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Philippines Independence Day – June 12, 2024

The Philippines, consisting of more than 7,000 separate islands in the western Pacific, declared independence from Spanish rule over 120 years ago.  Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was responsible for making this claim but it wasn’t until 1962 that then-President Diosdado Macapagal made it a public holiday through a presidential proclamation.  The Filipino flag was unfurled for the first time on this day June 12 in 1898 at an inspiring celebration, which also featured the first public playing of the Philippines national anthem. The nation has made great strides. It’s considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country. Tourism also makes a large impact on the Philippines economy.

When is Philippines Independence Day 2024?

The Philippines celebrates its independence on June 12 every year.

History of Philippines Independence Day

For over 300 years, the Philippines was a Spanish colony, and is named after King Philip II of Spain. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan landed on the Philippines islands and claimed it for Spain. Magellan wanted all the local chiefs to submit to the Spanish rule but one of them named Lapu Lapu refused. An attempt was made by Magellan to crush Lapu Lapu, but he failed and was killed.

When Miguel Lopez de Legazpi led an expedition in 1565, the Spaniards finally gained a foothold in the Philippines. They built the city of Intramuros in 1571, which was later renamed Manila, and became the capital of the land. Eventually, Spanish rule took over, and a feudal system was established— with large estates owned by the Spanish, and Filipinos as the workers. The Spanish years brought prosperity to the Philippines, and their rule remained uneventful. This changed when the British captured Manila in 1762. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763, the city was handed back in 1764.

The 19th Century

Feelings of nationalism started to stir in the 19th Century. This rebellion grew with the help of Jose Rizal, an author who wrote two novels “El Filibusterismo” (The Filibusterer), and “Noli Me Tangere” (Touch me Not). These books caused a sensation and nationalism spread like wildfire throughout the Philippines. In 1892, Jose Rizal founded a movement called Liga Filipina, which called for reform rather than revolution. As a result Rizal was arrested and exiled to Dapitan on Mindanao.

Parallel to this, a more extreme organisation was formed by Andres Bonifacio, called the Katipunan. A revolution started in August 1896, and Jose Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896 under the pretense of supporting the revolution, even though he did not. Yet his execution merely inflamed Filipino opinion and the revolution grew.

Next started the war between Spain and the U.S. in 1898. The Spanish fleet was defeated by the Americans in Manila Bay on April 30, 1898. Seizing the opportunity, Filipino revolutionaries surrounded Manila, and their leader Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines as independent on June 12. However, American rule took over when Aguinaldo was captured in 1902.

The 20th Century

Under the leadership of Americans, the Philippines was made a commonwealth, and semi-independent in 1935. Literacy rate also increased as many American teachers were sent to the Philippines. The USA promised that the Philippines would become completely independent in 1945.

On December 10, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines, and captured Manila. All of the Philippines was now in the hands of the Japanese. In October, 1944, American troops returned to the Philippines and recaptured Manila. The Philippines became independent on 4 July 1946. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the newly independent nation.

Philippines Independence Day timeline

Independence Day is celebrated on June 12 because of the general's declaration 121 years ago.

The U.S. occupied the islands from the time they declared their independence from Spain until 1946.

The original version, unveiled in 1899, was written in Spanish.

Corazon Aquino was elected president and served until 1992.

Independence of the Philippines was a mighty feat. On independence day, the sacrifices of the national heroes are remembered, the country’s sovereignty is appreciated, instilling nationalism in the citizens, as well as celebrating the culture and tradition of its people.

Parades are held nationwide, with participation from the government, and the citizens. As it is a national holiday, businesses, offices, and schools are closed, and families spend the day in parks, and doing other celebratory activities. Filipino communities abroad also celebrate with programs, and annual parades.

Philippines Independence Day By The Numbers

7,100 – the number of islands constituting the Philippines.

28.1% – the percentage of Tagalog people that make up the Filipino population.

108.1 million – the population of the Philippines.

80% – the percentage of people in the Philippines who are Roman Catholic.

1521 – the year when Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippine islands for Spain.

