a passage to india research paper topics

The Novel “A Passage to India” by Edward Morgan Forster Research Paper

Introduction, body of the paper.

One of the main indications that a particular work of literature represents a high value as a ‘thing in itself’, is this work’s universally recognized ability to enlighten readers on what are the main causes of the current socio-economic situation in the world to remain what it is (Johnston, 1990). In light of the above suggested, the novel A Passage to India by E. M. Forster can indeed be considered utterly valuable.

The reason for this is that the themes and motifs, contained in it, reveal the hidden reason why, throughout the course of Britain’s colonial rule in India, the socio-economic dynamics in this country never ceased to reflect the fact that, whereas, the British colonists/administrators used to profess the so-called ‘Faustian’ (Western) existential values, their Indian subjects continued to be affiliated with the ‘Oriental’ ones (Spengler, 1932). In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion in length, while promoting the idea that one of the main reasons why India was able to shake off the colonial yoke in 1947, is that the culturally predetermined psychological difference between the British, on one hand, and Indians, on the other, proved rather irreconcilable.

Probably the most memorable aspect of the novel in question is the fact that much misunderstanding that occurs between the British and Indian main characters, featured in it, come as the result that these characters appear to be differently ‘brain wired’. After all, it now represents a commonplace assumption that there is indeed a qualitative difference between how Westerns and Orientals tend to reflect on the surrounding social reality and their place in it.

As Bower noted, “In a variety of reasoning tasks, Orientals take a ‘holistic’ approach. They make little use of categories and formal logic and instead focus on relations among objects and the context in which they interact… Westerners adopt an ‘analytic’ perspective. They look for the traits of objects while largely ignoring their context” (2000, p. 57). Therefore, there is nothing too surprising about the fact that, even though the characters of Aziz (Indian) and Adela (British) were equally affluent in English, the longer they socialized together, the slimmer were becoming their chances to befriend each other. After all, there can be indeed only a few doubts that, as opposed to what it happened to be the case with Aziz, Adela tended to address life-challenges in the rationale-driven matter.

For example, while striving to realize what accounts for the ‘authentic’ image of India, Adela never ceased believing that she would be in the position to gain an in-depth insight, in this respect, by the mean of making an analytical inquiry into India’s ethno-cultural uniqueness. However, Adela’s approach, in this respect, proved rather ineffective, as it implies that, regardless of what happened to be the specifics of people’s ethno-cultural affiliation, they adhere to the Western value of a perceptual rationalism – just as Westerners do. Therefore, it is not utterly surprising why, despite the fact that Adele never acted arrogantly towards Indians, she continued to fail when trying to establish the atmosphere of informality between herself and her newly acquired Indian acquaintances. The validity of this suggestion can be illustrated, in regards to the novel’s scene, in which Adela’s socialization-effort, during the course of the Bridge Party, sustained an utter fiasco: “Miss Quested (Adela) now had her desired opportunity; friendly Indians were before her, and she tried to make them talk, but she failed, she strove in vain against the echoing walls of their civility” (Forster 1965, p. 55).

Apparently, Adela could not bring herself to consider the possibility that the observable difference between the British and Indians did not merely concern the particulars of both peoples’ physical appearance, but also the fact that, unlike the British, Indians are predisposed to indulge in the ‘perceptual holism’. That is, they strive to objectify (to ‘blend’) themselves within the surrounding environment, as its integral part (Findly, 2002).

This is exactly the reason why the religion of Hinduism (as well as Buddhism) proclaims that the main indication of one being a thoroughly virtuous person is his or her willingness to consider the possibility that in this world, everything has to do with everything and that good and evil very much derive out of each other. For example, after having been asked to tell about whether he believed that Aziz was indeed guilty of trying to sneak up on Adela in the Marabar Caves, Professor Godbole (a Brahman Hindu) stated, “Nothing can be performed in isolation. All perform a good action, when one is performed, and when an evil action is performed, all perform it” (Forster, 1965, p. 200). Even though Aziz was a Muslim, he nevertheless used to act just as ‘holistically’, while trying to make sense out of his existence – hence, the character’s strongly defined sense of religiosity: “Aziz liked to hear his religion praised. It soothed the surface of his mind, and allowed beautiful images to form beneath” (Forster, 1965, p. 120).

After all, as it appears from the novel’s context, Aziz grew up in the rural area, which in turn presupposes that, ever since his early years, this character has used to rely on agriculture, as the mean of ensuring his physical survival – just as it happened to be the case with the majority of Indians even today. Yet, as psychologists are being well aware of, people who used to take part in the agricultural pursuits since they were young, are naturally predisposed to pursue with a strongly spiritual lifestyle (Andrews, 2006). The reason for this is that, due to the whims of weather, there is much uncertainty to the concerned pursuits – something that causes peasants to turn to ‘god’, as the mean of making sure that the weather remains favorable.

