updated date; cited date]. In: Title of wiki [Internet/wiki on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date / Beginning date - . Available from: URL

Without author

Title of wiki [Internet/wiki på Internet/wiki on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date/Beginning date- . Title of article; [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

Smith D, Wijayagoonawardana PA. Direct inguinal hernia. 2009 [updated 2015 May, cited 2015 Dec 9]. In: Radiopaedia.org [wiki on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Radiopaedia.org; 2005- . Available from: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/direct-inguinal-hernia

Wikipedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc; 2001 - . Self care; [revised 2015 Nov 28; cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_care

• If it is not clear from the title that the reference is a Wiki, this is included in accordance with the template above – [wiki on the Internet]

Database on the Internet

Name of the database [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Beginning date - . [cited date]. Available from: URL

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) [Internet]. Baltimore, Betsheda: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute; 1966- .[cited 2015 Dec 10]. Available from: http://www.omim.org/

• If there is no beginning year, use year of copyright instead, preceded by c. If neither a beginning year nor a year of copyright can be found, use [date unknown]

Part of database on the Internet

Name of the database [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Beginning date- . Title of part [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) [Internet]. Baltimore, Betsheda: McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute; 1966- . 113705 Breast cancer gene, BTCA1; [updated 2015 Nov 10; cited 2015 Dec 10]. Available from:http://www.omim.org/entry/113705

Documents on closed networks

Karolinska institutet University Library. Searching with subject headings or free text [video file]. 2016, Nov 9 [cited 2018 Jul 31]. Available from https://pingpong.ki.se/courseId/15752/content.do?id=18249165/

• As a general rule, you should only refer to sources that are available to the general audience. Avoid references to documents on closed networks, for example password protected intranets or learning platforms
• In some situations you may refer to this kind of documents. This might be the case if the readers of your text also have access to the website, or if the information isn’t available elsewhere. Use the template for the appropriate source, for example web page or report

Surname AA/Organisation/Agency. Title [Internet]. Version. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. [updated date; cited date]. Available from: URL

Palin K, Pitkänen E, Turunen M, Sahu B, Pihlajamaa P, Kivioja T et al. Contribution of allelic imbalance to colorectal cancer [Internet]. Geneva: Zenodo; 2018. [cited 2019 Apr 3]. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1222172

Andersen LM. Data for group analyses in the Frontiers Reseach Topic: From raw MEG/EEG to publication: How to perform MEG/EEG group analysis with free academic software [Internet]. Version 2. Geneva: Zenodo; 2017. [cited 2019 Apr 3]. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1134776

World Health Organization. Adolescent birth rate. Data by country [Internet]. Geneva: Global Health Observatory data repository; [date unknown]. [updated 2018 Apr 9; cited 2019 Apr 4]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.REPADO39?lang=en

• Up to six creators are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six creators, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• Information about the version shall be stated if you use any other version than the first one. If there is no information about the version of your source, you can assume that it is the first version

Sound and images

Film, video, tv-programme.

Producer's/Director's Surname AA, producer/director.Title [type of medium]. Ev title of series. Place of publication: Publisher/distributor; Publication date.

Film or standalone programme

Hauben L, Goldman B, Douglas M, Zaentz S, producers; Forman M, director. One flew over the cuckoo's nest [film]. Berkeley: Fantasy Films; N. V. Zvaluw; 1975.

Episode in series

Crichton M; Holcomb R, director. 24 hours [TV programme]. ER. Universal City: Constant C Productions/ Amblin Television/ Warner Bros Television; Sep 19 1994.

• Specify the role of the creator after the name of directors and producers
• If there is no publication date, use copyright date instead, preceded by c. If neither a publication date nor a copyright date can be found, use [date unknown]
• If the programme has been downloaded from the Internet, this should be stated in the reference. State Available from: URL at the end of the reference and state which date the references was cited in accordance with the template [cited date] directly before the URL

Youtube, TikTok

Publisher/producer/User name. Title [video file]. Year, date [cited date]. Available from: URL

Gapminder Foundation. The relation between ebola & extreme poverty goes both ways — Factpod #9 [video file]. 2014, Dec 9 [cited 2015 Dec 18]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7m1E5nIRqg

docamen. New Research: PLOS One 'Benzodiazepine use associated with brain injury, job loss and unaliving by University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. [video file]. 2023, July 3 [cited 2023 Nov. 20]. Available from: https://www.tiktok.com/@docamen/video/7251705044372884778

• It is possible to use either the creator's real name or the user name
• The terms that are used in the references (for example video file, cited, available from) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source

Author/producer/narrator. Title [podcast on the Internet]. Ev series. Place of publication/Place of recording: Publisher; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, producer. Meningococcal Immunizations for Preteens and Teens [podcast on the internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015 [cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=9956

Sanford K. Chemical warfare at home [podcast on the Internet]. Dr Kiki’s science hour. Petaluma: Twit; 2015 [cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: https://twit.tv/shows/dr-kikis-science-hour/episodes/145

Image/table/figure that is part of another source

Reference to the source where the image/table/figure is included. Number of picture/table/figure, Title of image/table//figure; p. x

Cann AJ. Principles of molecular virology [Internet]. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. Available from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/kiub/detail.action?docID=10167025. Figure 2.6, Icosahedra with triangulation numbers of 1, 3 and 4; p. 36

• The reference is constructed in the same way as the reference to the entire source, followed by information about the image, table or figure
• Use the same name and number for the image, table or figure as in the source

Standalone image

Creator's Surname AA. Title [type of medium]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.

Standalone image on the Internet

Creator' Surname AA/User name. Title [type of medium]. Year of publication [cited date]. Available from: URL. Licence

Monfils L. X-ray of the heelbone with plantar fasciitis [photography]. 2008 [cited 12 February 2015]. Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plantar_fasciitis#mediaviewer/File:Fasciitis.jpg. (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

CB Du Rietz. Öga [photography]. 2014 [cited 11 February 2015] Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/cbdurietz/15687017165/. (CC BY 2.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

• It is possible to use the creator's real name or user name.
• If there is no information regarding publication year, use [date unknown].
• For AI generated images, see Other sources - Software, apps and AI tools. Make sure you citation is places next to the images.
• For images with a Creative Commons license, state the license that applies, and the URL of the license.
• The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source.

Other sources

Surname AA, inventor; Organisation, assignee. Title. Country/region Patent number. Issue date/Grant date.

Boiten H, inventor; Otto Bock HealthCare GmbH, assignee. Prosthetic knee joint. European patent EP 3089711. Dec 6 2017.

• Up to six inventors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than six inventors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• The patent assignee might also be a person
• Use the same template if you want to refer to a patent application. State the patent applicant instead of the assignee. Use the phrase Patent application followed by the number of the patent application. Use the publication date instead of the issue date.

Reference to the source. Number of appendix, Title of appendix; p. x.

Stirling JD, Elliott R. Introducing neuropsychology. 2. ed. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press; 2008. Appendix, A primer of nervous system structure and function; p. 311-26.

Stoyanov SR, Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Zelenko O, Tjondronegoro D, Mani M. Mobile app rating scale: a new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015 Mar 11;3(1):e27. Appendix 2, Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS).

• The reference is constructed in the same way as the reference to the entire source, followed by information about the appendix
• Use the same name and number for the appendix as in the source. If a number is lacking, omit this information. If page numbers are lacking, omit this information too

Unpublished material

• Unpublished material such as an author's draft or manuscript for an article, book or other text is normally not included in the reference list, but only cited in the text
• In such a case, you must clearly state the nature of the source, the author and the date within parentheses
• Manuscripts that are available in an open and accessible archive can sometimes be included in the reference list. Then it is common to also specify where the source can be retrieved
• If a book or article has been accepted for publication it may be included in the reference list even if it has not been published yet. Please see Forthcoming article and Forthcoming book

Personal communication

• Personal communication includes letters, email, interviews, telephone conversations, non recorded lectures, study visits and similar material
• Personal communication should only be cited in the text, and is not included in the reference list. State the kind of source, inital of the person's given name, family name and date within parentheses Examples (Personal communication AB Higgins 10 Jan 2018) (Email A Svensson 22 May 2015) (Lecture L Jing 4 May 2017) (Study visit MT Bern 18 Feb 2017)
• Prefer other sources than personal communication, and check with teachers/supervisors if personal communication is an acceptable source
• Letters that are available in an open and accessible archive can sometimes be included in the reference list. Then it is common to also specify where the source can be retrieved

Pamphlets and brochures

Author. Title [pamphlet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.