Philippines Independence Day FAQ s

When did the philippines get its independence.

Officially, The Republic of the Philippines gained independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946.

Why do the Philippines have 2 Independence Days?

The one celebrated June 12 recognizes the day the islands broke free from Spanish rule. However, American forces occupied the Philippines until 1946. Independence came on July 4, the same day as American Independence Day, but Filipinos recognize June 12 as the day of their rightful day of independence.

What is the real Independence Day of the Philippines?

The Republic of the Philippines was formally recognized as independent on July 4, 1946. 

Philippines Independence Day Activities

Create your own "family flag".

National, state, and organizational flags are full of symbolism. Why not create a flag that represents your own family's hopes and strengths?

Attend an Independence Day parade

The 2020 Philippine Independence Day Parade will take place in New York City on June 7.

Try a new food

While balut, described as a "duck embryo street food snack," isn't really something we have a craving for, trying new things (usually) doesn't hurt. Most cultures have interesting menu items, so here's a channel your inner Anthony Bourdain to dabble in new, albeit controversial, cuisine for this holiday?

5 Filipinos With Whom We'd Like To Party

Manny pacquiao.

How many boxers wind up in public office? Manny's now a Senator of the Philippines. Try to stay on his good side.

We know — he's only half Filipino. But, if it's the half that's going to order "strawberry champagne on ice" with that magical voice, we'll take it.

Imelda Marcos

The wife of former President Ferdinand Marcos, she was forced to flee along with him to Hawaii after a coup in 1986. Imelda also had something to do with shoes.

Lou Diamond Phillips

Two words: La Bamba! An extremely talented actor who often flies under the radar, he's like that missing aircraft in a nasty storm. When he finally comes back on screen, you're so relieved to see him again. Welcome back, old buddy!

Fluent in three languages? Check! Weirdest name ever? Probably not, but close. Member of a band that leaves you with conflicted feelings about your musical tastes? Yup! The always stylish Apl.de.ap of the Black Eyed Peas would definitely keep things interesting at the dinner table.

Why We Love Philippines Independence Day

The phillippines actually have two independence days.

The one celebrated June 12 recognizes the day the islands broke free from Spanish rule. However, American forces occupied the Philippines until 1946. Independence came on July 4, the same day as American Independence Day , but Filipinos recognize June 12 as the day of their rightful day of independence.

Their national flag design has not changed

Talk about loyalty. The original iteration of the flag, unfurled in 1898, is the one Filipinos still fly proudly today. The flag's white triangle stands for equality, while the sunburst inside represents the eight provinces that took up arms agains Spain. The blue stripe stands for peace, truth and justice and the red stripe for patriotism and valor. The three stars symbolize the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

"[Indepencence] was the most significant event in our country's history. Not only did we put an end to more than three centuries of subservience but we also resolved to determine the course of our own destiny as a nation." — Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte on June 11, 2019.

Philippines Independence Day dates

Philippines independence day related holidays.

Fourth of July

• Mexican Independence Day

Brazil Independence Day

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This Day In History : June 12

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Philippine independence declared

During the Spanish-American War , Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo proclaim the independence of the Philippines after 300 years of Spanish rule. By mid-August, Filipino rebels and U.S. troops had ousted the Spanish, but Aguinaldo’s hopes for independence were dashed when the United States formally annexed the Philippines as part of its peace treaty with Spain.

The Philippines, a large island archipelago situated off Southeast Asia, was colonized by the Spanish in the latter part of the 16th century. Opposition to Spanish rule began among Filipino priests, who resented Spanish domination of the Roman Catholic churches in the islands. In the late 19th century, Filipino intellectuals and the middle class began calling for independence. In 1892, the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society, was formed in Manila, the Philippine capital on the island of Luzon. Membership grew dramatically, and in August 1896 the Spanish uncovered the Katipunan’s plans for rebellion, forcing premature action from the rebels. Revolts broke out across Luzon, and in March 1897, 28-year-old Emilio Aguinaldo became leader of the rebellion.

