understanding psychology essays

How to Write a Psychology Essay

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

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Before you write your essay, it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. Your lecturer may give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer.

Next conduct preliminary reading based on your lecture notes. At this stage, it’s not crucial to have a robust understanding of key theories or studies, but you should at least have a general “gist” of the literature.

After reading, plan a response to the task. This plan could be in the form of a mind map, a summary table, or by writing a core statement (which encompasses the entire argument of your essay in just a few sentences).

After writing your plan, conduct supplementary reading, refine your plan, and make it more detailed.

It is tempting to skip these preliminary steps and write the first draft while reading at the same time. However, reading and planning will make the essay writing process easier, quicker, and ensure a higher quality essay is produced.

Components of a Good Essay

Now, let us look at what constitutes a good essay in psychology. There are a number of important features.

• Global Structure – structure the material to allow for a logical sequence of ideas. Each paragraph / statement should follow sensibly from its predecessor. The essay should “flow”. The introduction, main body and conclusion should all be linked.
• Each paragraph should comprise a main theme, which is illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).
• Knowledge and Understanding – recognize, recall, and show understanding of a range of scientific material that accurately reflects the main theoretical perspectives.
• Critical Evaluation – arguments should be supported by appropriate evidence and/or theory from the literature. Evidence of independent thinking, insight, and evaluation of the evidence.
• Quality of Written Communication – writing clearly and succinctly with appropriate use of paragraphs, spelling, and grammar. All sources are referenced accurately and in line with APA guidelines.

In the main body of the essay, every paragraph should demonstrate both knowledge and critical evaluation.

There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Try to aim for about a 60/40 split if possible.

Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation (which is the difficult bit).

It is best to structure your essay according to key themes. Themes are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).

Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument.

Knowledge and Understanding

Remember that an essay is simply a discussion / argument on paper. Don’t make the mistake of writing all the information you know regarding a particular topic.

You need to be concise, and clearly articulate your argument. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences.

Each paragraph should have a purpose / theme, and make a number of points – which need to be support by high quality evidence. Be clear why each point is is relevant to the argument. It would be useful at the beginning of each paragraph if you explicitly outlined the theme being discussed (.e.g. cognitive development, social development etc.).

Try not to overuse quotations in your essays. It is more appropriate to use original content to demonstrate your understanding.

Psychology is a science so you must support your ideas with evidence (not your own personal opinion). If you are discussing a theory or research study make sure you cite the source of the information.

Note this is not the author of a textbook you have read – but the original source / author(s) of the theory or research study.

For example:

Bowlby (1951) claimed that mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months, i.e. there is a critical period.

Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fullfil the next one, and so on.

As a general rule, make sure there is at least one citation (i.e. name of psychologist and date of publication) in each paragraph.

Remember to answer the essay question. Underline the keywords in the essay title. Don’t make the mistake of simply writing everything you know of a particular topic, be selective. Each paragraph in your essay should contribute to answering the essay question.

Critical Evaluation

In simple terms, this means outlining the strengths and limitations of a theory or research study.

There are many ways you can critically evaluate:

Methodological evaluation of research

Is the study valid / reliable ? Is the sample biased, or can we generalize the findings to other populations? What are the strengths and limitations of the method used and data obtained?

Be careful to ensure that any methodological criticisms are justified and not trite.

Rather than hunting for weaknesses in every study; only highlight limitations that make you doubt the conclusions that the authors have drawn – e.g., where an alternative explanation might be equally likely because something hasn’t been adequately controlled.

Compare or contrast different theories

Outline how the theories are similar and how they differ. This could be two (or more) theories of personality / memory / child development etc. Also try to communicate the value of the theory / study.

Debates or perspectives

Refer to debates such as nature or nurture, reductionism vs. holism, or the perspectives in psychology . For example, would they agree or disagree with a theory or the findings of the study?

What are the ethical issues of the research?

Does a study involve ethical issues such as deception, privacy, psychological or physical harm?

Gender bias

If research is biased towards men or women it does not provide a clear view of the behavior that has been studied. A dominantly male perspective is known as an androcentric bias.

Cultural bias

Is the theory / study ethnocentric? Psychology is predominantly a white, Euro-American enterprise. In some texts, over 90% of studies have US participants, who are predominantly white and middle class.

Does the theory or study being discussed judge other cultures by Western standards?

Animal Research

This raises the issue of whether it’s morally and/or scientifically right to use animals. The main criterion is that benefits must outweigh costs. But benefits are almost always to humans and costs to animals.

Animal research also raises the issue of extrapolation. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans?

The PEC System

It is very important to elaborate on your evaluation. Don’t just write a shopping list of brief (one or two sentence) evaluation points.

Instead, make sure you expand on your points, remember, quality of evaluation is most important than quantity.

When you are writing an evaluation paragraph, use the PEC system.

• Make your P oint.
• E xplain how and why the point is relevant.
• Discuss the C onsequences / implications of the theory or study. Are they positive or negative?

For Example

• Point: It is argued that psychoanalytic therapy is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority.
• Explain: Because psychoanalytic therapy involves talking and gaining insight, and is costly and time-consuming, it is argued that it is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority. Evidence suggests psychoanalytic therapy works best if the client is motivated and has a positive attitude.
• Consequences: A depressed client’s apathy, flat emotional state, and lack of motivation limit the appropriateness of psychoanalytic therapy for depression.

Furthermore, the levels of dependency of depressed clients mean that transference is more likely to develop.

Using Research Studies in your Essays

Research studies can either be knowledge or evaluation.

• If you refer to the procedures and findings of a study, this shows knowledge and understanding.
• If you comment on what the studies shows, and what it supports and challenges about the theory in question, this shows evaluation.

Writing an Introduction

It is often best to write your introduction when you have finished the main body of the essay, so that you have a good understanding of the topic area.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your introduction.

Ideally, the introduction should;

Identify the subject of the essay and define the key terms. Highlight the major issues which “lie behind” the question. Let the reader know how you will focus your essay by identifying the main themes to be discussed. “Signpost” the essay’s key argument, (and, if possible, how this argument is structured).

Introductions are very important as first impressions count and they can create a h alo effect in the mind of the lecturer grading your essay. If you start off well then you are more likely to be forgiven for the odd mistake later one.

Writing a Conclusion

So many students either forget to write a conclusion or fail to give it the attention it deserves.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your conclusion.

Ideally the conclusion should summarize the key themes / arguments of your essay. State the take home message – don’t sit on the fence, instead weigh up the evidence presented in the essay and make a decision which side of the argument has more support.

Also, you might like to suggest what future research may need to be conducted and why (read the discussion section of journal articles for this).

Don”t include new information / arguments (only information discussed in the main body of the essay).

If you are unsure of what to write read the essay question and answer it in one paragraph.

Points that unite or embrace several themes can be used to great effect as part of your conclusion.

The Importance of Flow

Obviously, what you write is important, but how you communicate your ideas / arguments has a significant influence on your overall grade. Most students may have similar information / content in their essays, but the better students communicate this information concisely and articulately.

When you have finished the first draft of your essay you must check if it “flows”. This is an important feature of quality of communication (along with spelling and grammar).

This means that the paragraphs follow a logical order (like the chapters in a novel). Have a global structure with themes arranged in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. You might want to rearrange (cut and paste) paragraphs to a different position in your essay if they don”t appear to fit in with the essay structure.

To improve the flow of your essay make sure the last sentence of one paragraph links to first sentence of the next paragraph. This will help the essay flow and make it easier to read.

Finally, only repeat citations when it is unclear which study / theory you are discussing. Repeating citations unnecessarily disrupts the flow of an essay.

Referencing

The reference section is the list of all the sources cited in the essay (in alphabetical order). It is not a bibliography (a list of the books you used).

In simple terms every time you cite/refer to a name (and date) of a psychologist you need to reference the original source of the information.

If you have been using textbooks this is easy as the references are usually at the back of the book and you can just copy them down. If you have been using websites, then you may have a problem as they might not provide a reference section for you to copy.

References need to be set out APA style :

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.

Journal Articles

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page numbers

A simple way to write your reference section is use Google scholar . Just type the name and date of the psychologist in the search box and click on the “cite” link.

Next, copy and paste the APA reference into the reference section of your essay.

Once again, remember that references need to be in alphabetical order according to surname.

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Guide to Writing a Psychology Essay

Are you struggling with writing a psychology essay? You’re not alone. From understanding the question to structuring your essay, the process can be overwhelming. This comprehensive guide will walk you through every step of crafting a successful psychology essay.

We’ll cover everything from researching and gathering information to writing a strong thesis statement and editing for grammar and spelling errors. Whether you’re a seasoned writer or a novice, this guide is sure to help you ace your psychology essay.

• Understand the purpose and topic of your psychology essay before beginning research.
• Use reliable sources and take effective notes during the research process.
• Structure your essay with clear body paragraphs and a strong thesis statement, using evidence and proper citations.
• 1.1 What Is the Purpose of the Essay?
• 1.2 What Is the Topic of the Essay?
• 1.3 What Are the Key Terms in the Question?
• 2.1 What Sources Should Be Used?
• 2.2 How to Evaluate Sources?
• 2.3 How to Take Notes?
• 3.1 Body Paragraphs
• 3.2 Conclusion
• 4.1 How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement?
• 4.2 How to Use Evidence and Examples?
• 4.3 How to Cite Sources?
• 5.1 How to Check for Grammar and Spelling Errors?
• 5.2 How to Ensure Coherence and Flow?
• 6.1 What is a psychology essay?
• 6.2 How do I choose a topic for my psychology essay?
• 6.3 What should be included in the introduction of a psychology essay?
• 6.4 How do I structure my psychology essay?
• 6.5 Do I need to include references in my psychology essay?
• 6.6 What are some common mistakes to avoid in a psychology essay?

Understanding the Question

Understanding the question in an essay is crucial for developing a coherent and focused argument that aligns with the research objectives and methodological approach.

Clarity in comprehending the essay prompt is paramount as it sets the direction for the entire research endeavor. By dissecting the question, one can pinpoint the key concepts or themes that need to be addressed. This serves as a foundation for constructing a logical and well-structured argument that resonates with the study’s core focus. Ensuring that the essay question directly relates to the chosen research methodology is essential for maintaining relevance and academic rigor in the analysis process.

What Is the Purpose of the Essay?

The purpose of the essay is to critically analyze and evaluate a psychological theory using APA guidelines, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the chosen methodology to engage in a scholarly debate.

By looking into the depths of the selected psychological theory, this essay aims to disentangle its complexities and implications on human behavior and cognition. Embracing an evidence-based approach, the evaluation will scrutinize the theoretical framework’s applicability in real-world scenarios to uncover its practical significance.

Methodological considerations will be meticulously examined to shed light on the research design, data collection techniques, and analytical procedures employed within the context of the theory under scrutiny. By adhering to the stringent principles outlined by APA, the essay seeks to maintain academic rigor and integrity throughout the critical analysis.

What Is the Topic of the Essay?

The essay delves into the ethical considerations surrounding gender bias , cultural bias , and the use of animal research within the field of psychology, aiming to address the complexities and controversies inherent in these topics.

Gender bias in psychology has historically influenced research outcomes and treatment approaches, often overlooking the diverse experiences and perspectives of individuals. Cultural bias can shape the interpretation of psychological phenomena, leading to misconceptions and generalizations that may not hold true universally.

The ethical implications of using animals in research raise questions about their welfare and the applicability of findings to human behavior. These intersecting facets underscore the need for researchers to navigate sensitive ethical dilemmas and ensure that their work upholds the highest standards of integrity and respect.

What Are the Key Terms in the Question?

The key terms in the question revolve around the dichotomy of nature versus nurture , the philosophical perspectives of reductionism and holism , and the ethical considerations related to gender bias within psychological research.

When discussing the nature versus nurture debate, one delves into the arguments about the extent to which genetic makeup and environmental factors shape individual development.

On the other hand, reductionism focuses on breaking down complex phenomena into simpler components for easier analysis, while holism emphasizes the interconnectedness and integration of all elements.

Examining gender bias in research involves critically assessing how stereotypes and prejudices may influence scientific inquiry and knowledge production in the field of psychology.

Researching and Gathering Information

Researching and gathering information for the essay involves identifying key themes, acquiring relevant knowledge, critically evaluating sources, and structuring the content through well-organized paragraphs supported by citations and references.

During the research process, it is crucial to start by defining the scope and objectives of the study, which helps in narrowing down the focus and determining the direction of the inquiry. Next, researchers delve into various sources including academic journals, books, and credible websites to gather a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Analyzing these sources with a critical eye allows scholars to discern between reliable information and mere speculation.

The identification of themes emerges as a pivotal step, as it helps in organizing the information into cohesive sections that form the backbone of the essay. Thorough analysis and interpretation of these themes are essential to present a coherent argument that is backed by evidence.

The process of structuring the main body of the essay involves creating well-rounded paragraphs that flow logically from one point to another. Each paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of the topic and integrate supporting evidence appropriately with proper citations and references to enhance credibility.

What Sources Should Be Used?

The sources used in the essay should align with the storytelling approach, adhere to specific guidelines, and meet the marking criteria to ensure the content is engaging, relevant, and academically sound.

When selecting sources for an academic essay, it is crucial to consider not only the relevance of the information but also the credibility of the sources. Storytelling elements can play a pivotal role in captivating the readers and conveying complex ideas effectively.

Adherence to established guidelines such as the American Psychological Association (APA) format is essential for maintaining consistency and clarity in the presentation of ideas. Meeting the marking criteria set by instructors helps in demonstrating a deep understanding of the topic and ensures that the essay meets the expected standards of quality and credibility.

How to Evaluate Sources?

Evaluating sources involves considering the context in which they were produced, assessing the methodology employed, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and engaging in scholarly debates to ascertain their credibility and relevance to the topic.

By looking into the context of a source, readers can understand the motivations and intentions behind its creation, helping to gauge its potential biases and perspectives.

Methodological rigor, on the other hand, enables one to determine the reliability and validity of the data presented, ensuring that the information is robust and trustworthy.

Identifying strengths allows readers to acknowledge the positive aspects that contribute to the source’s authority, while recognizing weaknesses prompts critical analysis and understanding of its limitations.

Engaging in academic debates facilitates a broader exploration of ideas and perspectives, encouraging a more nuanced understanding of the topic by incorporating diverse viewpoints.

How to Take Notes?

Taking notes should involve summarizing key points, identifying implications, recognizing recurring themes, ensuring effective communication, and structuring information logically to facilitate the development of a coherent and insightful essay.

Summarizing key points is crucial as it condenses complex ideas into digestible chunks, aiding memory retention and concept reinforcement. Identifying implications involves understanding the broader effect of information, helping to form connections and develop critical thinking skills.

Recurring themes tie together disparate elements, providing a framework for analysis and argumentation. Effective communication ensures that ideas are conveyed clearly, fostering understanding and engagement.

Logical structuring organizes thoughts cohesively, laying the foundation for a well-structured and persuasive essay. Emphasizing these aspects of note-taking enhances content coherence and enriches the overall quality of academic writing.

Structuring the Essay

Structuring the essay according to APA guidelines and utilizing the PEC system for paragraphs aids in maintaining clear communication, logical flow, and adherence to established guidelines for academic writing.

When following APA guidelines, writers ensure consistency in formatting, citation, and referencing, which not only adds credibility to the work but also allows readers to easily navigate through the document. The PEC system, incorporating Point, Evidence, and Comment, offers a structured approach to paragraph development, enhancing the coherence and completeness of ideas. By adhering to these principles, writers can effectively convey their arguments, provide evidence to support their claims, and offer critical insights that engage readers and promote deeper understanding.

Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of the essay should expound on the chosen methodology, critically assess its strengths and weaknesses, and engage in academic debates to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research approach.

One key aspect of the body paragraphs is to delve into the research methodology selected for the study. This involves detailing the specific tools, techniques, and procedures utilized to gather and analyze data.

It is crucial to evaluate the strengths of the chosen approach, highlighting its effectiveness in achieving the research objectives and generating reliable findings. Conversely, the weaknesses of the methodology must also be addressed, raising questions about potential limitations and biases that could impact the study outcomes.

Engaging in scholarly debates adds another layer of depth to the analysis, allowing the essay to situate the research approach within the broader academic discourse. By considering varying viewpoints and opposing arguments, the essay can present a well-rounded evaluation of the methodological framework.

The essay reflects on the diverse perspectives regarding ethical issues, gender bias, cultural influences, and the ethical dilemmas associated with animal research within the realm of psychology, offering a nuanced and reflective summary of the discourse.

It is evident that ethical considerations play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of psychology research. Ethical dilemmas involving the use of animals raise complex questions about the boundaries of scientific inquiry and the welfare of research subjects. Gender bias, though often subtle, can significantly impact the interpretation of study results and the development of psychological theories. Cultural influences introduce a layer of diversity and complexity that must be navigated carefully to ensure the universality of psychological principles.

Writing the Essay

Writing the essay entails contextualizing the discussion within the established methodology, critically analyzing key components, maintaining structural coherence, and integrating citations and references to support the arguments and claims presented.

In the process of constructing a well-rounded essay, it is crucial to delve deep into the subject matter and convey your arguments with clarity and precision. Adherence to the appropriate methodological alignment , with a keen eye on detail, ensures that your work is academically sound and follows a logical progression.

