creative commons research

Creative Commons

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Finding Public Domain & Creative Commons Media

What do public domain & creative commons mean, getting help, public domain versus creative commons, public domain.

". . .no longer under copyright protection or [one that] failed to meet the requirements for copyright protection. Works in the public domain may be used freely without the permission of the former copyright owner."

Such works can be used without first seeking permission. This makes them ideal for many projects, particularly those extending beyond educational use.

Note: Even if a work is in the public domain, it is advisable to provide attribution. At a minimum, record the author for your records. This will allow you, and others, to find the original later if necessary.

Creative Commons

There may not always be something in the public domain that fits your needs. Creative Commons-licensed content can be a good alternative. When using CC-content, ensure that you correctly attribute it to the creator. There may be additional terms of the license the content is offered under, so double-check. You can find more information about this on the Creative Commons FAQ.

Note: A Creative Commons license, does not provide blanket permission to use the content without restraint. Remember, you must provide proper attribution and ensure your use does not violate the license.

Creativecommons.org
FAQ - Creative Commons

This video from CreativeCommons.org offers an overview of Creative Commons.

How do the licenses work?

This infographic by adityadipankar provides quick intro to the various types of Creative Commons licenses. If you are interested in learning more about these licenses, CreativeCommons.org offers more information.

About the Licenses - Creative Commons

All Creative Commons licenses require attribution to the creator. Creative Commons Australia created a handout on best practices for providing attribution. It offers detailed information about proper attribution best practices.

Attributing Creative Commons Materials Handout

While the resources on this guide all aim to provide access to Creative Commons and public domain resources. Please note that we cannot guarantee that all of the resources found on these sites will not violate copyright.

Please note that our listings here focus on cultural and government collections. We are no longer accepting resource suggestions for this page and cannot reply to requests to include unsolicited links.

Bing In Bing Images you can limit your search results to Public Domain only. Click Filters select License in the menu below the search box and select Public Domain .
British Library on Flickr This is a collection of public domain resources from the British Library's collection. The albums included on this page are a great resource for inspiration and reuse.
Flickr & Flickr's The Commons Flickr includes an option to mark media on the site as in the Public Domain. Currently only a limited number of items bear this mark, it may expand over time. The Commons, which offers images without known copyright restrictions from over 70 institutions. In almost all cases, the images have already entered the Public Domain. Users can limit their searches to a specific institution by navigating to an institution's photostream. After searching within the photostream, licensing options are available in the Any License menu.
Getty Open Content Program The Getty recently started an Open Content Program to "share images of works of art in an unrestricted manner, freely, so that all those who create or appreciate art…will have greater access to high-quality digital images for their studies and projects." Run a search and then filter in the Highlights section of the left menu. There is a checkbox option for Open Content Images . All images found through this program should be credited as "Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program."
Metropolitan Museum In early 2017, the Met Museum implemented an open access policy. They assign a Creative Commons Zero (CC0) to two categories of images. First, any images of artworks the Museum believes to be in the public domain. Second, those to which the Museum waives any copyright it might have, for any purpose. This allows for free commercial or noncommercial use, without requiring permission from the Museum. See the link for more info about searching for and identifying these images.
NASA NASA's website offers access to many of their images, audio files, videos and other media. These works are generally not copyrighted and freely available for use.
National Gallery of Art (U.S.) NGA Images is a digital repository of the collections of the National Gallery of Art. On this website you can search, browse, share, and download images. A standards-based reproduction guide and a help section provide advice for both novices and experts. 45,000+ open access digital images up to 4000 pixels each are free to use. NGA Images is designed to facilitate learning, enrichment, enjoyment, and exploration.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration As government images, nearly the entire collection is in the public domain. The website states that you must credit NOAA if you use one of their images. They especially encourage educational use.
Public Domain Image Resources Wikipedia maintains a page of online resources for finding public domain images and other content. Not all of the sites include exclusively public domain images. However, this list is a good place to start, particularly if you need specialized items.
The Public Domain Review This resource curates a collection of images, books, films and audio in the public domain. The collection can be browsed by medium, time period, tag and source. Once in a collection, you can also sort by the type of public domain rights (for example, whether it is in the public domain everywhere in the world).
Rijksmuseum Images on the Rijksmuseum website are fully searchable and downloadable. Each public domain item includes this information in the item description under Acquisition and Rights . Over 300,000 images are available.
Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: as seen in prints and archives This exhibition is provided by the British Library and the Japan Center for Asian Historical Records (JACAR). It includes 235 prints held by the British Library now in the public domain. Available in both English and Japanese.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Image Gallery The U.S. Department of Agriculture maintains images related to their work. As they are mostly government images, nearly all are in the public domain. Any images that are not in the public domain are marked accordingly.
Yale University Art Gallery Under Yale University’s Open Access policy, "anyone may use the [Art] Gallery’s open-access material without further application, authorization, or fees due to the Gallery or to Yale." There is currently no way to limit search results to only public domain items. However, when you click an item, the entry will state whether it is public domain. More information on properly attributing images is available on the Terms of Use page.

If you can't find Public Domain images, you can also use Creative Commons-licensed content. The sources below make finding these images, and properly attributing them, quick and easy.

Bing In Bing Images you can limit your search results to Creative Commons only. Click Filters select License in the menu below the search box. You can select either All Creative Commons or the specific license that fits your needs.
Compfight Compfight shows both commercial and Creative Commons images. However, it groups non-Creative Commons images in a separate section to make the distinction clear. After searching, you can narrow by license type using the facets in the left menu.
Creative Commons The Creative Commons website includes an option to search for Creative Commons content across sources. Resources include Flickr, Google and Wikimedia Commons among many others.
Europeana Europeana is an online collection of content from European libraries, archives, museums and other institutions. After searching, you can limit to results that are available under a Creative Commons license. Use the facets under Rights Statement in the right menu.
Flickr All its images in the Digital Image Library are offered under a CC BY-SA license.
Folger Shakespeare Library Digital Image Library All its images in the Digital Image Library are offered under a CC BY-SA license.
Google Images You can limit your search results to only images available under a Creative Commons license. However, not all images on Google Images are Creative Commons licensed. First, run a standard Google Image search. Then on the results page, click on Search Tools just below the search box. A drop down menu will appear with usage rights as one of the options. From there, users can limit results to Creative Commons licenses.
Multicolr Search Lab This tool from TinEye allows you to search for Creative Commons-licensed images by color. Users can enter up to five colors to search simultaneously. Multicolr will return dozens of images that include all of the selected colors. Images are pulled from Flickr.
PhotoPin This image search engine returns both Creative Commons and non-Creative Commons images. When downloading any image, you can also download the HTML to appropriately attribute the image.
Photos for Class This tool is designed for teachers. It allows users to search through Creative Commons images appropriate to the classroom. As an added bonus, citation information is automatically included when the images are downloaded.
Wikimedia Commons This site offers fully searchable access to media, including images, sounds and videos. The files have been uploaded by users, mostly for use on Wikipedia. Most of the content is available under some sort of Creative Commons license. Licensing information is clearly provided at the bottom of each piece of media's individual page.

Public Domain Audio Content

Choral Public Domain Library This section of the ChoralWiki provides access to public domain music. While much of the site is devoted to scores, it also includes some audio files.
Musopen Musopen is a non-profit with an aim of making music freely and openly available. It provides public domain music and allows users to upload their own music public domain. The site also offers access to public domain sheet music.
Digital History The Digital History Project is provided by the Universities of Texas, Houston and Hawaii. It provides access to historical music that their research indicates as in the public domain.
NASA On SoundCloud NASA offers a variety of audio content on SoundCloud. The content is "generally not copyrighted" and may be reused.