By late 1897, the revolutionaries had been driven into the hills southeast of Manila, and Aguinaldo negotiated an agreement with the Spanish. In exchange for financial compensation and a promise of reform in the Philippines, Aguinaldo and his generals would accept exile in Hong Kong. The rebel leaders departed, and the Philippine Revolution temporarily was at an end.

In April 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out over Spain’s brutal suppression of a rebellion in Cuba. The first in a series of decisive U.S. victories occurred on May 1, 1898, when the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines. From his exile, Aguinaldo made arrangements with U.S. authorities to return to the Philippines and assist the United States in the war against Spain. He landed on May 19, rallied his revolutionaries, and began liberating towns south of Manila. On June 12, he proclaimed Philippine independence and established a provincial government, of which he subsequently became head.

His rebels, meanwhile, had encircled the Spanish in Manila and, with the support of Dewey’s squadron in Manila Bay, would surely have conquered the Spanish. Dewey, however, was waiting for U.S. ground troops, which began landing in July and took over the Filipino positions surrounding Manila. On August 8, the Spanish commander informed the United States that he would surrender the city under two conditions: The United States was to make the advance into the capital look like a battle, and under no conditions were the Filipino rebels to be allowed into the city. On August 13, the mock Battle of Manila was staged, and the Americans kept their promise to keep the Filipinos out after the city passed into their hands.

While the Americans occupied Manila and planned peace negotiations with Spain, Aguinaldo convened a revolutionary assembly, the Malolos, in September. They drew up a democratic constitution, the first ever in Asia, and a government was formed with Aguinaldo as president in January 1899. On February 4, what became known as the Philippine Insurrection began when Filipino rebels and U.S. troops skirmished inside American lines in Manila. Two days later, the U.S. Senate voted by one vote to ratify the Treaty of Paris with Spain. The Philippines were now a U.S. territory, acquired in exchange for $20 million in compensation to the Spanish.

In response, Aguinaldo formally launched a new revolt–this time against the United States. The rebels, consistently defeated in the open field, turned to guerrilla warfare, and the U.S. Congress authorized the deployment of 60,000 troops to subdue them. By the end of 1899, there were 65,000 U.S. troops in the Philippines, but the war dragged on. Many anti-imperialists in the United States, such as Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan , opposed U.S. annexation of the Philippines, but in November 1900 Republican incumbent William McKinley was reelected, and the war continued.

On March 23, 1901, in a daring operation, U.S. General Frederick Funston and a group of officers, pretending to be prisoners, surprised Aguinaldo in his stronghold in the Luzon village of Palanan and captured the rebel leader. Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States and called for an end to the rebellion, but many of his followers fought on. During the next year, U.S. forces gradually pacified the Philippines. In an infamous episode, U.S. forces on the island of Samar retaliated against the massacre of a U.S. garrison by killing all men on the island above the age of 10. Many women and young children were also butchered. General Jacob Smith, who directed the atrocities, was court-martialed and forced to retire for turning Samar, in his words, into a “howling wilderness.”

In 1902, an American civil government took over administration of the Philippines, and the three-year Philippine insurrection was declared to be at an end. Scattered resistance, however, persisted for several years.

More than 4,000 Americans perished suppressing the Philippines–more than 10 times the number killed in the Spanish-American War. More than 20,000 Filipino insurgents were killed, and an unknown number of civilians perished.

In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established with U.S. approval, and Manuel Quezon was elected the country’s first president. On July 4, 1946, full independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines by the United States.

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Celebrating the 123rd philippine independence day: what independence means to filipinos.

JUNE 12 marks the day the Philippines gained independence from Spain after being under its colonial rule for four centuries.

On this day every year, Filipinos — in the Philippines and beyond — commemorate and celebrate the country’s hard-won freedom.

However, there was a time when Filipinos observed “Araw ng Kasarinlan” or “Araw ng Kalayaan” on July 4, which is the same day as American Independence Day.

A refresher on Philippine history shows that the country found itself under another rule less than a year after declaring its independence. The Philippines was given to the United States by Spain as part of the 1898 Treaty of Paris Agreement when it lost the war against the U.S.

