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Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research

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Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research . Owen Underwood Heidi Stallings IBH Psychology. Ethical Consideration in Qualitative Research. Similar to quantitative considerations, with some differences Long-term and close personal contact with participants.

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Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research Owen Underwood Heidi Stallings IBH Psychology

Ethical Consideration in Qualitative Research • Similar to quantitative considerations, with some differences • Long-term and close personal contact with participants. • Anonymity- confidentiality is broken in research reports. (small number of participants) • Observational studies- no consent forms signed, in which case participants were unable to withdraw.

Informed Consent • If the goal of the research, is to receive information that can prevent violence- the guidelines of ethical conduct are waved. • Participations should be aware that participating is voluntary. • Participants need to be provided with a certain amount of knowledge regarding the research- who funded, who will conduct, how the data is used, and what is required of them.

Protecting Participants From Harm • Protected from physical or psychological harm. • Sensitive research topics ex. Sexual abuse • In-depth interview, private information To Avoid: • Need to provide knowledge of topics being addressed. • Use clear and direct questions. • If topic gets too emotional, move towards less sensitive topics. • Do not provide counsel or advice

Anonymity and Confidentiality • Identity of participants should only be shared with research team. (However if third party is involved- participants should be informed) • In order to maintain confidentiality some minor details about the data can be changed. • Videotapes should be destroyed after completion of transcripts. (Unless necessary, in which case consent in needed)

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Qualitative Research: Ethical Considerations

• First Online: 01 November 2019

Cite this chapter

• Anna-Maija Pietilä 4 ,
• Sanna-Maria Nurmi 4 ,
• Arja Halkoaho 4 , 5 &
• Helvi Kyngäs 6  

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Ethical aspects include perspectives of subject protection and conducting research based on ethical standards. This chapter aims to highlight the ethical aspects of qualitative research, with particular emphasis on content analysis. The chapter begins by presenting four ethical principles—autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice—that were first brought to attention by Beauchamp and Childress (Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, New York, 2013). These principles form the basis for the protection of the subject in qualitative research. Next, Shamoon and Resnik’s (Responsible conduct of research. Oxford University Press, New York, 2015) principles for responsible research conduct are described. The ethical framework presented by Emanuel et al. (J Infect Dis 189:930–937, 2000; JAMA 283:2701–2711, 2004), which includes eight ethical requirements, is then introduced, and later used to explore the ethical aspects of content analysis based on an example of qualitative research. The chapter concludes by discussing several challenges that researchers may face when applying content analysis to qualitative research.

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Pietilä, AM., Nurmi, SM., Halkoaho, A., Kyngäs, H. (2020). Qualitative Research: Ethical Considerations. In: Kyngäs, H., Mikkonen, K., Kääriäinen, M. (eds) The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30199-6_6

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Ethical considerations associated with Qualitative Research methods

Introduction.

This high-level guidance has been developed by the UK Statistics Authority’s Centre for Applied Data Ethics (CADE), and the UK Government Data Quality Hub (DQHub), based at the Office for National Statistics (ONS). The guidance can be used as a practical resource to help researchers identify different ethical issues when conducting qualitative research.  

This guidance is not exhaustive but aims to support researchers navigating the ethical issues surrounding qualitative research projects (particularly in relation to primary data collection). It brings together existing literature on qualitative research methods and their ethical concerns. Links to further resources are provided if you would like to read about aspects in more detail.  

The guidance has been created for researchers using qualitative methods within the ONS . However, the ethical considerations discussed, and the mitigations for these, can be more widely applied to all types of qualitative research.  

The guidance is divided into several parts.    

• An introduction to qualitative research and why ethics matters in this space.   
• An overview of some of the ethical considerations associated with qualitative research methods, and some potential mitigations for these issues. This includes an overview of some of the qualitative methods used within the ONS.  
• An ethics checklist which summarises the main points covered in this guidance.    
• A list of helpful links to further resources.   

The Top 5 Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is a valuable tool for understanding human behavior, experiences, and perspectives. It can be used in a variety of fields including sociology, psychology, education, and business. However, like all research, qualitative research requires careful ethical considerations to ensure that it is conducted in a manner that is respectful, fair, and responsible. This article outlines the top five qualitative research ethics to consider. 