A thorough critical analysis allows for the exploration of diverse viewpoints and the development of informed perspectives. By ensuring structural coherence , each section contributes seamlessly to the overarching argument. Integrating a range of citations and references not only bolsters the credibility of your work but also acknowledges the existing body of research.

How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement?

Crafting a robust thesis statement involves aligning with APA guidelines, showcasing expertise as a psychologist, highlighting the chosen methodology’s strengths and weaknesses, and presenting a critical stance on the research topic.

One key aspect of developing a compelling thesis statement is the ability to succinctly encapsulate the main argument of your research while adhering to the formatting requirements set by APA. By clearly articulating the central hypothesis, objectives, and rationale within the introductory paragraph, readers can grasp the essence of your study from the outset.

A keen understanding of psychological principles can enrich the thesis statement, especially when discussing intricate human behaviors or phenomena. This depth of knowledge can elevate the scholarly merit of your work and demonstrate your analytical prowess.

How to Use Evidence and Examples?

Utilizing evidence and examples effectively requires integrating storytelling elements, adhering to specific guidelines, and meeting the marking criteria to ensure the content is engaging, well-supported, and meets academic standards.

One key strategy in incorporating evidence and examples in an essay is to contextualize them within a coherent narrative. By weaving these elements into a compelling story, the writer can not only capture the reader’s attention but also convey complex ideas in a more relatable manner. It is essential to select relevant examples that directly support the main arguments of the essay, maintaining a seamless flow of information. This approach increases the credibility of the points being made and enhances the overall persuasiveness of the essay.

How to Cite Sources?

Citing sources involves acknowledging the dichotomy of nature versus nurture, evaluating reductionist and holistic perspectives, and addressing the ethical considerations surrounding gender bias within psychological research to provide proper attribution and academic integrity.

When referencing sources in academic writing, it is essential to delve into the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences that shape human behavior. While reductionist approaches break phenomena down into smaller components, holistic viewpoints emphasize the interconnectedness and complexity of psychological phenomena. Striking a balance between these contrasting paradigms enriches scholarly discourse and fosters a deeper understanding of human behavior. It is crucial to interrogate the presence of gender bias in research practices, ensuring that studies are conducted ethically and inclusively to uphold the principles of academic rigor and social justice.

Editing and Proofreading

Editing and proofreading the essay involves summarizing key points, evaluating implications, identifying recurring themes, ensuring effective communication, and maintaining structural integrity to refine the content for coherence and clarity.

Once you have completed the initial draft of your essay, it is crucial to dedicate ample time and attention to the editing and proofreading stage. This phase not only entails correcting grammar and punctuation errors but also delving deeper into the content to assess the underlying implications and overall message. By focusing on theme identification, you can ensure that your arguments are cohesive and logically presented throughout the document.

Enhancing communication clarity involves not only polishing individual sentences but also considering the flow of ideas within paragraphs and sections. This process helps in refining the overall coherence of the essay, making it more engaging and understandable for the reader. Structural coherence plays a pivotal role in tying all the elements of your essay together, creating a seamless transition from introduction to conclusion.

How to Check for Grammar and Spelling Errors?

Identifying grammar and spelling errors involves reviewing the context, assessing the alignment with the chosen methodology, evaluating the presentation of strengths and weaknesses, and ensuring clear communication to enhance the overall quality of the essay.

When reviewing the text for grammatical accuracy, it is crucial to pay attention to subject-verb agreement, punctuation usage, and consistent tense throughout. Verifying the spelling of technical terms and names is vital for accuracy.

Ensuring that the content is contextually relevant involves connecting ideas logically, maintaining a coherent flow of thought, and avoiding ambiguous language that may confuse readers. Every sentence should contribute to the overarching argument and support the thesis statement.

Consistency in methodology pertains to adhering to a specific citation style, referencing sources accurately, and applying formatting guidelines consistently throughout the document. This not only showcases academic integrity but also aids readers in following the research journey.

How to Ensure Coherence and Flow?

Ensuring coherence and flow in the essay requires adherence to APA guidelines, implementing the PEC system for paragraph organization, maintaining structural integrity, and incorporating storytelling elements to engage readers and facilitate seamless progression through the content.

APA guidelines serve as the cornerstone of academic writing, providing a standardized format that ensures clarity and consistency in research papers, dissertations, and essays. By following APA rules for citation, referencing, and formatting, writers can establish a cohesive framework that guides readers through the content seamlessly.

The PEC system – Point, Evidence, and Comment – offers a structured approach to paragraph development. This method assists in presenting arguments logically, supporting them with evidence, and providing critical analysis to strengthen the academic discourse.

Structural integrity not only refers to the organization of individual paragraphs but also extends to the overall architecture of the essay. Each section should flow naturally into the next, creating a coherent narrative that leads the reader from introduction to conclusion.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a psychology essay.

A psychology essay is a type of academic writing that explores a specific topic related to psychology. It involves researching, analyzing, and presenting arguments or ideas using psychological theories, concepts, and evidence.

How do I choose a topic for my psychology essay?

When choosing a topic for your psychology essay, consider your interests, the topic’s relevance to your course, and the availability of resources. It is also helpful to narrow down your topic to a specific aspect or question to make your essay more focused and manageable.

What should be included in the introduction of a psychology essay?

The introduction of a psychology essay should provide background information on the topic, outline the main points or arguments you will be discussing, and state your thesis statement. It should also engage the reader and set the tone for your essay.

How do I structure my psychology essay?

A typical psychology essay structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The body paragraphs should present your arguments or ideas using evidence and examples from research. You can also use subheadings to organize your ideas and make your essay more coherent.

Do I need to include references in my psychology essay?

Yes, referencing is an essential part of writing a psychology essay. It shows that you have conducted thorough research and accurately cited your sources. Make sure to follow the referencing style specified by your instructor, such as APA or MLA.

What are some common mistakes to avoid in a psychology essay?

Some common mistakes to avoid in a psychology essay include not following the required format, relying too much on personal opinions instead of evidence, and not proofreading for errors. It is also crucial to avoid plagiarism by properly citing all your sources.

Dr. Sofia Alvarez is a clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience in counseling and psychotherapy. Specializing in anxiety disorders and mindfulness practices, she has contributed to numerous mental health initiatives and workshops. Dr. Alvarez combines her clinical expertise with a passion for writing to demystify psychology and promote mental wellness. She believes in the power of therapeutic storytelling and advocates for mental health awareness in various online platforms and community forums.

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Chapter 1. Introducing Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior . The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life , and “logos,” meaning explanation . Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of our everyday lives. Television shows such as Dr. Phil feature psychologists who provide personal advice to those with personal or family difficulties. Crime dramas such as CSI , Lie to Me , and others feature the work of forensic psychologists who use psychological principles to help solve crimes. And many people have direct knowledge about psychology because they have visited psychologists, for instance, school counselors, family therapists, and religious, marriage, or bereavement counselors.

Because we are frequently exposed to the work of psychologists in our everyday lives, we all have an idea about what psychology is and what psychologists do. In many ways I am sure that your conceptions are correct. Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counseling and therapy for people in distress. But there are hundreds of thousands of psychologists in the world, and most of them work in other places, doing work that you are probably not aware of.

Most psychologists work in research laboratories, hospitals, and other field settings where they study the behavior of humans and animals. For instance, my colleagues in the Psychology Department at the University of Maryland study such diverse topics as anxiety in children, the interpretation of dreams, the effects of caffeine on thinking, how birds recognize each other, how praying mantises hear, how people from different cultures react differently in negotiation, and the factors that lead people to engage in terrorism. Other psychologists study such topics as alcohol and drug addiction, memory, emotion, hypnosis, love, what makes people aggressive or helpful, and the psychologies of politics, prejudice, culture, and religion. Psychologists also work in schools and businesses, and they use a variety of methods, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, and laboratory studies, to help them understand behavior.

This chapter provides an introduction to the broad field of psychology and the many approaches that psychologists take to understanding human behavior. We will consider how psychologists conduct scientific research, with an overview of some of the most important approaches used and topics studied by psychologists, and also consider the variety of fields in which psychologists work and the careers that are available to people with psychology degrees. I expect that you may find that at least some of your preconceptions about psychology will be challenged and changed, and you will learn that psychology is a field that will provide you with new ways of thinking about your own thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Psychology is in part the study of behavior. Why do you think these people are behaving the way they are?

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Introduction to Psychology Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How to Write Brilliant Psychology Essays

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“This book is one I wish I had bought at the start of my Psychology degree.” – Five-star review Essay writing is a key part of the Psychology degree and knowing how to write effective and compelling academic essays is key to success.  Whether it's understanding how to implement feedback you receive on essays, how to stop procrastinating or what makes an effective introduction, this book covers it all. Drawing on insights derived from teaching thousands of students over a 25-year period How to Write Brilliant Psychology Essays provides the keys that will unlock your writing potential.

Ace your Assignment  provide practical tips to help succeed

Exercises  help try the theory out in practice

Take away  points highlight the key learnings from each chapter

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How to Write Psychology Essay: Comprehensive Guide

September 1, 2022

Choosing a Good Topic for Your Psychology Essay

The process of writing a psychology essay begins with selecting a compelling and appropriate topic. A good topic sets the stage for a well-crafted and engaging essay. When choosing a topic, it is essential to consider your interests, the guidelines provided by your instructor, and the scope of your assignment. Aim for a topic that is specific enough to allow for in-depth analysis, yet broad enough to provide ample research material. It is also helpful to consider current trends, controversies, or unanswered questions in the field of psychology. Your topic should be thought-provoking, relevant, and capable of generating insightful discussions. By carefully selecting a strong topic, you lay the foundation for a successful and impactful psychology essay.

Possible Psychology Essay Topics:

• The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
• The Role of Parenting Styles in Child Development
• The Influence of Cognitive Biases on Decision Making
• The Effects of Stress on Psychological Well-being
• The Relationship between Sleep and Memory Consolidation
• The Role of Nature vs. Nurture in Personality Development
• The Impact of Trauma on Psychological Functioning
• The Psychology of Social Influence and Conformity
• The Influence of Technology on Human Behavior and Communication
• The Psychological Factors behind Addiction and Recovery

Writing a Thesis Statement for Your Psychology Essay

Crafting a strong and clear thesis statement is essential for delivering a focused and well-structured psychology essay. The thesis statement serves as the central argument or claim that guides and organizes your entire essay. It is essential to carefully construct a thesis statement that is specific, concise, and reflective of your main argument. Here are some tips to consider when writing your thesis statement:

• Identify the main purpose: Determine the main objective of your essay. Are you attempting to explain a concept, analyze a theory, or argue a particular viewpoint?
• Summarize your main argument: Clearly state the position or argument you will be defending in your essay. Make sure it is clear and concise, providing a roadmap for your reader.
• Be specific: Avoid vague or general statements. Instead, focus on a specific aspect of the topic you will be addressing in your essay.
• Consider the significance: Highlight why your topic and argument are important within the field of psychology. What is the broader implication or relevance of your argument?

Remember, your thesis statement should be debatable and open to discussion. It should provide a clear direction for your essay while capturing the essence of your overall argument. By creating a strong and focused thesis statement, you lay the foundation for a coherent and persuasive psychology essay.

Example: “The increasing use of social media among adolescents has significant implications for their mental health, as it contributes to feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, and increased risk of developing anxiety and depression.”

Structuring the Essay

A well-structured psychology essay is crucial for conveying your arguments clearly and effectively. Here are a few tips on how to structure your essay:

• Develop an outline: Before starting to write, it is essential to develop an outline that lists the key points you will be addressing in your essay. This outline will serve as a roadmap for your writing and ensure that you maintain a focused and coherent flow throughout the essay.
• Introduction: Begin your essay with an introduction that captures the reader’s attention and provides context for the topic you will be addressing. The introduction should end with a clear and concise thesis statement that identifies the main argument of your essay.
• Body: The body of your essay should be structured around the main points you identified in your outline. Each paragraph should focus on a single point and provide evidence and examples to support your argument.
• Conclusion: Conclude your essay with a summary of the main points and restate your thesis statement in a new way. Finally, leave the reader with a thought-provoking statement or question that encourages them to consider the broader implications of your argument.
• Edit and proofread: Once you have finished writing your essay, take some time to edit and proofread it. Check for any grammar or spelling errors, ensure that your arguments are coherent and well-supported by evidence, and that the overall structure flows smoothly.

By following these tips, you can create a well-structured psychology essay that communicates your arguments clearly and effectively.

Sample Outline for a Psychology Essay

I. Introduction A. Hook or attention grabber B. Background information on the topic C. Thesis statement

II. Body Paragraph 1: Impact of Social Media on Mental Health A. Explanation of the link between social media and mental health B. Discussion of the negative effects, such as increased anxiety and depression C. Supporting evidence or examples from research studies

III. Body Paragraph 2: Effects of Parenting Styles on Child Development A. Explanation of different parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian) B. Discussion of how each style impacts a child’s psychological development C. Supporting evidence or examples from studies on parenting styles

IV. Body Paragraph 3: Cognitive Biases and Decision Making A. Explanation of common cognitive biases (confirmation bias, availability heuristic, etc.) B. Discussion of how these biases influence decision making C. Supporting evidence or examples from psychological research

V. Conclusion A. Summary of the main points discussed B. Restatement of the thesis statement C. Final thoughts or call to action for further research or consideration

Note: This is just a sample outline and can be modified based on the specific requirements or focus of your psychology essay. Ensure that each paragraph has a clear topic sentence and provides supporting evidence or examples to back up your claims.

Writing Style and Tone

When writing a psychology essay, it is important to pay attention to your writing style and tone to effectively communicate your ideas and engage your readers. Here are some key considerations for your writing style and tone:

• Clarity and Conciseness: Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas. Avoid unnecessary jargon or technical terms that may confuse your readers. Clearly define and explain any specialized terminology you do use.
• Formality: Maintain a formal and professional tone throughout your essay. Avoid using slang or informal language. Aim for an objective tone that focuses on presenting evidence and arguments in a logical manner.
• Precision and Accuracy: Be precise and accurate in your language and statements. Use specific terms and examples to support your arguments. Avoid generalizations or sweeping statements without proper evidence.
• Objectivity: While it is important to present and support your own arguments, maintain objectivity in your writing. Avoid personal opinions or biases that may weaken the credibility of your essay. Back up your claims with evidence from reputable sources.
• Cohesion and Coherence: Ensure that your essay flows smoothly between paragraphs and sections. Use clear transitions to connect ideas and maintain a logical progression throughout your essay.
• Proper Citations: When referencing research or sources, use proper citation styles such as APA or MLA. Follow the guidelines for in-text citations and include a comprehensive list of references at the end of your essay.

By embracing these writing style and tone guidelines, you can effectively convey your ideas, maintain credibility, and engage your readers in your psychology essay.

Writing an Introduction

The introduction of your psychology essay sets the stage for your entire paper and captures the reader’s attention. It should provide crucial background information and present your thesis statement. Here are some tips for writing an effective introduction:

• Grab the reader’s attention: Start with an attention-grabbing hook or opening sentence that piques the reader’s curiosity. This could be a surprising fact, a thought-provoking question, or a compelling anecdote.
• Provide context: Give a brief overview of the topic and its significance in the field of psychology. Explain why it is important to study or discuss this particular topic and how it relates to broader psychological concepts or theories.
• Background information: Provide relevant background information to give the reader a foundation for understanding your essay. This could include a historical overview, a summary of previous research findings, or a discussion of current debates or controversies.
• Thesis statement: Clearly state your thesis statement – the main argument or claim you will be making in your essay. Make sure it is concise, specific, and provides a clear focus for your essay.
• Preview the main points: Briefly outline the main points or arguments that you will be discussing in the body paragraphs. This helps the reader anticipate the structure of your essay and understand the key aspects you will be addressing.

By following these tips, you can craft an engaging and informative introduction that sets the tone for your psychology essay and captures the reader’s attention from the start. Remember to keep it concise and focused on the main objective of your paper.

Incorporating Theories and Concepts

When writing a psychology essay, it is essential to incorporate relevant theories and concepts to support your arguments and convey a comprehensive understanding of the topic. Here are some guidelines for effectively incorporating theories and concepts into your essay:

• Choose relevant theories: Identify the theories or concepts that are most applicable to your topic. Select those that are widely recognized and have empirical evidence supporting their validity.
• Explain the theories: Provide a clear and concise explanation of the chosen theories or concepts. Define key terms and outline the fundamental principles underlying the theories.
• Connect theories to your arguments: Demonstrate how the theories or concepts align with your arguments or claims. Explain how they provide a framework for understanding the phenomenon you are discussing.
• Provide examples and evidence: Support your discussion of theories with relevant examples or empirical evidence. These could come from research studies, case studies, or real-life examples that illustrate the application or relevance of the theories.
• Compare and contrast theories: If applicable, explore different theories or perspectives related to your topic. Highlight similarities and differences between theories and discuss their implications for understanding the topic.
• Critically analyze theories: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theories you are incorporating. Discuss any controversies or alternative viewpoints within the field.

By incorporating relevant theories and concepts into your psychology essay, you strengthen the foundation of your arguments and demonstrate a well-rounded understanding of the topic. Remember to cite your sources properly and use specific examples to enhance the clarity and persuasiveness of your essay.

