c assignment struct

C Functions

C structures, c reference, c structures (structs).

Structures (also called structs) are a way to group several related variables into one place. Each variable in the structure is known as a member of the structure.

Unlike an array , a structure can contain many different data types (int, float, char, etc.).

Create a Structure

You can create a structure by using the struct keyword and declare each of its members inside curly braces:

To access the structure, you must create a variable of it.

Use the struct keyword inside the main() method, followed by the name of the structure and then the name of the structure variable:

Create a struct variable with the name "s1":

Access Structure Members

To access members of a structure, use the dot syntax ( . ):

Now you can easily create multiple structure variables with different values, using just one structure:

What About Strings in Structures?

Remember that strings in C are actually an array of characters, and unfortunately, you can't assign a value to an array like this:

An error will occur:

However, there is a solution for this! You can use the strcpy() function and assign the value to s1.myString , like this:

Simpler Syntax

You can also assign values to members of a structure variable at declaration time, in a single line.

Just insert the values in a comma-separated list inside curly braces {} . Note that you don't have to use the strcpy() function for string values with this technique:

Note: The order of the inserted values must match the order of the variable types declared in the structure (13 for int, 'B' for char, etc).

Copy Structures

You can also assign one structure to another.

In the following example, the values of s1 are copied to s2:

Modify Values

If you want to change/modify a value, you can use the dot syntax ( . ).

And to modify a string value, the strcpy() function is useful again:

Modifying values are especially useful when you copy structure values:

Ok, so, how are structures useful?

Imagine you have to write a program to store different information about Cars, such as brand, model, and year. What's great about structures is that you can create a single "Car template" and use it for every cars you make. See below for a real life example.

Real-Life Example

Use a structure to store different information about Cars:

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Fill in the missing part to create a Car structure:

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How to use Structures (Struct) in C

Structures (Structs) are a great way to group related information together. If you have a set of variables in your code that store logically connected data, consider combining them into a single entity - that is, a Structure. In this article, you will learn the most important techniques for using Structures in the C language.

A basic Structure

Let’s start with a simple example:

Pay attention to the keyword "struct". Our variables describing a mechanical vehicle (i.e., Car ) should be enclosed in curly braces, and the entire structure should be terminated with a semicolon. Inside the structure, there are variables of various types: integer types ( int ) and a pointer (char*). This will be our very basic structure, grouping information about a car.

Access the values

You need to imagine that a structure is actually a new data type. In the example below, we will show you how to define types for structures and how to set values:

And here is the result:

Let's analyze what happened in the main() function. At the beginning, we define a variable named "audi" which is of type struct Car. With the variable "audi," we can modify the elements of the structure. To access a structure element, we use the dot operator:

So we got this simple syntax:

As you can see, there's nothing difficult here. A structure (Struct) is simply a set of related data. Access to a field within a structure can be obtained using the dot operator.

Structures and functions

Now it's time for a more advanced technique. Sometimes there is a need to pass a structure to a function. Passing a structure to a function involves making a copy of it and passing it as an argument. Here's a code snippet to demonstrate this:

In this example, the structure "Person" is passed to the function "displayPerson()" as an argument by value, which means it is copied into a local variable "person" (the function parameter). Inside the function, the fields "name" and "age" can be accessed using the dot operator ".".

It's important to note that for large structures, passing them by value can be inefficient in terms of memory consumption and time. In such cases, it is recommended to use pointers.

You already know another useful technique for working with structures. It's time for the next example. Our previous function had the ability to print information from a structure. Of course, there is nothing stopping us from returning a structure from a function. Here is an example that demonstrates such behavior.

In this example, the function "updatePerson()" takes the structure "Person" as an argument, named "person" (by value). It modifies the fields of the structure and then returns the modified structure as the return value.

In the "main()" function, we initialize a structure "p1" and then call the "updatePerson()" function, passing "p1" as an argument. After calling the function, we read the fields of the returned structure "p2" and display them on the screen.

The result is as follows:

These examples illustrate the potential that lies in using structures and functions. As you can see, structures can be passed as arguments and can also be returned by functions.