Another aspect of the rural mode of living is that its affiliates tend to be endowed with the strongly defined sense of a tribal solidarity. This simply could not be otherwise, because, one of the main preconditions for the agriculture-dependent peasants to succeed professionally, is their willingness to cooperate during the time of hardship – something that requires for the concerned individual to be emotionally ‘attuned’ with each other (Hallpike, 1976).

This explains why, while socializing with the British, many of the novel’s Indian characters seem to rely on their ability to ‘sense’ of what is being communicated to them, rather than on their ability to logically grasp the conveyed messages’ implications. Nevertheless, throughout the novel, the mentioned reliance, on the Indian characters’ part, often backfires – hence, causing them to experience a great deal of confusion, within the context of how they interrelate with the British. The full soundness of this statement can be shown, in regards to the novel’s scene, in which Aziz tries to impress Adela and Mrs.

Moore by the mean of having prearranged an elephant for their ride to the Marabar Caves: “An elephant, waving her painted forehead at the morn! ‘Oh, what a surprise!’ called the ladies politely. Aziz said nothing, but he nearly burst with pride and relief” (Forster, 1965, p. 159). Little did this character know about the fact that, by suggesting that they would like to get the taste of authentic India, both ladies the least wanted to be exposed to the sight of an elephant and to the consequent prospect to have a ride on it. The reason for this is that, whereas, Aziz tended to think of the notion of ‘authenticity’ as having been synonymous with the notion of ‘emotional intensity’, Adela and Mrs. Moore were innately predisposed to think of ‘authenticity’ in terms of an ‘intellectual enlightenment’.

This reveals the main reason why, despite having been grossly over-numbered by Indians, a handful of the British was able to keep India in submission for a long time. Apparently, the rationale-mindedness of the British (as it can be seen in Forster’s novel) was nothing but yet another extrapolation of their endowment with the ‘Faustian’ mentality, sublimated in these people’s desire to dominate the world. As Greenwood noted, ‘Faustians’ believe that, “Individual’s willpower must never cease combating obstacles, that the catastrophes of existence come as an inevitable culmination of past choices and experiences, and that the conflict is the essence of existence” (2009, p. 53). Therefore, it is fully explainable, why throughout the course of the novel, many of the featured British characters try to come up with names for the exotic plants/animals that encountered in India – by naming an unfamiliar object, one attains a discursive mastery over it (Hayes, 2005).

The earlier mentioned tribal anxieties, on the part of native Indians, also contributed towards the fact that the British were able to dominate India for centuries. This simply could not be otherwise, because one’s strong affiliation with the tribal mode of living, naturally presupposes the concerned individual’s lack of tolerance towards others. Thus, there is nothing too odd about the fact that the Indian society even today continues to be deeply divided along a number of different ethno-cultural and socio-economic ways – this is just another effect of how the mentality of Indians actually functions (Vaid, 2012).

In light of what has been said earlier, the main discursive message that Forster’s novel conveys, can be formulated as follows: In India, The British used to act as ‘Faustians’, obsessed with striving to rule and to dominate just about everything they happened to lay their eye upon. While acting as the adherents of the value of a will-powered rationalism, they initially did not experience any trouble with maintaining their colonial rule in India (Himanshu, 2006).

Nevertheless, there were a number of the objective reasons for such their rule to grow progressively undermined, as the result of its continuous exposure to the sheer immensity of India’s ‘primevalness’. Forster’s novel provides us with the insight into how many British characters used to experience the concerned process emotionally, without being able to explain what their emotions, in this respect, did signify. The validity of this suggestion can be illustrated, in regards to the scene in which, after having been taken on a tour to the Marabar Hills, Adela and Mrs. Moore ended up experiencing the sensation of an utter psychological discomfort, as the result of their realization that there was something utterly ‘uncanny’ about the sight, “They (hills) are like nothing else in the world, and a glimpse of them makes the breath catch. They rise abruptly, insanely, without the proportion that is kept by the wildest hills elsewhere, they bear no relation to anything dreamt or seen” (Forster, 1965, p. 142).

The both characters’ sensation, in this respect, can be explained by the fact that, while exposed to the sight of the Marabar Hills, they were growing unconsciously aware that there was no way for the rationally-minded British to succeed in maintaining their colonial rule in India forever. The reason for this is that such a state of affairs would have violated the laws of nature.

Nevertheless, it is namely the scene, in which Adela and Mrs. Moore experienced nothing short of a sheer horror, as the result of their descent into the Marabar Caves, which can be considered the most illustrative of the novel’s subtly promoted idea that Europeans could never understand what India is all about. As this scene implies, it was specifically their realization of the ‘nullifying’ effect of the strangely sounding echo, which troubled both characters’ the most, “The echo in a Marabar cave … is entirely devoid of distinction. Whatever is said, the same monotonous noise replies, and quivers up and down the walls until it is absorbed into the roof. ‘Boum’ is the sound as far as the human alphabet can express it, or ‘bou-oum,’ or ‘ou-boum,’- utterly dull” (Forster, 1965, p. 168).