American Heart Association, American Stroke Association. Let’s talk about Stroke, TIA and Warning Signs [pamphlet on the Internet]. Dallas: American Heart Association, American Stroke Association; 2015. [cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: http://www.strokeassociation.org/idc/groups/stroke-public/@wcm/@hcm/@sta/documents/downloadable/ucm_309532.pdf

• If the pamphlet/brochure is in electronic format, indicate this with [pamphlet on the Internet], state “Available from: URL” at the end of the reference and specify which day the reference was cited in accordance with the template [cited date] directly before the URL

Software, Applications and AI tools

Creator. Title of software/application/AI tool, version [computer program/mobile application/large language model/text-to-image model]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Skyscape. Skyscape Medical Resourses, ver. 2.6.24 [mobile application]. Northborough (MA): Skyscape Medpresso Inc; 2020. [cited 20 April 2022]. Available from: http://www.skyscape.com/Apps/

Region Stockholm. AlltidÖppet, ver. 1.40.0 [mobile application]. Stockholm: Stockholms läns sjukvårdsområde; [date unknown]. [cited 23 September 2023]. Available from: https://www.slso.regionstockholm.se/vard-hos-oss/alltid-oppet/ 

OpenAI. ChatGPT, 2023. [Large language model]. San Fransisco: OpenAI; 2023 [cited 23 September 2023]. Available from: https://openai.com/ 

Microsoft Bing. Copilot, 2024. [Large language model]. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation; 2024. [cited 21 January 2024]. Available from: https://www.bing.com/chat 

You.com. YouImagine. [Text-to-image model]. Palo Alto: You.com; 2024. [cited 22 February 2024]. Available from: https://you.com/search?q=ai&fromSearchBar=true&tbm=imagine&chatMode=default 

• Common software and mobile apps mentioned in the text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations. “Common” is relative to your audience – exampes include Microsoft Office, social media apps (e.g. Facebook, Twitter), survey software, Adobe products, Java and statistical programs (e.g. SPSS).
• The year of a computer software or mobile app reference is the year of publication of the version used. If there is no information regarding the year, use [date unknown].
• For AI tools use the year you used the tool both as version number and in the slot for year. See examples above.
• You should never use a text generated in an AI tool as your own, but AI generated material can be used as e.g. study material or basis for discussion. Whenever you paraphrase, quote, or incorporate into your own work any content from a generative AI tool (whether text, image, data, or other) make sure you cite the tool you used to create it.
• AI generated material is always unique, therefore it is a good idea to copy the material (prompt and generated material) as an attachment to your work.
• The terms that are used in the references (for example large language model, mobile application) are determined by the language of your text and not by the language of the source.

Surname AA. Title [Internet/PowerPoint presentation on the Internet]. Place of publicationt: Publisher; Year. [cited date]. Available from: URL

Bramer WM. A unique method for fast, high-quality systematic searching [PowerPoint presentation on the Internet]. Rotterdam: Erasmus MC; 2015. [cited June 21 2016]. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/rocheam/systematic-searching-in-embase-webinar-march-25-2015.

• Up to six authors are stated in the reference list. If there are more than authors, this is indicated by “et al.”, see the reference example for “Book, more than 6 authors”
• If it is not clear from the title that the reference is a PowerPoint presentation, this is included in accordance with the template above – [Powerpoint presentation on the Internet]

Secondary source

When citing a secondary source, only provide a reference list entry for the secondary source that you used. In text, identify the primary source and then write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.

According to Glaser and Strauss, as cited in Polit & Beck 7 , the Grounded theory method is used...

Retzius, as cited in a book by Bahlo 4 from 2001, classified humans in several ways.

• A secondary source refers to content first reported in another source.
• Avoid secondary sources if possible. Use it only when the original work is out of print, unavailable or available in a language that you don’t understand. If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find the original source, read it and cite the original source rather than citing a secondary source.
• The primary source is not listed in the reference list, only in the text.. In the reference list, only the sources that you’ve actually read is listed, in this case, the secondary source.
• For information how to cite the secondary source in the reference list, see the template for the source in question.

Numbering and location of the citations

... (1). ... (2).

The reference list

1. ... 2. ...

In Sweden, about 30,000 cases of lung cancer are diagnosed annually (1). Between 1986 and 2005, the number of cases among women has increased by about 3% per year, while the increase among men has stopped (2). The difference between the sexes is connected to the differences in smoking habits in men and women, respectively. Since it takes a long time for lung cancer to develop, these changes reflect smoking habits of many years ago. Socialstyrelsen has indicated a delay of an average of 30 years (1).

• Socialstyrelsen. Cancerincidens i Sverige 2014: nya diagnosticerade cancerfall år 2014. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer2015/2015-12-26
• Koyi H, Hillerdal G, Brandén E. A prospective study of a total material of lung cancer from a county in Sweden 1997-1999: gender, symptoms, type, stage, and smoking habits. Lung Cancer. 2002 Apr;36(1):9-14.
• In the text, the citations are indicated with a number. The citations are numbered sequentially and the reference list is arranged in the same order
• Citations are placed next to the statement they refer to and before the full stop when they appear in the end of the sentence
• Square brackets and superscript numbers can also appear in the Vancouver style. If superscript numbers are used, these are placed after the full stop when the citation appears in the end of the sentence

Citing the same source several times

Studies indicate that lung cancer may grow more slowly in women. Lindell et al. (1) showed that 85% of the lung tumours that took more than 400 days to double in volume were found in women. This result is a reflection of the higher incidence among women of forms of cancer with a slower disease progression such as alveolar cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, but Lindell et al. found that the time it took for the volume to double was greater in women, regardless of the histological type of lung cancer. Their study also showed that …

• If an entire paragraph or more than one statement have the same source, this can be shown in the text and the citation only needs to be included once.

More than one citation in the same parentheses

... (1, 2). ... (1-3). ... (2, 4).

Among non-smokers, lung cancer is significantly more common among women than men. Fifteen per cent of all women who get lung cancer have never smoked, while five per cent of men who suffer from lung cancer are non-smokers (1, 3). It is still not clear why this is. Several studies have investigated women's exposure to known risk factors for lung cancer, such as radon (4, 5) and passive smoking (4, 6-8), but no statistically significant link has been found. Studies investigating the link between hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer have arrived at contradictory conclusions (5-7).

• If more than one source is cited at the same time, the citations are placed in the same parentheses and separated by a comma and a space
• If more than two sequential sources are cited, they are written with a hyphen in-between them

Author names in the text

Note on vancouver.

Vancouver only regulates the formatting of references (ie. the in-text numbering and the bibliography) and the example below is therefore to be considered a recommendation

Surnname (1) showed that ... According to Surname et al. (2) ...

Holloway (1) describes ... According to Lindell et al. (2) ....

• It is possible to mention the author in the text. Use the author's surname
• You should still insert the citation as a number in parentheses
• Only the first author is mentioned in the text, followed by the abbreviation et al. if there are more than one

Double names with hyphens

Surname-Surname AA Surname AA.

Rodriguez-Vieitez E Hulting AL

In the text, numbers are used in parentheses. The references are numbered and the reference list is arranged in the same order. You can read more about how references are inserted in the text in accordance with the Vancouver style  here .

• Keep the hyphen in hyphenated double surnames
• Abbrievate hyphenated first names to initials and omit the hyphen

"..." (1, s./p.).

"Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." (1, p. 71)

• If you use quotations in your text, you should give information about page number(s). Include the page number(s) after the citation in the same parentheses
• Use the abbreviation p./pp. for page number(s)

Please note that the Creative Commons license for the library's web content does not apply to this reference guide.

If you would like us to get back to you, please submit your contact information in the form below along with your feeback.

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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in Vancouver Style?

Create a spot-on reference in vancouver, general rules.

According to the rules of Vancouver Style, the following bibliographic reference template should be used to cite a dissertation or a thesis in a list of references:

Author(s) . Title [ work type ]. City : University ; year . Number of pages .

Attention :

• In the City element, give the city where the university or another institution at which the thesis defence occurred is located. If the city is not commonly known, add the country in parentheses. If the city is not indicated in the dissertation, put it in square brackets.
• The Number of pages element is optional.

For a dissertation or a thesis available online, use the following template:

Author(s) . Title [ work type on the Internet]. City : University ; year [cited date cited ]. Number of pages . Available from: URL

Examples in a list of references

Stocks   T. Metabolic factors and cancer risk: prospective studies on prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and cancer overall [doctoral thesis on the Internet]. Umeå: Umeå University; 2009 [cited 2021 Jun 28]. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22567

Reed   BH. The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster [Ph.D. thesis]. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 1992. 292 p.

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
• In-text citations
• Archival document
• Book chapter
• Conference paper
• Dictionary/encyclopedia/dictionary entry/encyclopedia article
• Dissertation (thesis)
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Press release
• Religious text
• Social media post
• Software / mobile app
• Video (online)
• Video game / computer game
• What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
• Examples of references in works cited in MLA (8th ed.)
• How to format the works cited page in MLA (8th ed.)?
• What is Chicago Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
• Online video
• What is IEEE Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
• What is Vancouver Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Vancouver Style

• Graduate School
• Current Students
• Dissertation & Thesis Preparation

Formatting Requirements

Workday student support.

Graduate students can find "how to" guides and support information on our Workday support page .

The layout and contents of the title page are shown on the Sample Title Pages . The font need not be the same as in the samples.

Thesis Title

Recommendations for choosing a thesis title:

• Try to give a concise, accurate description of the thesis.
• Include key words in the title to make the thesis more easily retrievable in electronic listings.
• If possible,avoid using scientific formulas, Greek letters, symbols, special characters, and abbreviations in your thesis title; write them out as words instead. Special characters can usually be handled in electronic systems but using them in titles poses limitations for people searching using a regular keyboard, and may affect people’s ability to locate your thesis online. The best way to ensure your thesis can be found with regular searches is to use characters from the Roman alphabet in your title. Most diacritics are okay, but please avoid ligatures.