Creative Commons Audio Content

If you can’t find a public domain audio clip, there are many resources available. Some of the best tools to find Creative Commons audio clips are below.

ccMixter This website helps users to create and share mixes and samples that are Creative Commons-licensed.
Freesound Freesound helps users upload recordings or creations and share them under a Creative Commons license. Users can release works as public domain or select one of two Creative Commons licenses. Review the licensing and attribution information for each sound you use.
CreativeCommons.org This site makes it easy to search for Creative Commons-licensed materials. It searches across many websites, including three that focus exclusively on music.
Jamendo This allows you to search only music that is shared under specific Creative Commons licenses. Use the Advanced Search features to limit searches.
Wikipedia Sound/list Wikipedia provides access to a wide range public domain and Creative Commons-licensed music. While the music is marked "free," this is not synonymous with "in the Public Domain." You will need to review the license information to ensure you attribute it properly.
Incompetech This site offers a wide variety of royalty free music under a CC BY license.

Public Domain Video Content

National Park Service B-Roll archive This website provides access to public domain videos from National Park service sites. It includes "national parks, monuments, battlefields, historic sites and related areas".
Prelinger Archive This archive, offers access to a large number of public domain movies and videos.
Vimeo Public Domain Channel Vimeo offers an entire channel devoted to videos that are in the public domain.
YouTube: Unroyalty.com Free, public domain videos that may be used for commercial purposes.

Creative Commons Video Content

Internet Archive Stock Footage This provides access to video shared under a variety of licenses, including Creative Commons. Public domain footage is also available. You can limit your search to specific license types using the Advanced Search feature.
CreativeCommons.org This site makes it easy to search for Creative Commons-licensed content. It searches across several websites, including one devoted solely to video.
Moving Image Archive This portion of the Internet Archive offers access to thousands of Creative Commons-licensed videos. It is organized into subcollections by subject.
Vimeo Vimeo offers the option to both browse and search Creative Commons-licensed content. For searching use the advanced filters.
WikiMedia Commons Contains public domain and Creative Commons license media.
YouTube YouTube offers the option to browse Creative Commons-licensed content. You can also filter your search results to only include Creative Commons-licensed videos.

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Last Updated: Sep 12, 2023 10:46 AM
URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/law/pd-cc

Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy

Research Voyage

Research Tips and Infromation

A Guide for Researchers Using Creative Commons Licenses

In the dynamic realm of modern research, the dissemination and accessibility of knowledge are paramount. Research not only fuel progress but also stands as a pillar of societal advancement, shaping policies, innovations, and cultural shifts. However, the transformative potential of research lies not merely in its creation but in its dissemination and collaboration. A fundamental challenge has been to strike a balance between protecting intellectual property and enabling the free flow of information.

Creative Commons (CC) licenses have emerged as a transformative solution to this dilemma. These licenses, a product of the digital age, are designed to offer a legal and structured framework that empowers creators to share their work while retaining essential rights.

By granting a spectrum of permissions, Creative Commons (CC) licenses licenses encourage researchers to contribute to a collaborative global knowledge pool. This empowering system has become a cornerstone of modern academic and creative culture, aligning with the principles of open science and collaborative progress.

This exploration delves into the domain of Creative Commons licenses and their profound impact on the research community. From understanding the nuances of CC licenses to the practical benefits they offer researchers, we will navigate the intricate landscape of open knowledge sharing and collaboration. By embracing these licenses and implementing best practices, researchers can elevate their contributions and foster a culture of openness, innovation, and mutual growth. Join us as we unravel the narrative of empowering researchers with Creative Commons licenses, forging a path towards a more collaborative and enlightened future.

Introduction

How creative commons benefits researchers, types of creative commons licenses for researchers, best practices for researchers using creative commons licenses, obtaining a creative commons license: accessibility and global applicability.

Creative Commons Licenses (CCL) vs. Copyright: A Researcher's Perspective

Applying Creative Commons Licenses in Research: What to License?

Before We Conclude...

Research is a cornerstone of societal progress, representing the bedrock upon which advances in knowledge, technology, and policy decisions are built. It serves as a guiding light, illuminating the path to solutions for pressing issues that humanity faces. Every scientific breakthrough, every medical innovation, and every technological leap forward is a testament to the power and necessity of research.

Consider, for instance, the breakthroughs in medical research that have revolutionized healthcare. The discovery of antibiotics by Alexander Fleming in 1928 radically transformed medicine, saving countless lives by treating bacterial infections. Imagine if this groundbreaking research had been kept hidden, unavailable for other scientists to learn from and build upon. The sharing of this knowledge was crucial for its widespread application and the subsequent development of various antibiotics, ultimately shaping modern medicine.

Likewise, research in environmental science has illuminated the urgency of addressing climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regularly produces comprehensive assessments, providing a global scientific consensus on the impacts of climate change and potential adaptation and mitigation strategies. The findings from these reports underscore the importance of global cooperation and immediate action to mitigate the consequences of climate change.

However, the impact of research is significantly amplified when it is shared and made accessible to a broader audience. Research that remains confined within the walls of academic institutions or behind paywalls is akin to locking away the keys to progress. This is where Creative Commons licenses step in, providing a legal framework that allows researchers to share their work openly and efficiently.

Consider a scenario where a researcher develops an innovative algorithm to improve renewable energy production. By sharing this research under a Creative Commons license, other researchers globally can access, adapt, and build upon this algorithm. This accelerates progress in the field of renewable energy, potentially leading to more efficient and sustainable energy solutions.

Creative Commons licenses facilitate the dissemination of knowledge and ideas, breaking down barriers that limit access to information. They provide a structured and legal approach to sharing research outputs, ensuring that the collective wealth of knowledge generated by the research community is made available to everyone, from academics and policymakers to the general public.

In essence, Creative Commons licenses empower researchers to contribute to the greater good by enabling the free flow of knowledge, fostering collaboration, and ultimately propelling society forward in an era of rapid advancements and global challenges.

Understanding Creative Commons Licenses

Explanation of Creative Commons and its mission: Creative Commons (CC) is a global nonprofit organization committed to fostering a more accessible and innovative digital culture. Their mission is to provide a platform that enables creators to share creativity and knowledge by offering a range of licenses. These licenses strike a balance between copyright protections and the essential need for sharing and collaboration in today’s interconnected world.

Definition and overview of CC licenses: CC licenses are a set of copyright licenses that creators use to specify the permissions they grant regarding their work. These licenses create a standardized framework for granting copyright permissions while still allowing creators to retain certain rights. The aim is to provide a legal and flexible way for creators to share their work with the world while maintaining control over how it is used.

Brief explanation of the types of CC licenses and their unique permissions and restrictions:

CC BY (Attribution): This license allows others to copy, distribute, display, and perform the original work and derivative works based on it, as long as they provide appropriate credit to the original author. For example, a research paper shared under CC BY would allow other researchers to utilize and adapt the content, ensuring proper attribution to the original author.
CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike): With this license, others can create derivative works based on the original, provided that any resulting works are shared under the same license (CC BY-SA). For instance, if researchers collaborate on a project and share their findings under CC BY-SA, any adaptations or expansions of the project must also be shared under the same terms, promoting a collaborative and open approach to knowledge sharing.
CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial): This license allows others to download the works, share them with others, and even create adaptations, but only for non-commercial purposes. It’s ideal for scenarios where the creator wants to share their work for educational or informational purposes but restricts commercial use. For example, a research infographic shared under CC BY-NC can be widely distributed for educational purposes without being used for profit.
CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs): Under this license, others can download and share the original work as is, but they can’t create derivative works based on it. This ensures the preservation of the original content. For instance, sharing a specific research image or figure under CC BY-ND ensures that the image remains intact and unaltered.

These licenses provide a clear and straightforward way for creators to communicate to others how they want their works to be used, shared, and attributed, fostering a culture of collaboration and knowledge dissemination.