Presenting and Analyzing Data

Data analysis is a critical component of a psychology essay, showcasing your ability to draw meaningful conclusions from research findings. Here are some guidelines for presenting and analyzing data effectively:

• Choose appropriate data: Select data that directly supports your arguments or research question. Ensure it is reliable, relevant, and from reputable sources.
• Data presentation: Organize and present your data in a clear and concise manner. Visual aids like graphs, charts, or tables can enhance understanding. Use proper labeling and titles to provide context.
• Interpret the data: Analyze the patterns, trends, or relationships within the data. Explain what the data implies or reveals about the topic being discussed.
• Use statistical analysis: If applicable, employ appropriate statistical analysis techniques to derive meaningful conclusions from the data. This may include calculating means, standard deviations, correlations, or performing inferential tests.
• Link data to your arguments: Connect the data to your main arguments or research question. Explain how the data either supports or challenges existing theories or concepts.
• Discuss limitations: Acknowledge any limitations or constraints of the data analysis. Address potential biases, sample size issues, or methodological limitations that may affect the interpretation of the data.
• Incorporate citations: Properly cite the sources of your data and any statistical analysis methods used. Ensure you adhere to the appropriate citation style, such as APA or MLA.

By effectively presenting and analyzing data, you can demonstrate your ability to interpret research findings and draw valid conclusions in your psychology essay. Remember to provide clear explanations, relate the data to your arguments, and critically evaluate any limitations of the data analysis.

Writing the Body of a Psychology Essay

The body paragraphs of your psychology essay provide an opportunity to delve deeper into your arguments and present supporting evidence or research. Here are some guidelines for effectively writing the body of your essay:

• Develop a clear structure: Organize your body paragraphs in a logical and coherent manner. Each paragraph should focus on a specific idea or argument related to your thesis statement.
• Present supporting evidence: Support your arguments with relevant evidence, such as research studies, experiments, or case examples. Use reputable sources and cite them appropriately.
• Discuss research findings: Summarize and critically analyze the research findings that support your arguments. Explain how these findings contribute to the understanding of the topic.
• Provide examples: Use real-world examples or case studies to illustrate your points. These examples help to make your arguments more concrete and relatable to the reader.
• Address counterarguments: Acknowledge and address counterarguments or alternative perspectives on the topic. Assess the validity of opposing viewpoints and explain why your arguments are more persuasive or credible.
• Use clear and concise language: Write in clear and concise language to effectively convey your ideas. Use appropriate terminology and define any specialized terms you introduce.
• Use transitional words and phrases: Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs by using transitional words and phrases. These help to maintain coherence and guide the reader through your arguments.

Remember to focus on one main idea per paragraph, provide sufficient evidence and analysis, and maintain a logical flow throughout the body of your psychology essay. With a well-structured and well-supported body, you can effectively present and substantiate your arguments.

Writing a Conclusion

The conclusion of your psychology essay is your final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on the reader. It should effectively summarize your main points, restate your thesis statement, and leave the reader with a clear understanding of your argument. Here are some guidelines for writing a strong conclusion:

• Summarize your main points: Briefly recap the main arguments or findings presented in the body of your essay. Ensure that the summary is concise and reflects the key aspects of your paper.
• Restate your thesis: Reinstate your thesis statement in a slightly different way, emphasizing the main points you have made throughout the essay. Avoid simply copying and pasting your original thesis statement.
• Provide a final thought or reflection: End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement, reflection, or possible implication of your argument. This can encourage the reader to consider the broader implications of the topic you have discussed.
• Address the significance: Highlight the significance of your research or argument in the broader context of psychology. Explain how your findings contribute to the existing knowledge or understanding of the topic.
• Avoid introducing new information: The conclusion is not the place to introduce new arguments or evidence. It should only summarize and synthesize the information already presented.
• End with a strong closing sentence: Finish your conclusion with a memorable and impactful closing sentence. This can leave a lasting impression on the reader and provide a sense of closure to your essay.

By following these guidelines, you can write a strong conclusion that effectively wraps up your psychology essay and leaves the reader with a sense of satisfaction and understanding.

Psychology Essay Example: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health

Introduction:.

Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, with millions of people spending a significant amount of time on platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. While social media offers numerous benefits, there is growing concern about its impact on mental health. This essay will explore the influence of social media on mental well-being, examining both the positive and negative effects.

One significant positive aspect of social media is its ability to foster social connections and support networks. Platforms like Facebook enable individuals to stay connected with friends and family, irrespective of geographical distance. Research has shown that maintaining strong social ties has a positive impact on mental health, reducing feelings of loneliness and improving overall well-being (Grieve et al., 2013). Moreover, social media platforms can serve as spaces for individuals to seek emotional support and find communities with shared interests or experiences.

However, the excessive use of social media can have detrimental effects on mental health. One prominent negative impact is the increased risk of developing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Studies have found a correlation between heavy social media usage and higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms (Primack et al., 2017). The constant exposure to carefully curated, highlight-reel versions of others’ lives can lead to social comparison and feelings of inadequacy or low self-esteem. Moreover, cyberbullying and online harassment on social media platforms can contribute significantly to psychological distress and adversely affect mental well-being.

Furthermore, the addictive nature of social media poses another concern. Studies have shown that the reward mechanisms triggered by social media use can lead to compulsive behaviors and online addiction (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017). Excessive use of social media can result in neglecting real-world relationships, declining academic or occupational performance, and experiencing symptoms of withdrawal when unable to access social media platforms.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, social media has both positive and negative effects on mental health. While it can enhance social connections and support networks, excessive and addictive use can lead to increased levels of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. It is crucial to strike a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of social media usage. Individuals should be mindful of their social media consumption, manage their online interactions, and seek support offline when needed. Additionally, future research should focus on developing strategies to mitigate the negative impact of social media and promote mental well-being in the digital age.

References:

Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Tolan, G. A., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 604-609.

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311.

Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. Y., Rosen, D., … & Colditz, J. B. (2017). Social media use and depression and anxiety symptoms: A cluster analysis. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41(6), 670-678.

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629 Psychology Essay Topics & Examples

Struggle with essay writing on mental health, disorders, or overall well-being? Our team has prepared this list of psychology essay topics for high school and college students.

📃 Aspects to Cover in a Psychology Essay

🏆 best psychology essay examples & topics, 👍 good psychological essay topics, 🎓 simple & easy psychology essay topics, 📌 writing prompts about psychology, 🥇 most interesting psychological essay topics, ✍️ exciting psychology topics to write about, ❓ psychology essay questions.

At the core of every excellent psychology essay are the writer’s comprehensive knowledge and ability to structure it into bite-sized clusters of information.

While it is evident that your topic is your guiding line, you should not limit yourself to focusing only on the information you are including. Instead, you should try to cover all aspects of essay writing in your paper, from facts and their sources to writing strategies.

Psychology Essay Topics

From self-analysis and obedience to nonverbal communication and various mental disorders, most subjects may seem interrelated and reflective of each other.

Your search for an issue that is yours should begin with analyzing psychology essay prompts, such as:

• What branch of psychology interests you most?
• Which theorists have contributed to this branch?
• Which issues and mechanisms have they outlined?
• Is there adequate supplementary research on these problems?
• What is the opinion of contemporary academia on these subjects?
• Do you want to build upon existing arguments or attempt to critique?

After this, you can analyze what resonates with you, for example, a particular theory or a specific personality, and you can begin writing a thesis statement for your paper.

Pre-writing

Doing your research beforehand helps you get an understanding of how to develop your central theme. Your bibliography and your used titles demonstrate not only your credibility but also the approach you have regarding your subject.

A well-versed reader may even draw a correct conclusion regarding which theorists have influenced your work, even if you did not explicitly state them in your paper, judging by your used sources.

Therefore, be selective in choosing what books and journals to use for your essay and include only those that help advance your pre-written thesis statement.

Referencing information from books and journals is an essential aspect of writing an essay, as this demonstrates the soundness of your ideas per the academic viewpoint on your subject.

Psychology Essay Structure

Your essay may only be as good as the outline you create for it. When you divide your work into thematic blocks, you can begin to see which topics are lacking in development and may need extra attention.

Furthermore, when you split your work up, it becomes easier to write and create interconnected paragraphs. Who takes on the role of the appraiser, the used mechanism, and the personal and social implications of it are all examples of dissecting social evaluation into smaller problems.

Addressing each of these blocks in separate paragraphs helps maintain a coherent yet exciting narrative.

• Your introduction should give your audience a brief overview of the issue that you will develop throughout the next pages;
• Your conclusion should summarize your findings, effectively outlining the outcome of your work per your thesis statement;
• The body paragraphs between your introduction and conclusion, as per you outline, should each address a single theme, creating a unique, interflowing narrative.

If you are not sure how to do this, then read an available psychology essay example to gain a better understanding of how to develop your theme.

Sample papers are an excellent way to jump-start your writing, as you can see for yourself, which approaches to essay wiring work and do not, respectively implementing or removing them from your essay.

Need more help before you can get started? Use IvyPanda for all your essay-writing needs!