Structures and pointers

Pointers are an essential part of the C language , and they can also be used to work with structures. Take a look at the example below:

In the above code, we have a crucial line of code where the pointer "ptr" is assigned the address of the "point" object:

After such an assignment, using the pointer "ptr" , we can access the fields of the structure using the "->" operator:

Structures allow you to easily group related data together. You can pass them as parameters to functions, return them from functions, create pointers to structures, and more. With structures, you can achieve clean and organized code where data is logically grouped together.

If you want to master Structures and many other practical techniques in C, enlist for the C Developer Career Path. With this career path, you will learn the C language from the basics to an intermediate-advanced level. The path concludes with an exam that grants you the Specialist Certificate, enabling you to demonstrate your proficiency with the C language.

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5.3. Structures

• Declaration and definition
• Stack And Heap
• new And delete
• Dot And Arrow

Programmers often use the term "structure" to name two related concepts. They form structure specifications with the struct keyword and create structure objects with a variable definition or the new operator. We typically call both specifications and objects structures, relying on context to clarify the the specific usage.

Structures are an aggregate data type whose contained data items are called fields or members . Once specified, the structure name becomes a new data type or type specifier in the program. After the program creates or instantiates a structure object, it accesses the fields with one of the selection operators . Referring to the basket analogy suggested previously, a structure object is a basket, and the fields or members are the items in the basket. Although structures are more complex than the fundamental types, programmers use the same pattern when defining variables of either type.

Structure Specifications: Fields And Members

A program must specify or declare a structure before using it. The specification determines the number, the type, the name, and the order of the data items contained in the structure.

Structure Definitions And Objects

We can use a blueprint as another analogy for a structure. Blueprints show essential details like the number and size of bedrooms, the location of the kitchen, etc. Similarly, structure specifications show the structure fields' number, type, name, and order. Nevertheless, a blueprint isn't a house; you can't live in it. However, given the blueprint, we can make as many identical houses as we wish, and while each one looks like the others, it has a different, distinct set of occupants and a distinct street address. Similarly, each object created from a structure specification looks like the others, but each can store distinct values and has a distinct memory address.

• C++ code that defines three new student structure variables or objects named s1 , s2 , and s3 . The program allocates the memory for the three objects on the stack.
• The pointer variables s4 , s5 , and s6 are defined and allocated automatically on the stack. However, the structure objects they point to are allocated dynamically on the heap.
• An abstract representation of three student objects on the stack. Each object has three fields.
• An abstract representation of three student pointer variables pointing to three student objects allocated dynamically on the heap with the new operator.

Initializing Structures And Fields

Figure 3 demonstrates that we are not required to initialize structure objects when we create them - perhaps the program will read the data from the console or a data file. However, we can initialize structures when convenient. C++ inherited an aggregate field initialization syntax from the C programming language, and the 2011 ANSI standard extends that syntax, making it conform to other major programming languages. More recently, the ANSI 2020 standard added a variety of default field initializations. The following figures illustrate a few of these options.

• The field order within the structure and the data order within the initialization list are significant and must match. The program saves the first list value in the first structure field until it saves the last list value in the last structure field. If there are fewer initializers (the elements inside the braces) than there are fields, the excess fields are initialized to their zero-equivalents . Having more initializers than fields is a compile-time error.
• Similar to (a), but newer standards no longer require the = operator.
• Historically, en block structure initialization was only allowed in the structure definition, but the ANSI 2015 standard removed that restriction, allowing en bloc assignment to previously defined variables.
• Abstract representations of the structure objects or variables created and initialized in (a), (b), and (c). Each object has three fields. Although every student must have these fields, the values stored in them may be different.
• Another way to conceptualize structures and variables is as the rows and columns of a simple database table. Each column represents one field, and each row represents one structure object. The database schema fixes the number of columns, but the program can add any number of rows to the table.
• Initializing a structure object when defining it. The = operator is now optional.
• Designated initializers are more flexible than the non-designated initializers illustrated in Figure 4, which are matched to structure fields by position (first initializer to the first field, second initializer to the second field, etc.). Designated initializers may skip a field - the program does not initialize name in this example.
• Programmers may save data to previously defined structure objects, possibly skipping some fields, with designators.

The next step is accessing the individual fields within a structure object.