Promoting Open Science: Creative Commons licenses play a pivotal role in promoting open science, aligning with the core principles of transparency, collaboration, and the unrestricted sharing of scientific knowledge. By openly sharing research findings under CC licenses, researchers break down barriers to access, enabling a broader audience to engage with the work.

Example: Imagine a climate scientist conducts a groundbreaking study on the impact of deforestation on climate change. By releasing this research under a CC BY license, not only does the scientific community have access to crucial data and methodologies, but policymakers, educators, and the public can also comprehend the findings. This transparency fosters a culture of open dialogue and validation, fundamental to the progress of science.

Enhancing Visibility and Citations: Sharing research under Creative Commons licenses significantly enhances the visibility and potential impact of the work. Researchers often seek recognition and citations for their contributions, and open access facilitated by CC licenses ensures a broader reach, ultimately leading to increased citations.

Example: A researcher publishes a study on a novel method to treat a rare medical condition, licensing it under CC BY. As a result, healthcare professionals worldwide can access and reference this research. The visibility and accessibility of the work could lead to it being cited in medical journals, contributing to a larger body of knowledge and the advancement of medical practice.

Facilitating Cross-disciplinary Collaboration: CC licenses break down barriers that traditionally compartmentalized research within specific domains. By allowing researchers from different disciplines to access, use, and adapt each other’s work, collaboration across diverse fields is encouraged.

Example: Consider a bioinformatics researcher utilizing data shared by an environmental scientist under a CC BY-SA license. This collaboration might lead to innovative solutions for analyzing environmental data in novel ways, potentially contributing to a better understanding of complex ecological systems. The interdisciplinary synergy empowered by CC licenses can drive solutions to multifaceted challenges.

In essence, Creative Commons licenses act as catalysts for a more open, collaborative, and productive research ecosystem. Researchers can maximize the impact of their work by leveraging these licenses to reach a global audience, foster interdisciplinary collaborations, and accelerate scientific progress for the betterment of society.

CC BY (Attribution): The CC BY license is one of the most permissive licenses, allowing maximum dissemination and attribution. When a researcher chooses this license, they grant others the freedom to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and derivative works based on it, as long as they provide appropriate credit to the original author.

Example: Imagine a researcher creates an educational video explaining a complex scientific concept. By licensing it under CC BY, they encourage educators, students, and enthusiasts to freely share and distribute the video, ensuring that the original author is attributed for their contribution to educational resources.

CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike): The CC BY-SA license encourages derivative works and collaboration. When a work is licensed under CC BY-SA, others can create derivative works based on the original, provided that any resulting works are shared under the same license.

Example: A researcher compiles a comprehensive dataset on climate patterns, licensing it under CC BY-SA. Other climate researchers can build upon this dataset, add their insights, and share the enhanced dataset with the community. This fosters collaboration and accelerates progress in climate research.

CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial): The CC BY-NC license strikes a balance between sharing and restricting commercial use. With this license, others can download the work, share it, and even create adaptations, but only for non-commercial purposes.

Example: A researcher hosts a podcast discussing breakthroughs in medical research and chooses to license it under CC BY-NC. This allows anyone to listen to and share the podcast for educational purposes. However, the podcast cannot be used for profit, ensuring it remains freely accessible for academic and informative use.

CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs): The CC BY-ND license ensures the preservation of the original work by allowing others to download and share it, but not create derivative works based on it.

Example: An artist, who is also a researcher, creates a detailed scientific illustration depicting cellular processes. By licensing it under CC BY-ND, others can share the illustration as is, ensuring it remains unchanged and credited to the original artist. This preserves the integrity and authenticity of the original artwork.

In summary, the choice of a Creative Commons license is a strategic decision for researchers, aligning with their intent for dissemination, collaboration, and preservation of their work. These licenses offer a flexible framework that allows researchers to share their contributions with the world while retaining control over the terms of sharing.

Choosing the Right License: Selecting an appropriate Creative Commons license is a critical decision that should align with the researcher’s objectives and the intended use of the work. Each license has specific permissions and restrictions, so researchers should carefully consider their goals before choosing a license.

Example: Suppose a researcher develops a software tool to assist in data analysis and wants it to be freely accessible to anyone for both non-commercial and commercial use. In this case, choosing the CC BY license would be suitable, as it allows maximum dissemination and usage while ensuring proper attribution.

Proper Attribution: Proper attribution is fundamental to the proper use of Creative Commons-licensed works. When using a work under a CC license, researchers must give appropriate credit to the original creator as specified in the license. This ensures that proper acknowledgment is given to the contributors, maintaining transparency and credibility.

Example: A researcher incorporates a CC BY-licensed diagram into their research paper. In the paper, they provide clear and visible attribution to the original creator of the diagram, following the guidelines stated in the CC BY license. This practice acknowledges the original creator’s contribution while adhering to the terms of the license.

Understanding License Compatibility: Researchers often work with various types of content, each potentially governed by a different CC license. It’s crucial to understand how different licenses interact and ensure compliance when combining works under different licenses.

Example: A researcher wants to create a multimedia educational presentation using various CC-licensed materials. They intend to use a CC BY-NC licensed video and integrate it with a CC BY-SA licensed image. To ensure compatibility, the resulting presentation must comply with the terms of both licenses: non-commercial usage for the video (CC BY-NC) and ShareAlike requirements for the image (CC BY-SA). By respecting both licenses, the researcher can create a cohesive and compliant presentation.

By adhering to these best practices, researchers can effectively utilize Creative Commons licenses to share their work, give credit where it’s due, and navigate the complexities of combining different works under various licenses, ultimately contributing to a culture of open knowledge sharing and collaboration.

How to Get a Creative Commons License: Acquiring a Creative Commons license is a user-friendly and accessible process, available to creators across the globe. The steps involve visiting the official Creative Commons website ( creativecommons.org ) and utilizing the license chooser tool. This tool simplifies the process by guiding creators through a series of questions, assisting them in selecting the most suitable license for their specific needs and intentions.

Example: Imagine an artist who wants to share their digital illustrations openly. The artist visits the Creative Commons website and uses the license chooser tool. Through a few straightforward questions regarding the desired permissions (e.g., allowing derivative works, commercial use), the tool suggests the appropriate license. In this case, the artist might choose CC BY-SA to encourage sharing and adaptations while ensuring that any derivatives are shared alike.

Is a Creative Commons License Free? Yes, Creative Commons licenses are entirely free of charge for both creators and users. The organization offers these licenses as a public service, aiming to foster the widespread sharing and dissemination of creative works. Creators can easily choose and apply a CC license to their works without incurring any financial expenses, further promoting open knowledge sharing.

Example: Consider a musician who wishes to share their compositions with a wider audience and decides to license their music under CC BY-NC. The musician can do so without any associated costs, making the music available for non-commercial use while retaining control over its distribution.

Global Applicability of Creative Commons Licenses: Creative Commons licenses are intentionally designed to have global applicability, encouraging the open sharing of creative works on an international scale. To ensure usability for creators worldwide, these licenses have been translated and localized into multiple languages. This linguistic diversity allows creators from diverse regions to easily understand and use the licenses, facilitating a culture of cross-border collaboration and knowledge sharing.

Example: A photographer from Spain chooses to share their stunning photography collection under CC BY. The availability of the license in Spanish ensures that not only Spanish speakers but also creators from Spanish-speaking countries can readily comprehend and utilize the license. This accessibility promotes a broader exchange of creative works beyond language barriers.

In summary, obtaining a Creative Commons license is a straightforward and cost-free process, accessible to creators worldwide. The global applicability of CC licenses transcends language and geographic barriers, promoting the open sharing of creative works and fostering a collaborative environment for creators from diverse backgrounds.

Creative Commons Licenses (CCL) vs. Copyright: A Researcher’s Perspective

**1. ** Accessibility and Sharing:

Copyright: Under traditional copyright, all rights are reserved by the creator, restricting others from using, copying, or distributing the work without explicit permission.
CCL: Creative Commons licenses provide a spectrum of permissions, allowing creators to choose the level of openness for sharing their work, from unrestricted sharing (CC BY) to more restrictive terms (CC BY-NC-ND).