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• Psychology in Movies: Stephen Chbosky’s Wonder Therefore, this film is a perfect example of how psychology can be integrated into a movie to raise the audience’s awareness and morale.
• Research Methodologies in Industrial Psychology Also, the matrix clearly illustrates that the choice of a particular methodology is shaped by the type of the research to be undertaken.
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorders: Psychological Assessment PTSD was adopted by experts in the third revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders to replace terms like “shell shock, nervous shock, and combat fatigue” that described the response to traumatic […]
• Bipolar Disorder Psychological Assessment She is from a nuclear family, both her parents are alive, and she also has two brothers and three sisters. She is the second child in the family.
• Freud’s Anxiety Neurosis – Psychology The objective of this study is to expose Freud’s anxiety neurosis and to provide a comprehensive approach as to the causes, treatments, and symptoms of the anxiety neurosis.
• Psychologist William Sheldon: Theories and Methods Sheldon did not belong to the so-called pseudo-scientists, as he put the ancient points of view of the affiliation between the type of body and temperament on sheltered basics. The last type of body and […]
• Mahler’s and Winnicott’s Contributions to Psychology Their theories are merely concentrated on the methods of disturbed children treatment through the involvement of psychoanalysis; the theorists are focused on the aspect of mother-infant interrelation and stages of infant’s development through the mother’s […]
• Paraphilias in Men and Women From Psychological Perspective The psychoanalytic theory clearly indicates that paraphilic disorder is a function of psychological abuse and other factors that are yet to be established.
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – Psychology This paper mainly addresses some of the characteristics of OCD, what contribute it, the kind of people who are likely to attract the disease, types of treatment of the disorder, and how it affects a […]
• Contribution Ancient Great Thinkers to the Growth and Development of Psychology Then, the relationship between the mind and the body perplexed ancient philosophers and this led to the development of psychology as an independent field of knowledge that considers both philosophy of the mind and physiology […]
• Forensic Psychology: Death Notifications Importance It is very important to surround the surviving relatives with compassion and understanding during the initial shock that follows the dreadful news. The purpose of delivering death notifications in person is to provide compassion.
• Psychology of Happiness in the World Psychology of happiness touches on various fields of social and cultural life and seeks to interfere with the lives of individuals for improving their talents and endowing their normal existence with greater meaning.
• Adler’s Individual Psychology The paper highlights the most frequent criticisms of Adler’s theory and concludes by reasserting the significance of Adler’s Individual Psychology. This paper will engage in an in-depth review of Alfred Adler and his contributions to […]
• Social Psychological Concepts in “The Hangover” When Alan wins the money, Phil acknowledges Alan’s skills, as he realizes that it is a form of support to the person in search for a friendship.
• Psychological vs. Physical Continuity Theory In the analysis of psychological continuity theory, there is a variety of views on the roles of the soul and body in a person’s development.
• Theory of Multiple Intelligences – Psychology Binet and Simon later revised their work in 1916 to incorporate the concept of mental age and concluded that intelligence varies depending on mental age.
• Definitions of Intelligence in Psychology In this case, there are various items that can be used to test the emotional and physical aspects of an individual.
• Humanistic and Sociocultural Psychological Approaches From a sociocultural perspective in psychology, the lack of external influence and the specificity of ethnicity can cause the child’s behavior. In the sociocultural approach, the psychologist has to work with him as a teacher, […]
• The Phases of a Crime and Their Importance in Psychological Profiling Attempt and accomplishment, the third and fourth phases of a crime respectively, differ in the sense that an attempt is a failed crime.
• Industrial and Organizational Psychology Theory Industrial/organizational psychology is a field that applies psychology principles to the workplace.It can be used to solve issues that occur in the organizational context.
• Attitudes and Behavior in Social Psychology In the light of the social psychology theory, attitudes and behaviors are reciprocally related. Thus, attitudes, under the condition that they are already formed, guide the behavior of a person in a certain direction.
• “The Black Balloon” From a Psychological Perspective It goes without saying that the health of each individual, in particular, depends not only on them but also on the attitude of the surroundings and the action of the governments in corresponding existing situations.
• Psychology: Factors of Success in Life and Career One of the most researched elements about success is the factors that drive people to pursue it. Success is often associated with a positive mental attitude, which triggers the desire to be successful in whatever […]
• Psychological Test Selection Factors and Tools Therefore, this essay explores the concept of psychological testing and assessment in a bid to find out how counselors select the kind of psychological tests to administer, the factors they consider when doing so, and […]
• Serial Killer Psychology: Eileen Wuornos Eileen was a woman without remorse as she was not bothered by the death of her victims. It is said that her intention was to capture the attention of the man she was dating.
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology The vastness of the field requires a practitioner to have a wider knowledge on industrial psychology itself, and also basic knowledge of the company’s operations as well as the cultural background of its employees.
• The Psychology of Addictive Behavior This is because of the debilitating effect the activity has on society and the individual. This report will concentrate on the factors of addictions that cause serious harm to society.
• Conformity as a Social Psychology Concept In that regard, it can be described as the scientific study of people’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in the company of others or the context of society.
• Crimes in Biological, Psychological, Sociological Theories With the course of time, people also started paying attention not to the very commitment of crimes but to the triggers that made a person act in a particular way.
• Role and Importance of Personal Ethics in Psychology The role of personal ethics in psychology in relation to the American psychological association is intended to guide psychologists and standard professionals to guide them in their decision making and conduct at work.
• Combatants: Psychology and Christianity Disciplines Moreover, I can learn from the Secular combatants how to defend the opinion I hold, and this can extend to values as well.
• Introduction to Psychological Testing Achievement and Aptitude Tests Is commonly practiced in educational as well as employment set ups, since they tend to measure the scope of understanding of a given knowledge.
• Consumer Behaviour and Psychological Motives In this case, it is assumed that the satisfaction of the consumer is dependent on the performance of the product or the perceptions of the consumer in relation to the product, and the motivations that […]
• Saddam Hussein Psychological Analysis The following paper provides a summary of some of the relevant points in Post’s political profile of the leader during three periods of crisis in Hussein’s life and in the history of Iraq.
• Good Parents Traits and Raising Children – Psychology Some of the traits of a good parent include being a good listener, readiness to guide, self-discipline, setting time aside to spend with the children, and meeting the physical needs of children. In addition, good […]
• Economic Crisis and Its Social and Psychological Constraint The failure of large businesses, decrease in consumers’ wealth and demand, and a considerable decline of economic activities also led to the social, cultural, and moral crisis due to the rise of unemployment.
• Psychological Theories Explaining Violent Crime Genetic influences refer to the blueprints for behavior that are contained in a person’s chromosomes. It is theoretically possible for a person to carry genes that influence behavior; the behavior they express would be the […]
• Forensic Psychology, Its Tasks and Importance Forensic psychology is the subspecialty in professional psychology that studies various aspects of the legal system and law in terms of psychological practice.
• Treatment of Psychological Disorders It upsets the balance of the body, and the restoration of it requires the calming down of the chemical reaction in the body, as well as the change in a person’s thinking.
• Justine’s Psychological State in “Melancholia” The planet is representation of the anger. The planet is representation of Justine’s anger and the Earth is Justine’s ego.
• “Turns of the Screw”: The Psychology of the Story The author presents the story as a sequence of events that really existed, however, in this paper we will provide the argument that the reliability of the narrator can be argued and that ghost was […]
• “Mindset: The New Psychology of Success” by C. Dweck Carol Dweck, the author of Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, believes that it can. The growth mindset is something that can be acquired, and it can improve one’s quality of life.
• Psychological and Sociological Theories in Life People tend to behave in a way that is beneficial for the development of the system. This theoretical paradigm explains people’s choice to obtain the higher education as this enables them to contribute to the […]
• Love and Memory From a Psychological Point of View The commonly known love types include affection, passionate love, friendship, infatuation, puppy love, sexual love, platonic love, romantic love and many other terms that could be coined out to basically describe love.
• Mind-Body Debate: Monism and Dualism in Psychology As a result, it is almost impossible to find the answer that can address the views of all philosophers and psychologists who are interested in determining the nature of the mind and body interaction.
• Social Psychology: Definition, Aspects and Theories In contrast, social psychology is the study of the causes of behavior and mental attitudes. Social psychology deals with the study of how different contexts influence human behavior, feelings, thoughts, and other mental states.
• Abraham Maslow, the Father of Humanistic Psychology From the above pyramid, Maslow contributed immensely to the field of psychology because he impacted people’s perception of psychology by introducing the concept of humanistic psychology.
• Abnormal Psychology Case Study: General Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder is one of the anxiety disorders caused by abnormalities in the functioning of brain chemicals such as neurotransmitters.
• Mary Whiton Calkins and Her Impact on Modern Psychology In order to expand her knowledge of psychology, Mary had to take a year’s studies in psychology prior to her teaching in the same field.
• Environmental Design Psychology Theory The scientific approach of this sphere is aimed at developing the multidisciplinary focus, which will involve the aspects of human behavior, perception of colors and elements of design, and how people will develop the approaches […]
• Albert Bandura: An Eminent Psychologist At the school, Bandura notes that most of the learning was left to the initiative of the students as there was lack of teachers as well as resources.
• Psychological Issues in “Fight Club” by Palahniuk The story focuses upon an unnamed narrator who struggles to find a sense of fulfillment in a world in which personal fulfillment is supposed to be accomplished through making the right purchases and having access […]
• Clinical Psychology: Career Pathway The purpose of the report is to present an overview of the ideal job and industry in which I would like to work in the future.
• Atychiphobia, or the Fear of Failure in Psychology Putting it simply, the fear of failure is the incapability to suppress the anxious and irrational feeling of fear that, as a result, affects one’s life.
• Forensic Psychology in the Criminal Justice System To evaluate the competency of a defendant, the forensic psychologist is guided by the scientific principles espoused in the field of psychological science.
• Critical Thinking Role in the Clinical Psychology These activities and conducts may lead a psychologist to identify the mental activities in the brain of the individual. Clinical psychologists specialization is founded on the framework the individual takes in training to become a […]
• Psychological Tests, Their Types and Users The projective test on the other hand is ambiguous and the respondent has to answer unstructured questions. The use of psychological tests in research is divided into three.
• Psychology in Everyday life While some individuals may think of psychology as a course that is only important to students, therapists or everyone else that is interested in the field of psychology, knowledge in psychology is actually helpful to […]
• Personality Tests in the Field of Psychology In addition to that, the test’s questions touch on various aspects of a person’s life thus analyzing their personality from different angles.
• Leadership and Organizational Psychology of Vince Lombardi The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator is one of the most renowned personality tests an individual can use to assess one’s leadership journey.
• Physiological Psychology Definition The nervous system affects behavior through the brain; it is the signals that are sent via its tendons to the brain that will affect the behavior of an individual.
• Psychological Perspectives: Jason’s Life Case However, the real self Jason was a man who tended to isolate himself from family and have inferiority complex along with unrecognized homosexual tendencies. Moreover, Jason did not feel parental support because of the conditions […]
• Psychologists and Assessments Related to Death Sentence The paper aims to explore human rights related to the controversy and the ethical implications associated with the dispute. On the contrary, these psychologists may be ordered to give an evaluation of the psychological retardation […]
• Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness Positive psychology is a science of positive features of the life of a human being, including happiness, welfare, and prosperity. According to him, happiness is freedom from pain in the body and a disturbance in […]
• The History Development of Psychology: The Understanding of Human Behavior The aim of the paper is to identify the reasons that have shaped and led to the development of the history of psychology.
• Psychology: Diana Baumrind’s Obedience Study The intensity of the electric shocks varied from the mild to the severe and it was Milgrams intention to understand the level of obedience that the experimenters would exhibit in carrying out the shocks, when […]
• Foolishness: Psychological Perspective Foolishness from a psychological perspective is defined as the inability to evaluate the situation clearly and one of the components that enable it is egocentrism.
• Bowen Family Systems Theory – Psychology In this context, the theory is relevant in demonstrating that the level of stress prevalent in the family due to alcoholism and irresponsible behavior of the family head is directly responsible for the development of […]
• The Psychology of Personality: Maya Angelou’s Case In this regard, the study of the life of Maya Angelou brings into sight different factors that contributed to her character and personality.
• Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling The author adds that the counselor needs spiritual maturity in a bid to get the client to the same level of maturity.
• Counseling Psychology in Dealing With Divorce One of the end results of divorce is the change of the emotional and mental state of an individual. Counseling was introduced in the country in the 1950s owing to the recognition of the vitality […]
• Definition of Cognitive Psychology The cognitive theory has been found to be a blend of the human and behavioral theories. Past research shows that the origin of cognitive psychology is in the behavior of a human being.
• Educational Psychology in Learning and Teaching Thus, this course has significantly helped me as a teacher in studying and applying modern research methodologies and suppositions, practices and plans which emphasize on the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods in improving […]
• Application of Clinical Psychology The nature of how influential an objective as a force on the body as well as the mind is very essential.
• Culturally Informed Psychological Assessment They do not posit a single culture, requiring the assessor to discern these cultures and their influence on a person’s psychological behavior.
• Relationship Between Psychology and Christian Faith Truly, I have realized that sincerity is found in Jesus discipleship and the study of persona, but the varying aspects guiding the honesty are the belief in Christ and analytical thinking.
• Psychology and Enduring Relationships In line with this view and drawing on the link between the length and benefits of coupling, it is important to understand the psychology of enduring relationships to predict the extent that people stay together.
• Cognitive Psychology – A Concept of Attention To illustrate this, when an individual is at the railway station to meet one’s relative, he or she is seeing the faces of many passengers from the train in which the person is going to […]
• The Relationship Between Religion and Abnormal Psychology But whose judgment will we use to separate the two contrasting elements of the psychology of normal and abnormal behaviors? Some religious beliefs permit the use of alcohol and it’s considered normal, yet others find […]
• Psychological Testing in Employee Screening The HRI is designed to examine relationships between the supervisor and the employees he/she is in charge of supervising. The instrument is designed to cover the philosophy, principles, and approaches related to the effective performance […]
• Current Trends in Psychological Research It is stressed that the cultural aspect is often neglected in clinical and counseling psychology, and the increase in awareness of diversity and cultural competence are likely to essentially improve assessment effectiveness and patient outcomes.
• Psychology in the “50/50” Hollywood Film The terror management theory is a psychological concept to describe the instinct of self-preservation present in all humans which drives motivation and behavior under the threat of mortality. A threatening stimulus in the form of […]
• Research in Industrial and Organizational Psychology Basic research in I/O psychology can be described as a study or research conducted in an organization with the aim of adding more scientific knowledge.
• Beck Depression Inventory in Psychological Practice Beck in the 1990s, the theory disrupted the traditional flow of Freudian theories development and introduced the audience to the concept of cognitive development, therefore, inviting psychologists to interpret the changes in the patient’s emotional […]
• Humans Behavior: Physical and Psychological Needs Physiological needs are essential in sustaining the lives of individuals because they ensure the well being of an individual in the short run and in the long run.
• Jury Selection Process Psychology The trial by jury exemplifies the way citizens of the country or state take part in the judicial system. The community survey is one of the concepts used by psychologists to choose jurors.
• Expectancy Theory in Motivation Psychology According to the theory suggested by Vroom, which would later on be called the Expectancy Theory, the behavior of a person is largely predetermined by the consequences that their behavior is going to have.
• Positive Living Skills by Terry Orlick He nurtures people, regardless of their age or culture, to be part of the transformation of the world to be a better place to live in.
• Introduction to Clinical Psychology This means that clinical psychology plays a vital role in promoting the development of mental and behavioral health of patients with mental disabilities.
• Social Anxiety Disorder Causes and Symptoms Also referred to as social phobia, social anxiety disorder is a psychological condition that is associated with the constant fear of surrounding social conditions.
• Kohut and Self Psychology and the Freudian Classical Model Kohut’s theory of self psychology by contrast returned human agency to the theory of personality and promoted a more dynamic interplay between the individual and his or her environment.
• Written and Psychological Contracts of Employment The basic indication of the existence of an employment contract is the consent of both the employee and the employer to fulfill their obligations, with the former willing to work with expectation of compensation from […]
• Positive Examples of Conformity and Obedience Psychology Social influence refers to the ability of an individual to influence another person or a group of people in according to one’s own will.
• The Psychology of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication On the other hand, one is to keep in mind that the main purpose of the kind of communication is to aid in the formulation of thoughts or ideas, which are expressed through speech.
• A Clinical Psychologist – Dr. Na’im Akbar As a faculty member, he also agitated for the introduction of courses in Black psychology that would also serve the interests of the black minority race.
• Functionalism School of Psychology John Dewey, the founder of functionalism, was the first to apply functionalism to social education and addressing social problems. James Angel, a student of Dewey, studied the functions of the mind and mental processes.
• Cognitive Psychology: Clarkston Industries Company’ Case This is one of the arguments that she can put forward to justify her decision about Jack’s status in the company.
• Psychology in Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” The reading of Gilman story’s few initial lines suggests that the reason why the narrator and her husband John decided to spend the summer in a secluded mansion is that this was supposed to help […]
• Inevitable Prejudice in Social Psychology Adorno supposes that the authoritarian personality is hostile to those of an inferior rank and servile to those of a higher rank.
• Personalistic and Naturalistic Approach in the History of Psychology Therefore, changes and progress occur due to the goals and charisma of individuals who changed the course of history. In contrast, naturalistic theory implies that social, intellectual, and cultural development depends on the Zeitgeist, the […]
• Psychology And Society In conflict resolution, the one heading the exercise has to have an understanding of the psychology of the conflicting parties. This is why a psychology scholar cannot afford to ignore the works of his/her predecessors.
• Multicultural Psychology as a Subspecialty of Psychology Over the past 30 years, the study of culture minority issues in the field of psychology has grown to what can now be seen as a significant and dynamic subspecialty in the context of American […]
• Environmental Psychology: The Impact of Interior Spaces on Childhood Development
• Sensation and Perception Studies in Psychology
• “On Psychological Oppression” by Sandra Bartky
• Professional Psychology: Importance of Confidentiality and Code of Conduct
• Generosity and Psychological Well-Being
• Personality Psychology: Cinderella’s Personality
• The Psychological Contract and Motivation
• History of Psychological Assessment: People’s Behavior in Terms of Their Skills
• Psychological Concepts in the Streisand’s Movie “Prince of Tides”
• Psychological Test Design Process
• Zeitgeist Influences on the Birth of Gestalt Psychology
• Ethical Dilemma in the Psychologists Career
• The Death Scenario: Positive Psychology
• Social Psychology of Modern Slavery
• Psychological Disposition in Sylvia Plath’s Poems
• Psychology: Chewing Gum’ Negative Effects
• Long-Lasting Marriage and Its Psychology
• Biology and Psychology in Behavior Explanation
• Psychological Testing and Assessment of Mental Disorders
• The Mind-Body Problem in the History of Psychology
• Adjustment Psychology: Issues and Strategies
• Humanistic and Existential Theories of Psychology
• Social Psychological Concepts of Bullying and Its Types
• The Principles and Theories of Organizational Psychology
• Maggie’s Character in “The Black Balloon”: Psychological Perspective
• Industrial/Organizational Psychology Project
• Statistics and Psychology
• Psychology of Sleep: Article Study
• Theories of Psychology: Behavioral, Cognitive, Developmental
• Fetishism: Psychological Sexual Disorder
• Personal Development: Psychological Difficulties, Sexuality
• Aspects of Psychology: Theories of Intelligence
• Structuralism, Functionalism and Cognitive Theory in Psychology
• Psychological Trauma, Development and Spirituality
• Human Emotions Psychology: Rooting in Biology or Culture
• “Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity” by David N. Entwistle
• Socio-Cultural Approach to Psychology
• Concept of the Theory of Behaviorism in Psychology
• Psychology in the Episode of Dr. Phil’s Show
• Psychological Concepts in “A Child Called “It” by Pelzer
• Psychological Interventions: Becoming a Helper
• Violations of Psychological Code of Conduct
• Sports Can Improve the Psychological Well-Being of People with Disability
• Environmental Issues, Psychology, and Economics
• Japanese Psychology as World-Renowned School of Thought
• Astrology as Pseudo-Psychology
• Character’s Psychology in “Jazz” by Toni Morrison
• Stroke Analysis: Psychology and Causes
• What Is Environmental Psychology?
• Psychology of Aggression and Violence
• The Impact of Psychological Problems on a Person
• Educational Psychology: Strong Points and Weaknesses
• Lifespan Development Psychology: Observation at Cosmo Park
• Psychology of Social Perception and Communication
• Egoism: Ethical and Psychological Egoism
• Psychology of Sexual Response Cycle
• Anorexia Nervosa in Psychological Point of View
• Psychology of Anakin and Padme From “Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith”
• Introduction to Psychology: Motivation and Emotion
• Community Psychology: Social Change and Justice
• ANOVA Test on the Level of Psychological Aggression
• Psychological and Psychosocial Support in Disaster Nursing
• Forensic Psychology’s Risk Assessment
• Behaviorism in Development of Psychology
• Noam Chomsky’s Contribution to Cognitive Psychology
• Psychology and Theology in Christian Counseling
• Gestalt Theory as a Psychological Perspective
• Psychological Traps in the Human Decision Making
• Psychological First Aid for Disaster Victims
• Technology in Psychological Assessment
• Workaholism Historical Background and Definition – Psychology
• Systematic Desensitization – Psychology
• Psychological Contract
• Humanist Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Positive Psychology
• Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology
• Introduction to Psychology: Rating Attractiveness: Consensus among Men, not Women, Study Finds
• Correctional Psychology and Its Procedures
• Freud and Jung Psychology
• Forensic Psychology: Television v. Reality
• Psychological Trauma: Treatment Planning
• Cross-Cultural Psychology Study
• Groupthink and Social Psychology
• Theories of Developmental Psychology
• Psychology of Personality: Theories
• Contemporary Issues in Clinical Psychology: The Future of Clinical Psychology
• Moral Development and Its Relation to Psychology
• Psychological Impacts of Sexual Abuse on Ryan
• Renee Baillargeon Biography and Her Contribution to the Developmental Psychology
• Psychology of Choice and Decision-Making
• Adolescent Consumer Psychology and Feedback Loop
• Martin Seligman’s “Flourish” and Modern Psychology
• Industrial Psychology in Employee Selection and Training
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner and his Influence on Psychology
• Influence Physical Environment on Human Psychology
• The Psychology of Personality: Counselling Process
• Positive Psychology and Chinese Culture
• Human Interaction With the Surrounding Environment
• Psychology Aspects in Spearman’s, Stenberg’s and Gardner’s Models of Intelligence
• Psychological Profile: Charles Manson
• Obesity: Psychological/ Sociological Issue
• Emerging Issues in Multicultural Psychology
• Behaviorism and Its Impact on Psychology
• Psychological Factors Affecting Sex Workers
• Psychology of Conflict Communication
• Socialization of Adolescents in Modern Psychology
• Goal Setting in Sport Psychology: Enhancing Athletes’ Performance and Building New Skills
• Understanding the Psychological Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Society
• Interview Research Profile: Psychological Profile
• Application of Psychology in Workplace Environment
• Psychological and Sociological Issues in Australian Tourism
• Chaim Potok: Psychological Transformation in “The Chosen”
• Cognitive Psychology: Culture and Cognition
• Cognitive Psychology: Intelligence and Wisdom
• Decision-Making in Cognitive Psychology
• Psychological Theories and Methods Behind Training of Service Animals
• Social Psychology of Attraction
• Depression as a Psychological Disorder
• Psychology in Childcare: Theory and Practice
• Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung
• Psychology Forces in Wilber’s “Spectrum of Consciousness”
• Learning Journal in the Social Psychology Study
• Psychological Safety in a Team Environment
• Individualism Versus Group Cognition in Psychology
• Forensic Psychology: Eyewitness Testimonies’ Unreliability
• Psychologist’s Roles in Criminal Justice System
• Positive Psychology and Academic Stress
• Psychological Perspectives and Schools of Thought
• Christine Ladd-Franklin’s Contribution to the Psychology
• Infants’ Psychology and Development
• Cognitive Psychology Development Important Milestones
• Developmental Psychology: Designing Educational Toys
• Adolescence and Adulthood Developmental Stages – Psychology
• “The Power of Habit” by Charles Duhigg – Psychology
• Involvement of Psychologists in Military Interrogations
• Psychological Issues: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Psychology Issues: Group Survival in Extreme Situations
• Psychology Research and Its Methods
• The Effect of HRM Practices on Psychological Contract in Organisation
• Psychological Testing Tools: Intelligence Tests
• African American Culture: Psychological Processes
• Child Psychology Development
• Influence of Heavy Metal Music on Adolescence (Behavior, Identity, Mood, Regulation, Psychology)
• Research Methods in Psychology
• Childhood Friendship and Psychology
• Forensic Psychology Role in the Investigation of Crime
• Developmental Theories in Psychology
• Psychological Testing in the Workplace
• The Philosophy of Psychology
• Contemporary Issues in Cultural & Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Sex Addiction as a Psychological Disorder
• Cognitive Psychology Definition and Concept
• Relationship Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being Among Greek People With Physical Disabilities
• Retrieval Learning in Cognitive Psychology
• The Use of Creativity in Psychology
• Cross-Cultural Psychology in Contemporary Psychiatry
• Benefits of Learning Psychosomatics as Branches of Clinical Psychology
• Modern Psychological Counseling
• Evolutionary Psychology and Christian Worldview
• Psychological Concept of Processing Stimuli
• Psychological Analysis of Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper
• Introducing the World of Psychology
• The Organizational Project: Psychological Needs Application Development
• Amundson on Hedonic Psychology, Disability, and Life Quality
• Psychology of Personality: Role Models
• Biological Psychology: Lesion Studies and Depression Detection
• “Researching and Practicing Positive Psychology…” by Wang
• Drug Abuse and Its Psychological Effects
• Psychology: Areas of Application
• Social Psychology and Personality: Lessons Learnt
• Positive Psychology Intervention for Ageing Population
• Effects of Different Music on Psychological State
• Psychological Conditions in Addition to Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory
• Post-Fordism: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology: The Effects of Memory Conformity
• Correctional Psychology’s Impact on the Penitentiary System
• Psychological Concepts: Nature vs. Nurture
• Human Psychology: Fulfilling Internal Needs
• Developmental Psychology of an Immigrant Family
• Psychological Traits in Consumer Spending Habits
• Social Justice in Counseling Psychology
• Adulthood and Puberty Psychology
• Psychology: Proposed Implementation and Evaluation Plan
• Forensic Psychologist’s Role in Homicide Investigation
• Clinical and Counseling Psychology
• Psychology: The Aftermath of a Death
• Psychological Testing and Assessment
• Ethics: Informational and Psychological Security of the Individuals
• Test (Gender) Bias in Psychology
• The Via Classification Test as a Psychological Tool
• The Role of Technology in the Psychology Profession
• Psychological Counseling and Psychotherapy
• Some Basic Propositions of a Growth and Self-Actualization Psychology
• Anorexia as Social and Psychological Disease
• The Impact of Technology Development on the Adolescence Psychology
• Psychological Determinants of Adolescent Predisposition to Deviant Behavior
• Psychological Approaches: Applying to Personal Life
• SOAP Case-Notes: Psychological Rehabilitation
• Testing and Evaluation in Psychological Research
• Psychological Theories of Grandfather’s Development
• Application of Cognitive Psychology
• Screening Survey in Psychological Science
• Causes of Premature Termination of Psychological Treatment
• Celebrities’ Psychological States: Diagnoses Are Not Cut and Dry
• Bipolar Disorder: A Major Psychological Issue in America
• The Psychological and Physiological Effects of Cannabis
• Socio-Psychological Trust Issues in Youth
• Researching of Abnormal Psychology
• Culture, Emotions, and Psychology Relationships
• Developmental Psychology as Scientific Study
• Exam Anxiety as Psychological Disorder
• Child Psychology Research and Ethics
• Historical Impact of Psychology on Human Resource Management
• Psychological and Psychiatric Diagnoses in a Patient with Multiple Symptoms
• Developmental Psychology Analysis
• Psychology Powered HRM Practice: Meteor Cargo Limited
• Sexting and Its Psychological Consequences
• Psychological Health Issues Among Veterans
• The Psychological Well-Being of Nurses During COVID-19
• The Role of Psychological Support in Teaching
• The Origin of Psychological Disorders: Freud and Adler’s Perspectives
• Psychological Imbalance: Mental Health Issues
• Psychology and the Nature of Human Conduct
• Biological and Psychological Factors Influencing Drug Experiences
• Adolescent Development: Adolescent Psychology
• Childhood Trauma Long-Term Psychological Outcomes
• Psychology of Type A and Type B Personalities
• Controversial Experiment in Psychology History
• Psychology Development in Mexico
• Applications of Positive Psychology in Healthcare
• Developing a Psychology-Related Career Plan
• Stress as an Important Psychological Issue
• The Eye-to-Eye Project’s Importance for Psychology
• Psychological Health Disparities in Children
• Psychologists and Interrogations
• Psychology: The Little Albert Experiment
• The Consciousness of the Psychological and Physical Effects of Nursing
• Stigma and Psychological Distress in HIV Caregivers
• Rising Interest in Psychology and Psychology Degree
• Urie Bronfenbrenner, a Psychological Researcher
• Psychology in Human Resource Management
• Socio-Psychological Factors of Abortion in Women of Different Age Groups
• Expectations From Psychological-Sociological Course
• Psychological Experiments on Videogames and Theater
• Psychological Disorders Analysis
• Psychology and Personality: The Main Theories
• Misconducts and Self-Care in Psychology Professionals’ Activities
• Device Use and Psychological Disorders: Regression Model
• The Midlife Crisis in Developmental Psychology
• Human Consciousness in Philosophy of Psychology
• Jury Psychology and Decision Criticism
• Psychological Issues of Independent Living
• Future Ways for Helping People With Psychology
• The Relevance of Relational Self-Psychology
• The Psychological Impacts of Rape and Potential Interventions
• Evolutionary Psychology and Psychological Anthropology
• The Psychology of Evil Analysis
• Self-Assessment Test in Psychology
• The Psychological Nature of Memory
• The Discrepancy Between an Original Psychological Article and Its Representation
• Humanistic Psychology and Its Main Ideas
• Group Influence as a Social Psychology Issue
• Using Psychological Tests in the Employer’s Decision-Making Process
• Psychology in Sports: Tradition of Stoicism in Sports
• Researching of Criminal Psychology
• Ethical and Psychological Egoism
• Abortion and Its Physical and Psychological Effects
• Psychological Practice in Health Centers
• Sports Psychologists and Chaplains
• Mental Disorders: Biological-Psychological Perspectives and Psychotropic Medications
• Christian Spirituality: Integration Into Sports Psychological Practices
• Emotional and Psychological Impact on Illness Outcomes
• Sports Chaplaincy and Psychology Collaboration
• Physical Health Problems and Psychological State
• Criminology and Psychological Profiling Approaches
• Sex Offence: The Role of Psychological Disorder
• Discussion of Psychological Imbalance
• Consequences of Pandemic COVID-19: The Psychological Climate in the Family
• Psychological Wellness and Mental Health
• My Lot in Life: Psychological Aspects of Education
• Vincent van Gogh: A Brilliant Psychologist and Poet of Art
• Community Psychologists as Agents of a Social Change
• Changing Racial Identity: A Psychological Aspect
• Architectural Development Design: Environmental Psychological Implications
• “The Social Psychology of Compassion” by Radey and Figley
• Psychological Therapy: Borderline Personality Disorder
• Psychological Foundations of Criminal Behavior
• Adolescence and Young Adulthood in Educational Psychology
• Positive Psychology’s Influence on the Self
• Psychological Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
• How Psychological Science Aligns With Biblical Truth About Self-Handicapping?
• Hewlett-Packard: Application of Cross-Cultural Psychology
• A Career in Counseling Psychology
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Why I Study Psychology (10 Essays)