Student Name

• The name on your thesis is typically the one under which you are registered at UBC (your legal name). If you would like to use a different name on your thesis in addition to the name under which you are registered, please put that name in parentheses after your registration name. The UBC Library collection allows for full-text searching of theses, which means that someone using the parenthetical name in a search will still be able to find your thesis.
• If you change your legal name and wish to update your registered name, you can do this through Enrolment Services . You will have to provide documentation of a legal name change.
• If you would like to use a preferred name instead of your legal name, the preferred name must form part of the name under which you are registered at UBC.

The name must be the same at the top and bottom (with copyright symbol) of the title page.

The name you put in cIRcle when you submit the final version of your thesis must be the same as it is on your title page.

Previous Academic Degree Credentials

You may list your previous academic degrees under your name if you wish. If you list them, be sure to include the following:

• the name of the degree (e.g. B.Sc.)
• the full name of the institution
• the date of graduation

Degree Name

List the name of the degree (e.g. Doctor of Philosophy, Master of Arts)

This must be The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies regardless of your home Faculty. If you are in a program that requires submission of a thesis, then only the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies can grant your degree.

Program Name

The name of your graduate program must be in parentheses. You can confirm that you are using the correct graduate program name by checking SSC > Course Schedule and Registration > My Program > Specialization Name . Do not put "Department, School, Centre, Institute, College, or Program" on your title page.

If your degree is in Interdisciplinary Studies and you wish to include the names of the relevant disciplines, please follow this example:

(Interdisciplinary Studies)

[Psychology / Computer Science / Music]

If your program name is included in the title of your degree, the program name in parentheses under "The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies" is not required.

A few examples:

• Master of Advanced Studies in Architecture (MASA)
• Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA)
• Master of Laws (LLM)
• Master of Library and Information Studies (MLIS)
• Master of Music (MMus) For this degree, you may put your area of specialization in parentheses if you wish.
• Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
• Master of Science in Planning (MScP)
• Master of Social Work (MSW)
• Master of Science in Business Administration (MScB) For this degree, you may put your area of specialization in parentheses if you wish.

Campus Name

Underneath "The University of British Columbia" you must put the name of your campus, either Vancouver or Okanagan, in parentheses.

For copies for the examination committee:

• should be the month and year of submission to the committee / external examiner

For final, post-defence submission:

• must be the month and year of final submission of your defended thesis.

Copyright Symbol

The universal copyright symbol © appears at the foot of the title page, with your name, and the year of final submission. The name must be the same at both the top and the bottom of the title page, and must be the name under which you are registered at UBC. Please be sure to use the © symbol, not the @ symbol.

Creative Commons Licence

If you wish to apply a Creative Commons Licence to your thesis, you may choose a Creative Commons Licence image instead of the copyright symbol. It is your responsibility to understand what rights you are giving others when you use a Creative Commons Licence. You cannot change the CC Licence after submission.

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Vancouver Style Guide: Theses

• Introduction
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• Book with a corporate author
• Book with an editor
• Chapter in an edited book
• Print journal article
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Back to Academic Integrity guide

Reference : #. Author(s) Last name Initials. Title of thesis [dissertation]. [Place of publication]: Publisher, year of publication. Total number of pages.                                                                                                                     

21. Allen SJ. The social and moral fibre of Celtic tiger Ireland [dissertation]. [Dublin]: University College Dublin; 2009. 270p.

In-Text-Citation :

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

Questions have been raised that the values held by the majority in Irish society were significantly realigned during the Celtic tiger years. 21

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here . 

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here . 

Creative Commons license

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How do I reference a thesis or dissertation in Vancouver style? Last Updated: Mar 25, 2020     Views: 420

In the text

Cite your sources by using a number in brackets in the text which links with the relevant reference in the reference list at the end of the document:

• In a 2008 study Neelam (1) ...
• Glaser argued ...(2)

Any subsequent citation of the same source should use the same reference number:

• Neelam and colleagues found (1)...

Page numbers can be added to the citation to distinguish between references to the same source: (2: 45).

In the reference list

Required elements for a printed thesis:

Author. Title [Content Type]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date. Total number of pages.

Smith, NI. A corpus-based investigation of recent change in the use of the progressive in British English [Thesis]. [Lancaster, UK]: Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University; 2005. 271 p.

Required elements for an electronic thesis:

Author. Title [Content Type]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date [Date of citation]. Total number of pages. Availability. 

Kavanagh AJ. Energy deposition in the lower auroral ionosphere through energetic particle precipitation [Thesis on the internet]. [Lancaster, UK]: Department of Communication Systems, Lancaster University; 2002 [Cited 2014 July 1]. 308 p. Available from: http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/6758/

Format of authors/editors:

• List the authors names in the order that they appear in the text
• Use initials for first and middle names of the authors, up to a maximum of two initials
• Do not use periods/stops between initals. e.g. JB not J.B.
• Separate names of authors using a comma and a space. e.g. Woods A, Frazier BR, Jones C
• Use et al. for the seventh and subsequent authors

Links & Files

• Citing medicine: The NLM style guide
• Referencing
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• Citing and referencing

Theses / Dissertations

Citing and referencing: theses / dissertations.

• In-text citations
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• Books and book chapters
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• Legal sources
• Websites and social media
• Audio, music and visual media
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• Theses/Dissertations
• University course materials
• Company and Industry reports
• Patents and Standards
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• Abbreviations used in referencing
• Medicine and Health sources
• Foreign language sources
• Music scores
• Journals and periodicals
• Government sources
• News sources
• Web and social media
• Games and apps
• Ancient and sacred sources
• Primary sources
• Audiovisual media and music scores
• Images and captions
• University lectures, theses and dissertations
• Interviews and personal communication
• Archival material
• In-Text Citations: Further Information
• Reference List: Standard Abbreviations
• Data Sheets (inc. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS))
• Figures & Tables (inc. Images)
• Lecture Materials (inc. PowerPoint Presentations)
• Reports & Technical Reports
• Theses and Dissertations
• Reference list guidelines
• Journal articles
• Government and industry publications
• Websites, newspaper and social media
• Conference papers, theses and university material
• Video and audio
• Images, graphs, tables, data sets
• Personal communications
• In-text Citations
• Journals / Periodicals
• Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
• Interviews and lectures
• Music Scores / Recordings
• Film / Video Recording
• Television / Radio Broadcast
• Online Communication / Social Media
• Live Performances
• Government and Organisation Publications
• Medicine & health sources
• Government/organisational/technical reports
• Images, graphs, tables, figures & data sets
• Websites newspaper & magazine articles, socia media
• Conferences, theses & university materials
• Personal communication & confidential unpublished material
• Video, audio & other media
• Generative AI
• Indigenous knowledges

Vancouver Contents

• Introduction to Vancouver style
• Audio and visual media
• Dictionaries / Encyclopedias
• Drug information sources
• Evidence summaries
• Government / Technical reports
• Standards and Pharmacopoeias
• Tables and figures

Before using this guide check with your faculty, school or department for their specific referencing guidelines

Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalisation.

Enter author's surname, followed by no more than 2 initials.

Only the first word of the Thesis / Dissertation title and words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalised.

The place of publication is the city in which the conferring institution is located. For US and Canadian cities follow with the two letter state code in Appendix E , for all other cities us the two letter country code in Appendix D .

In cases where the place of publication is not stated, source the location via alternative methods, e.g. location of University and place this in square brackets [ ].

Abbreviate months to their first 3 letters.

Insert Dissertation for a PhD or master's thesis for a master's degree in square brackets [ ] following the title.

If you are estimating the number of pages include the p. after the page number, if you know how many pages that are in the thesis / dissertation, include the p. before the page number.

For further details on citing Theses / Dissertations refer to Chapter 5 - Dissertations and Theses in Citing Medicine.

For electronic Theses / Dissertations include in the citation "on the Internet" inside the square brackets, after the title. Also include the date viewed / cited.

For electronic Theses / Dissertations include in the citation "on microfiche" inside the square brackets, after the title.

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Cite using Vancouver

• Theses and essays
• About Vancouver
• Book chapters
• Books and e-books
• Datasets and statistics
• Dictionaries, thesauri and encyclopedias
• E-mails and letters
• Films and TV shows
• Images and figures
• Journal articles
• Legal and public documents
• Maps and geodata
• Newspaper articles
• Pamphlets and brochures
• Radio and podcasts
• Secondary sources
• Social media

Electronic theses and essays

Printed theses and essays.

• Translations

Last name XX. Title [dissertation on the Internet/licentiate thesis on the Internet/degree project on the Internet/master's thesis on the Internet]. Place of publication: University; Year [cited year month day]. Available: URL

• The date of retrieval should be stated for all electronic sources, in addition to the year of publication. This is written as shown above, in square brackets with the word "cited". The reason for this is that electronic sources may theoretically get edited and the information in them can then change. For this reason it is important to indicate at what time you studied an electronic source.

Last name XX. Title [dissertation/licentiate thesis/degree project/master's thesis]. Place of publication: University; Year.

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• Vancouver Citation Generator

Free Vancouver Citation Generator

Generate citations in the Vancouver format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Vancouver Citation Generator?

A Vancouver citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Vancouver citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then locating the remaining details to format the full citation.

🤓 What is the Vancouver citation style?