**2. ** Collaboration and Adaptation:

Copyright: Copyright often hinders collaboration and adaptation, as it requires explicit permission from the copyright holder for any modifications or usage beyond fair use.
CCL: CCL promotes collaboration and adaptation by allowing others to use, modify, and build upon the work, depending on the chosen license. This fosters a culture of sharing and joint creation within the research community.

**3. ** Attribution and Credit:

Copyright: While attribution is a good practice, it’s not a legal requirement under traditional copyright.
CCL: CCL mandates proper attribution, ensuring that credit is given to the original creator. This supports transparency and acknowledgment of contributions within the academic and research communities.

**4. ** Preservation of Originality:

Copyright: Copyright often leads to the preservation of the original work without alterations.
CCL: CCL offers a balance between preserving the original work (CC BY-ND) and encouraging adaptations and improvements (e.g., CC BY-SA), allowing for a spectrum of approaches to originality.

**5. ** Commercial Use:

Copyright: Copyright holders have exclusive rights to commercialize their work, limiting its accessibility and usage in commercial settings.
CCL: CCL allows creators to specify whether or not their work can be used for commercial purposes, providing flexibility and control over commercial use (e.g., CC BY-NC).

**6. ** Legal Framework and Understanding:

Copyright: Copyright law can be complex and varies between jurisdictions, making it challenging to understand and navigate.
CCL: CCL offers a more straightforward and standardized legal framework, providing clarity and ease of understanding for both creators and users.

**7. ** Global Applicability:

Copyright: Copyright laws vary significantly from one country to another, potentially creating legal barriers for cross-border sharing and collaboration.
CCL: CCL is designed to be globally applicable, enabling consistent terms for sharing and collaboration on an international scale without being constrained by jurisdiction-specific laws.

In summary, Creative Commons licenses provide researchers with a more flexible and collaborative framework compared to traditional copyright. CCL empowers researchers to choose how their work is used and shared while promoting a culture of openness, collaboration, and proper attribution within the research community.

Research Outputs: Researchers can apply Creative Commons licenses to various research outputs, including:

Research Papers and Articles: Share findings, methodologies, and insights openly to foster collaboration and knowledge dissemination.
Theses and Dissertations: Enable access to comprehensive academic works, contributing to the academic community’s growth.
Conference Papers and Abstracts: Facilitate easy sharing and discussion of findings presented at conferences.

Educational Resources:

Lecture Notes and Presentations: Share educational materials to benefit students, educators, and self-learners.
Educational Videos and Tutorials: Disseminate knowledge in an easily understandable format, aiding a wider audience.

Data and Databases:

Research Datasets: Share raw data for transparency, replication, and collaborative analysis by other researchers.
Compiled Databases: Open up curated databases for researchers to use and build upon, avoiding duplication of efforts.

Visuals and Multimedia:

Charts, Graphs, and Infographics: Share visual representations of research findings to enhance understanding and engagement.
Images and Illustrations: Convey complex concepts visually, aiding comprehension and knowledge sharing.

Software and Tools:

Research Tools and Algorithms: Share software, codes, and algorithms under a suitable CCL, enabling others to benefit and collaborate.

Literature and Publications:

Books and Monographs: Allow for broader readership by sharing knowledge in an accessible and cost-free manner.
Literary Works: Share creative works like poetry or fiction, fostering a culture of open literary exploration.

Creative Works Inspired by Research:

Artistic Interpretations: Encourage artists to create works inspired by research findings, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration.
Music and Performances: Allow musicians and performers to use research themes as inspiration for their creations.

By applying Creative Commons licenses to these research aspects, researchers can significantly enhance the accessibility, collaboration, and impact of their work, contributing to an open and collaborative research culture.

Before We Conclude…

Maybe you are having doubts about how Creative Commons Licence is different from having patents, then please visit my articles written on “Patents” . The articles written here will help you to understand patents, how to apply patents, how to monetize from patents and tax issues related to patents etc.

Creative Commons licensing stands as a beacon of empowerment and collaboration in the digital age. By providing a flexible framework that balances the rights of creators with the needs of consumers, it has democratized the sharing and distribution of creative works. The beauty of this system lies in its ability to foster a global community where innovation, education, and creativity flourish unimpeded.

Through the various license options, creators retain the ability to choose how their works are shared, adapted, and utilized by others. This freedom ensures that creative works can reach a wider audience and serve diverse purposes, from educational endeavours to artistic endeavours and beyond.

Creative Commons has bridged the gap between traditional copyright laws and the desire for a more open and collaborative digital culture. It has fueled the growth of open knowledge, enabling individuals and organizations to contribute, collaborate, and build upon the collective human understanding.

As we move forward into an increasingly interconnected world, the principles of Creative Commons licensing will remain essential in promoting innovation, inclusivity, and the dissemination of knowledge. Embracing this ethos allows us to collectively enrich our cultural tapestry and pave the way for a more open and collaborative future.

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What is Creative Commons?

Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. The CC movement is based on the notion of “some rights reserved”, providing a balance between creators and consumers of intellectual property. The concept allows clear indication of how work may be used, reused and distributed, while ownership remains in the control of authors and copyright owners.

Learn more at http://creativecommons.org/about

Publishers and creators of content can use Creative Commons licences to ensure authors get acknowledgement.
Readers can easily understand how they can reuse CC-licensed content.
CC uses ready-made licences covering creative content, learning materials and open access scholarly publications.
CC licences are designed in 3 'layers', with legal language, human-readable text and machine readable code.
'Attribution' is at the heart of all CC lcences: CC licenses require that you attribute the original author(s).

"The Creative Commons copyright licenses and tools forge a balance inside the traditional “all rights reserved” setting that copyright law creates. Our tools give everyone from individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work."

Read about the licences at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

Content from: http://libguides.st-andrews.ac.uk/openaccess/oalicences

Introduction to Creative Commons Licenses

Guide to Creative Commons for Scholarly Publications & Educational Resources

Creative Commons Copyright Licenses Options

Creative Commons licenses give everyone from individual creators to large institutions a standardized way to grant the public permission to use their creative work under copyright law.

From the re-user’s perspective, the presence of a Creative Commons license on a copyrighted work answers the question, “What can I do with this work?”

The Creative Commons License Options:

There are six different license types, listed from most to least permissive here .

Check with your funder if they require a CC License and if they have a preference.

The MU preference is for:

however there are more restrictive options available. The most restrictive being:

Creative Commons License Choser

CC License Choser Follow the steps to select the appropriate license for your work. This site does not store any information.

Useful Resources

How Open is it: a guide for evaluating the openess of journals Created by SPARC in conjunction with PLOS and the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), the HowOpenIsIt? Open Access Guide standardizes Open Access terminology in an easily understandable, comprehensive resource.
Guide to Creative Commons for Authors An output of the OAPEN-UK project, this guide explores concerns expressed in public evidence given by researchers, learned societies and publishers to inquiries in the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and also concerns expressed by researchers working with the OAPEN-UK project.
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Creative Commons

The story of creative commons, creative commons story slides.

License & Attributions
Creative Commons Licenses
Using CC Licensed Works
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Reference Librarian

In the beginning, there was copyright.

Copyright regulates and protects tangible works, such as poems, music, art, essays, and books, to prevent unauthorized copies and adaptations of those created works for a limited time.

Then came the internet.

In 1991, the Internet became available to the public, providing the technological ability to share, adapt, and collaborate creatively across the globe. Many creators wanted to retain the rights to their work AND allow others to share, adapt, and remix their creations.

Something needed to change.

Tension began to build between the global copyright laws that restrict copying and sharing and the creators that wanted others to copy and share their works.