The reason for this is that Adela and Mrs. Moore felt as if this echo was undermining their sense of self-identity. It reminded them that, despite having been blessed with their rational-mindedness, the British are being nevertheless fully subjected to the primeval forces of nature, just as it happened to be the case with the ‘simple-minded’ Indians – a rather troubling realization for anyone who happened to be an intellectually sophisticate individual. As Christensen pointed out, “The Caves, however, do not do not expose an imaginary, self-apparent truth about India… Rather, the Caves reveal an empty space, a final and self-grounding ‘nothing’ in the truth about India” (2006, p. 161).

This helps us to understand why, throughout the time of their colonial presence in India, the British used to make a deliberate point in keeping a certain distance between themselves and their Indian subjects, “Anything but disaster result when English people and Indians attempt to be intimate socially. Intercourse, yes. Courtesy, by all means. Intimacy—never, never” (Forster, 1294, p. 198). Apparently, such British strategy had to do with the fact that, while being in control of India, the British never ceased to be unconsciously aware that the concerned state of affairs could continue only for as long as this country remained ‘asleep’, in the allegorical sense of this word. Once ‘awaken’, however, India would not leave its self-proclaimed rulers from Britain even a slightest chance (Rakesh, 1994). The validity of this suggestion becomes self-evident, once we mention the sheer effectiveness of the ‘peaceful resistance’ strategy, deployed by Mahatma Gandhi in his struggle for India’s independence (Godrej, 2006; Kupfer, 2007).

The most peculiar aspect of this strategy was the fact that it did not require its affiliates to act actively, while trying to end the British colonial rule in India. Yet, it did bring about the situation that, as of 1947, the British colonial administrators realized themselves in being no longer in the position to have any influence on the socio-political dynamics in India – hence, their decision to leave.

I believe that the earlier provided line of argumentation, as to what can be considered the discursive significance of Forster’s novel, correlates perfectly well with the paper’s initial thesis. Apparently, the world’s countries can be categorized in terms of ‘predators’, on one hand, and ‘herbivores’, on the other. Traditionally, Britain (as well as many other Western European countries) used to act as a ‘predator’ – especially while implementing its colonial policies overseas. India, on the other hand, used to act as a ‘herbivore’. Nevertheless, as Foster’s novel and the qualitative aspects of the 20 th century’s history imply, there can be very little logic in assuming that ‘predator’-countries are necessarily superior.

It is understood, of course, that they have what it takes (their citizens’ endowment with the domination-seeking ‘Faustian’ mentality) to bring ‘herbivore’-countries in the state of submission. This submission, however, usually proves short-lived – while in the process of exercising an authority in the colonies, the rationally-minded European colonists grow overwhelmed by the sheer vitality of those ‘savages’ that they try to control. Thus, it will only be logical to end this paper by reinstating once again that reading of the novel A Passage to India by E. M. Forster should prove utterly beneficial for just about anyone who strives to find an explanation, as to why in the aftermath of the WW2, Britain did not have any other choice but to let India free.

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Forster, E.M. (1965). A passage to India . London: Mariner books. Web.

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A Passage to India : a Socio-historical Study

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• G. K. Das  

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Criticai scholarship on A Passage to India has shown that it is the socio-historical content which, more than any other aspect of the novel, has generateci controversy. Enthusiastic comments have appeared, both for and against Forster’s presentation of this theme, from the book’s first publication until today (a cross-section of views will be found in E, M. Forster: The Criticai Heritage , ed. Philip Gardner 1 ), and it will not be an exaggeration to say that its wide reception over the years owes much to the author’s extraordinarily sensitive handling of a major socio-historical event of this Century, i.e. the dissolution of the British dominion of India. Several novelists from Kipling to Paul Scott have given us enchanting fictionalised pictures of imperial India, looking at it earlier in the Century with pride, or later, as Britain’s imperial possession was lost, with wistful nostalgia, but the distinction of A Passage to India lies in the fact that it registers the transitional moment of British India’s transformation into a new India with a disenchantingly realistic and historical vision.

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E. M. Forster: The Criticai Heritage , ed. Philip Gardner (1973).

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Nirad C. Chaudhuri, ‘Passage to and from India’, Encounter , II (June 1954) 19–24.

East India (Punjab Disturbances) ‘Hunter Committee Report’, presented to Parliament (1920), pp. 83–4.

Lord Hardinge, My Indian Years: 1910–1916 (1948) pp. 86–7.