The Vancouver citation style is a citation style used in the fields of biomedicine, health, and physical sciences. It is used to correctly attribute the authors of work cited within your paper.

The Vancouver style uses numbers within the article body that refer to formatted citations in the reference list at the end of the paper. The complete collection of rules for citing in Vancouver style are documented in the official handbook: Citing Medicine , by authors Karen Patrias and Dan Wendling.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Vancouver Citation Generator?

The Vancouver style is used broadly across the physical sciences--especially health and medicine. If you are studying health or medicine, or you are writing to be published in a journal that uses the Vancouver style (such as The Lancet and Revista MÉDICA de Chile ), then you will need to cite your sources using the Vancouver style.

🙌 Why should I use a Vancouver Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just the sciences, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate reference list from it.

A referencing tool can also keep a list of the sources you have used as you are writing your paper, so is great for organization too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Vancouver Citation Generator?

MyBib's Vancouver citation generator was designed to be accurate and easy to use (also it's FREE!). Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, and correct any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted Vancouver citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for Vancouver style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Standard format for citation

Unpbulished:

From the Internet:

Thesis in print: Unpublished

1. Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002.

2. Hincks CL. The detection and characterisation of novel papillomaviruses. Biomedical Science, Honours [thesis]. Murdoch (WA): Murdoch University; 2001.

Thesis in print: Published

3. Gruszczynski L. Regulating health and environmental risks under WTO law: a critical analysis of the SPS agreement. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.

Thesis from the Internet

4. Gethin, A. Poor suburbs and poor health : exploring the potential of a locational approach to reducing health disadvantage in Australian cities. PhD [dissertation]. Sydney: University of Western Sydney; 2007. Available from: https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:89.

See the  All Examples  page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as articles, books, theses and web pages.

Reference list entries.

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Vancouver referencing style

• About Vancouver referencing style
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• Government / Reports

Thesis - print

Thesis retrieved from fulltext database or internet.

• Other Internet sources
• Social media
• Pamphlets / Brochures / Package inserts
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• Personal communication
• Legal material
• Tables / Figures / Images / Appendices
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Vancouver referencing guide (Online): Thesis

• Referencing in the text
• The use of page numbers
• Reference List
• Referencing Tools
• Secondary Referencing
• Journal Title Abbreviations
• Place of Publication

Date of publication

• Page numbers
• Cited Dates
• Volume/Issue Number
• Available from
• Book with one author
• Book with more than one author
• Edited book
• Chapter in an edited book
• Chapter in an edited E-book
• Journal article (print or pdf)
• Online journal articles
• Charts/tables/figures taken from a journal article
• Epubs or ‘online first’ articles
• Book review in an online journal
• Online newspaper article
• Online magazine
• Conference Proceedings
• Website format
• Individual webpage(s) within a website
• Government Report (printed)
• Government Report (online)
• British Standard (printed)
• British Standard (online)
• Official publication
• Devolved legislation from Wales
• European Union publications
• NICE Guidelines
• Bill (either House of Commons or Lords)
• Statutory instruments
• House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
• Command Papers – Green and White Papers
• Cochrane Review
• Online Patient Information Leaflet
• British National Formulary (BNF)
• Tips for Referencing Images
• Image/Table/Figure/Chart in a Book
• Image/Chart/Table/Figure in an E-book
• Tables/figures taken from an online journal article
• Charts/tables/images/database within a website
• Combining Multiple Sources to create a chart
• Individual Webpage(s)/charts/tables/images/database within a website
• Personal communication

Printed Thesis

[PhD thesis)].  or [master’s thesis )].

Place of publication:

Date of publication.

Garner JLS. Peer feedback on professional behaviours in the undergraduate medical curriculum: a case study of tutor and student views at the University of Liverpool [Thesis (PhD)]. Liverpool: University of Liverpool; 2012.

Online Thesis

[PhD thesis on the Internet].  or [master’s thesis on the Internet].

[cited Year Month Day].

Available from:

Delf P. A research project to design, implement and assess the effectiveness of a sole eLearning module to prepare non-medical healthcare practitioners to report nuclear medicine bone scans [PhD thesis on the Internet]. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth; 2012 [cited 2013 Jul 25]. Available from: http://eprints.port.ac.uk/10600/

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Qiuyu Julia Chen: Why my five-year-old is helping with my PhD thesis on nutrition

Opinion: My thesis is on food marketing to kids and every time we go to a grocery store together, I see that colourful, cartoon-heavy marketing at work

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Article content

My five-year-old daughter is helping me with my PhD thesis. I wish she didn’t have to.

No, she’s not a prodigy — even if she is very clever — and I’m not that desperate for assistance. She just happens to be a subject matter expert.

My thesis in nutrition is on food marketing to kids and every time we go to a grocery store together, I see that marketing at work. She is drawn like a magnet to the colourful, cartoon-heavy packages of appealing treats — almost all of them laden with saturated fat, sugar and/or salt and minimal nutritional value.

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And, of course, most of the items are readily visible at a five-year-old’s height — especially in the checkout line where we are usually forced to wait. It’s a struggle to leave without buying something.

My experiences with my child are certainly not unique. Likely every parent can relate. Food and beverage marketing to kids is everywhere and also online, and it’s harming our kids. They are consuming too much junk food, which increases the risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, heart disease and stroke.

That’s why moving forward with the federal government’s commitment to adopt new regulations to limit such advertising and marketing is so important and urgent. Canada needs to do what has been done already in many other jurisdictions to limit the exposure kids have to unhealthy food and beverage marketing. It is one very important way we can help our children eat and drink healthier products.

This is a promise the federal Liberal government made when it came to power in 2015 — nine years ago. The required regulations to make this happen need to be issued now, before the end of June, to ensure they are finalized and in place before next year’s election — and before it becomes 10 years without fulfilment of this key promise.

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The new regulations are needed now because parents can’t do it alone.

I know, because since I’m still in my twenties, it’s not that long ago I was a kid myself and was being targeted by the endless marketing of food and restaurant companies. I realize now that I was greatly influenced by that marketing. My mother is a great cook and always made nutritious and delicious home-cooked meals for me. But whenever I had extra allowance, I wanted to go to the nearby McDonald’s to get a kid’s meal so I could collect the toys that came with it. It was irresistible because they made it so.

Today’s kids are bombarded with even more marketing than I was, as I can see with my own child. Most Canadians agree — polls show more than seven out of 10 Canadians want action to prevent the onslaught of marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to our kids.

It’s time for the federal government to take children’s health to heart and for the prime minister to fulfil his promise to protect Canadian children from being the targets of manipulative junk food marketing.

I know from my recent experience that it’s impossible for even the most dedicated, knowledgeable and caring parents to overcome the huge influence of marketing, which is everywhere. They need the kind of help and support that will come from the anticipated new regulations to limit what marketing activities can take place.

Fortunately, I am not alone in seeking change.

I’m very pleased to participate in the Marketing to Kids Youth Council of the Heart & Stroke Foundation, a group of young professionals like me who share my concerns about this issue. Although we are a very diverse group, we all share direct knowledge of the negative impact marketing has had on our own diet choices and are committed to helping the next generation have an easier road toward choosing healthier food and beverages.

I hope my daughter will help lead the way. And I hope the prime minister and his government will keep the commitments they made years before she was born. We need action on food marketing regulations now.

Qiuyu Julia Chen is a PhD student in human nutrition at the University of British Columbia and a member of the Heart & Stroke Marketing to Kids Youth Council.

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June 5, 2024

Thesis Gold Receives Positive Metallurgical Tests Results for Lawyers-Ranch Project: Achieves Average Precious Metal Recovery of 95% for Gold and 92% for Silver

Vancouver, British Columbia–(Newsfile Corp. – June 5, 2024) – Thesis Gold Inc. (TSXV: TAU) (WKN: A3EP87) (OTCQX: THSGF) (“ Thesis ” or the “ Company “) is pleased to announce the successful completion of preliminary metallurgical testing at the Company’s 100% owned Lawyers-Ranch Project. This testing aims to assess the economics of an expanded project that integrates high-grade feed from Ranch and higher-grade underground material to a processing site at Lawyers. The program was designed based on the updated Mineral Resource Estimate from May 1, 2024 ( link to news release ). The Project is road-accessible and forms a contiguous, 495 km 2 land package in the prolific Toodoggone Mining District in northern British Columbia.

The testing, completed by SGS Canada, focused on evaluation of the project’s metallurgical response to a variety of flowsheets investigating gravity, flotation, and cyanidation methods. The comprehensive laboratory study concluded with the full treatment circuit evaluation including locked cycle flotation by testing of three separate master composites. These composites were from blended feed samples of known resources from both the Lawyers and Ranch properties that had variations in gold, silver, and sulphur head grade. The laboratory full circuit evaluation demonstrated a recovery range of 93% to 96% for gold and 86% to 96% for silver. This included producing a primary precious metal flotation concentrate with gold grades exceeding 160 g/t, indicating a marketable precious metal concentrate with favorable payables. The metallurgical results will be used as part of an updated preliminary economic assessment of the project, scheduled for Q3-2024.