Why I Study Psychology  is a collection of short essays. Each student explains their motivation for choosing psychology.

Psychology students are often motivated by personal experiences and a wish for healthier, happier communities. The essays demonstrate the value from having a vision for your career – whether it’s detailed or “big picture” – before you start a psychology degree. Having a long-term goal in mind offers a reliable source of study motivation.

Why I Chose Psychology Essays

As part of a national essay competition, current and future psychology students were asked to explain their study motivation. Each student describes in 250 words or less (a) why I chose psychology as a major and (b) how I’m motivated to succeed at psychology studies. The best, most inspiring essays are published here.

1. Motivation

We all know that there will almost always be something to do that sounds much more appealing than our studies, so why do we study if there is something better? Motivation, that’s why. Everyone has their own motivating factor that keeps them in line with studying. Mine is pretty general and that is my future.

I have dreams of becoming a psychologist and helping people throughout my life. I also have a huge passion for American Sign Language. I plan to merge these two goals into one for my future career. I don’t want to be just any psychologist, I want to be a psychologist that is open to Deaf people and hearing people alike.  I want Deaf people to feel comfortable coming to me without the need of a third person interpreter who is usually a stranger . Many Deaf people feel uncomfortable visiting a psychologist because of the need for a third person. I plan to make a step towards breaking that barrier by being able to sign or speak with any patient who comes to me.

With all these huge goals I know that I have to be very on top of studies and make sure I continue to stay on track and do my best. All of these reasons put together make up my ideal future and therefore my motivation to study.

~ Hannah Reis, Palomar College

Related: Human Psychology: Study of Mind and Behavior

2. My Dream

We live in a world filled with hurt and suffering, and a place that is not equal for all. My dream is to leverage my unique set of skills, abilities, privileges, resources, and knowledge in a way that increases equality and privilege for all (not just people with white skin). I am pursuing a degree in Industrial and Organizational Psychology which combines psychology and business.

I feel most alive when I am volunteering with my family at The Christian Children’s Home of Ohio (CCHO) which is a non-profit orphanage for children. I love working with the children there, and it hurts my heart when I see them being forced to leave once they are eighteen without any further aid or support. Consequently, after gaining work experience in applying psychology principles to the business world, I intend to establish a non-profit organization . This entity will support young adults from foster care or orphanages, providing them with essential skills and emotional support as they transition to adulthood. Once they have turned eighteen the government will no longer provide very much aid to them; I want to supply them with the additional skills and services that they need to make it in the real world, and give them the emotional support that they may not have.

One of the main services I want to provide them is taking them to do mission work because the best way to grow as a person and gain perspective is through service and travel. When college gets hard, I hold on tight to this dream because I know my studies will help me achieve this dream.

~ Alyssa Powers, The University of Akron

Related: Different Fields of Psychology Study

3. A Catalyst for Change

The incredible transformation I have experienced through the power of therapeutic relationships motivates me to immerse myself in my studies and move closer towards my goal of becoming a psychologist. Recognizing how the quality of my own life has been profoundly enhanced by self-reflection, the invaluable lesson of how to learn from suffering, and coming to a deeper understanding of who I am, encourages me to try and be a catalyst for this kind of change in other’s lives. I’m motivated to empower people to feel confident enough in who they are that they don’t feel the need to bring others down.

When life as a student feels exceptionally challenging, I remind myself of the impact that the work I wish to practice has on people’s lives and those around them. I strongly believe large scale change happens on the individual level first, and if we want to see a world where we value the earth and all the people living on it, we have to do the work with ourselves first.  I want to help people in their transformation towards becoming more unconditionally loving, tolerant, and compassionate people . I think when people are more comfortable with, and accepting of, who they are, they are consequently kinder and more loving towards those around them. Encouraging this kind of growth first on an individual level, and ultimately on a global level, motivates me to not only get through, but thrive within my program.

~ Hannah Freund, California Institute of Integral Studies

Related: What Does a Psychologist Do?

4. Reshaping Mental Health

People who are given psychiatric diagnoses experience some of the worst prejudice and discrimination. They are more likely to be the victims of violence, have a harder time securing jobs and housing, and constantly come face-to-face with the harmful stereotypes that state that these individuals are violent and unpredictable. As such, much research needs to be done to understand the cause of such distress, as well as to develop effective interventions and achieve healthy minds.

Our current mental health paradigm, which views distress as primarily biological and best treated medically, has unfortunately increased stigma and disability rates related to mental health. I was one of the fortunate few who was able to pursue a college degree despite being given a severe diagnosis and a hopeless prognosis. However, I know that much of my success has been due to luck and privilege, and  the opportunities that I have been afforded are an exception, not a rule. I am striving to change that.

It is my hope that, through increased research and advocacy, society can come to understand that extreme distress is often a message about something that is wrong in a person’s world, and as such, is profoundly meaningful and can be understood. Furthermore, by understanding the psychosocial origins of distress – trauma, poverty, inequality, etc. – we can refocus upstream and create policies that protect against these stressors in the first place.

~ name withheld, Mount Holyoke College

Related: Is Psychology a STEM Major? Science vs Social Science

5. C’s Get Degrees

It is said that “C’s get degrees”, but that isn’t enough for me. C’s show an average amount of work, an average amount of time, an average amount of effort. “Average” is not something that I want to be known as. I want to be known as the girl who kept moving forward, went above and beyond, and never looked back. My driving force is making my family proud and reaching my ultimate goal—becoming a school psychologist.

I am the very first in my family to attend college. Every time the topic of school or my future is mentioned, I can see on their faces that they are overwhelmed with pride. When I received my Associate’s degree, seeing my grandpa cry made me realize how special my academic journey is to them. They have given up so much and have supported me in every way, making them proud is the very least I could do in return.

Becoming a school psychologist has been my dream career since I was in middle school.  The thought of being able to connect and help a child grow both academically and socially is the greatest reward I could ever receive . Every time I am procrastinating typing a paper, not studying when I know I should have, or wanting to give up on a difficult problem, I think about my end goal. Making a difference to even just one child will make all of school worth it.

~ Haleigh Cordeiro, California Polytechnic State University

Related: How Long Does It Take to Get a Psychology Degree?

6. Find Your Unconscious

Psychologists have discovered reasons, stages, and correlations among our biopsychosocial make-up. Over the centuries, they have managed to explain why humans experience what occurs in everyday life. They provide answers when we have questions about ourselves; it is for this reason that I strive to major in psychology.

I believe that I can make people in my environment, as well as myself, healthier by providing some sense of clarity whenever life situations become foggy. My dream is to someday become a successful industrial-psychologist. Why not a clinical psychologist, you might ask? While working one-on-one with individuals who are struggling would definitely be rewarding, I believe I can have a greater impact by helping larger groups . This dream of mine to become an industrial-psychologist would allow me to make the environment of common day people the most comfortable and enjoyable one.

Through the study of psychology, I will be able to know what qualities are the most necessary to enrich the daily lives of people and ensure that I apply them to my work. What drives me? The fact that I have seen psychologists help my family make sense of one of the most difficult things that we have gone through. Psychologists helped my sister facing anorexia nervosa deal with her disorder and helped my family become a strong support system to aid my sister’s recuperation. I want to know that I can help other people, psychology will open the doors to this dream of mine.

~ Iridian, Cal State University of Long Beach

Related: Clinical Psychologist

7. My Dream

Over 22 million children in the United States do not live with their biological mother and father and reside with their grandparents. This means that 3 percent of children living in America face the same situation as me. My father and mother were teenagers when they had me, so raising a baby girl was a difficult task for them. Neither of my parents went to college either, so having me took a toll on their lives. For the both of them, college was an opportunity to better their education and be successful, but with me, that would have been harder for them. Living with my grandparents was the best option for me.

I am currently experiencing teenage life and I can understand why raising a child, when you are only a child yourself, is a daunting responsibility. I commend my parents for choosing to provide a better life for me, actively shielding me from adversity and their own struggles.  When I enter college, my goal is not just to pass my classes, it is to make something of myself . I know my parents would want that for me.

My dream is to work up to my doctorate and become a psychiatrist, fulfilling every opportunity and experience that comes my way. Psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung once said “I am not what happened to me, I am what I choose to become”, and through my hardship, I choose to overcome and prepare for my destiny.

~ Nina Grizzle

Related: How to Become a Psychologist

8. Art Therapy

My love for psychology began my junior year when I took the AP course. What was supposed to be a schedule-filling elective credit accidentally grew into a genuine fascination.  I found myself going above and beyond the curriculum purely out of curiosity . My interest in what we were discussing in class every day would often send me down long, thought-provoking paths that motivated me to hunt down explanations to the answers of questions I didn’t know I had. But once I had the answers, they seemed to be demanding further explanation, and I was always more than happy to oblige.

With my future education in this field, I aim to innovate art therapy techniques that directly aid individuals with mental disorders and cognitive declines. I feel that experimenting with the effects that art has on people’s brain chemistry will open up a new type of therapy that can be clinically prescribed. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, approximately 52.9 million adults in the United States suffer from mental illnesses. This new form of therapy could possibly improve the mental state of the millions of people impacted while inspiring the creation of art.

~ Taylor Himes, University of Texas San Antonio

Related: Psychology Symbol Ψ (Psi or Trident): Greek Text and Images

9. If You Put Your Mind To It

For as long as I can remember, I knew that I wanted to make a difference in the world. I knew that the first step was to attend an accredited university, and that university happens to be Michigan State. I went into college with the dream of becoming a doctor, however, I had a change of heart.

At the beginning of my freshmen year, the unthinkable happened. My dad committed suicide. My world came crashing down. It was a complete shock. My dad always kept all his feelings masked. I never knew what he was going through, and everyday I regret not paying closer attention. Not a day goes by where I don’t think about him. If only I had known. I could’ve done something. That experience then motivated me to change my major to psychology.

I’ve always wanted to make a difference, and now I know exactly how to achieve that dream. I aim to support those enduring what my dad went through.  I want to be there for them, to help them overcome their inner demons. I want to let them know that their lives are worth living.  Losing a family member to suicide is one of the most detrimental events that anyone can ever endure, and if I can one day prevent someone from experiencing that, then I would have accomplished my goal; I will make a difference.

~ Kayla Harper, Michigan State University

Related: Is Psychology a Hard Major?

10. Motivated by God to Help Others

I’ve heard from so many different people how difficult college can be. Late nights, big tests, difficult and early classes, that doesn’t even sound like fun. The only thing that keeps me moving towards college is the idea of being able to help other people when I graduate.

In December of 2016 I travelled halfway around the world to the Philippines. While I was there I met 15 wonderful children with horrible backgrounds. The love these children missed out on for so many years is heartbreaking. My future goal is to study Psychology and Religion at Liberty University.

The dream that keeps me motivated to go back to school is the chance to help many , not just children, but anyone who needs a listening ear and a voice to discuss their problems. People need more people to care and who want to listen. If people would feel the love that God made for them this world would be a much better place.