Along came Sonny and Larry.

The tension came to a head in 1998 with the enactment of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) , which extended copyright on creative works from the life of the creator plus 50 years to the life of the creator plus 70 years - that’s an additional 20 years!

Larry Lessig giving #ccsummit2011 keynote " by DTKindler Photo is licensed under CC BY 2.0 .

A solution was found: Creative Commons.

Eldred v. Ashcroft: In 2002, Lessig represented web publisher Eric Eldred in challenging the constitutionality of the Copyright Term Extension Act. They hoped they could make it easier to share creative works online. The case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, but ultimately lost in 2003.

Creative Commons: Inspired by the online communities hindered by restrictive copyright laws, Lessig, Eldred, and MIT Professor Hal Abelson, with support from the Center for the Public Domain, founded the non-profit organization Creative Commons in 2001. The Creative Commons licenses followed in 2002.

Creative Commons licenses gave creators more flexibility.

CC Licenses gave creators choices and an alternative between traditional copyright and public domain.
Attribution - give credit to the creator
Share Alike - share adaptations under the same terms
No Derivatives - no adaptations or changes to the work
Noncommercial - the work may not be used commercially
Creative Commons offers a helpful Creative Commons License Chooser to help creators decide which license is the right fit.

Creative Commons created a way to share culture and knowledge on a greater scale.

CC A Shared Culture from EcoworldReactor on Vimeo .

Over the next 20 years, 2.5 billion works were with released with Creative Commons licenses.

Creators have shared their work across 9 million websites and range from user-generated content on YouTube and Flickr, to non-profit creations like Wikipedia, Open Educational Resources like OpenStax textbooks, and even formal collections like the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

"MoMA signage, NY" by Chris Beckett is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 , via Flickr

The impact was global in three different ways.

CC Licenses: The legal tools that allow creators to reserve some rights, but also have the flexibility to determine how people use and share their work.
CC Movement: Activists working on copyright reform, collaboration, and open sharing around the world, including the CC Global Network (CCGN).
CC Organization: Staff located all over the world and providing stewardship of the CC legal tools, while actively working on advocacy, innovation, and capacity building in the interest of equity, open knowledge, and accessible cultural heritage assets for the public good.

This is not the end of the story.

The work of Creative Commons continues and the next chapter includes you!

USE Creative Commons licensed works and release your own work under a Creative Commons license .
JOIN the movement! The CC Global Network has over 45 chapters worldwide. Platforms include projects focused on Open Education , Copyright , and Open GLAM . Contact the CCGN or learn more about getting involved .
LEARN more about the history of Creative Commons , discover what’s new in the State of the Commons Report , and subscribe to the monthly newsletter for important updates.

A presentation version of the Creative Commons story is available below. Click through the slides to learn more about the story of Creative Commons and why it came to be. Full screen option available in the bottom right corner.

CC License Buttons. Trademark : Creative Commons via " Downloads" by Creative Commons .
"laptop_vmc2015" by Valparaíso.MobileConf via Wikimedia Commons is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
“ 1.1 The Story of Creative Commons ” by Creative Commons . CC BY 4.0 .
“ 1.2 Creative Commons Today ” by Creative Commons . CC BY 4.0 .
“ A History of Creative Commons ” by Creative Commons . CC BY 4.0 .
“ About CC Licenses ” by Creative Commons . CC BY 4.0 .
A Shared Culture by Jesse Dylan is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 .

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Creative Commons: Creative Commons

CC Licenses
Understanding Adaptations & Collections
Copyright Basics
Interpreting Images

What is Creative Commons?

Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that provides free copyright tools to help creators share their work.

Creative Commons licenses work with copyright laws to describe the terms under which creative works -- art, books, articles, music, photographs, software, and other ideas and forms of expression -- can be duplicated, altered, or built upon.

There are six combinations of Creative Commons licenses that can be created using the following set of conditions:

More than 1.4 billion Creative Commons licenses are currently in use across 9 million websites, according to the 2017 State of the Commons report on Creative Commons, and the number is rising.

Creative Commons Certified Librarian

Get Involved!

This Research Guide was created by librarian Michele Nicole Johnson in Fall 2019 as part of her course requirements for Creative Commons certification . Would you like to get involved in creating a collaborative global commons? There are several ways, including:

Subscribe to the CC Newsletter
Follow Creative Commons on social media
Make a donation
Share your work under a CC license
Take a CC Certificate course

This Research Guide is licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

What is Creative Commons? from WikimediaFoundation on Vimeo .

The content contained in this video is available under the Creative Commons license CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise stated. The work is attributable to: Victor Grigas, Wikimedia Foundation.

This video was created by Michele Nicole Johnson and is licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

From the Archives 73: Eldred v. Ashcroft Oral Argument (2003)| Ipse Dixit
TEDTalks: Laws that Choke Creativity by Lawrence Lessig
Creative Commons
Creative Commons: Encouraging the Ecology of Creativity
Best Practices for Attribution
Public Domain Day
The Public Domain Manifesto

The Creative Commons Origin Story

History shows that each revision to copyright laws has extended the terms of protection, impacting when works enter the public domain and can be used without any restrictions.

The first Copyright Act is passed and covers the published materials of the time -- books, maps, and charts. Authors could retain their copyrights for 14 years and renew for another 14 years before the work entered the public domain.

The copyright term is extended to 28 years with a possible 14-year extension.

The Copyright Act of 1909 provides for a renewal term of 28 years.

Copyright Act of 1976 is passed. It sets the terms for new copyrights as from the death of the author plus 50 years. The Copyright Act also codifies the Fair Use doctrine.

Sonny Bono

The Sony Bono Copyright Term Extension Act is enacted. It extended the term of copyright for every work in the United States from the life of the author plus 50 years to plus 70 years. Works for hire and owned by corporations were extended from 75 years to 95 years.

Lawrence Lessig , a Stanford Law Professor, represents web publisher Eric Eldred in a lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia challenging the constitutionality of the Sony Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. The plaintiff subsequently lost the case, the appeal in 2000, and in 2003 the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the plaintiff's argument in Eldred v. Ashcroft .

DTKindler . CC BY 2.0

In response to the unsuccessful challenges to the copyright law, and inspired by rapidly changing technology and the global internet community, Lawrence Lessig and a team of others founded Creative Commons . The nonprofit organization began publishing free licenses, tools that allow creators to keep their copyrights while letting others use their work and ideas with fewer restrictions or no restrictions at all.

Creative Commons has continued to adapt to U.S. and global copyright laws and the sharing culture of the internet. It has become more than a copyright tool. It has become a movement for free expression and shared innovation.

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Creative Commons Licenses: an Introduction for Researchers

Research Process
Peer Review

Open publishing means more gray areas with usage and licensing. This article explains the various Creative Commons Licenses on a high level.

Updated on August 17, 2015

interconnected people illustrating the open sharing of Creative Commons licenses

An increasing number of journals are moving beyond copyright to license their material more openly. One very popular set of licenses was developed by Creative Commons , a non-profit organization focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Initially developed by Harvard Law professor Lawrence Lessig, Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request.

The Creative Commons system is very easy to comprehend on a basic level, but there are many questions about the individual licenses. I first heard about these licenses in a graduate school course in 2008, and I am still appreciating new nuances. Here is some information about what these licenses mean, along with some advantages, disadvantages, and issues involved:

The least restrictive Creative Commons license, the Attribution or CC-BY , allows any user to "distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work," provided that they credit the original authors in all cases. This license would allow not just for downloading and copying something, but for textmining and other automated processes.

The Attribution-ShareAlike , or CC-BY-SA , license builds upon the CC-BY by requiring that the user license any new products based on the original under identical terms (in addition to crediting the original author).

The Attribution-NoDerivs , or CC-BY-ND , license likewise requires proper credit for the original authors but also that the material be passed along in its entirety without any alteration.