Informed Consent 

Informed consent is one of the most important qualitative research ethics to consider in qualitative research. Informed consent means that participants are fully informed about the purpose and nature of the research, the procedures involved, any potential risks or benefits, and how their data will be used. Participants must have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw from the study at any time. Market Researchers must also obtain written consent from participants and ensure that they understand their participation is voluntary.

In some cases, obtaining informed consent can be challenging. For example, in studies involving vulnerable populations, such as children, obtaining informed consent can be particularly difficult. They may need to consider obtaining written consent from guardians, such as parents or caregivers. Researchers must always be sensitive to the needs and limitations of their participants and find ways to obtain informed consent that are appropriate and respectful. 

Confidentiality and Privacy 

Confidentiality and privacy are essential qualitative research ethics to consider and are often protected by law. Participant’s personal information and responses must always be kept confidential and private. Researchers must take steps to protect the confidentiality of their participants by using pseudonyms or other identifiers such as ID numbers, and by storing data securely. They must also ensure that their research does not invade the privacy of participants by respecting their right to refuse to answer certain survey questions or to have certain information shared. 

In some cases, confidentiality and privacy can be particularly challenging. For example, in studies involving sensitive topics, researchers must take extra precautions to protect the confidentiality of their participants and maintain their trust. They may need to use more secure methods of quality data collection, such as encrypted online surveys or face-to-face interviews conducted in private locations. 

Respect for Participants 

Respect for participants is another important ethical consideration in qualitative research. Researchers must be sensitive to the needs, values, and beliefs of their participants, and always treat them with dignity and respect. This means that researchers must be aware of their own biases and assumptions to avoid imposing their own beliefs on their participants. They must also be sensitive to cultural and linguistic differences to find ways to communicate effectively with participants who may have different backgrounds or experiences. 

In addition, researchers must be mindful of the power dynamics involved in research. Participants may feel pressure to answer more positively or to provide the answers they think the researcher wants to hear. Researchers must be careful to ensure that their research is conducted in a manner that is fair and respectful. 

Lastly, researchers must be careful not to overburden their participants with lengthy or intrusive data collection methods. They must also be mindful of the potential for researcher bias in data collection and analysis and take steps to minimize its impact.

Data Collection and Analysis 

Data collection and analysis are essential components of qualitative research, but they also raise concerns in regard to qualitative research ethics. Researchers must ensure that their methods of data collection and analysis are appropriate and valid and that they do not manipulate or alter the data in any way to convey a different story. They must also be transparent about their methods and ensure their research is replicable. 

Use of Findings 

The final ethical consideration in qualitative research is the use of findings. Researchers must use their findings in a responsible and respectful manner to ensure that they are not used to harm or stigmatize participants or groups. They must also be transparent about the limitations of their findings and avoid making sweeping generalizations that may not be supported by the findings.

In addition, researchers must consider the potential impact of their findings on policy and practice. They should use their findings to inform evidence-based decision-making and communicate their results in a clear and accessible manner to stakeholders, policymakers, and the public. By doing so, they can ensure that their research is contributing to positive change and improving the lives of those affected by the issues being studied. Ultimately, conducting ethical qualitative research requires a thoughtful and reflective approach that values the perspectives and experiences of participants, and produces findings that are meaningful and impactful.

Conducting ethical qualitative research requires a commitment to upholding the rights and dignity of participants, while also producing valuable and valid findings. The top five qualitative research ethics to consider include:

• Obtaining informed consent
• Protecting confidentiality and privacy
• Showing respect for participants
• Conducting appropriate data collection and analysis
• Using findings responsibly. 

By prioritizing these considerations, researchers can ensure that their research is conducted in a respectful, fair, and responsible manner and produces findings that can contribute to positive and more informed change in society.

About InnovateMR – InnovateMR is a full-service sampling and ResTech company that delivers faster, quality insights from business and consumer audiences utilizing cutting-edge technologies to support agile research. As industry pioneers, InnovateMR provides world-class end-to-end survey programming, targeted international sampling, qualitative and quantitative insights, and customized consultation services to support informed, data-driven strategies, and identify growth opportunities. Known for their celebrated status in customer service and results, InnovateMR combines boutique-level service with extensive global reach to achieve partner success.

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