E. M. Forster, ‘Indian Entries’, Encounter , XVIII (Jan 1962) 26; repr. in HD , p. 223.

E. M. Forster, ‘India and the Turk’, Nation and Athenaeum , 30 Sep 1922, pp. 844–5.

Jawaharlal Nehru, The History of the Indian National Congress , ed. B. Pattabhai Sitaramayya (Bombay, 1946) p. 250.

See P. N. Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life (1977–8) II , 125–30.

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Das, G.K. (1985). A Passage to India : a Socio-historical Study. In: Beer, J. (eds) A Passage to India. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17994-7_1

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A Post-Colonial View of A Passage to India

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Dr. Sidhartha Sawant

A Passage to India is a postcolonial novel written by a colonizer about the British rule in India whereby he highlights the racial prejudices and tensions of both the colonizer and the colonized. The novel is a realistic document about the British rule in India. It is the representative postcolonial novel which deals with the racial conflict between the Orient and the Occident. The novel shows how the ruling Anglo-Indians became arrogant and how they destroyed the chance of winning over their Indian subjects. A passage to India is thus a valuable critique of the inhumane treatment of the Indians by their British masters. The racial barrier between the West and the East has been brilliantly and artistically depicted in the novel. Throughout the novel, the barriers of inter-racial friendship in a colonial context are explored thoroughly.

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Baran Perçin

The aim of this paper is to analyse Edward Morgan Forster's novel A Passage to India briefly. The novel may be considered semi-autobiographical and it is his latest novel after his trip to India. Forster created a modern novel that delicately processes the religious and sociocultural themes, especially human relations surrounded by the British colonialists' presence in India. While the question whether a true friendship between the Muslim Indian Doctor Aziz and the English Character Fielding can be established, the British presence in India is often questioned, although Forster clearly does not criticize imperialism. Forster addressed the events from a modernist perspective. Since he himself had liberal characteristics, he conveyed these to some of the characters in the novel. According to him, art can reach beyond the world of man and object but never can leave that world behind, because it should seek and understand meanings and contexts in it. In A Passage to India, he gives the reader the message that despite all the differences people are united. In the novel, not only the conflict between Britain and India is discussed, but also India's own muddle is entreated because the country is divided separately in itself. The challenge in India is actually the difficulty in the face of the derelict universe.

Ashton Kirsten

E.M. Forster's novel, A Passage to India, deals with the subject of Imperialism, specifically the British's involvement in India-the British Raj. Throughout the novel, we are presented with the difficulties of human connection within (the self, and one's own psychological state), and without (race, political stances, and the concept of the individual versus the group). Connection within a divided society is explored through the character of Fielding, through his encounters with both its difficulties and the possibilities for its existence. The British are constantly faced with various practical challenges in the untamed landscape of India, as well as cognitive hitches with regard to their attempts at accepting their new way of life and acquainting themselves with the Oriental psyche. These concepts will be elaborated on below, with special attention being paid to Fielding's character and principles.

International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences

ani makhijani

Usama Muneer

The study deals with the imperialistic elements of British rule in E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India. This study textually analysis through the post-colonial aspect of the study. British colonizer rule in India or British raj the local people suffer a lot from it. This paper highlights the crucial relation between the colonizer and the colonized. I study English colonized literature, I always seem to sympathies with the locals in English colonized countries. These colonialists regarded the locals as inferior. Through the study of “A Passage to India,” we come to know how Forster depicted the British rule in Indian sub-continent. This study leads us towards the British Imperialistic activities in India.

Muzahid Billah

E. M. Forster's A Passage to India is obviously " more than a fictional travelogue, a kind ofInside India " (Karl & Magalaner, 119). It is concerned with matter that may generate confusion, susceptibility and distinct prejudice and set two individuals, even two races face to face in relation to belligerence, intolerance and prejudice. This paper will throw light on thecases that are responsible for encountering the position of East and West. As a text says what it does not say, my probe will dig out the political tension of Indian life and racial relationship in colonial setting from the fictionalized Indian conditions as depicted in A Passage to India. Introduction The novel entitled A Passage to Indiais inspired mainly from E. M. Forster's own experience as a temporary resident in India and his coming in contact with the Indian people and with the British servants, called Anglo-Indians, who were a narrow-minded caste of chauvinistic snobs. A Passage to Indiais a book that has been balanced by Forster for a long time as it was written in 1913 and not published until 1924 and as Boris Ford said: 'Forster, representing the finest and most human in the liberal spirit, began in " APassage to India " the tradition of using Indian life as an image of personal experiences'(1983:319). Although A Passage to Indiais a highly symbolic or even mystical text, it also aims to be a realistic documentation of the attitudes of British colonial officials in India, primarily in Chandapore, a city along the Ganges River, notable only for the nearby Marbar caves. Forster spends large sections of the novel characterizing different typical attitudes the English hold toward the Indians whom they control. Forster's satire is harsh on Englishwomen, whom the author depicts as overwhelmingly racist, self-righteous, and viciously condescending to the native population. Some of the Englishmen in the novel are as nasty as the women, but Forster more often identifies Englishmen as men who, though condescending and unable to relate to Indians on an individual level, are largely well-meaning and invested in their jobs. For all Forster's criticism of the British manner of governing India, however, he does not appear to question the right of the British Empire to rule India. He suggests that the British would be well served by becoming kinder and more sympathetic to the Indians with which they live. A Passage to Indiais an exploration of Anglo-Indian friendship. Forster pays great attention to the description of the two societies that are to be found in India, namely the natives, the Indians, and the new comers, the British, but also to way they interact and to the relationships they establish. Throughout the novel, the barriers of inter-racial friendship in a colonial context are explored thoroughly: A Passage to India is a classic example of how different cultures,when forced to intermix, misunderstand