Field Selection: The Dot And Arrow Operators

A basket is potentially beneficial, but so far, we have only seen how to put items into it, and then only en masse . To achieve its full potential, we need some way to put items into the basket one at a time, and there must be some way to retrieve them. C++ provides two selection operators that join a specific structure object with a named field. The combination of an object and a field form a variable whose type matches the field type in the structure specification.

The Dot Operator

The C++ dot operator looks and behaves just like Java's dot operator and performs the same tasks in both languages.

• The general dot operator syntax. The left-hand operand is a structure object, and the right-hand operator is the name of one of its fields.
• Examples illustrating the dot operator based on the student examples in Figure 3(a).
• The dot operator's left operand names a specific basket or object, and the right-hand operand names the field. If we view the structure as a table, the left-hand operand selects the row, and the right-hand operand selects the column. So, we can visualize s2 . name as the intersection of a row and column.

The Arrow Operator

Java only has one way of creating objects and only needs one operator to access its fields. C++ can create objects in two ways (see Figure 3 above) and needs an additional field access operator, the arrow: -> .

• The general arrow operator syntax. The left-hand operand is a pointer to a structure object, and the right-hand operator is the name of one of the object's fields.
• Examples illustrate the arrow operator based on the student examples in Figure 3(b).

Choosing the correct selection operator

• Choose the arrow operator if the left-hand operand is a pointer.
• Otherwise, choose the dot operator.

Moving Structures Within A Program

A basket is a convenient way to carry and move many items by holding its handle. Similarly, a structure object is convenient for a program to "hold" and move many data items with a single (variable) name. Specifically, a program can assign one structure to another (as long as they are instances of the same structure specification), pass them as arguments to functions, and return them from functions as the function's return value.

Assignment is a fundamental operation regardless of the kind of data involved. The C++ code to assign one structure to another is simple and should look familiar:

• C++ code defining a new structure object and copying an existing object to it by assignment.
• An abstract representation of a new, empty structure.
• An abstract representation of how a program copies the contents of an existing structure to another structure.

Function Argument

Once the program creates a structure object, passing it to a function looks and behaves like passing a fundamental-type variable. If we view the function argument as a new, empty structure object, we see that argument passing copies one structure object to another, behaving like an assignment operation.

• The first part of the C++ code fragment defines a function (similar to a Java method). The argument is a student structure. The last statement (highlighted) passes a previously created and initialized structure as a function argument.
• In this abstract representation, a program copies the data stored in s2 to the function argument temp . The braces forming the body of the print function create a new scope distinct from the calling scope where the program defines s2 . The italicized variable names label and distinguish the illustrated objects.

Function Return Value

Just as a program can pass a structure into a function as an argument, so it can return a structure as the function's return value, as demonstrated by the following example:

• C++ code defining a function named read that returns a structure. The program defines and initializes the structure object, temp , in local or function scope with a series of console read operations and returns it as the function return value. The assignment operator saves the returned structure in s3 .
• A graphical representation of the return process. Returning an object with the return operator copies the local object, temp , to the calling scope, where the program saves it in s1 .

Intro to C for CS31 Students

Part 2: structs & pointers.

• Pointers and Functions C style "pass by referece"
• Dynamic Memory Allocation (malloc and free)
• Pointers to Structs

Defining a struct type

Declaring variables of struct types, accessing field values, passing structs to functions, rules for using pointer variables.