~ Trinity Rake, Liberty University

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Home Essay Samples

Essay Samples on Psychology

The majority of college students who have to deal with essays about Psychology are not necessarily future specialists in Psychology or Healthcare. Just think about modern business studies or marketing where leadership qualities must be studied. The same relates to Criminology or Forensic Research assignments where the use of psychology becomes essential. It provides modern learners with a plethora of ideas that can be explored. If you are stuck and need inspiration, focus on the free psychology essay examples that we provide for you. The list of subjects that are presented ranges from the theorists to case study samples to help you understand the difference between various essay types. Remember that your introduction part will always depend on your target audience and the level of knowledge they have. It means that you should provide statistical data or study reports only to an extent that will be sufficient for your methodology or academic objectives. See how it has been done in the free samples that we offer by reading actual writing. These are only provided as templates that you should use for inspirational and educational purposes. As you compose your own Psychology essay, keep things unique and always provide relevant references.

Why Psychology Major: Understanding the Human Mind

Why psychology major? This question lies at the heart of my academic journey, drawing me toward a field that offers a profound exploration of the intricacies of human behavior, cognition, and emotions. The decision to major in psychology is driven by a deep curiosity about...

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Why Psychology: Exploring the Fascinating Depths of the Human Mind

Why psychology? This simple yet profound question has intrigued many curious minds over the years, including mine. The allure of psychology lies in its ability to delve into the intricate complexities of human behavior, cognition, and emotions. As a field that bridges science and humanity,...

Why I Chose Psychology: Path to Understanding the Human Mind

Why I chose psychology as my field of study is a question rooted in my profound curiosity about the complexities of the human mind and behavior. From a young age, I found myself intrigued by the intricate web of thoughts, emotions, and motivations that shape...

Sports Psychology: Unleashing the Mental Edge in Athletic Performance

Sports psychology is a dynamic field that delves into the intricate relationship between the mind and athletic performance. It offers a comprehensive understanding of how psychological factors influence athletes' behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes in sports. By exploring the psychological aspects of sports, athletes and coaches...

The Social Learning Theory in Psychology

Social Learning Theory, a prominent psychological concept developed by Albert Bandura, offers valuable insights into how individuals acquire new behaviors and adapt their actions based on the observations of others. This theory emphasizes the significant role of social interactions, modeling, and reinforcement in shaping human...

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The Profound Contributions of Sigmund Freud to Psychology

Sigmund Freud, often referred to as the "father of psychoanalysis," has left an indelible mark on the field of psychology through his groundbreaking theories and revolutionary insights into the human mind. His contributions have reshaped the way we understand human behavior, unconscious processes, and the...

Psychological Depths of "Shutter Island"

Shutter Island is a psychological thriller that delves into the intricate workings of the human mind, presenting a captivating narrative interwoven with themes of identity, memory, and the blurred lines between reality and illusion. Directed by Martin Scorsese and based on Dennis Lehane's novel, the...

Exploring the Diverse Schools of Psychology

Schools of psychology represent distinct approaches and perspectives in understanding human behavior, cognition, and emotion. Each school offers a unique lens through which psychologists analyze and interpret psychological phenomena. This essay delves into the fascinating world of psychology by exploring some of the prominent schools...

Exploring the Depths of Psychology Research

Psychology research is an intricate journey into the complexities of the human mind and behavior. It is a realm of inquiry that spans from unraveling the mysteries of cognitive processes to understanding the intricacies of social interactions. This essay delves into the realm of psychology...

Psychology: Illuminating Perspectives in an Argumentative Discourse

Psychology is an ever-evolving realm that delves into the intricacies of the human mind, behavior, and emotions. As a discipline rooted in empirical investigation, it has sparked a myriad of debates and discussions that continue to shape our understanding of human nature. This essay embarks...

Exploring Personality Psychology: Unveiling the Complexities Within

Personality psychology delves into the intricate and multifaceted aspects that make each individual unique. It peels back the layers of behavior, cognition, and emotion to reveal the underlying traits, patterns, and characteristics that shape human identity. This essay embarks on a journey to uncover the...

A Passion for Psychology: Nurturing the Flames Within

Passion for psychology ignites a fervent curiosity about the complexities of the human mind and behavior. It is a driving force that propels individuals to unravel the mysteries of cognition, emotion, and the intricate dynamics that shape our thoughts and actions. This essay delves into...

The History of Abnormal Psychology: Unveiling the Layers of Time

History of abnormal psychology takes us on a journey through time, tracing the evolution of our understanding of psychological disorders and the diverse ways in which societies have interpreted and responded to them. This essay delves into the intricate tapestry of the past, uncovering the...

Health Psychology: Exploring the Nexus of Mind and Body

Health psychology stands as a vital branch of psychology that delves into the intricate relationship between psychological factors and physical well-being. This essay unravels the depths of health psychology, shedding light on its significance, applications, and the transformative power it holds in shaping our understanding...

Free Will vs. Determinism in Psychology: Navigating the Paradox

Free will vs. determinism in psychology encapsulates a profound debate that has intrigued philosophers, psychologists, and thinkers for centuries. This essay delves into the intricate interplay between these two contrasting concepts, exploring their implications, relevance, and the ways they shape our understanding of human behavior,...

Psychology in Everyday Life: Unveiling the Intricacies

About psychology in everyday life encompasses the fascinating study of human behavior, thoughts, and emotions that shape our interactions, decisions, and experiences. This essay dives into the depths of psychology's presence in our daily lives, shedding light on its significance, applications, and the transformative power...

Exploring the Essence of Counselling Psychology

Counselling psychology is a profound and transformative field that embodies the art of guiding individuals towards self-discovery, healing, and growth. This essay delves into the heart of counselling psychology, shedding light on its core principles, therapeutic techniques, and the profound impact it has on the...

A Reflective on Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology is a realm that delves into the intricate landscapes of the human mind, offering both challenges and revelations. This reflective essay on clinical psychology invites a contemplative exploration of my personal journey, growth, and insights as I navigated the complexities of this field....

What Motivates Me as a Student

What motivates you as a student? This question delves into the driving forces that ignite my passion for learning and shape my academic journey. From the pursuit of knowledge to personal growth and future aspirations, my motivations are diverse and ever-evolving. This essay will explore...

What Does Resilience Mean to Me: a Lifelong Companion

What does resilience mean to you? Resilience, a quality often admired and aspired to, is a trait that holds significant meaning in my life. In this essay, I will delve into my personal understanding and interpretation of resilience, exploring its essence, its impact on my...

Unraveling Learning Processes: Exploring the Difference Between Classical and Operant Conditioning

Learning is a complex process that underlies our behaviors and responses to the environment. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two prominent theories that provide insights into how learning occurs. This essay delves into the fundamental difference between classical and operant conditioning, shedding light on...

• Classical Conditioning
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Evolution of Childhood: Comparing Childhood Today to the Past

The concept of childhood has undergone significant transformation over time. Childhood today is vastly different from what it was in the past, shaped by changes in culture, technology, education, and societal norms. This essay explores the key differences and similarities of childhood today compared to...

Compare and Contrast Ananysis of Piaget and Vygotsky in Terms of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two influential figures in the field of developmental psychology who have offered distinct theories on cognitive development. While their approaches share commonalities, they also diverge in fundamental ways. This compare and contrast essay delves into the key similarities and...

• Jean Piaget
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Childhood and Adulthood: Compare And Contrast the Main Phases of Life

The transition from childhood to adulthood is a profound journey marked by significant physical, emotional, and psychological changes. Childhood and adulthood represent distinct phases of life, each with its own set of experiences, responsibilities, and perspectives. This compare and contrast essay explores the similarities and...

Analysis of Social Media Effects on Body Image

In today's digitally connected world, social media has become an integral part of our lives, influencing the way we communicate, share, and perceive ourselves. One of the prominent and concerning aspects of social media is its effects on body image. The relentless exposure to carefully...

• Effects of Social Media

Religion and Morality in Arthur Miller's "The Crucible"

Introduction Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible” is a compelling critique of the dark and tangled web of society, politics, and morality. Set in 1692 during the Salem Witch Trials, this play serves as a vivid reflection of the oppressive nature of McCarthyism in the 1950s in...

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How to Overcome Procrastination by Making It Your Friend

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• Procrastination

How to Deal With Procrastination: My Experience

Procrastination is something I am almost certain that everyone experiences at some point in their university lives (or life in general), and for some of us, it happens on the daily. This can cause a bit of a tricky situation, where the inability to force...

• Personal Experience

Different Perspectives in Modern Psychology: an Overview

Psychology encompasses the scientific study of the mind and brain, exploring the intricacies of human cognition, emotion, and behavior. This essay provides an overview of the different perspectives in modern psychology, each offering unique insights into the functioning of the mind and its manifestations in...

• Cognitive Psychology
• Human Behavior
• Perspective

Cause and Effect of Procrastination Among College Students

Introduction Procrastination is an activity that most college students have gone through throughout their high school career. The meaning of procrastination is, as stated by Ferrari et al., 'derived from Latin verbs. 'Pro' refers to forward motion, and 'crastinus' refers to belonging to tomorrow' (qtd....

• College Students

Rising Above Negativity: A Journey in Music and Self-Belief

My Early Music Career Let me inform you about a time when I realized a life lesson. A couple of weeks ago, I started out producing music; I was once just starting as a producer, and I had no prior expertise in song theory. I...

• Life Lesson

Exploring Child Development: Observations and Developmental Theories

Introduction “Social psychology often looks at basic human need to fit in and calls this the normative social influence” (AtheneWins, 2011). There are many developmental theories and there is a relative overlapping among them. The knowledge of this theories is important in the nursing field...

• Child Behavior
• Childhood Development
• First Day of School

The Power Dynamics of Adolescent Marginality & Intergenerational Conflict

Abstract Adolescents are often seen as lazy and/or entitled by older generations. Typically, we can see this today in the baby boomer generation. In this paper I will be applying Sociological Theories to this stereotype, Intergenerational Conflict to be exact. Throughout the years older generations...

• Adolescence
• Critical Theory
• Sociological Theory

Common Childhood Illness: Treatments and Exclusion Periods

When working with young children, practitioners need to be aware of common childhood illnesses, the signs and symptoms and how to treat children when they become unwell. Common childhood illness includes a common cold, asthma, chickenpox, hand foot and mouth, meningitis, whopping cough, conjunctivitis, and...

The Existence of Genuine Altruism From Social Psychology Perspective

There are several social behaviours that humans exhibit some are negative and some are positive. Altruism is one of such social behaviours. What is altruism and is there anything like genuine altruism? This essay attempts to answer the question whether there is genuine altruism from...

The Psychological State of Ressentiment in the Genealogy of Morals

The psychological state Friedrich Nietzsche terms as ressentiment in the Genealogy of Morals, is a human condition attributed to a feeling produced when placed within a hostile environment. One which man is found powerless to alter through physical action. Those inflicted to this deprived orientation...

• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Philosophical Works

Nurturing Students for Life: The Power of Teachers as Role Models and the Integration of Learning Theories

​The most valuable thing that teachers can provide for a student is not only the pure knowledge but also ability to preparation for life. All teachers should be aware of their power on children and be a good role model for them even though it...

Assessing Adolescent Knowledge and Attitudes towards Reproductive Health

Reproductive health is the important component in the adolescent age, as the one which is in highly risk group to get different sexual and reproductive health problem. Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the...

• Reproductive Health
• Sexual Health

Exploration of Psychodynamic and the Behavioural Learning Approaches

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind that influences our behaviour using professional practice. The word psychology comes from the Greek 'psyche' meaning mind, soul and spirit. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychological laboratory in Germany to investigate the mind through inspection and observation...

• Psychologists
• Sigmund Freud

Prosocial Intergroup Behavior in Norway: Study Review

Prosocial behavior is a universal concept observed on a world-wide basis through acts of donations, protests, petitions and other voluntary behaviors. Various factors may serve as motivations for why individuals choose to engage in prosocial behavior. The world in the 21st century is in a...

• Prosocial Behavior
• Volunteering

The Role of a Clinical Psychologist in Treating Problem Drinking: Examining Effective Therapeutic Approaches

Problem drinking is not necessarily alcoholism; alcoholism is, however, a form of problem drinking. For a problem drinker when they drink it can cause problems for them and those around them, but they are not necessarily physically dependent on alcohol. They may be able to...

• Job Description

The Relationship Between Prosocial Behaviour and Mimicry

People are naturally inclined to mimic. Mimicry has been observed across all cultures and ages in peculiar phenomena like contagious yawning or laughter. Chartrand and Bargh noted that people frequently imitate others’ posture and facial expressions unintentionally, and Bandura demonstrated the essential role of mimicry...

Reflective Learning: the Power of Self-Analysis and Personal Growth

A reflective essay is a unique form of essay writing where you examine an experience and reflect on your own self. Use strong evidence and explain the real or imaginary scene in an interesting manner. A reflective essay is a type of writing in which...

• Critical Reflection
• Self Reflection

Albert Bandura: Pioneering Contributions to Social Learning Theory

'Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do'. Albert Bandura was a Canadian born psychologist who identified The Social Learning theory in the 1960's. Psychology...

• Famous Person

Discussion on the Relationship Between Intelligence and Creativity

The relationship between intelligence and creativity has been subjected to research for many years. Unfortunately, there is yet no consensus on how these constructs are related. The connection between intelligence and creativity is that they are functions of the brain that handle data to determine...

• Intelligence

Cognitive Explanation of Schizophrenia: Implications of the Theory

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is a complex disorder that involves a wide range of symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. The cognitive explanation of schizophrenia is revealed in this essay as one...

• Schizophrenia

What Is Emotional Intelligence: the Significance of Human Beings

Ever since I was a child I developed a great passion regarding human beings and their behaviour in all sorts of situations, no matter the context. I have always paid attention to the importance of emotions in day to day life, and I noticed in...

• Emotional Intelligence

Creative and Critical Thinking: Combining the Achievements of Thought

Creative, one word that can be interpreted in many ways whether in thoughts which is include ways of thinking and actions and also in verbal form. Critical, on the other side refers to the ability to analyse information objectively and make a reasoned judgment. It...

• Critical Thinking

Critical Thinking Skills and Their Importance Today

As rapid urbanization continues to dominate the world, humans are being exposed to brand new ideas that feeds their mind logistically as well as holistically. This phenomenon in turn opens an opportunity for us to gain knowledge in various subjects that equips us with an...

How Unrealistic Beauty Standards on Social Media Affect Girls

Teenagers are affected by social media everyday by posting pictures and worrying about what other people are thinking. According to Mahita Gajanan from 'The Guardian' did a study and asked girls about their self-esteem and experiences with social media. Most of the girls that were...

• Media Influence

How to Cope With Stress: Personality Types and Bible Verses

Since stress is an important contributing factor towards all kinds of diseases, knowing how to cope with it is a major key to good health. Therefore, it is important to learn the different methods that can be used in order to reduce stress or even...

• Stress Response

College Stress: How to Manage It and Keep It Under Your Control

Most likely the least refreshing type of stress is college stress. This is generally because of the way that grown-ups essentially observe a great deal of college understudies sitting on their backsides playing computer games and drinking, rather than seeing understudies who are experiencing strain...

• Academic Challenges

The Most Stressful Life Stage: Exploring Adolescence

Adolescence is the transitional period in human development between childhood and adulthood. It is also described as a period of rapid growth, where a person undergoes major changes in the physical, psychological and social domains. It is also important for the development of identity, as...

Nature vs Nurture: Is Identity Innate or Learned

Introduction The idea of being loved whether it be by family, significant other, or even by society, is one that we all strive for in our day-to-day lives, however, is this love we are trying to receive based on things we have lack of control...

• Individual Identity
• Nature Versus Nurture

Resilient and Resilience in Relation to Optimism and Well Being

When I started to learn positive psychology I had absolutly no idea what to expect from it, so I just thought that it will be some hippie practise about how to be happy all the time. Then we had our first lesson. We learned about...

Negative Effects of Technology on Child Development and Mental Health

Technology has rapidly grown throughout the world and has become the most reliable necessity in the world today. Tablets, cameras, laptops, smartphones, etc. devices have overtaken the human population. The world is surrounded by technology all around- at home, at school, at work, everywhere. On...

• Negative Impact of Technology

Being Resilient: The Features That Foster Resilience

Before this course, I had very little and superficial knowledge about resilience but now after studying this course in detail, I understand this concept much better. For me, resilience is the ability bounce back after adverse situations. In the video, Michael Chandler defines resilient individuals...

Negative Effects of Technology on Child Development

In our modern society, technology is everywhere, specifically digital technology, and nearly everyone has some form of device whether it is a smartphone, smartwatch, tablet, laptop, computer, television, or even smart tv. Our world is loaded with technology because in theory it is all supposed...

Procrastination and the Harmful Effects of It on Job Performance

Procrastination is when someone has a job or task to do, and they say “I will do it later.” If they put it off until later, in some cases, they can lose your job. If someone is a chef and they reply to your boss...

• Performance

Childhood Trauma and Its Negative Effects on the Child's Development

Complex childhood trauma is currently suffered by numerous students in Primary schools around the world. It usually commences in the early years of a child’s life, when they are exposed to pervasive and traumatic events causing severe impacts that will continue to disrupt a number...

Body Image and Mental Health: Impact of Social Media

Technology is quickly rising and upgrading every day and social media has become one of the most-used forms of technology. Social media such as Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat are digital platforms which allow users to upload and share their content with others and also make...

Body Image Pressure Among Young Adults and Adolescence

Body image and its notion of impressing other people through it has become like a general trend amongst the youth. They try to change their body figures, and their characters while trying to impress others. The majority of youths do matters to enhance how they...

Effects Of Growing Up With a Single Parent and How It Can Affect Your Life

Growing up in a single parent household can affect your life in many ways, a few examples includes how you view your relationships, how you carry yourself, and especially your future. Half of my existence I grew up in a single parent household and I...