Metallurgical Testing Highlights :

• Process Flowsheet Development : with gravity pretreatment, flotation, and leaching of secondary concentrate and float tails. The overall recovery range was 93% to 96% for gold and 86% to 96% for silver, demonstrating excellent extraction potential.
• Gravity Pretreatment: Recovery ranged from 20 to 38% for gold, and 2 to 10% of silver at grades exceeding 360 g/t Au and 1190 g/t Ag, which is suitable for onsite doré production.
• Primary Flotation Concentrate: Recovery ranging from 40% to 65% of gold producing a concentrate grade exceeding 160 g/t Au and 55% to 78% recovery for silver with a concentrate grade of over 5,000 g/t Ag.
• Leaching: of a secondary float concentrate and the float tailing, scavenged an additional 8-20% of gold and 12-24% of silver.

Dr. Ewan Webster, President and CEO, commented “The excellent metallurgical results from the combined Lawyers-Ranch project highlight not only the high recoveries of 95% for gold and 92% for silver but also the marketable concentrate grades. These findings, based on blended composites from potential mining areas, provide a strong foundation for the upcoming preliminary economic assessment. Given the strength of these results, our continued efforts will be directed towards optimizing capital costs, operating costs, and maximizing payables, rather than addressing fundamental process challenges.”

Flowsheet Development

The metallurgical testing initially involved variations to gravity separation, flotation, and cyanidation procedures for process optimization. The study concluded with a locked cycle flotation test on each of three master composites, with separate cyanidation of the scavenger concentrate. This was then combined with the leaching of the float tailing. The data compared well to open cycle float tests.

Each of the three master composites were to represent various mineral zones from both properties. This includes potential underground and open pit material from Lawyers and newly identified mineral zones at Ranch (see Table 1). Each zone composite was typically formed from 2 to 7 drill hole intervals averaging approximately 10 metres, with varying precious metal and sulphur (S) grades. These master composites therefore provide good confidence in the flowsheet response to the varying mineralogy of the project.

Table 1: Master Composite Blend

The flotation flowsheet for the locked cycle tests following gravity pretreatment are illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Flotation Flowsheet

Following laboratory test work optimization, the metallurgical response was confirmed by using locked cycle testing (see Figure 1 above) on three master composites representing blends from both Ranch and Lawyers. The test conditions consisted of grinding to an 80% particle passing size (P80) of 125 microns and subjecting the ground product to gravity treatment by centrifugal concentration. The centrifugal concentrate was cleaned by panning. Gravity tailing was sent to a differential flotation circuit with the primary (rougher) concentrate cleaned with a selective collector in three stages, while depressing pyrite with elevated slurry pH using lime. This generated a cleaned primary flotation concentrate accounting for approximately 2 wt.% of the feed mass having a high precious metal grades suitable for sale (see Table 2 below). A lower grade secondary scavenger flotation concentrate representing less than 3 wt.% of the mill throughput was pulled using a strong collector (potassium amyl xanthate). This material was then sent for aggressive leaching for 36 hours using high cyanide concentration. This residue was then combined with the flotation tailing for a final stage leach maintaining 1 g/L NaCN for 24 hours.

Overall, the combined testing showed that gravity pretreatment yielded a gold recoveries ranging from 17% to 38%. The silver recoveries were typically lower, ranging from 2% to 10%. When considering the combined processes of gravity and primary (rougher) flotation, the gold recoveries were notably high, with 86% for Composite M1(HG), 87% for Composite M2 (MG), and 77% for Composite M3 (LG). The combined silver recoveries were also substantial, achieving 81%, 85%, and 65% for the respective composites. The gravity and flotation concentrates demonstrated high grades and efficient recovery rates, for some zones. Stability in the locked cycle tests was generally good, with consistent mass, gold, and silver recoveries observed in the final three cycles. However, adjustments may be necessary in future test work, particularly to manage the re-floating of pyrite in high pyrite composites.

Cyanidation of the secondary flotation product further enhanced recovery. The circuit for leaching of the concentrate is small due to low mass pull, allowing for aggressive procedures in the first stage. The second stage leach is performed by recombing with float tailing, providing the overall leach response. For Composite M2 (MG), the mid grade blend cyanidation recovered an additional 9% of gold and 12% of silver. For Composite M1 (HG), the higher-grade blend recovered 8% of gold and 14% of silver, while for Composite M3 (LG), the lowest grade blend, an additional 19% of gold and 21% of silver were recovered from the overall leach circuit.

The combined metallurgical performance achieved excellent total recoveries of gold and silver. Composite M2 (MG) showed a total gold recovery of 96.3% and silver recovery of 96.4%. Composite M1 (HG) achieved 93.9% gold recovery and 94.4% silver recovery, while Composite M3 (LG) demonstrated 96.5% gold recovery and 86.3% silver recovery. These results underscore the effectiveness of the combined gravity, flotation, and cyanidation processes in maximizing precious metal recoveries. Summary of the results are available in Table 2.

Table 2: Master Composite Zone Blends and Head Assay

The preliminary findings indicate no issues with the flowsheet in terms of mass balance or recovery, affirming the project’s robustness as it progresses.

Quality Assurance and Control

Original mineral samples that were selected for metallurgical evaluation were analyzed at ALS Global Laboratories (Geochemistry Division) in Vancouver, Canada (an ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited facility). The geological sampling program was undertaken by Company personnel under the direction of Rob L’Heureux, P.Geol. Metallurgical testing was primarily performed by SGS Canada Inc. at their laboratory located in Burnaby BC. SGS is globally recognized in the mining industry and accredited with International Standards Organization (ISO) 9001 for quality assurance, and ISO/IEC 17025 for general requirements of laboratory competence in testing and calibration. A secure chain of custody is maintained in transporting and storing of all samples.

The technical content of this news release has been reviewed and approved by Frank Wright, P.Eng., independent metallurgical consultant and qualified person as defined by National Instrument 43-101.

On behalf of the Board of Directors Thesis Gold Inc.

“Ewan Webster”

Ewan Webster Ph.D., P.Geo. President, CEO, and Director About Thesis Gold Inc.

Thesis Gold is unlocking the combined potential of the Lawyers-Ranch Gold-Silver Project in the Toodoggone mining district of north central British Columbia, Canada. A 2022 Preliminary Economic Assessment for the Lawyers project alone projected an open-pit mining operation yielding an average of 163,000 gold equivalent ounces annually over a 12-year span 1 . By integrating the Ranch Project, the Company aims to enhance the economics and bolster the overall project’s potential. Central to this ambition was the expansive 2023 drill program, which continues to define a high-grade out-of-pit Mineral Resource at Lawyers and augment the near-surface high-grade deposits at Ranch. The project now boasts a combined Measured & Indicated Mineral Resource of 4.0 Moz and an Inferred Mineral Resource of 727 koz, at respective grades of 1.51 and 1.82 g/t AuEq. The Company roadmap includes, new metallurgical work (now delivered), a robust 2024 exploration and drill program and a combined updated Preliminary Economic Assessment slated for Q3 2024. Through these strategic moves, Thesis Gold intends to elevate the Ranch-Lawyers Project to the forefront of global precious metals ventures.

1 Preliminary Economic Assessment: Lawyers Gold & Silver Project (2022). JDS Energy & Mining.

For further information or investor relations inquiries, please contact:

Dave Burwell Vice President Corporate Development Email: [email protected] Tel: 403-410-7907 Toll Free: 1-888-221-0915

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this press release.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

This press release contains “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities legislation. Forward-looking information includes, without limitation, statements regarding the use of proceeds from the Company’s recently completed financings and the future plans or prospects of the Company. Generally, forward-looking information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “plans”, “expects” or “does not expect”, “is expected”, “budget”, “scheduled”, “estimates”, “forecasts”, “intends”, “anticipates” or “does not anticipate”, or “believes”, or variations of such words and phrases or state that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might” or “will be taken”, “occur” or “be achieved”. Forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of assumptions that, while considered reasonable by management, are inherently subject to business, market, and economic risks, uncertainties, and contingencies that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated, or intended. There can be no assurance that such information will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information. Other factors which could materially affect such forward-looking information are described in the risk factors in the Company’s most recent annual management’s discussion and analysis, which is available on the Company’s profile on SEDAR at www.sedarplus.com . The Company does not undertake to update any forward-looking information, except in accordance with applicable securities laws.

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New FCRR: Gill size and temperature as governing factors in fish growth: A generalization of von Bertalanffy’s growth formula (2nd edition)

Using published data on the growth parameters of over 500 fish species in more than 1500 populations, Dr. Pauly was able to show that local conditions can influence the growth patterns of fish, but that their intrinsic growth performance is not at the mercy of such local conditions. These patterns, he showed, are determined by a major anatomical feature – the surface area of their gills .

Thus, he set the foundations of what is now known as the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT), which proposes that as two-dimensional surfaces, gills can’t keep up with the growth of three-dimensional bodies of fish. This constraint means that fish must work hard to extract – via their gills – the oxygen they need to grow and maintain their body functions.

Dr. Pauly seems to be the first to have postulated, in 1979, that Pütter’s and von Bertalanffy’s equations make sense only if their “breakdown” consists of the spontaneous denaturation of proteins and nothing else. Also, given that the surface area of gills cannot – as a surface – keep up with the weight of the fish and other water-breathers, Pauly’s reconceptualization explains why the growth of fish and other water-breathers gradually slows down as they get larger because their gills deliver less oxygen per weight to their bodies. This explains why fish generally remain smaller when in warmer temperatures, as spontaneous denaturation is extremely sensitive to temperature.