The Attribution-NonCommercial , or CC-BY-NC , license allows for others to remix or otherwise alter the original material (with proper attribution), provided that they are not using it for any commercial purpose. There is no restriction on how the new material is licensed.

The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike , or CC-BY-NC-SA , license combines the non-commercial restriction with the requirement to share new material under the same conditions, all with due credit.

Finally, the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs , or CC-BY-NC-ND , license only permits users to download and share the original work (provided they credit the original source), without any alterations or commercial use. This license is the most restrictive of Creative Commons' offerings.

Authors wishing to place works completely into the public domain can do so with the CC0 mark . In such a case, all rights are surrendered, and the image can be used in any legal way.

But which license is best for scholarly publications? The answer is perhaps clouded by the range of options available. The most common license for open access publishers is the least restrictive, the CC-BY, and articles published by these licenses are more numerous each year , although the data are far from perfect. Other choices may seem appropriate for scholarly articles, but there are some issues. For example, the details of what constitute non-commercial use are fuzzy (e.g., do non-profit organizations still count as commercial enterprises?). The CC-BY-NC license could also keep images from one source from ever being used in another publication, textbook, or even class . Moreover, derivative works are an important part of scholarship -- how many times have you seen "adapted from ref. (x)"? It seems unwise to restrict use of publications in that manner.

However, when asked for their preference, authors submitting to Scientific Reports , Nature Publishing Group's open access megajournal, chose the more restrictive licenses most of the time . Many open access advocates believe that this choice stems more from a lack of information about Creative Commons licenses than from a strong desire to close off how one's work is used. After all, when citations are the primary goal, giving readers a wide array of options for reuse seems to be the best bet. As pointed out in a comment by Richard Van Noorden and in the counterpoint by Sanford Thatcher , perhaps the most important step is to make articles free to read without getting hung up on the details of the license chosen. That choice may lead journals to settle for quasi-openness, though. Making research available is good, but making research truly open for reuse and mining would be better, especially in this era of tremendous data production.

Please feel free to write to us with any questions or comments.

Ben Mudrak, Senior Product Manager at American Chemical Society/ChemRxiv, PhD, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University

Ben Mudrak, PhD

See our "Privacy Policy"

University of Michigan Library
Research Guides

Creative Commons

Searching for licensed works.

Creative Commons Licenses
Licensing Your Work
Providing Attribution

Copyright Questions?

The University of Michigan Library Copyright Office provides help with copyright questions for University of Michigan faculty, staff and students. Please email us with questions or visit our website for more information.

Legal Advice

The information presented here is intended for informational purposes and should not be construed as legal advice. If you have specific legal questions pertaining to the University of Michigan, please contact the Office of the General Counsel .

If you require legal advice in your personal capacity, the lawyer referral services operated by the Washtenaw County Bar Association and the State Bar of Michigan may be helpful to you.

When works are marked with code generated by the Creative Commons License Chooser , that mark is machine readable. A number of search tools allow users to limit their search by license.

CC Search CC Search enables users to search across multiple platforms for content licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses.
Google: Find Free-to-Use Images This page explains how to use Google's search engines to find images, text, and videos that are licensed under Creative Commons licenses.

Sources of Licensed Works

All of the following platforms host materials that have been licensed under Creative Commons licenses or are in the public domain. They allow users to search for works by license. Most of the platforms also host materials that have not been licensed under any open license.

Europeana Europeana is a collection of digitized materials from galleries, libraries, archives, and museums in Europe. Users can limit their searches by license.
Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons is a collection of images, sounds, and other materials that are either licensed under an open content license or in the public domain.

Course Materials

MERLOT MERLOT is a collection of course materials and learning aids on many different subjects. The MERLOT advanced search allows users to search by terms of Creative Commons licenses.
OpenDOAR Repository Content Search OpenDOAR is a directory of open access repositories. Its repository content search allows users to search across all listed repositories. Much of the content searched is licensed under a Creative Commons license or another public license.

The sites below offer images that are licensed for reuse or are in the public domain. The Images research guide provides a more comprehensive list of such sites.

Flickr Flickr is an online image-sharing service. Users who upload to the site can license their images under one of the Creative Commons licenses, and Flickr allows users to search through these images based on the licenses applied to them. Note that many photographs on Flickr are under copyright and have not been licensed under any open license.
Pixabay Pixabay is an online image-sharing service that focuses entirely on images dedicated to the public domain under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0).
The Noun Project The Noun Project hosts a collection of black-and-white icons licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses or the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication. Downloading these icons requires users to register for an account with the site.

Sound Recordings

ccMixter ccMixter is a “community music remixing site featuring remixes and samples licensed under Creative Commons licenses.” It allows users to listen to, sample, and remix audio. Users can also post their remixes on the site.
Community Audio Community Audio is a service of the Internet Archive. Its website has thousands of user-contributed recordings that are licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses.
Jamendo Jamendo is a music streaming and hosting service. It features many albums and tracks that are licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses.
SoundCloud SoundCloud is a social sound-sharing site which allows users to create and post their own audio files. Some files are licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses.

Audiovisual Works

YouTube YouTube has a large collection of videos licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses or the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication. Note that many videos on YouTube are under copyright and have not been licensed under any open license.
Vimeo Vimeo has a large collection of videos licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses or the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication. Note that many videos on Vimeo are under copyright and have not been licensed under any open license.

Creative Commons

Creative Commons is a public charity dedicated to reducing barriers to the free exchange of knowledge and culture by making it easy and efficient to obtain legal permission to reuse creative, scientific, and educational works. Taking inspiration from the open source movement, CC has developed Web applications that help people license their original works for specified uses while retaining their copyrights. CC licenses have been adopted by such diverse organizations as the BBC, MIT, and the Public Library of Science. Over 60 million documents on the Internet are offered under CC licenses.

CC was established in 2001 with the assistance of Berkman Center fellows and clinical students. CC’s board includes cyberlaw faculty James Boyle of Duke, Michael Carroll at Villanova, and former Berkman Professor Lawrence Lessig of Stanford. Also serving are MIT computer science Professor Hal Abelson; lawyer, documentary filmmaker, and former Berkman Executive Director Eric Saltzman; 2007 Oscar winner Davis Guggenheim; Berkman Fellow and Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales; public domain advocate Laurie Racine; Magnatune CEO John Buckman; and Internet publisher Eric Eldred. CC’s Chairman is Joi Ito, ICANN board member and venture capitalist. Its corporate secretary is Berkman Fellow Diane Cabell. CC’s first executive directors, Molly Van Houweling (now Assistant Professor at Berkeley’s Boalt Hall) and Glenn Otis Brown (Strategic Partner Development Manager for Google’s YouTube), are former Berkman students.

CC currently maintains offices in San Francisco, Boston, and Berlin in addition to a subsidiary in South Africa. With help from legal academics around the world, CC’s International division has supervised the porting of CC licenses to dozens of different jurisdictions. The Science Commons division, headed by former Berkman staffer John Wilbanks, develops tools for open access to scholarly literature and data. SciCom’s Advisory Board includes Nobel Laureates Sir John Sulston and Joshua Lederberg.

Our Work 09

Creative commons: defining noncommercial.

Creative Commons has published a substantial report (plus data), "Defining Noncommercial," which represents a year-long study funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and…

An Evaluation of Private Foundation Copyright Licensing Policies, Practices and Opportunities

This project undertook to examine the copyright licensing policies and practices of a group of twelve private foundations. In particular, it looked at the extent to which…

Open Translation Tools 2009

"the polyglot Internet"

Via Open Education News: "Open Translation Tools 2009 will be held from 22 to 24 June, in Amsterdam...The event will be followed by an Open Translation 'Book Sprint' which will…

The Legal Education Commons

The Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction, with the support of the Berkman Center, has launched the Legal Education Commons, where law professors can exchange and access…

Cambridge bound!