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A Passage to India

E. m. forster, ask litcharts ai: the answer to your questions.

Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on E. M. Forster's A Passage to India . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

A Passage to India: Introduction

A passage to india: plot summary, a passage to india: detailed summary & analysis, a passage to india: themes, a passage to india: quotes, a passage to india: characters, a passage to india: symbols, a passage to india: literary devices, a passage to india: quizzes, a passage to india: theme wheel, brief biography of e. m. forster.

Historical Context of A Passage to India

Other books related to a passage to india.

• Full Title: A Passage to India
• When Written: 1912-24
• Where Written: India and England
• When Published: 1924
• Literary Period: Modernism
• Genre: Historical Fiction, Psychological Fiction, Realism
• Setting: Chandrapore, India and Mau, India
• Climax: Aziz’s trial
• Point of View: Third person omniscient

Extra Credit for A Passage to India

Syed Ross Masood. In 1906 Forster became close friends with a young Muslim Indian named Syed Ross Masood, who introduced him to more Indians and inspired him to visit India again years later. Their friendship is partly reflected in the characters of Fielding and Aziz.

Henry and Edward. Forster’s parents originally named him “Henry Morgan,” but at his baptism he was accidentally christened as “Edward Morgan,” which was his father’s name.

A Passage to India

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How does the narrator interact with the plot of the novel? In what way does the narrator offer an opinion on the English, the Indians, and the setting of India?

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How do the descriptions of the English society behind the civil lines compare with descriptions of the Indian community of Chandrapore?

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Books — A Passage to India

Essays on A Passage to India

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A Review of The Character of Fielding and Aziz in E.m. Forster’s Book, a Passage to India

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The Three Stages of a Journey as Illustrated in a Passage to India

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The Mentality of Public Schools in Howard's End and a Passage to India

Analysis of the british characters in a passage to india.

4 June 1924

E. M. Forster

Dr. Aziz, Cyril Fielding, Adela Quested, Mrs. Moore, Ronny Heaslop, Professor Narayan Godbole, Mr. Turton, Mrs. Turton, Maj. Callendar, Mr. McBryde, Miss Derek, Nawab Bahadur, Hamidullah, Amritrao, Mahmoud Ali, Dr. Panna Lal, Ralph Moore, Stella Moore

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New treatment could reverse hair loss caused by an autoimmune skin disease

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Researchers at MIT, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School have developed a potential new treatment for alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss and affects people of all ages, including children.

For most patients with this type of hair loss, there is no effective treatment. The team developed a microneedle patch that can be painlessly applied to the scalp and releases drugs that help to rebalance the immune response at the site, halting the autoimmune attack.

In a study of mice, the researchers found that this treatment allowed hair to regrow and dramatically reduced inflammation at the treatment site, while avoiding systemic immune effects elsewhere in the body. This strategy could also be adapted to treat other autoimmune skin diseases such as vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis, the researchers say.

“This innovative approach marks a paradigm shift. Rather than suppressing the immune system, we’re now focusing on regulating it precisely at the site of antigen encounter to generate immune tolerance,” says Natalie Artzi, a principal research scientist in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and an associate faculty member at the Wyss Institute of Harvard University.

Artzi and Jamil R. Azzi, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, are the senior authors of the new study , which appears in the journal Advanced Materials . Nour Younis, a Brigham and Women’s postdoc, and Nuria Puigmal, a Brigham and Women’s postdoc and former MIT research affiliate, are the lead authors of the paper.

The researchers are now working on launching a company to further develop the technology, led by Puigmal, who was recently awarded a Harvard Business School Blavatnik Fellowship.

Direct delivery

Alopecia areata, which affects more than 6 million Americans, occurs when the body’s own T cells attack hair follicles, leading the hair to fall out. The only treatment available to most patients — injections of immunosuppressant steroids into the scalp — is painful and patients often can’t tolerate it.