At the time, however, these ideas – which are not really intuitive – were not well understood and researchers continued to argue about the mechanisms at play in the growth of fish and other aquatic organisms. For 30 years, Dr. Pauly continued working on his theory but mostly as a side project. By the late 2000s, however, global warming gave the GOLT a new breath of life.

For example, fishers, aquaculturists and fisheries scientists started noticing that fish remain smaller when the waters they live in become warmer and less oxygenated. In terms of the GOLT, this is due to their 2D gills supplying a smaller amount of oxygen to 3D bodies that require more of it. Thus, fish stop growing at smaller sizes because they need more oxygen for their maintenance and invest less in growth.

Numerous scientists working on issues of this sort started validating the principles of the GOLT using their own data . At the same time, the theory also elicited critiques, most of which, unfortunately, were not based on actual premises of the GOLT, but subjective perceptions derived from it, which do not represent what the theory is about.

Given these two trends, Dr. Pauly decided it was time to revive his doctoral thesis, as those drawn to applying the GOLT to their research would be able to better understand how it was developed. A ‘new’ version of such ‘founding document,’ thus, has been created to make it readily available online.

Edited as a Fisheries Centre Research Report , the content of the dissertation remains the same as that in the 1979 typewritten version, but with minor typographical errors corrected and tables and figures reorganized for clarity.

Two forewords, one by Dr. William Cheung , renowned climate change researcher and director of UBC’s Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, and the other by Dr. Johannes Müller , an environmental historian at Leiden University, reflect on the relevance and applicability of the thesis content and, therefore, of the GOLT.

“It is not often that one sees the second edition of a doctoral thesis, let alone one that is 45 years old,” Dr. Pauly wrote in his preface. “However, there are good reasons why this work, originally conceived as providing a methodology for inferring the growth parameters of fish exploited by tropical fisheries, is being re-issued when our main environmental problem is global warming.”

Full article from Sea Around Us

Tags: Daniel Pauly , FCRR , fish , GOLT , physiology , Publications

Posted in 2024 , IOFNews , News Release | Tagged with Daniel Pauly , FCRR , fish , GOLT , physiology , Publications

‘Augmenting’ the doctoral thesis in preparation for a viva

The viva voce exam is the final hurdle for PhD students, but for most it is also a new and fear-inducing experience. Edward Mills offers one framework to help those preparing to discuss their completed thesis at length

Edward Mills

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In many ways, my own PhD viva voce examination was shaped by when and where it took place. Because I was examined at a UK institution, mine was not a public event; it was held virtually, thanks to the coronavirus pandemic; and, perhaps most depressingly, I didn’t get to wield a sword at the subsequent graduation ceremony (although my fiancée did make me a small wooden one).

Many parts of the viva, though, will be familiar to PhD candidates the world over from almost any discipline. After working independently for four years to produce an 80,000-word thesis, I was suddenly expected to discuss my work in depth, with two examiners (one from my institution, and one from elsewhere) and an independent chair present. During that time, the examiners would be checking whether my thesis was indeed my own work, and whether it met the criteria for the award of a PhD.

Understanding the ‘whole thesis’

Like many PhD students, I’d spoken about my research over the previous three years at conferences, but these presentations had largely been confined to individual chapters. Now, though, I had to become familiar not just with (say) my arguments on medieval calendars, but also on how they fitted into my broader narrative about language use in medieval England.

The approach that I took – which formed part of a suite of resources for postgraduate researchers produced by the University of Exeter’s Doctoral College – was based around what I called “augmenting” my thesis. Intimidating as this may sound, it was based around a fundamentally simple concept: turning my thesis from a lengthy PDF file into something physical and tangible and which would be of use to me during the viva.

There is, of course, no single “right way” to do this, but for the sake of clarity, and at the risk of sounding like a 1980s Blue Peter presenter , I’ll outline my own process in a series of numbered steps for the benefit of readers who may be approaching the viva themselves.

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An ‘augmented’ thesis in four steps

Print out and bind your thesis. This would form the basis of the “object” that I would eventually take into my viva, but it also has the advantage of getting you away from a screen, making you less likely to skip over certain passages as you reread it.

As you reread, place sticky markers along the top of the thesis to coincide with chapter headings and subheadings. At each point, write a one-sentence summary of that section. These big-picture notes give a bite-sized summary of your argument in each section, and when strung together, they provide you with a sort of “thesis-on-a-page”.

When you’ve reminded yourself of how all of your arguments fit together, start to look for points of detail. This is where highlighting can be at its most useful, if done selectively: I used yellow for material that I thought was central to my argument (and that I wanted to be able to quote back to my examiners) and red for material that I felt, on reflection, would benefit from further explanation. Any sticky notes can be placed along the outer margins of the thesis, which will distinguish them from the summaries along the top.

Record typos separately. However hard you try, typographical errors will find a way into the thesis that you submit. Highlighting each individual one, however, is likely to take more time than it’s worth: instead, I’d advise making a list of typos, keyed to page numbers and suggested changes, separately: this could later form the basis of a table of corrections to be submitted to the examiners.

There are, of course, plenty of other ways in which a thesis might be augmented: one of the main themes that emerged from collaborating on Researcher Development was that doctoral research is shaped by the researcher and their own experience just as much by field and topic. A PhD thesis may have a completely different structure to the one alluded to above; it may require more or less context for an oral examination; it may (whisper it) have fewer typos than mine did. Nevertheless, finding some form of structure in the isolating and stressful months and weeks prior to the viva is an absolute necessity for doctoral researchers, and producing an augmented thesis might just be the way to achieve it.

Edward Mills is a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Exeter. 

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‘Israelism,’ the progressive Jewish documentary roiling college campuses, gets digital release with Watermelon Pictures

They wanted to capture a growing Jewish generational divide over Israel. The Jewish makers of “Israelism” accomplished that — and then some.

Over the last seven months, the documentary critiquing the American Jewish relationship to Israel has become something closer to a foundational text for the campus pro-Palestinian movement. It’s been screened at more than 100 colleges, including several encampments. It has toured overseas and won support from an array of Jewish groups on the left, from the liberal J Street to avowed anti-Zionists.

Fights over campus screenings have spilled over into public view, fueling the film’s accusations that the institutional Jewish community is incapable of weathering any criticism of Israel.

This week, following some previous small windows of online availability, “Israelism” is getting a full digital release. A movie made to prompt a difficult Jewish conversation is now being distributed by Watermelon Pictures, a Palestinian-owned company (the watermelon has become a popular symbol for Palestinian rights ) with the motto, “From the river to the screen, Palestine will be seen.”

“So ready for the world to see this incredible documentary,” Watermelon Pictures posted on Instagram Monday. “May this film, and the shift in collective consciousness it has fostered, become a milestone in the history of humanity.”

The company is led by Alana Hadid, sister to Palestinian celebrity models and activists Bella and Gigi Hadid ; it’s making “Israelism” available to rent on all digital platforms Friday, including iTunes and Vimeo.

“We weren’t specifically looking for a Palestinian-owned label,” “Israelism” co-director Erin Axelman told JTA in a recent interview. But, they said, Watermelon’s mission was in keeping with the spirit of their film: “We think it models how Palestinians and Jews can work together for freedom and justice for all people, between the river and the sea.”

That kind of provocative messaging is at the heart of “Israelism,” the debut film from Axelman and co-director Sam Eilertsen that premiered in February 2023 under their production company Tikkun Olam Productions. Years in the making, the 85-minute documentary focuses on the political evolution of two millennial Jews who began as uncritical backers of Israel and have become pro-Palestinian activists. 

Pro-Israel Jews have claimed the film promotes or justifies left-wing antisemitism under the guise of Israel criticism. But the documentary’s central subject says the opposite has been the case: Pro-Palestinian progressives who see it often develop a greater empathy for the nuances within the Jewish community.

Simone Zimmerman in a scene from the documentary “Israelism” (Tikkun Olam Productions)

“I’ve actually experienced a lot of non-Jews who have watched the film, for whom it really complicates their understanding of what is happening in the Jewish world,” Simone Zimmerman, the film’s protagonist and a co-founder of the Israel-critical Jewish activist group IfNotNow, told JTA. “I think it does give them a more nuanced understanding of what is going on for American Jews within this political moment.”

The film chronicles Zimmerman’s upbringing in a committed Zionist environment before pivoting in college to become a pro-Palestinian activist. (Today she works for Diaspora Alliance, an international progressive Jewish networking organization, and is one of the leading Jewish voices publicly criticizing Israel.)

Another central figure, who goes by “Eitan,” is an American veteran of the Israel Defense Forces who comes to regret his participation in the military’s treatment of Palestinians and joins up with Breaking the Silence, an activist group for IDF veterans. 

The thesis of “Israelism” is that institutional Jewish efforts to inculcate a love of Israel in the next generation — including Jewish day schools, Jewish summer camps, Birthright and Hillel — have blinded young Jews like Zimmerman and Eitan to the realities of life for Palestinians under Israeli occupation. It also argues that pro-Israel advocates have weakened the fight against antisemitism more broadly by conflating it with any criticism of Israel. 