Lawrence Lessig receives two Harvard appointments

Tremendous news: former Berkman Center faculty director Lawrence Lessig is returning to Harvard as a professor of law and faculty director of Harvard's Edmond J. Safra Foundation…

The Commons: Celebrating accomplishments, discerning futures

Jamie Boyle, Lawrence Lessig, Joi Ito, Molly S. Van Houweling, and Jonathan Zittrain

Creative Commons and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society present "The Commons: Celebrating accomplishments, discerning futures" tonight.

John Perry Barlow looking back on an Internet decade

Find your headphones and grab a seat, maybe skip the popcorn this week. As part of the Berkman Center’s ongoing tenth anniversary celebration, Berkman@10, we’re retrieving some…

Communia and iCommons Call for Papers

The deadlines for papers the first ever Commmunia Conference and the iCommons Summit '08 is quickly approaching.

Lessig v. Valenti on the future of intellectual property online

Gather the family, make some popcorn, turn off the TV. As part of the Berkman Center’s ongoing tenth anniversary celebration, Berkman@10, we’re retrieving some classics from our…

Larry Lessig

Faculty Associate

Diane Cabell

Eric Saltzman

Supporting the Researcher and Open Science: Expanding Our Creative Commons License Levels

In our continued effort to support researchers in the open science landscape, AIP Publishing is proud to announce we are now offering an expanded array of open access Creative Commons licenses — providing more nuanced options through which authors can determine how their work is used.

The two new options being made available to AIP Publishing’s author base are:

CC-BY-NC (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial): Allows individuals to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes only — and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
CC BY-NC-ND (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives): Allows individuals to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format only if it remains un-adapted and used for non-commercial purposes. Attribution must also be given to the creator.

These licensing options are being offered in addition to our CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution) license, which is the least restrictive CC license and allows for individuals to distribute, remix, adapt, or build upon the material in any medium or format — including commercial use — without requesting approval from the material’s creator, so long as attribution is provided.

The expanded slate of options allows authors to control how their work is represented and used commercially while still providing free and immediate access to information for the scholarly research community.

Authors publishing open access with AIP Publishing, either through one of our open access journals or in one of our subscription journals through Author Select, will have the opportunity to choose which license they’d like to apply to their work. We invite authors to research the different licensing options now available to them to ensure their choice will meet funder requirements.

When work is published open access with us, AIP Publishing is the publisher for the original article’s version of record, but copyright remains with the author. We encourage authors to a) post accepted versions of their work to their personal website or employee webpage immediately after acceptance and b) deposit the accepted version in an institutional or funder-designated repository.

If you have any questions about AIP Publishing’s licensing policies and options, please don’t hesitate to reach out to [email protected] for more information or assistance.

Creative Commons

Creative Commons is a non-profit organization that created a set of simple, easy-to-understand copyright licenses.

These are legally enforceable licenses that allow creators to mark a work with permission to make a variety of uses, with the aim of expanding the range of things available for others to share, quote, adapt, and build upon.

Creative Commons licenses do two things:

They allow creators to share their work easily.
They allow everyone to find work that is free to use without permission.

As long as you obey the terms of the license attached to the work, you can use Creative Commons licensed material without fear of accidentally infringing someone’s copyright.

It is easy to find Creative Commons licensed material through search engines like Google's Advanced Search and Creative Commons' own search engine

What do the Creative Commons licenses mean?

When you apply a Creative Commons license to your work, you are telling the world as the copyright holder what uses you are willing to permit – and which you aren’t. The licenses can be applied to any work that is covered by copyright law including books, scholarly articles, movies, musical arrangements, and artwork.

What are the types of licenses?

There are six main Creative Commons licenses to choose from; these vary in the amount of freedom users have with respect to a work. The licenses can be applied to any work that is covered by copyright law including books, scholarly articles, movies, musical arrangements, and artwork. However, please note that Creative Commons licenses are not to be used with computer software.

The six Creative Commons licenses vary in openness or restrictiveness. They are (in order of increasing restrictiveness):

Attribution - "CC BY"

This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon a work, even commercially, as long as they credit the original author for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered, in terms of what others can do with a work licensed under Attribution.

Attribution Share Alike - "CC BY-SA"

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the original author and license their new creations under the identical terms. This license is often compared to open source software licenses. All new works based on a work licensed this way will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use.

Attribution Non-Commercial - "CC BY-NC"

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge the original author and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike - "CC BY-NC-SA"

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work non-commercially, as long as they credit the original author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Others can download and redistribute this work just like the by-nc-nd license, but they can also translate, make remixes, and produce new stories based on the work. All new work based on the original will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also be non-commercial in nature.

Attribution No Derivatives - "CC BY-ND"

This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the original author.

Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives - "CC BY-NC-ND"

This license is the most restrictive of the six main licenses, allowing redistribution. This license is often called the “free advertising” license because it allows others to download works and share them with others as long as they mention the original author and link back to them, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.

*This web site presents information about copyright law. UCR Library make every effort to assure the accuracy of this information but do not offer it as counsel or legal advice. Consult an attorney for advice concerning your specific situation

Inside eLife

Open Science: Why you should preprint your next paper

Open access
Copyright information

By George Currie, Content Manager at eLife

Preprinting is the act of sharing an early version of your research, often before journal-organised review. It helps you share your research with others quickly, establishes priority for your findings and can be a way to receive feedback from your community. Many organisations, including eLife and PreReview , are starting to offer and recognise peer reviewed preprints, or allow public discussion on preprints.

But what are the advantages of preprinting your next paper? Here are our five Fs of preprinting:

Preprinting is fast

Preprinting gets your work out into the world much faster, in days not months. No waiting around for reviewer feedback or time spent making revisions, your work is out there. Citable, sharable and with a DOI. Both reviews and revisions can be extremely valuable but it comes at the cost of time and slowing down science communication. Once your work is available others can use it, they can build on your ideas, they can use them to refine their ideas. Your work is pushing science forward.

Preprinting helps you be first

Preprinting establishes priority for your findings or ideas. Waiting for publication can be anxiety inducing but preprinting puts you in control of publication. You won’t have to worry that someone else is going to publish your breakthrough while you’re still waiting for reviews. When you next think about scooping it will be time for ice cream!

Preprinting is free

Nearly all preprint servers are completely free of charge. Free to you as an author, and free to you as a reader. No subscriptions, no APCs. At no cost other than the time to submit, you can ensure that the whole world has access to your research.

Most journals* now have fairly open policies regarding preprinting ahead of publication, so even if you’re publishing behind a paywall you can make a version available for everyone.

*it’s worth checking journal or publisher websites for current policies. You can find a list of policies and links on Wikipedia.

Preprinting enables feedback

Sharing early versions of work can be daunting, but getting feedback helps refine and polish your work. Informal feedback helps start the conversation around your research and shows that people are engaging with it. Public scrutiny and feedback at this stage is far more useful than on a Version of Record as you are still able to implement changes and this could even help reduce time working through peer review feedback later. To help ensure feedback is useful to authors, the FAST framework of preprint feedback suggests feedback should be focused, appropriate, specific and transparent.

Preprinting fights inequalities

Preprints help level the playing field. It’s not about you, your institution or what you can afford to pay. Your work stands on its own merits.

Because preprinting is accessible, free and without the gatekeeping mechanisms typical of journals it makes science communication far more democratic and less prone to structural or implicit biases present in traditional publishing. This gives scientific communities more power and control over how and what they communicate.

Bonus sixth F: How do you filter preprints?

For all the positives of preprinting, it does present a new challenge: how we filter them.

There’s a lot of research out there, it can be hard to keep up as it is. Adding preprints to the mix can make this overwhelming. How can you keep up with preprint literature and how do you know you can trust it?