Some patients with alopecia areata and other autoimmune skin diseases can also be treated with immunosuppressant drugs that are given orally, but these drugs lead to widespread suppression of the immune system, which can have adverse side effects.

“This approach silences the entire immune system, offering relief from inflammation symptoms but leading to frequent recurrences. Moreover, it increases susceptibility to infections, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer,” Artzi says.

A few years ago, at a working group meeting in Washington, Artzi happened to be seated next to Azzi (the seating was alphabetical), an immunologist and transplant physican who was seeking new ways to deliver drugs directly to the skin to treat skin-related diseases.

Their conversation led to a new collaboration, and the two labs joined forces to work on a microneedle patch to deliver drugs to the skin. In 2021, they reported that such a patch can be used to prevent rejection following skin transplant. In the new study, they began applying this approach to autoimmune skin disorders.

“The skin is the only organ in our body that we can see and touch, and yet when it comes to drug delivery to the skin, we revert to systemic administration. We saw great potential in utilizing the microneedle patch to reprogram the immune system locally,” Azzi says.

The microneedle patches used in this study are made from hyaluronic acid crosslinked with polyethylene glycol (PEG), both of which are biocompatible and commonly used in medical applications. With this delivery method, drugs can pass through the tough outer layer of the epidermis, which can’t be penetrated by creams applied to the skin.

“This polymer formulation allows us to create highly durable needles capable of effectively penetrating the skin. Additionally, it gives us the flexibility to incorporate any desired drug,” Artzi says. For this study, the researchers loaded the patches with a combination of the cytokines IL-2 and CCL-22. Together, these immune molecules help to recruit regulatory T cells, which proliferate and help to tamp down inflammation. These cells also help the immune system learn to recognize that hair follicles are not foreign antigens, so that it will stop attacking them.

Hair regrowth

The researchers found that mice treated with this patch every other day for three weeks had many more regulatory T cells present at the site, along with a reduction in inflammation. Hair was able to regrow at those sites, and this growth was maintained for several weeks after the treatment ended. In these mice, there were no changes in the levels of regulatory T cells in the spleen or lymph nodes, suggesting that the treatment affected only the site where the patch was applied.

In another set of experiments, the researchers grafted human skin onto mice with a humanized immune system. In these mice, the microneedle treatment also induced proliferation of regulatory T cells and a reduction in inflammation.

The researchers designed the microneedle patches so that after releasing their drug payload, they can also collect samples that could be used to monitor the progress of the treatment. Hyaluronic acid causes the needles to swell about tenfold after entering the skin, which allows them to absorb interstitial fluid containing biomolecules and immune cells from the skin.

Following patch removal, researchers can analyze samples to measure levels of regulatory T cells and inflammation markers. This could prove valuable for monitoring future patients who may undergo this treatment.

The researchers now plan to further develop this approach for treating alopecia, and to expand into other autoimmune skin diseases.

The research was funded by the Ignite Fund and Shark Tank Fund awards from the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

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MIT researchers have developed microneedle patches that are capable of restoring hair growth in alopecia areata patients, reports Ernie Mundell for HealthDay . The team’s approach includes a, “patch containing myriad microneedles that is applied to the scalp,” writes Mundell. “It releases drugs to reset the immune system so it stops attacking follicles.” 

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Understanding the Key Differences between Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia

This essay explores the complexities of retrograde and anterograde amnesia, highlighting their distinct characteristics and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Retrograde amnesia involves the loss of pre-existing memories, often due to brain injuries or neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, anterograde amnesia hinders the formation of new memories, trapping individuals in a constant present. The essay discusses the differing prognoses and treatment strategies for each condition, emphasizing the challenges and approaches in managing these memory impairments.

How it works

Within the intricate maze of the human mind, memory serves as our guiding beacon, illuminating the labyrinthine corridors of personal history and shaping our perceptions of reality. However, much like a delicate tapestry, memory can fray and unravel, leading to enigmatic conditions such as retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Though both disorders obscure the pathways of memory, they each possess distinct characteristics that set them apart in the realm of cognitive impairments.

Retrograde amnesia, often dramatized in literature and cinema as a hero’s journey to reclaim a lost past, denotes the loss of memories formed prior to the onset of the condition.

This form of amnesia can be triggered by various factors, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, or the relentless advance of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. The severity of retrograde amnesia can vary significantly, from brief lapses in recent memory to extensive gaps encompassing substantial portions of one’s personal history.

In stark contrast, anterograde amnesia presents a poignant struggle against the passage of time, trapping individuals in a perpetual present where the formation of new memories is obstructed. Unlike retrograde amnesia, where the past becomes a mystery to unravel, anterograde amnesia casts a shadow over both the present and future, hindering the encoding of new experiences and knowledge into long-term memory. It’s akin to a canvas of consciousness that remains perpetually blank, awaiting brushstrokes that never materialize.