• Next, initialize the pointer variable (make it point to something). Pointer variables store addresses . Initialize a pointer to the address of a storage location of the type to which it points. One way to do this is to use the ampersand operator on regular variable to get its address value: int x; char ch; ptr = &x; // ptr get the address of x, pointer "points to" x ------------ ------ ptr | addr of x|--------->| ?? | x ------------ ------ cptr = &ch; // ptr get the address of ch, pointer "points to" ch cptr = &x; // ERROR! cptr can hold a char address only (it's NOT a pointer to an int) All pointer variable can be set to a special value NULL . NULL is not a valid address but it is useful for testing a pointer variable to see if it points to a valid memory address before we access what it points to: ptr = NULL; ------ ------ cptr = NULL; ptr | NULL |-----| cptr | NULL |----| ------ ------
• Use *var_name to dereference the pointer to access the value in the location that it points to. Some examples: int *ptr1, *ptr2, x, y; x = 8; ptr1 = NULL; ptr2 = &x; ------------ ------ ptr2 | addr of x|--------->| 8 | x ------------ ------ *ptr2 = 10; // dereference ptr2: "what ptr2 points to gets 10" ------------ ----- ptr2 | addr of x|--------->| 10 | x ------------ ----- y = *ptr2 + 3; // dereference ptr2: "y gets what ptr2 points to plus 3" ----- ----- ptr1 = ptr2; // ptr1 gets address value stored in ptr2 ------------ ----- ptr2 | addr of x |--------->| 10 | x ------------ ----- /\ ------------ | ptr1 | addr of x |-------------- ------------ // TODO: finish tracing through this code and show what is printed *ptr1 = 100; ptr1 = &y; *ptr1 = 80; printf("x = %d y = %d\n", x, y); printf("x = %d y = %d\n", *ptr2, *ptr1);
• and what does this mean with respect to the value of each argument after the call?
• Implement a program with a swap function that swaps the values stored in its two arguments. Make some calls to it in main to test it out.

malloc and free

Pointers, the heap, and functions, linked lists in c.

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Before you learn about how pointers can be used with structs, be sure to check these tutorials:

• C Pointers to struct

Here's how you can create pointers to structs.

Here, ptr is a pointer to struct .

Example: Access members using Pointer

To access members of a structure using pointers, we use the -> operator.

In this example, the address of person1 is stored in the personPtr pointer using personPtr = &person1; .

Now, you can access the members of person1 using the personPtr pointer.

By the way,

• personPtr->age is equivalent to (*personPtr).age
• personPtr->weight is equivalent to (*personPtr).weight
• Dynamic memory allocation of structs

Before you proceed this section, we recommend you to check C dynamic memory allocation .

Sometimes, the number of struct variables you declared may be insufficient. You may need to allocate memory during run-time. Here's how you can achieve this in C programming.

Example: Dynamic memory allocation of structs

When you run the program, the output will be:

In the above example, n number of struct variables are created where n is entered by the user.

To allocate the memory for n number of struct person , we used,

Then, we used the ptr pointer to access elements of person .

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• Example: Access struct members using pointers

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Structure assignment and its pitfall in c language.

Jan 28 th , 2013 9:47 pm

There is a structure type defined as below:

If we want to assign map_t type variable struct2 to sturct1 , we usually have below 3 ways:

Consider above ways, most of programmer won’t use way #1, since it’s so stupid ways compare to other twos, only if we are defining an structure assignment function. So, what’s the difference between way #2 and way #3? And what’s the pitfall of the structure assignment once there is array or pointer member existed? Coming sections maybe helpful for your understanding.

The difference between ‘=’ straight assignment and memcpy

The struct1=struct2; notation is not only more concise , but also shorter and leaves more optimization opportunities to the compiler . The semantic meaning of = is an assignment, while memcpy just copies memory. That’s a huge difference in readability as well, although memcpy does the same in this case.

Copying by straight assignment is probably best, since it’s shorter, easier to read, and has a higher level of abstraction. Instead of saying (to the human reader of the code) “copy these bits from here to there”, and requiring the reader to think about the size argument to the copy, you’re just doing a straight assignment (“copy this value from here to here”). There can be no hesitation about whether or not the size is correct.

Consider that, above source code also has pitfall about the pointer alias, it will lead dangling pointer problem ( It will be introduced below section ). If we use straight structure assignment ‘=’ in C++, we can consider to overload the operator= function , that can dissolve the problem, and the structure assignment usage does not need to do any changes, but structure memcpy does not have such opportunity.

The pitfall of structure assignment:

Beware though, that copying structs that contain pointers to heap-allocated memory can be a bit dangerous, since by doing so you’re aliasing the pointer, and typically making it ambiguous who owns the pointer after the copying operation.

If the structures are of compatible types, yes, you can, with something like:

} The only thing you need to be aware of is that this is a shallow copy. In other words, if you have a char * pointing to a specific string, both structures will point to the same string.