Some preprint servers still undertake elements of editorial screening to make sure research meets basic standards, and some journals and organisations are focused on preprint review . Beyond this, there are platforms dedicated to preprint curation, such as Sciety and Prelights .

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Spatial Variations of the Activity of 137 Cs and the Contents of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Products in the Polluted Soils of the City of Elektrostal

DEGRADATION, REHABILITATION, AND CONSERVATION OF SOILS
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Published: 15 June 2022
Volume 55 , pages 840–848, ( 2022 )

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D. N. Lipatov 1 ,
V. A. Varachenkov 1 ,
D. V. Manakhov 1 ,
M. M. Karpukhin 1 &
S. V. Mamikhin 1

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The levels of specific activity of 137 Cs and the contents of mobile forms (1 M ammonium acetate extraction) of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb) and petroleum products were studied in the upper soil horizon of urban landscapes of the city of Elektrostal under conditions of local radioactive and chemical contamination were studied. In the soils within a short radius (0–100 m) around the heavy engineering plant, the specific activity of 137 Cs and the contents of mobile forms of Pb, Cu, and Zn were increased. The lognormal distribution law of 137 Cs was found in the upper (0–10 cm) soil layer; five years after the radiation accident, the specific activity of 137 Cs varied from 6 to 4238 Bq/kg. The coefficients of variation increased with an increase in the degree of soil contamination in the following sequence: Co < Ni < petroleum products < Cr < 137 Cs < Zn < Pb < Cu ranging from 50 to 435%. Statistically significant direct correlation was found between the specific activity of 137 Cs and the contents of mobile forms of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the upper horizon of urban soils, and this fact indicated the spatial conjugacy of local spots of radioactive and polymetallic contamination in the studied area. It was shown that the specific activity of 137 Cs, as well as the content of heavy metals and petroleum products in the upper layer (0–10 cm) of the soils disturbed in the course of decontamination, earthwork and reclamation is reduced.

Geographical Features of Pollution of the Territory of Yakutia With Cesium-137

Activity Concentration of Natural Radionuclides and Total Heavy Metals Content in Soils of Urban Agglomeration

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INTRODUCTION

Contaminants migrate and accumulate in urban ecosystems under the impact of both natural and technogenic factors. The processes of technogenic migration of 137 Cs are most pronounced in radioactively contaminated territories. It was found in urboecological studies that the intensity of sedimentation of aerosol particles containing radionuclides and heavy metals is determined by the types of the surfaces of roofs, walls, roads, lawns, and parks and by their position within the urban wind field [ 12 , 26 ]. Traffic in the cities results in significant transport of dust and associated contaminants and radionuclides [ 15 , 24 ]. During decontamination measures in the areas of Chernobyl radioactive trace, not only the decrease in the level of contamination but also the possibility of secondary radioactive contamination because of the transportation of contaminated soil particles by wind or water, or anthropogenic transfer of transferring of ground were observed [ 5 , 6 ]. Rainstorm runoff and hydrological transport of dissolved and colloidal forms of 137 Cs can result in the accumulation of this radionuclide in meso- and microdepressions, where sedimentation takes place [ 10 , 16 ]. Different spatial distribution patterns of 137 Cs in soils of particular urban landscapes were found in the city of Ozersk near the nuclear fuel cycle works [ 17 ]. Natural character of 137 Cs migration in soils of Moscow forest-parks and a decrease in its specific activity in industrial areas have been revealed [ 10 ]. Determination of the mean level and parameters of spatial variations of 137 Cs in soils is one of primary tasks of radioecological monitoring of cities, including both unpolluted (background) and contaminated territories.

Emissions and discharges from numerous sources of contamination can cause the accumulation of a wide range of toxicants in urban soils: heavy metals (HMs), oil products (OPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other chemical substances. Soil contamination by several groups of toxicants is often observed in urban landscapes [ 20 , 23 ] because of the common contamination source or close pathways of the migration of different contaminants. A comprehensive analysis of contamination of urban soils by radionuclides and heavy metals has been performed in some studies [ 21 , 25 ]. The determination of possible spatial interrelationships between radioactive and chemical contaminations in urban soils is an important problem in urban ecology.

A radiation accident took place in the Elektrostal heavy engineering works (EHEW) in April 2013: a capacious source of 137 Cs entered the smelt furnace, and emission of radioactive aerosols from the aerating duct into the urban environment took place. The activity of molten source was estimated at about 1000–7000 Ci [ 14 ]. The area of contamination in the territory of the plant reached 7500 m 2 . However, radioactive aerosols affected a much larger area around the EHEW, including Krasnaya and Pervomaiskaya streets, and reached Lenin Prospect.

Geochemical evaluation of contamination of the upper soil horizon in the city of Elektrostal was carried out in 1989–1991. This survey indicated the anomalies of concentrations of wolfram, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, and other heavy metals related to accumulation of alloying constituent and impurities of non-ferrous metals in the emissions of steelmaking works [ 19 ].

The aim of our work was to determine the levels of specific activity of 137 Cs, concentrations of mobile forms of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, and Pb) and oil products in the upper soil horizons in different urban landscapes of the city of Elektrostal under the conditions of local radioactive and chemical contamination.

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D. N. Lipatov, V. A. Varachenkov, D. V. Manakhov, M. M. Karpukhin & S. V. Mamikhin

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Lipatov, D.N., Varachenkov, V.A., Manakhov, D.V. et al. Spatial Variations of the Activity of 137 Cs and the Contents of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Products in the Polluted Soils of the City of Elektrostal. Eurasian Soil Sc. 55 , 840–848 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229322060072

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Received : 21 October 2021

Revised : 22 December 2021

Accepted : 30 December 2021

Published : 15 June 2022

Issue Date : June 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229322060072

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Structural analysis of types of Muslim religious consciousness

Axmed Abdurazakov 1 , Olga Garnaya 2 * , Michael Lebedev 2 and Emzari Yunusov 2

1 Federal State Institution of Additional Professional Education Interregional Training Center of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for Moscow Region, Novye Doma settlement, Elektrostal, Moscow Region, 142470, Russian Federation 2 Federal State Institution Research Institute of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Narvskaya str., 15 a, building 1, Moscow, 125130, Russian Federation

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

A separate theoretical and legal study should be devoted to essential features of legal consciousness of Muslims, which will be based on the study of perception of positive law through the prism of Islamic religious and legal doctrine. It is advisable to start the basis of this study with definition of its main structural element - the types of Muslim legal consciousness. Consideration of this issue from the standpoint of natural law will expand the traditional boundaries of theory of modern legal consciousness, open up additional applied and scientific horizons and, using the example of Islam, allow us to consider peculiarities of religious influence on legal consciousness of various categories of citizens. Knowledge of foundations of Muslim law, procedure for formation of moral and social religious attitudes, interpretation of religious canons and dogmas contribute to a better understanding of many processes taking place within Russian Muslim community and can form the basis of mechanism for formation of moral legal consciousness, which must be opposed, in its turn, to radical and criminalized forms of religious consciousness.

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Field research was carried out in the city of Elektrostal, Moscow oblast, in July 2018, i.e. 5 years and 3 months after the local fallout of 137 Cs in the result of radiation accident. The emission of 137 Cs from the chimney of steel melting plant spread to the west of heavy engineering works in April 2013 in the day of radiation accident [].The surveyed part of the city near the plant ...
Structural analysis of types of Muslim religious consciousness
2 Federal State Institution Research Institute of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Narvskaya str., 15 a, building 1, Moscow, 125130, ... This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, ...
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Energies 2022, 15, 9193 4 of 8 350 to 1600 C at a rate of about 8.0 C/min had visible cracks.For this reason, the two modes shown in Figure2with heating rates of no more than 4.0-5.0 C/min were chosen as working modes. 1XVXXð1W[ð1_W_Y1 Z1 1 _1

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