For an opposing perspective, the directors interview institutional pro-Israel Jewish figures, including Abe Foxman, director emeritus of the Anti-Defamation League, and Rabbi Bennett Miller, a past chair of the Association of Reform Zionists of America, a branch of the Union for Reform Judaism. Foxman last summer called the finished movie “an anti-Israel and anti-American Jewish community film,” tweeting, “I regret being part of this.”  

Other Jewish critics of the film have said it oversimplifies a difficult history: Gary Rosenblatt, a former editor of the New York Jewish Week, wrote on Substack that the movie has “distorted and biased views of the Israel-Palestinian conflict,” accusing it of glossing over much of Israeli history (including the Six-Day War and the Second Intifada) in order to “cast the Jewish State as the clear villain.” (Rosenblatt still concluded that, despite its flaws, the movie is “a damning critique of how we teach about Israel.”) 

But the filmmakers say the “Israelism” narrative reflects their own experience. Axelman grew up in rural Maine around few Jews; in that environment, they said, learning about Israel was “incredibly empowering” and “inspiring.” They used to be proud to count Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol (who led the nation during the Six-Day War) among their distant relatives. Axelman was first exposed to the Palestinian narrative as a student at Brown University, where Eilertsen was a classmate. 

They began work on the documentary in 2016, a time when IfNotNow, Jewish Currents and other drivers of the contemporary Jewish left were entering the public consciousness. Multiple producers on the film are, like Eitan, IDF veterans; others are Palestinian. They also sat down with the staff of a university Hillel, and have strong words about the organization as a whole. 

“In the film, we show there’s an Israel Fellow who is working out of Hillel on a college campus, but being paid by the Israeli government to talk to students on campus about Israel and organize pro-Israel events,” Eilertsen said, referring to a common position on campus Hillel staffs that is funded by the Israeli government. “It’s hard for me to describe that as anything other than propaganda.”

Erin Axelman, co-director of the documentary “Israelism,” in Somerville, Massachusetts, Jan. 19, 2024. (David L. Ryan/The Boston Globe via Getty Images)

Made in a pre-Oct. 7 world, “Israelism” doesn’t mention Hamas and barely touches on pro-Palestinian protest tactics. Yet the film still found itself a central agent of activism soon after Israel’s military campaign in Gaza began in response to Hamas’ attack, in which approximately 1,200 people were killed and some 250 hostages taken captive. An estimated 36,000 people have since been killed in Gaza, more than a third of whom Israel says are Hamas fighters, as well as close to 300 Israeli soldiers. 

Initially, the filmmakers paused screenings for a week. “We were incredibly shocked and horrified,” Axelman recalled, noting that they and other crew members had personal connections to people who “were murdered by Hamas.” But they soon regrouped for a previously planned campus tour, which kept growing as more organizations requested to show the film. 

Initially they tried to pair every screening with a Q&A session to more carefully control the tenor of dialogue. At these screenings, the directors said, they made efforts to comment on antisemitism on the left as well as the right. But they were also contending with more organized pro-Israel pushback to the film. 

At a handful of schools, including Hunter College, the University of Pennsylvania and Barnard College, administrators intervened to halt planned screenings . Politicians began openly labeling the film antisemitic . Recent lawsuits filed by Jewish students against elite colleges, alleging the schools have allowed antisemitic environments to fester on campus, pointed to screenings of the film as supporting evidence.

The 50,000-member Facebook group Mothers Against College Antisemitism mounted letter-writing campaigns targeting universities that scheduled showings of it , with form letters stating, “The movie openly gives justification to those shouting ‘Kill the Jews,’ ‘Globalize the Intifada,’ etc.” In Hamilton, Ontario, a planned community screening was briefly canceled following pressure from the local Jewish federation , which months later would see its own planned Israeli film screening briefly canceled following a left-wing pressure campaign . 

Hillel, which comes under heavy scrutiny in the film and is a growing target of the pro-Palestinian left , has also kept its distance from the movie. A planned J Street U screening at Yale’s Hillel center in December, which would have been the film’s first Hillel-sanctioned event, was scrapped following pushback. According to emails and audio shared with JTA, a representative from Yale Hillel’s Slifka Center initially approved the screening, before — according to J Street U representatives — Hillel International intervened to stop it. The film was later shown at another campus venue; no Hillel has shown it since. 

Slifka Center director Uri Cohen told JTA that in lieu of the film screening, Hillel had hosted a “thoughtful critique” from Yehuda Kurtzer, president of the Shalom Hartman Institute think tank. Cohen added that the center “does not believe the Israelism documentary reflects our values as an institution committed to respectful inquiry, dialogue across difference, and critical analysis; we believe the film is deeply biased, inaccurate in many respects, and can be used to promote hatred of the Jewish state.”  

Asked about the incident, a Hillel International spokesperson shared a statement on “Israelism” the organization released in the fall that said it “does not authentically reflect the lived experiences of so many of the tens of thousands of Jewish college students who participate in Israel programming and education through Hillel each year.” 

Hillel also charges that the film “contains a number of inaccuracies and distortions, such as failing to meaningfully show Jewish historical and ancestral ties to Israel, and holding American Jews accountable for the actions of the state of Israel –- the same tropes that have led to the record-breaking rise in antisemitism that Jewish students have experienced on college campuses this school year.”

“Israelism” eventually screened at all those campuses, but not without added controversy. Hunter’s screening turned into a showdown between audience members and a liberal rabbi who served as moderator, with the rabbi claiming he was harassed while others said he had adopted a needlessly combative posture toward the film . And at Penn, student groups screened it without the university’s approval, leading to threats of discipline and the resignation of the school’s Middle East Studies department head . 

Amid such tensions, the directors have also embraced their newfound status as thought leaders of the Jewish left.

“The interest in the film has become so large, we have had so many press requests, that we’ve kind of become spokespeople ourselves,” Axelman said. The “Israelism” Instagram page now has 110,000 followers, with Axelman making a stream of short-form video content to promote both the film and pro-Palestinian talking points. Axelman also recently testified before the Hawaii state Senate in favor of a proposed resolution calling for a ceasefire.

Most of the campus controversies around “Israelism” have quelled as the film enters digital release, and Axelman and Eilertsen are turning their attention to a new documentary about climate activists. Asked how they might approach “Israelism” differently today, as violence in the region drags on, they say the answer depends on when the war ends.

“If there was a ceasefire right now, there’s one story that we could tell encapsulating Oct. 7 and the aftermath. And it would be, obviously, one of absolute horror, both from Israeli civilian deaths as well as of Palestinian deaths,” Eilertsen said. “But it may get far, far, far worse.”

For Zimmerman, who has spent the decade helping to build the current movement of young progressive Jews vocally opposing Israel’s actions that has so antagonized mainstream Jewry, teaching this cohort where they came from is also part of the film’s legacy.

“I think it has been really empowering for young Jews who see their Jewish values and their Jewish identity as motivating them to speak out against what’s happening in Gaza and to support the movement for Palestinian freedom,” she said. “The film breaks down a lot of how we got to this moment.”

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Enzo Maresca, Chelsea and the chess thesis that explains his football vision

Pawn Sacrifice came out in cinemas a decade ago. In phonetical terms, it sounds more Soho than Chelsea.

But a blue movie, it wasn’t. Nor was it a box-office hit. The film, like Chelsea , dramatically underperformed its estimated budget. Tobey Maguire and Liev Schreiber were in the leading roles and it still flopped. But Enzo Maresca enjoyed the re-telling of Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky’s ‘Match of the Century’ for the meeting of minds as much as the Cold War intrigue that surrounded a chess match in Reykjavik in 1972.

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Towards the end of his playing career, Maresca began studying chess. He found a teacher while in Palermo and must, in time, have learned the finer details of the Sicilian Defence and Fegatello, the delectably named ‘Fried Liver Attack’.

It goes without saying that managers at Chelsea have become chopped liver very quickly in the Todd Boehly-Clearlake Capital era. Maresca is expected to be their sixth in two years if you count a forlorn and fleeting interim like Bruno Saltor, a sequence of events that brings the Italian term for checkmate to mind: Scacco Matto. ‘Matto’ means bonkers, crazy. But we digress.

Maresca thought learning the rudiments of chess would prepare him for management. Anyone strolling around the library at Coverciano, the Italian Football Federation’s coaching school on the outskirts of Florence, which is to UEFA Pro Licences what Harvard Business School is to MBAs, can pull down his thesis and read about how the hypermodern Nimzo-Indian defence used by every world chess champion since Jose Raul ‘The Human Chess Machine’ Capablanca relates to Pep Guardiola’s Manchester City sides.

“A coach can only benefit from acquiring the mind of a good chess player,” Maresca argued. “The proof being the development of a number of mental skills” that are excellent for “the prefrontal cortex”.

He listed them as “gaining the dexterity to devise tactics and strategy, improve creativity (important for the surprise factor)” not to mention the way the game “facilitates concentration.” The 44-year-old also claimed: “Chess teaches you to control the initial excitement when you see something good and trains you to think objectively when you see yourself in danger.”