And changing the contents of one of those string fields (the data that the char points to, not the char itself) will change the other as well. For these situations a “deep copy” is really the only choice, and that needs to go in a function. If you want a easy copy without having to manually do each field but with the added bonus of non-shallow string copies, use strdup:

This will copy the entire contents of the structure, then deep-copy the string, effectively giving a separate string to each structure. And, if your C implementation doesn’t have a strdup (it’s not part of the ISO standard), you have to allocate new memory for dest_struct pointer member, and copy the data to memory address.

Example of trap:

Below diagram illustrates above source memory layout, if there is a pointer field member, either the straight assignment or memcpy , that will be alias of pointer to point same address. For example, b.alias and c.alias both points to address of a.alias . Once one of them free the pointed address, it will cause another pointer as dangling pointer. It’s dangerous!!

• Recommend use straight assignment ‘=’ instead of memcpy.
• If structure has pointer or array member, please consider the pointer alias problem, it will lead dangling pointer once incorrect use. Better way is implement structure assignment function in C, and overload the operator= function in C++.
• stackoverflow.com: structure assignment or memcpy
• stackoverflow.com: assign one struct to another in C
• bytes.com: structures assignment
• wikipedia: struct in C programming language

cppreference.com

Assignment operators.

Assignment and compound assignment operators are binary operators that modify the variable to their left using the value to their right.

[ edit ] Simple assignment

The simple assignment operator expressions have the form

Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs .

Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non-lvalue (so that expressions such as ( a = b ) = c are invalid).

rhs and lhs must satisfy one of the following:

• both lhs and rhs have compatible struct or union type, or..
• rhs must be implicitly convertible to lhs , which implies
• both lhs and rhs have arithmetic types , in which case lhs may be volatile -qualified or atomic (since C11)
• both lhs and rhs have pointer to compatible (ignoring qualifiers) types, or one of the pointers is a pointer to void, and the conversion would not add qualifiers to the pointed-to type. lhs may be volatile or restrict (since C99) -qualified or atomic (since C11) .
• lhs is a (possibly qualified or atomic (since C11) ) pointer and rhs is a null pointer constant such as NULL or a nullptr_t value (since C23)

[ edit ] Notes

If rhs and lhs overlap in memory (e.g. they are members of the same union), the behavior is undefined unless the overlap is exact and the types are compatible .

Although arrays are not assignable, an array wrapped in a struct is assignable to another object of the same (or compatible) struct type.

The side effect of updating lhs is sequenced after the value computations, but not the side effects of lhs and rhs themselves and the evaluations of the operands are, as usual, unsequenced relative to each other (so the expressions such as i = ++ i ; are undefined)

Assignment strips extra range and precision from floating-point expressions (see FLT_EVAL_METHOD ).

In C++, assignment operators are lvalue expressions, not so in C.

[ edit ] Compound assignment

The compound assignment operator expressions have the form

The expression lhs @= rhs is exactly the same as lhs = lhs @ ( rhs ) , except that lhs is evaluated only once.

[ edit ] References

• C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 72-73)
• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 101-104)
• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 91-93)
• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
• 3.3.16 Assignment operators

[ edit ] See Also

Operator precedence

[ edit ] See also

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In C, the only operation that can be applied to struct variables is assignment. Any other operation (e.g. equality check) is not allowed on struct variables. For example, program 1 works without any error and program 2 fails in compilation.

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Next: Packed Structures , Previous: Field Offset , Up: Structures   [ Contents ][ Index ]

15.5 Structure Layout

The rest of this chapter covers advanced topics about structures. If you are just learning C, you can skip it.

The precise layout of a struct type is crucial when using it to overlay hardware registers, to access data structures in shared memory, or to assemble and disassemble packets for network communication. It is also important for avoiding memory waste when the program makes many objects of that type. However, the layout depends on the target platform. Each platform has conventions for structure layout, which compilers need to follow.

Here are the conventions used on most platforms.

The structure’s fields appear in the structure layout in the order they are declared. When possible, consecutive fields occupy consecutive bytes within the structure. However, if a field’s type demands more alignment than it would get that way, C gives it the alignment it requires by leaving a gap after the previous field.

Once all the fields have been laid out, it is possible to determine the structure’s alignment and size. The structure’s alignment is the maximum alignment of any of the fields in it. Then the structure’s size is rounded up to a multiple of its alignment. That may require leaving a gap at the end of the structure.