The distinction between retrograde and anterograde amnesia extends beyond temporal boundaries to encompass the complex neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory function. Retrograde amnesia often results from structural damage to brain regions essential for memory consolidation and retrieval, such as the hippocampus or adjacent temporal lobe structures. Conversely, anterograde amnesia may stem from disruptions in neural circuits responsible for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory, rendering the encoding process fundamentally flawed.

While both forms of amnesia disrupt memory, their prognoses and therapeutic strategies differ. Retrograde amnesia, particularly when induced by transient factors like concussion, may partially or fully resolve as the brain heals. In contrast, managing anterograde amnesia presents a formidable challenge, often necessitating comprehensive interventions aimed at mitigating cognitive deficits and enhancing compensatory strategies.

Treatment for anterograde amnesia typically involves pharmacological agents targeting neurotransmitter systems involved in memory formation, along with cognitive rehabilitation programs emphasizing memory aids and mnemonic techniques. The effectiveness of these interventions depends on various factors, including the underlying cause, severity of cognitive impairment, and individual response to treatment.

In essence, retrograde and anterograde amnesia represent divergent paths within the complex landscape of memory disorders. While retrograde amnesia unravels the threads of the past, leaving behind fragments of a forgotten narrative, anterograde amnesia shrouds the present in a mystic haze, obscuring the way forward. By exploring the depths of these enigmatic conditions, we strive to illuminate the path toward understanding, empathy, and effective interventions for those navigating the maze of memory impairment.

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Understanding the Key Differences Between Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia. (2024, May 21). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/understanding-the-key-differences-between-retrograde-and-anterograde-amnesia/

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). Understanding the Key Differences Between Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/understanding-the-key-differences-between-retrograde-and-anterograde-amnesia/ [Accessed: 22 May. 2024]

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). Understanding the Key Differences Between Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/understanding-the-key-differences-between-retrograde-and-anterograde-amnesia/ [Accessed: 22-May-2024]

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Impact of Retail CBDC on Digital Payments, and Bank Deposits: Evidence from India

Interest in central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) has been burgeoning with 134 countries now exploring its implementation. In December 2022, India started its CBDC pilot program to continue its transition towards a digitized payments economy. This paper presents the first empirical analysis utilizing detailed transaction data to explore the dynamics between CBDCs and existing digital payment methods, as well as the implications of increased CBDC usage on traditional bank deposits. Our findings reveal that policies which increase transaction costs for current digital payment methods catalyze a substitution effect, bolstering CBDC adoption. Furthermore, an uptick in CBDC usage is associated with a notable decline in bank, cash, and savings deposits, suggesting potential paths to bank disintermediation. This study contributes critical insights into the evolving competition between digital currencies and established financial infrastructures, highlighting the transformative potential of CBDCs on the broader economy.

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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Dominican President Set to Win Re-Election as Voters Eye Crisis in Haiti

President Luis Abinader was bolstered by nativist migration policies, a strong economy and an anticorruption drive.

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By Simon Romero and Hogla Enecia Pérez

Simon Romero reported from Mexico City, and Hogla Enecia Pérez from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

President Luis Abinader of the Dominican Republic was heading to a win in his re-election bid on Sunday as voters embraced his crackdown on migrants from neighboring Haiti, an anti-corruption drive and his stewardship of one of Latin America’s best-performing economies.

Mr. Abinader, a former executive in the tourism industry, took 59 percent of the vote against 27 percent for his closest rival, Leonel Fernández, a three-time former president, and 11 percent for Abel Martínez, a provincial mayor, with 21.5 percent of votes counted, according to the Dominican Republic's national electoral authority.

Both Mr. Fernández and Mr. Martínez called Mr. Abinader on Sunday evening to concede and congratulate him, despite the lack of full official results, which were expected to be available in coming days. In a victory speech, Mr. Abinader thanked his rivals and those who voted for him.

“I accept the trust placed in me,” Mr. Abinader said. “I will not let you down.”

The election showcased how a political leader could turn migration fears to his advantage.

The Dominican Republic is deporting tens of thousands of Haitians this year — despite pleas from the United Nations to stop — as they flee gang-fueled lawlessness . Mr. Abinader is going even further, building a border wall between the two countries that share the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.

“He has shown who wears the pants on this issue,” said Robert Luna, a voter in Santo Domingo who works in marketing, about Mr. Abinader’s hard-line migration policies. “He’s fighting for what the fathers of the nation wanted.”

Mr. Abinader’s likely first-round victory also showed how the Dominican Republic, with one of Latin America’s fastest-growing economies, stands apart from other countries in the region, where many leaders who rose to power in the same period as Mr. Abinader are dogged by dismal approval ratings .