• Single Parenting

Why Juveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults

Furthermore, children that commit crimes are products of their environment in which they live. For example, when children constantly get sexually abused, it causes immense amounts of trauma and a false sense of love. Often a traumatic experience for all is an offense punishable by...

• Criminal Behavior

What Was The Environment In Which You Were Raised

I remember myself since I was three years old. I was a lively and inquisitive child. I had many friends and we spent a lot of time together. My parents were very busy at that moment, they were working and building our house. I spent...

Benefits and Importance Of Early Childhood Education

“If school is about learning, and learning starts at birth, then the idea that we expect Kindergarteners to meet their first teachers at age five is all wrong. There is increasing research being facilitated on early education with specific emphasis on the overall benefits it...

• Early Childhood Education
• Importance of Education

The Transition From Childhood To Adulthood

 As human beings, we start off as just a fetus in a mother's womb. However, as time passes, we evolve. Every human being goes through many different phases in life. We go from being babies and eventually we become adults. Each phase is unique and...

Causes and Treatment of Childhood Obesity

'He is just a kid, give him what he wants'. This is the phase that is mostly used by the parents in order to encourage their children from eating what they want as long as it will make them happy. However, the statistic has shown...

• Childhood Obesity
• Eating Disorders

Human Nature in the Lost TV Show: Are Humans Inherently Good or Evil

Throughout humanity, the nature of humankind has been questioned by philosophers, leading them to conclude whether humans are inherently good or evil. Thomas Hobbes, a British philosopher that lived in the 1600s, believes that humans are born selfish and greedy, which leads to violence and...

• Good and Evil
• Human Nature

The Benefits of Video Games Both for Children and Adults

Ever since the 1970s the video game industry has grown quite a lot in popularity and has become the largest market in the world. There have been a lot of changes to how video games are made not only in the different genres for people...

• Development
• Human Development
• Video Games

Why is Early Childhood Education Important

In this essay, I will discuss how strong value operates within the perspective of education and what are main concepts, design of theories from conforming perspective of education. This essay will show some theories which are pedagogy. My explanation will be reflected by nature and...

Problem Solving: Use of Math in Our Everyday Life

What I say about math is that I really don’t like it, but at the end of the day through high school math I have learned how to solve problems and not give up when I don’t fully understand something. I dislike math, but I do need it. The reason why I dislike math is that...

• Mathematics in Everyday Life
• Problem Solving

Why You Should Let Your Kid Play Football

It’s Friday night. Many parents and friends gather around to watch us in our first game of the year. The lights slowly begin to light up the field as we approach the 50-yard line, we toss the coin and the game begins. Down by 7...

• Child Development

Growing A Grit And Growth Mindset

In today's society, there is a belief that intelligence is tied to GPA. There is a stereotype about intelligence. It is the idea that you are either smart or not smart. You either understand it or you do not. What happens if you are between?...

• Personal Growth and Development

Effects Of Violent Video Gaming On Human Behavior

There are many various kinds of games and consoles within the world and vying worldwide. Video play has become a very common trade all over the world and has been growing exceptionally throughout the past twenty years. Gamers that are obsessed with online play are...

• Impact of Video Games
• Violence in Video Games

Why I Want To Be A Teacher: It Isn’t Just A Career, But It's A Calling

Being a teacher isn’t just a career, having the ability to enable a child to further make sense of the world around them and become a honourable and respectful member of society, gives me such a profound sense of pride and happiness. I want to...

• Teaching Philosophy

Bilingual Education In Childhood For Effective Social Communication And Development

Today’s society places a heavy emphasis on the importance of being an effective social communicator, whether it be through verbal or non-verbal skills. Presently, more than half of the world’s population is multilingual and an increasingly larger number of people have been exposed to another...

• Bilingualism
• Educational Psychology

Importance of Reflection and Learning From Past Incidents

To practice competently, reflection is important because it allows one to critically think about past or present events, evaluate situations and then use the knowledge obtained to act accordingly in future situations. All of which improves patient care and helps minimise bad practice in the...

Solution-Focused and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

In this essay I would like to examine three approaches, Gestalt, Solution-focused therapy, and Cognitive Behaviour therapy and how I intend on using them within my practice as an integrative counsellor. In my previous essay I proposed how I would use the person centred, psychodynamic...

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Transition's Impact on a Child’s Mental Health

In this essay I will be discussing and outlining the issues of how the transition can have an impact on a child’s mental health, emotions and their overall academic performance. I will also be discussing how development and puberty can affect a child, as well...

• Child Psychology
• Growth Mindset

Emergency Management and Bystander Behavior Effect

This essay will compare and contrast two approaches to understanding bystander responses to emergencies. The approaches explored in the essay are the experiment approach and discourse analysis, each being explained in further detail later in the essay. Bystander behavior (effect) can be explained as the...

• Emergency Management
• The Bystander Effect

The Impact of Technology on Wealth, Aging, and Lifestyle

Wealth, lifestyle, aging populations, and technological advances are said to be having a major impact on the growth of healthcare demand. This essay considers the impact of each of these factors and discusses how successful the introduction of so called ‘sin-taxes‘ have been in changing...

Individual Differences and Differences in the Functioning of Brain

It is irrefutable that people differ considerably from one another, with this variability arising from a unique combination of hereditary, biological factors and lived environmental experiences. Comprising persistent individual factors differentiating individuals from one another to establish distinctiveness, individual differences (namely those of intelligence and...

• Human Brain

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding byJohn Locke

Psychology was derived from two other disciplines; physiology, the study of how living things work, and philosophy, the theories behind why living things behave the way they do. Philosophy and physiology are intertwined, in that they both have contributed to the study of the other....

The Role of Personal Development Planning Today

The essay deals with the PKSC module experiences that reflect on the academic study. Here, the different lectures are guided regarding the reflection that ensure the personal development. The other skills are mentioned research skills, digital skills, reading skills and MS office skills. Besides, the...

• Personal Development Planning
• Personal Goals

Psychosexual Development Theory and Child’s Personality

In this essay I am going to examine the age group of children 0-5 and how the psychological experience can impact on their transitions, during their life span. To achieve this task, I am going to analyze different theories in relation to all holistic aspects...

• Homosexuality

Influence of Two Key Learning and Development Theories

This essay will discuss the applications and influence of two key learning and development theories to educational practice and policy. The aim is of this essay is to discuss two key development theories to educational practices. The two key theories are 1. Piaget and his...

• Developmental Psychology
• Learning Styles
• Study Skills

Social Phenomena of Individual and External Circumstances in a Society

In todays society scholars all across the world have conflict in the matter which talks about how race and an individual’s identity shapes how we all live our lives. We can all come to a conclusion where we agree that everyone from individuals to a...

Optimism: Perception of Life is a Matter of Perspective

Our perception of life is a matter of perspective. From a young age we are taught to see the glass as half-empty or half-full. This perception is a simple example of optimistic or pessimistic behavior. Optimism is typically viewed as an individual’s ability to see...

• Positive Psychology

The Move “Better Luck Tomorrow” by Justine Lin

The move, illustrates an image hidden behind well-mannered students of Sunny Hills high schools who are trying hard to over achieve. The main characters Ben and Virgil is showed as those over achievers of high schools who are known for their grades and extracurricular activities....

• Social Movement

Swimming as a Hard Skill Necessary for Human Being

Swimming is hard. For non-swimmers swimming is harder than most realise and not easy to take up as a regular sport. All those good swimmers you see have excellent cardio-respiratory fitness and often years of technique training. So don't be discouraged. And... The first step...

The Benefits of Online Dating to Society

“There’s the old saying that you have to kiss a lot of frogs to find a prince”, and I think that really applies to online dating. The growing popularity of online dating sites is significantly remarkable. The dramatic increase in Internet usage, indeed, has spread...

• Online Dating

How Peer Pressure Push an Adolescent to Be a Part of Peer Group

The theoretical framework which is for the complete dissertation inquiry, serves as the guide on which to build and help the study, consists of the selected concept (or theories) that under-builds researcher’s thinking with regards to how they apprehend and design to lookup the topic....

• Peer Pressure

Puberty as The Major Fascinating Transition Throughout Lifespan

A biological process that marks the transition from childhood to adolescence is Puberty. “Puberty is a period of the life span marked by major psychological, endocrine and physical changes that contribute to the metamorphosis of children into reproductively mature adolescents.” Puberty is when your body...

A Deviant Behavior of the Filipino Using the Merton’s Strain

An American Sociologist named Robert K. Merton was born on July 4, 1910 in Philadelphia. This American sociologist developed the Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance which explains the rising crime rates expression in the United Stated of America (USA) at that time. This theory states...

• Deviant Behavior

Human Behavior on the Example of the History and Culture of the United States of America

 The United States of America is a unique country indeed. Unique, powerful, modern, advanced in so many arenas. Compared to other countries of similar size and population, America easily overshadows in technological advances, education and legal systems. However, because our great nation is relatively young...

• American History

Adult Education and ITS Philosophies

Before pursuing courses on adult education, it had been a while since I had contemplated on educational philosophies and what my actual style might entailed. When assigned this task, I assumed it would be easy to determine, ‘right?’ not so much, given the fact that...

• Adult Education Program

The Concept of a Passive and Active Bystander Effect

Groups willingness to help others can be affected in many ways one specifically being the bystander effect. The bystander effect is the tendency for people be unresponsive in high pressure situations due to the presence of other people (Darley & Latane, 1968). There are two...

Review the Different Hypnotherapy Techniques for Phobias 

This essay will look at what stress and anxiety are and how that can challenge diagnosis and impact treatment. before going on to other limitations of treatment. I will address phobias; the difference between fears and phobia and how that impacts on choices of treatment...

The Expectations of the Stroop Effect

The Stroop effect is an experimental design that analyzes our automatic responses when observing incongruent stimuli. In this study, a short experimental naming test will be performed with both neutral and interference conditions. A picture of fruit was displayed on a screen with either an...

• Stroop Effect

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Introductory essay

From the curator of Understanding Happiness, a brief look at the key facts, the tough questions and the big ideas in his field. Begin this TED Studies subject with a fascinating read that gives context and clarity to the material.

An introduction to happiness

A few years ago I stumbled upon a question I found both shocking and exhilarating: Suppose our natural instincts about what we needed to make us happy were dead wrong? That was what the latest scientific research on happiness seemed to suggest: that most of the things we spent our time striving for made almost zero difference to how happy we were.

With these words, Chris Anderson opened TED’s 2004 conference, "The Pursuit of Happiness," aimed at exploring how our understanding of happiness shapes our individual and collective well-being. TED speakers since that time have continued this quest, probing how happiness plays out in personal relationships, business management, economics, international relations and other arenas.

The reason for this sustained attention to human happiness? Says Anderson, "The exhilarating part was this...maybe, just maybe, we could discover a deeper, longer-lasting, more profound form of happiness. Maybe we could even do this before we ended up mangling our personal relationships and destroying our planet."

We're currently working through a period with a real sense of change. Priorities are being reviewed in light of the global financial and environmental challenges and there is a growing demand for a 'new economic paradigm' with a focus on well-being and sustainability. Endless growth as the measure of our success appears increasingly inadequate, not to mention unrealistic given the available resources. Instead there's a desire to focus on leading enriched, fulfilled lives. At the same time we also need to dispel the myth that happiness and high performance are mutually exclusive.

Interest in happiness at a personal level is ever present, but now we're seeing it on a national and international level too. Countries including, for example, the UK, France and Costa Rica have been taking steps to understand the well-being of their nations in order to inform policy. Bhutan began exploring this area back in the 1970s. On the international scale happiness and well-being is now high on the UN agenda, as the Secretary General said at a recent event "We need a new economic paradigm that recognizes the parity between the three pillars of sustainable development. Social, economic and environmental well-being are indivisible. Together they define gross global happiness." This operates in line with a growing recognition that GDP is not sufficient for measuring success and progress.

Although momentum around this has certainly been gathering more recently, the idea is obviously not a new one, as evidenced by Senator Robert Kennedy's sentiment in 1968:

Gross National Product counts air pollution, and cigarette advertising and...the destruction of the redwood and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawl. It does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play…the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages. It measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthwhile.

What we mean by happiness (and well-being)

Even as happiness works its way up the list of goals, defining the term is still not always easy. Happiness is obviously individual and subjective, which can cloud understanding of how to measure and to increase it. To really get to grips with the topic we need to recognize that happy does not only mean smiley; and contrary to the belief of most children (and probably too many adults), getting everything you want is not the key to true happiness! This is illustrated well by the distinction between hedonic and eudemonic happiness. The former relates to pleasurable experiences, but these alone are not enough — even paradise would become boring after a while! Eudemonic happiness comes from achieving something that we feel is worthwhile, and requires a sense of purpose and drive. Happiness can be also be defined or influenced by a number of life factors — relationships, money, work, health; altruism is also closely linked to 'real' happiness.

Happiness can perhaps be more usefully considered using the term well-being. Although less recognizable than happiness, well-being is often preferable in discussions of collective happiness as it is more objective and can therefore be more readily measured and inform policies for improvement. It is also worth noting the meaning of familiar words such as mood, emotion and personality need to be understood in their more technical definitions.

Brief history of happiness science

Traditionally psychology was preoccupied with curing our ills. More recently, as TED speaker Martin Seligman tells us, much progress has been made towards this goal (although the impact of the rise in medication comes with its own warnings). More recently, the focus has broadened to include making improvements even when there are no problems — the opposite of 'if it ain't broke don't fix it!'. The concept is known as positive psychological well-being, and as a field it is increasing our understanding of how we can generate happiness. The following quotation gives an insight into the earlier perception of happiness:

An important and incontrovertible phenomenon in the psychological study of happiness is known as adaptation: the joy or sadness resulting from a good or bad event tends to fade after a long time. Two early psychologists studying happiness, Brickman and Campbell (1971), posited something stronger: that adaptation is complete and unavoidable. Hence, nothing can have a permanent effect on one's happiness, and trying to make oneself happier is hopeless. With appropriate pessimism, the authors described this idea as follows: 'The nature of [adaptation] condemns men to live on a hedonic treadmill, to seek new levels of stimulation merely to maintain old levels of subjective pleasure, to never achieve any kind of permanent happiness or satisfaction.' (Brickman and Campbell, 1971, p289). Since that article, the term 'hedonic treadmill' has come to stand for the hypothesis that trying to improve one’s happiness is futile, and that happiness is instead determined entirely by a combination of genes and random effects. Byrnes, 2005

We now have a much better understanding of where our individual happiness comes from, and most importantly that these factors can be influenced. In her TEDTalk, Nancy Etcoff notes that 50% is genetic and personality based — and therefore relatively difficult to change. But 40% comes from our activities and relationships and the final 10% from income and environment, meaning there is in fact considerable scope to improve how happy we are.

We also understand that happiness is not, as was once thought, a spectrum. Less misery does not necessarily mean more happiness. This realization is actually quite instinctive but until relatively recently has been ignored by those exploring happiness science but has a fundamental impact on how we approach the issue.

It's important to note the scientific nature of the study of psychological well-being, which includes understanding of the structure of the brain, the chemical reactions involved and how various systems are interconnected. Happiness at this level really has become a science, with assertions made based on evidence from sound methodologies. This is not to say there isn't still some way to go, but this should no longer be perceived as a 'soft' subject. Unfortunately, positive psychology is often mistaken for positive thinking movement, which lacks scientific evidence for its claims but is a more familiar concept for many. Hopefully as scientific progress continues to be made and broadly understood, this trend will reverse.

Crucially, the knowledge and evidence we have been acquiring means we are now equipped to take positive action. We can, in effect, create happiness by arming others with this knowledge and with the skills required to live enriching lives, in an environment that supports them to do so.

Increasing happiness

So can we actually 'grow' happiness? Well, the jury has been out on this, but yes, it's now generally accepted that steps can be taken to increase individual and collective happiness; several of the TEDTalks included in this course identify research-based strategies for doing so. Also, it's worth noting that for all this talk of GDP not being a satisfactory measure, we're not suggesting that economics and personal finances will not affect our happiness. If nothing else they will influence the 'situational' 10% that is mentioned above. Individuals do seem to get 'happier' as money increases, but not indefinitely. After a certain point it stops having an impact. Beyond the point where needs are satisfied, it seems that happiness and materialistic society are increasingly incompatible, as the pursuit of money and material goods can come at the expense of the more fundamental pleasures in life that bring us happiness.

There are some more pessimistic theories about our ability to develop happiness. Psychotherapist Robert Rowland Smith argues that "the pursuit of happiness is a form of wanting, just like anything else. So the problem with wanting happiness is as much the wanting as the happiness. Deep inside us, wanting creates a hole, a lack, a lacuna. Wanting happiness equals wanting for happiness, and feeling empty." In addition 'set point' theory suggests that we revert back to a particular level of happiness after being influenced by a positive or negative effect. This is used to explain why lottery winners and those who have suffered serious illness can appear equally 'happy' a certain amount of time after either has occurred. But it's also been suggested that over time, this set point can be fundamentally shifted. The endless treadmill can be unraveled! And of course, even if our 'end point' is a relatively fixed level of happiness, that doesn't diminish the significance of fluctuations that occur on the journey.