Here are some examples, where we assume that char has size and alignment 1 (always true), and int has size and alignment 4 (true on most kinds of computers):

This structure occupies 8 bytes, with an alignment of 4. a is at offset 0, b is at offset 1, and c is at offset 4. There is a gap of 2 bytes before c .

Contrast that with this structure:

This structure has size 12 and alignment 4. a is at offset 0, c is at offset 4, and b is at offset 8. There are two gaps: three bytes before c , and three bytes at the end.

These two structures have the same contents at the C level, but one takes 8 bytes and the other takes 12 bytes due to the ordering of the fields. A reliable way to avoid this sort of wastage is to order the fields by size, biggest fields first.

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BREAKING: Elderly passenger dead after suspect steals vehicle, crashes into downtown DC building

Police ID man killed in Southeast DC shooting

Tadiwos Abedje | [email protected]

June 2, 2024, 4:40 PM

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D.C. police say they have identified the man killed in Friday night’s shooting in Southeast.

On Sunday, D.C. police said 18-year-old Keith White of Southeast died of his injuries after a shooting that took place Friday night in an Anacostia neighborhood around 1600 block of W Street SE .

Police said two other victims, a man and woman, were also injured in the shooting and taken to a nearby hospital. Their condition is not known at this time.

Friday’s shooting happened before two other people in D.C. were killed in a string of five shootings Saturday night into Sunday morning.

Those with information about the shooting are asked to call police at 202-727-9099.

Approximate location of Friday night’s shooting in Anacostia:

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Tadi Abedje is a freelance digital writer/editor for WTOP. He was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in Northern Virginia. Journalism has been his No. 1 passion since he was a kid and he is blessed to be around people, telling their stories and sharing them with the world.

• @realTadiAbedje

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Next: Unions , Previous: Overlaying Different Structures , Up: Structures   [ Contents ][ Index ]

15.13 Structure Assignment

Assignment operating on a structure type copies the structure. The left and right operands must have the same type. Here is an example:

Notionally, assignment on a structure type works by copying each of the fields. Thus, if any of the fields has the const qualifier, that structure type does not allow assignment:

See Assignment Expressions .

When a structure type has a field which is an array, as here,

structure assigment such as r1 = r2 copies array fields’ contents just as it copies all the other fields.

This is the only way in C that you can operate on the whole contents of a array with one operation: when the array is contained in a struct . You can’t copy the contents of the data field as an array, because

would convert the array objects (as always) to pointers to the zeroth elements of the arrays (of type struct record * ), and the assignment would be invalid because the left operand is not an lvalue.

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Yankees ace Gerrit Cole to begin rehab assignment Tuesday at Double-A

New York Yankees pitcher Gerrit Cole throws a bullpen session before a baseball game against the Tampa Bay Rays, Saturday, May 11, 2024, in St. Petersburg, Fla. (AP Photo/Chris O’Meara)

New York Yankees pitcher Gerrit Cole, right, loosens up in the bullpen without a baseball before a game against the Tampa Bay Rays, Friday, May 10, 2024, in St. Petersburg, Fla. Cole is currently on the 60-day disabled list. (AP Photo/Steve Nesius)

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SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — New York Yankees ace Gerrit Cole is scheduled to begin a minor league rehab assignment Tuesday with Double-A Somerset.

The reigning AL Cy Young Award winner has been sidelined since spring training with a right elbow injury. There’s no specific timetable yet for his return, but Cole has said it’s possible he could be back in June.

The six-time All-Star started facing hitters in simulated games last month. He threw 43 pitches last Thursday at the team’s complex in Tampa, Florida.

Cole made one spring training start, on March 1, and the Yankees announced 10 days later the 33-year-old right-hander’s elbow was ailing. He was diagnosed with nerve inflammation and edema and told to rest.

He didn’t throw off a mound again until May 5, the first of five bullpen sessions leading up to his initial session against hitters.

It’s expected Cole will make multiple minor league starts before rejoining the Yankees, who lost starting pitcher Clarke Schmidt to a right lat strain last week.

AP MLB: https://apnews.com/hub/mlb