“This is definitely not a ‘change’ election as many others have recently been in Latin America,” said Michael Shifter, a senior fellow at the Inter-American Dialogue, a Washington-based research organization.

Much of Mr. Abinader’s support also stems from his anti-graft initiatives. He won his first term in 2020 by vowing to clean up the corruption that has long been embedded in the political culture of the Dominican Republic, a country of 11.2 million people.

He appointed Miriam Germán, a former Supreme Court judge, as attorney general. She has overseen investigations that ensnared high-ranking officials in the previous administration, including a former attorney general and a former finance minister.

The investigations have largely focused on people opposed to Mr. Abinader, prompting criticism that his own government has been spared. But other moves, like the passage in 2022 of an asset forfeiture law, offer hope of lasting change. The forfeiture law is viewed as an important and pioneering tool for disrupting and dismantling criminal enterprises, depriving them of property acquired illegally.

Rosario Espinal, a Dominican political analyst, said Mr. Abinader could have won re-election simply by focusing on the battle against corruption, as he did in 2020, “but not with the margins that he wants.”

Instead, Ms. Espinal said, Mr. Abinader embraced the nativist immigration policies traditionally pushed by the Dominican far right. “He needed to find a new topic that would resonate,” she said. “He found that in migration.”

Exploiting anti-Haitian sentiment is nothing new in the Dominican Republic.

Rafael Trujillo, the xenophobic dictator who ruled the country from 1930 to 1961, institutionalized a campaign portraying Haitians as racially inferior and, in 1937, ordered the massacre of thousands of Haitians and Dominicans of Haitian descent.

Nearly every other country in the Americas offers birthright citizenship. But a 2010 constitutional amendment and a 2013 court ruling excluded Dominican-born children of undocumented migrants from citizenship.

In practical terms, that means that roughly 130,000 descendants of Haitian migrants are living in the Dominican Republic without citizenship despite being born there , according to rights groups.

As Haiti descended into chaos following the 2021 assassination of the Haitian president, Jovenel Moïse, Mr. Abinader built on the anti-immigrant measures already enshrined in Dominican law.

He suspended visas for Haitians in 2023 and then closed the border with Haiti for nearly a month, in a dispute over the construction of a canal in Haiti using water from a river shared between the two countries.

“He has to take a tough stance,” said Sandra Ventura, 55, a businesswoman from Tamayo in the country’s south, about Mr. Abinader’s migration policies.

Dominican immigration officials have gone considerably further, with some accused of looting the homes of Haitians and embarking on a campaign to detain and deport Haitian women who were pregnant or who had just given birth.

Pablo Mella, academic director of the Pedro Francisco Bonó Institute, a Dominican university, called Mr. Abinader’s policies toward Haiti a “public and international disgrace,” particularly the treatment of pregnant Haitian women.

“What happens is that’s what gets votes,” Mr. Mella added. “Candidates are vying to see who’s the most anti-Haitian of all.”

Ahead of the election, a large majority of Dominican voters said that the upheaval in Haiti was influencing how they would vote. And Mr. Abinader clearly benefited from such concerns, with nearly 90 percent of voters expressing support for his construction of a border wall.

Many in the large Dominican diaspora were also allowed to cast ballots in the election, with more than 600,000 eligible voters residing in the United States and more than 100,000 in Spain.

Mr. Abinader has defended his immigration policies, saying they are no different from what countries like Jamaica, Bahamas, the United States and Canada have done to limit the arrival of Haitians fleeing the crisis.

“I have to do whatever is necessary to secure our people,” Mr. Abinader told the BBC in a recent interview. “We are just applying our law.”

Mr. Abinader’s office did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Still, some voters were not sold on the incumbent. Tirso Lorenzo Piña, a doorman and an evangelical Christian in Santo Domingo, said he was unhappy with Mr. Abinader’s support in the United Nations for admitting Palestine as a member.

“Everyone has their own ideology, concepts, ways of thinking,” Mr. Piña said. “But I don’t like him.”

Still, Mr. Abinader benefited from a divided opposition and a broad consensus in the Dominican Republic in favor of investor-friendly policies that have spurred economic growth. His handling of the Covid pandemic also helped, with the relatively quick distribution of vaccines allowing the Dominican tourism industry to bounce back while some other countries were requiring visitors to go into quarantine.

Tourism is a pillar of the economy, accounting for about 16 percent of gross domestic product. The World Bank expects the Dominican Republic’s economy to grow by 5.1 percent this year.

While the country’s economy has expanded over the last two decades at a rate three times the average in Latin America, enduring inequality has opened Mr. Abinader to criticism. He has responded by expanding popular cash-transfer programs for the country’s poorest residents.

Simon Romero is a Times correspondent covering Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. He is based in Mexico City. More about Simon Romero

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