Measuring happiness

In order to know if we're increasing happiness, we need to find a way to measure it. Measuring both individual and national levels of happiness can be difficult, particularly when people self report. Life satisfaction measures have long been used but while they are relatively simple and easy for international benchmarking, they rarely get under the skin of either the causes or consequences of happiness.

When carrying out measurements we also need to be aware of the distinction between causality and correlation. We have no shortage of data which shows an 'association' between all sorts of activity and levels of happiness or satisfaction. For example, belonging to a club or society is associated with higher life satisfaction scores. But whether membership led to happiness or vice versa is obviously an important distinction to make.

At a national level, happiness or satisfaction scores have been recorded for up to 70 years in some countries but throughout this time they have remained fairly static, even when other variables are changing. For example, in countries where income has risen happiness remains steady. But inter-country comparisons show different levels, which suggests that wholesale change is possible.

The general consensus is that measuring well-being requires a dashboard of measures rather than just a single figure. These will differ between nations, but as an example the UK has recently constructed an index of 11 dimensions based on national consultation.

Happiness frameworks

If the goal is to increase happiness it's also necessary to explore who has responsibility for doing so. While individuals can be equipped to increase their own happiness, the institutions that surround them also have a role to play in creating an environment that fosters happiness. As mentioned at the beginning of this piece, governments and international bodies are increasingly taking into account the affect of their policies on the well-being of their citizens. The compatibility of happiness and well-being with economics, politics and religious freedoms needs to become a part of national discussion.

Dictating exactly how people need to live is not the route to happiness, instead we need to provide the tools to facilitate happiness and freedom to pursue it (although as you'll see in the TEDTalks by Dan Gilbert and Barry Schwartz, too much choice often comes with its own difficulties!). The ability of individuals to manage their own happiness also raises broader questions; do we need to 'teach' people how to be happy? The response to this has implications for our education systems and life-long learning opportunities.

There is also a sustainability aspect to this discussion as short term gain for some should not mean suffering for others — making this an international issue growing in line with globalization.

Happiness and work

Organizational responsibility for the happiness and well-being of its employees has several facets. Work is an important part of living a good life, as long as it's 'good work'. This means it provides challenges that build a sense of purpose and allow employees to experience the joy of mastery. Simultaneously employers have an obligation to allow their employees enough time to pursue other activities and nurture the relationships that are so important for happiness. The collective support of business can also be a powerful tool for influencing national policies and governments should work with employers to allow the benefits of 'good' work to be realized.

This Teaching and Learning Guide

There is still a lot of room for debate around this topic with further evidence required in some areas and discussion about what we can do with our extended knowledge base. We hope that by the end of this module learners will understand some of the complexities of the 'science of happiness' but also appreciate the implications of our understanding and how it may shape our futures.

Let's begin this guide's examination of happiness with a TEDTalk from Harvard Medical School psychologist Nancy Etcoff who explores whether and why we're hard-wired for happiness.

Relevant talks

Nancy Etcoff

Happiness and its surprises.

Martin Seligman

The new era of positive psychology.

Helen Fisher

Why we love, why we cheat.

The origins of pleasure

Dan Gilbert

The surprising science of happiness.

Barry Schwartz

The paradox of choice.

Malcolm Gladwell

Choice, happiness and spaghetti sauce.

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Understanding Psychology: Early Perspectives (Or Theories) Of Psychology Essay Examples

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Psychology , Education , Development , Students , Theory , Thinking , Study , Evidence

Published: 02/04/2020

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The ancient Greeks were the first people to initiate the study of the human mind and behaviour. This was the inception of the subject of psychology (Malone, 2009). It was until the 1870’s that this study became independent and was denoted as psychology. In the quest of understanding the human mind and behaviours, various theories were developed. This paper will analyse some of the theories of psychology.

Behaviourism

This is one of the earliest theories of psychology developed by John Watson and Skinner among others. It studies the observable behaviours of humans and animals. Initially, psychology could not make predictions of behaviour. This is what this school of thought aimed at being able to correct this aspect. As such, a combination of elements of philosophy, theory and methodology were utilised (Adler, 1997). Skinner did his experiments on animals to provide evidence in support of this school of thought. According to him, behaviour is learnt. In one of his experiments, he showed that a rat learnt that by pressing a lever it was fed. Henceforth, the rat would press the lever without any provocation. Other researchers like Thorndike and Guthrie presented more solid evidence by furthering the work of Skinner. The experiment on animals was further developed into classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov (Adler, 1997). The school of thought was applied successfully in various fields but most significantly in education. Teachers learnt that behaviour is learnt through practice. This theory was upheld for a while until other psychologists developed other theories.

Humanistic psychology

This school of thought was developed as a response to the theory on behaviourism. It was developed by Carl Rodgers. Apparently, a human being is driven by an internal feeling to succeed. As such, all the behaviours are aimed towards the same (Adler, 1997). Basing on the newly developed business industry, the proponents of this school of thought insisted that this theory was a driving force. The development of goods to secondary and tertiary products could be explained through this theory. To them, people are naturally good and intentional in what they do. Evidence for this theory was largely based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory. The theory has been successfully employed in studying social work (Malone, 2009). Most of the tenets and principles of social work were developed as a result of this school of thought. Other fields that have benefited from this school of thought include self help, guidance and counselling. Thus, it has been widely used in those fields and also in educational institutions.

Cognitive Psychology

This school of psychology studies the mental processes like memory, language, judging and reasoning. The origin of this school of thought can be traced back to the 18th century. Various scholars were involved in the development of this school of thought. This theory was developed as a result of the criticisms of the behavioural school of thought. Warfare technology and the development of computer science led to further development of this theory (Malone, 2009). In their research, the developers of this school of thought revealed that behaviour is connected to mental processes. They were against the assertion that behaviour is voluntary or spontaneous (Malone, 2009). According to this school of thought, one developed behaviours mentally before performing them physically. This school of thought was upheld for a long time. This was attributed to the combination of mental processes with behaviour.

Adler, A. (1997). Understanding human nature. New York: Greenburg. Malone, J.C. (2009). Psychology: Pythagoras to present. Cambridge: MIT Press.

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NIH Announces Winners of 2023-2024 High School Mental Health Essay Contest

May 31, 2024 • Institute Update

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is pleased to announce the winners of the  2024 Speaking Up About Mental Health    essay contest. Out of more than 370 submissions across 33 states, NIH awarded 24 youth (ages 16-18) finalists with gold, silver, bronze, and honorable mention prizes.

Supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, and the  Eunice Kennedy Shriver  National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the essay contest invited youth to address mental health and reduce mental health stigma that young people may face when seeking mental health treatment.

The winning essays addressed complicated topics such as stigma, trauma, resilience, equity, anxiety, and more. Teens also wrote about specific ideas for improving well-being, such as broader access to leisure sports, reducing time spent on social media, and normalizing mental health treatment and care.

NIH awarded a total of $15,000 in cash prizes to gold, silver, bronze, and honorable mention recipients. Read the winning essays at  nimhd.nih.gov/EssayContest   .

Gold winners

• Max, California - Tenacity Through Tumultuousness
• Michaela, Maryland - Exposing the Impact of Social Media on Teenage Mental Health: A Journey of Self-Discovery
• Raphael, Hawaii  - Let's CHAT: Mental Health Impact on Teens Living with Speech Challenges

Silver winners

• Aditi, California – Embracing Authenticity
• Anna, New York - Change Our Approach: How Sports Can Play a Role in Mental Health
• Ciniyah, Illinois - The Roots Affect the Fruit: A Personal Journey of Trauma to Triumph
• Kathleen, Maryland - Behind A Perfect Life
• Paige, Texas - Learn to Live and Accept Your Journey
• Rylie, Maryland - Drowning in Plain Sight

Bronze winners

• Argiro, Pennsylvania - Out in the Open: A Conversation about Mental Health
• Dresden, Maryland - Normalize the Care to Destigmatize the Conditions
• Gabriel, New Jersey - Keeping My Head Up: My Experience with Dad's Brain Cancer
• Hailey, Arkansas - Access for Adolescent Athletes
• Jordan, New Jersey - A Weighted Wait
• Kathryne, North Carolina - Embracing Openness: Unveiling Silent Struggles Surrounding Mental Health
• Maya, Maryland - Speaking up for Change
• Rachel, California - Embracing the Journey Towards Mental Health Acceptance
• Savannah, New Jersey - Taking a Step Today, for a Better Tomorrow

Honorable mentions

• Agaana, Maryland – Accountability for Authority: The Responsibilities of Schools
• Gisele, Pennsylvania - Breaking the Silence
• Jillian, Illinois - Navigating Mental Illness in Teens
• Kyle, North Carolina - How the Neglect of Mental Health Within Black Communities Causes Underlying Issues
• Mason, Maryland - Social Media as a Possible Method to Reduce Mental Health Stigma
• Minsung, Georgia - Hope to Bridge the Gap

If you are in crisis and need immediate help, call or text the  988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline     at  988  (para ayuda en español, llame al 988) to connect with a trained crisis counselor. The Lifeline provides 24-hour, confidential support to anyone in suicidal crisis or emotional distress. The deaf and hard of hearing can contact the Lifeline using their preferred relay service or by dialing 711 and then 988.

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Counseling the World Family

7 lessons for improving interactions between opposing parties..

Posted June 1, 2024 | Reviewed by Kaja Perina

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• Actively listen to ensure understanding, foster mutual respect and improve communication.
• Use "I" statements to express feelings to prevent defensiveness and promote constructive dialogue.
• Resolve conflicts through compromise, and practice patience as improvement takes time.

Throughout history, including today, we have faced situations in which people have voiced and acted upon strong disagreements with each other, with little tolerance for hearing or learning from those they oppose.

I think all people in our society could benefit from learning and applying lessons that people have found to be helpful in improving the quality of interactions and relationships within family counseling. This blog discusses some of these lessons that I teach at the start of family counseling sessions.

Almost every person wants to be respected. For interactions to be fruitful, it is important to treat each other with respect, which includes doing our best to listen to and understand each other’s point of view, and to respond thoughtfully and constructively, even when we disagree.

When you find yourself losing respect for a person with whom you disagree, remind yourself that to maintain a useful dialogue you need to regain a respectful attitude. One way to do so is to identify aspects of your opponent’s life that you believe are worthy of respect, such as their love of country, wish to maintain a strong family, or some of their life achievements.

2. Active Listening

It is not enough to say, “I understand.” Rather, listeners should rephrase what has been said to ensure that they have correctly interpreted what they have been told. If they have not heard correctly, speakers should be encouraged to restate their thoughts.

Even if the listeners disagree, their demonstration that they understood what was said helps speakers feel respected. In turn, this makes them more apt to listen to the response.

3. Confrontation Leads to Resistance

When emotions become heightened, sometimes people speak loudly, rudely, or in a threatening manner. It is essential that people realize that as soon as they act in a confrontational manner, the listeners tend to become defensive and may respond confrontationally or conversely, shut down.

Only in rare circumstances does confrontation lead to positive change. Change that occurs because of confrontation generally is accompanied by lingering resentment that can cause ongoing dysfunction.

In counseling families, I suggest that if one family member becomes angry and less communicative during an interaction the discussion should be postponed until people have calmed down. Similarly, scheduled breaks during discussions that can become heated allow for participants to calm themselves, and perhaps even interact amicably with people who hold opposing positions.

4. Using “I” statements

It is beneficial to state how each member of a dispute feels about it, rather than accusing the other party of wrongdoing. For instance, rather than stating, “Your misguided actions led to this problem,” (which is confrontational) it might be stated, ‘I feel badly because of what happened.” In the latter case, the offending party may respond that they did not mean to be hurtful, rather than being put in a position where they feel the need to defend their actions.

5. Compromise

Disagreements are infrequently resolved when one party ends up agreeing that it was wrong to begin with. However, more often, the solution to disagreement is to find a way to compromise. This means that both parties may feel incompletely vindicated, which can be a sign of an effective compromise.

Compromise can take the form of implementing a solution proposed by one of the involved parties, and then revisiting the issue sometime later to assess the efficacy of that solution.

6. Pick Your Battles

It is unnecessary to debate and resolve each disagreement between disputing parties. If a problem is likely to be resolved with time, or if it won’t matter in the long-run, it is expedient for at least one of the involved parties to forego insisting that they are correct.

7. Patience

Change takes time. Improving communication within a family or between groups of people is a complicated process that can start and stop multiple times. Thus, remaining patient during this process allows it to unfold and lead to enhanced relationships.

The lessons I have presented in this blog have helped improve relationships in many families. My hope is that applying these lessons globally will help improve our interactions with each other and contribute to more peaceful and successful resolutions to the many conflicts we face today.

Ran D. Anbar, M.D., FAAP, is board-certified in both pediatric pulmonology and general pediatrics. He is the author of the new book Changing Children’s Lives with Hypnosis: A Journey to the Center .

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At any moment, someone’s aggravating behavior or our own bad luck can set us off on an emotional spiral that threatens to derail our entire day. Here’s how we can face our triggers with less reactivity so that we can get on with our lives.

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Understanding Naturalistic Observation in Research

This essay is about naturalistic observation, a research method used to observe subjects in their natural environment without interference. It discusses the advantages of this method, such as providing rich, qualitative insights into behavior, and the challenges, including observer bias and lack of control over variables. The essay also touches on ethical considerations and the impact of technological advancements on the effectiveness of naturalistic observation. Examples from various fields like anthropology, ecology, and psychology illustrate the method’s versatility and significance in understanding authentic behaviors in real-world settings.

How it works

Naturalistic observation emerges as a method frequently employed in psychology and the social sciences. This methodology entails the observation of subjects in their native habitat devoid of any manipulation or intrusion by the investigator. The primary objective is to amass data on the behavioral patterns of subjects within authentic settings, proffering insights that may elude capture within a more regimented laboratory milieu. By affording behaviors the latitude to manifest organically, researchers can glean genuine reactions and interchanges, rendering this method invaluable for certain types of inquiries.

An eminent advantage of naturalistic observation lies in its capacity to furnish a nuanced, qualitative comprehension of behavior. For instance, through the observation of juveniles at a recreational area, an investigator can discern not only their play dynamics but also their social dynamics, conflict resolution strategies, and the evolution of their play over time. These observations can subsequently underpin deductions regarding social maturation, aggression, collaboration, and other facets of behavior. Such profundity of insight often eludes attainment through alternative methodologies such as surveys or experiments, wherein the contrived nature of the milieu may exert a sway over the behavior under observation.

Nevertheless, naturalistic observation is not devoid of impediments. One of the principal challenges pertains to the specter of observer partiality. Since the investigator is actively monitoring and documenting behaviors, their own presumptions or convictions may inadvertently color their perceptions and interpretations. To counteract this tendency, researchers frequently deploy strategies such as inter-observer concordance, whereby multiple observers independently record the same occurrence and subsequently compare findings to ascertain congruity. Furthermore, meticulous protocols and training can aid observers in preserving objectivity to the fullest extent feasible.

Another hurdle is the paucity of dominion over extraneous variables. Within a natural setting, myriad factors may influence behavior, ranging from meteorological conditions to the presence of bystanders. This renders the establishment of causal relationships a daunting task. For instance, if an investigator is scrutinizing responses to public art installations, discerning whether reactions stem from the art per se or from ancillary factors such as temporal considerations or pedestrian traffic patterns may prove challenging. Despite these constraints, the concession is often warranted for the genuine, ecological validity that naturalistic observation affords.

Ethical considerations likewise loom large in naturalistic observation. Researchers must strike a delicate equilibrium between the exigencies of unobtrusive observation and the entitlements of the subjects under observation. Frequently, this entails safeguarding the anonymity of subjects and refraining from documenting their conduct without their explicit consent, particularly within private domains. Public settings, wherein individuals lack a reasonable expectation of privacy, typically afford greater latitude for naturalistic observation. Nevertheless, ethical precepts must be rigorously adhered to in order to uphold the dignity and rights of all implicated subjects.

Naturalistic observation has made substantial inroads across various domains of inquiry. In anthropology, it has served as a lens through which to explore cultural customs and social configurations across disparate communities. In ecology, scientists engage in the observation of fauna within their native habitats to fathom behaviors germane to survival, procreation, and social dynamics. In psychology, it has proven instrumental in elucidating human behaviors spanning from the genesis of adolescence to social dynamics and psychological well-being. The method’s malleability renders it adaptable to a panoply of research queries and contexts, endowing it with a versatile utility in the researcher’s repertoire.

Technological strides have further augmented the efficacy of naturalistic observation. Contemporary tools such as video recording apparatuses, mobile devices, and even unmanned aerial vehicles can expedite data collection while minimizing interference. These innovations facilitate more granular and precise observations, which can be reviewed iteratively for analysis. Moreover, analytic software can aid in discerning patterns and drawing inferences from voluminous troves of observational data, thereby engendering a more rigorous and methodical analytical process.

In summation, naturalistic observation emerges as a potent means of dissecting behavior within its native milieu. Despite its impediments, including observer partiality, variable control constraints, and ethical quandaries, it furnishes unparalleled insights into the interplay between subjects and their surroundings. By abstaining from intervention, researchers can procure data that is both authentic and germane to real-world contexts. As technological progress marches onward, the potential for naturalistic observation to enrich our comprehension of intricate behaviors is poised to burgeon, cementing its status as a cornerstone of research methodologies. Recall, this exposition serves as a springboard for contemplation and further exploration. For bespoke guidance and to ensure adherence to scholarly standards, contemplate engaging the services of professionals at EduBirdie.

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