No doubt having paid Garry Kasparov-like attention to how Chelsea have recently been run, Maresca still somehow deduced that a potentially reputation-toppling move away from Leicester could be worth it, irrespective of the experiences of Thomas Tuchel, Graham Potter and Mauricio Pochettino. One can only deduce he thinks he’s playing chess, the kind that beats Deep Blue and AI models like AlphaZero, while those guys were playing checkers.

As the opening gambits about Maresca’s judgement (or lack thereof) in taking the job draw to a close, the parallels he makes with chess are, in all seriousness, well observed.

“The chess board is like a football pitch that can be divided into three channels — a central one and two external ones,” he highlighted. “In football as in chess, an inside game can be more interesting as it’s the quickest and most direct towards goal or the king.”

Controlling the middle is fundamental, as Guardiola emphasised to Maresca during his time on his staff, either directly through classic midfielders a la Xavi, Sergio Busquets and Andres Iniesta or indirectly with inverted full-backs a la Philipp Lahm or Rico Lewis acting like knights in chess. Build up through the middle and the pitch opens up like the board, the angles of attack become manifold.

In football terms, the Italian Maresca is influenced by the Spanish juego de posicion .  He cites Paul Morphy, the Johan Cruyff to Fischer’s Guardiola, on the “ability to see combinations clearly” and how “the positional game is, first and foremost, the ability to arrange the pieces in the most effective way.”

Then there’s the surprise element to chess, which in football terms, again might be considered being on the cusp of taking the Chelsea job as an up-and-coming coach. Maresca instead sees it as the little tweaks from game to game or within a game that can force an opponent to play to their weaknesses and lose confidence and time.

Chelsea given permission to speak to Maresca, expected to agree contract

“During a world chess championship game in 1991, Viktor Korchnoi took an hour and 20 minutes in making his 13th movement in response to an unexpected variation by his rival Anatoly Karpov,” Maresca explained. “Karpov’s move was not checkmate but the time advantage he gained by surprising his rival was definitely decisive. Korchnoi needed to reorganise and revise his strategy and tactics.”

So many Soviets feature in Maresca’s thesis, one imagines Roman Abramovich and Marina Granovskaia, Chelsea’s former owner and chief executive respectively, would have been every bit as impressed as Boehly and Behdad Eghbali.

He could become the seventh Italian to bestride the dugout at Stamford Bridge. Two of them won the league, one the Champions League, another the Europa League . All of them, perhaps with the exception of a fellow West Brom alumnus Roberto Di Matteo, were more experienced than Maresca and operated within a club with a different owner who spent big but in a more rational and effective way.

Maresca is expected to arrive on the back of winning the Championship with Leicester after threatening the 100-point barrier. He even came within a game of matching a 104-year record for the most second-division wins (32) in a single season. Some call it Marescaball. His supervisor at Coverciano would probably define it Maresca pawn.

On the face of it, he seems part of the new wave of Italian coaching, which has washed Francesco Farioli up at Ajax and led Juventus to settle on Thiago Motta. He was at the table for that famous meal in Manchester featuring Guardiola, Roberto De Zerbi, Daniele De Rossi and Aleksandar Kolarov — not as Pep’s guest but as one of his assistants. The halo effect that comes from working with the Catalan can dazzle employers. Mikel Arteta’s success at Arsenal upon leaving Guardiola’s staff led Parma to offer Maresca a job when he was the coach of City’s elite development squad.

It did not work out.

Maresca inherited a team disoriented by the enthusiasm of new American owners who spent lavishly (€80million!) on unknown youngsters from all over the world (particularly Argentina and Romania) and, unable to put their fingers on what was going wrong, sacked a couple of managers in their first season. The flux was so great even players of Joshua Zirkzee ’s potential didn’t shine and Parma surprisingly went down. Maresca was asked to pick up the pieces in Serie B and, more specifically, to turn a couple dozen individuals into a team. Sounds relatively familiar, doesn’t it?

Despite having the highest wage bill in the second division, Maresca was fired within a matter of months. He left Parma with 17 points from 13 games, narrowly outside the relegation play-out spot to avoid Serie C.

Upon reflection, Maresca still called it a “positive experience”. His qualms were a lack of patience (“They gave me a three-year contract, and when you do a multi-year contract it’s because there’s a project idea behind it) and unrealistic expectations (“No one ever told me that in the first year we should have gone to Serie A , all the more so when 15 or so new players arrive in the summer”).

Still, the local media criticised him for using players such as Simon Sohm out of position and, having complained about the disruption of too much transfer activity, he still had the nerve to insist: “Parma could have made the play-offs with the three players we identified for the January transfer window.”

Chelsea fans, this is Enzo Maresca – the leading candidate to replace Pochettino

The scars he suffered at the Ennio Tardini made Maresca think twice about taking the Leicester job last summer. “I was a little fearful,” he told Gazzetta dello Sport, “because it resembled Parma: a big club had been relegated and there was huge pressure to immediately bounce back.”

But Leicester set a record pace out of the blocks and finished the first half of the season with 58 points, a testament to Maresca’s impact but also the sort of spending that led the Premier League to refer the club to an independent commission for an alleged PSR breach and for failing to submit their audited financial accounts to the league for the 2022-23 season, when they were still in the top flight.

Automatic promotion was not all plain sailing. After a 3-1 win against Swansea in January, Maresca was frustrated by the King Power’s exasperation with the somnolent side of his tiki-taka style. “Probably when you win, win, win at home, and you continue to win, people think it’s easy. But it’s not easy. I arrive in this club to play with this idea. The moment there is some doubt about the idea, the day after, I will leave. It’s so clear. No doubts.”

He did not appreciate the failure to sign Stefano Sensi on loan from Inter Milan after Chelsea recalled Cesare Casadei and Wilfred Ndidi suffered an injury. Leicester’s second half of the season yielded 39 points, enough to get over the line in first place but a drop-off that looked like it might spiral after defeats to Middlesbrough , Leeds and Queens Park Rangers in the spring.

Unlike Ipswich Town , who punched well above their weight to return to the Premier League for the first time in 22 years, Leicester met expectations. After all, having 18-goal Jamie Vardy in the Championship felt like a cheat code even with him now firmly in the twilight of his career. Chelsea, meanwhile, evidently share Maresca’s view that promotion was not as easy as it seemed. That Chelsea and the former midfielder have settled on one another, frankly, remains a surprise.

To return to chess terminology, neither found themselves in Zugzwang: a situation wherein any move can only weaken one’s position and carries the risk of checkmate — but not moving isn’t an option. Chelsea, for instance, didn’t need to sack Pochettino. Maresca wasn’t obliged to leave Leicester.

Having lost the benefit of the doubt, it’s only fair to second-guess these grandmasters.

Enzo Maresca: Growing up with De Zerbi, playing like Gazza and why he's 'worth' the risk

(Top photo: David Rogers/Getty Images)

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James Horncastle covers Serie A for The Athletic. He joins from ESPN and is working on a book about Roberto Baggio.

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TSX Today: What to Watch for in Stocks on Thursday, June 6

After the Bank of Canada’s rate cut move, TSX investors will await the U.S. Federal Reserve’s policy decision for next week.

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The Canadian stock market staged a handsome recovery on Wednesday following the Bank of Canada’s (BoC) much-awaited decision to slash its policy interest rate by 25 basis points. This major announcement, along with a sharp intraday recovery in commodity prices, drove the S&P/TSX Composite Index up by 167 points, or 0.8%, yesterday to 22,145.

While all main sectors ended the session in the green, shares of real estate, metal and mining, and consumer cyclical companies led the TSX rally.

In its latest announcement, the BoC signalled that monetary policy need not be as restrictive any longer due to easing inflationary pressures. Governor Tiff Macklem showed increased confidence that inflation will continue to move closer to the 2% target. He also highlighted that underlying inflation indicators have shown sustained easing despite inflation remaining above target with high shelter price inflation.

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Celestica , First Quantum Minerals , SSR Mining , Aritzia , and MTY Food were the top-performing TSX stocks for the day as they inched up by at least 4.2% each.

In contrast, Fortuna Silver Mines ( TSX:FVI ) tanked by nearly 14% to $6.97 per share, making it the day’s worst-performing TSX stock. This selloff in FVI stock came after the Vancouver-headquartered precious metals miner announced an offering of $150 million in convertible senior notes due 2029, with an option for an additional $22.5 million.

Fortuna plans to use the proceeds of this offering to repay debt, fund working capital, and for general corporate purposes. Despite the recent losses, FVI stock is still up around 37% on a year-to-date basis.

Great-West Lifeco , Energy Fuels , and Enerplus were also among the bottom performers on the Toronto Stock Exchange as they dived by at least 3.4% each.

Based on their daily trade volume data, Canadian Natural Resources , Suncor Energy , Manulife Financial , Enbridge , and TC Energy were the five most active stocks on the exchange.

While gold and silver prices continued to strengthen early Thursday morning, West Texas Intermediate crude oil futures prices were trading on a mixed note. Given that, I expect the TSX mining stocks to witness minor gains at the open today.

Besides the domestic purchasing managers index data, Canadian investors may also want to keep an eye on the weekly jobless claims from the United States this morning.

On the corporate events side, the TSX-listed Saputo will announce its latest quarterly results after the market closing bell today. Street analysts expect the Vancouver-based dairy products firm to post adjusted earnings of $0.36 per share for the March quarter with a quarterly revenue of $4.3 billion.

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