The refusal to acknowledge the Philippines’ declaration of independence pushed Filipinos to revolt against the U.S., triggering the Philippine-American War that went on from 1899 to 1902.

But it was only on July 4, 1946 that the Philippines gained sovereignty through the Treaty of Manila. This prompted Filipinos to celebrate the country’s independence on that date, which continued annually for 15 years until Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal officially changed the date back to June 12.

“It is proper that what we should celebrate is not the day when other nations gave recognition to our independence, but the day when we declared our desire to exercise our inherent and inalienable right to freedom and independence,” Macapagal said in a 1962 public address on Independence Day.

June 12, 1898 is the “true birthday of an independent Filipino nation” for its resolve to declare itself “absolved of allegiance to the Spanish crown,” the president added.

This year, the Philippines will mark its 123rd year of independence from Spanish rule with the theme “Kalayaan 2021: Diwa sa Pagkakaisa at Paghilom ng Bayan (Spirit of Freedom for National Unity and Healing).”

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), which leads the nationwide Independence Day celebration, will mark the holiday by conducting flag-raising and wreath-laying rites at various locations including the Rizal National Monument in Rizal Park, Manila; Bonifacio National Monument, Caloocan City; Barasoain Church Historical Landmark, Malolos, Bulacan; and Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite.

In the United States, Filipino American communities and organizations — from Los Angeles to New York, and everywhere in between — observe the holiday through festivals, parades, performances and flag-raising ceremonies. As the country begins to slowly reopen, events this year will continue to be virtual or offer a hybrid approach with social distancing and capacity limits in place.

Meaning As the years go by and the country continues to observe the holiday, the meaning and significance of the Philippine Independence Day have changed for Filipinos.

Lourdes Capule, an online teacher from Bulacan, said that this celebration is for Filipino heroes.

“To me, the Philippine Independence Day is a strong reminder of everything our heroes selflessly dedicated so we could be free. It is also a good time to reflect on the values they imparted and how we can inculcate them in our lives,” she said.

“Even though we have National Heroes Day, I can’t help but to think of them on Independence Day,” she added.

Capule noted that the country’s liberty was the Filipino heroes’ “ultimate goal,” reminding her of “how they valiantly fought” to set the Philippines free and give Filipinos their own identity.

“Even when faced with foes they seemed no match to, they never lost heart. What they lacked in, they made up for with wit and grit,” she said.

“They are who we should aspire to be: bold, brilliant, unyielding, and loyal to their country and not to the powers that be. We must forever be grateful for their sacrifices. These exceptional ancestors of ours give meaning to this special day,” she added.

John Almerc Dy, a BPO specialist from Marikina City mirrored this sentiment, saying “Ang araw ng kalayaan ay isang espesyal na araw upang ipaalala sa bawat Pilipino na maraming bayani ang nagbuwis ng buhay makamit lamang ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas ( The Independence Day is a special day to remind every Filipino that a lot of heroes sacrificed their lives to achieve the Philippines’ independence ).”

“Kaya naman, dapat nating mahalin ang ating bansa at ipagtanggol kung sakali mang dumating ang pagkakataon na may dayuhan na muling magtatangka na agawin ulit ito sa atin ( That’s why, we should love our country and defend it in the event that foreigners try to take [our freedom] away again ),” he added.

Meanwhile, Fatima Abdukahil, who works in Taguig City, saw the country’s Independence Day as the “declaration of new ideas.”

“I think we all know that June 12 is the declaration of the Philippine Independence from Spain, and that was way back in 1898. But with the new era and new generations, what is really great about the Philippine Independence is also the declaration of new ideas,” she noted.

“Of course, there is a lot to tackle about the conquest of Spain, Americans, Japanese, and even from the dictatorships of former Philippine leaders. But with the new era, we are also embracing the changes. We are now in an era where we can choose whoever we want, and what we want to do. This is a declaration of free minds and Independence,” she added.

However, Abdukahil pointed out the need for accountability from Filipinos as we enjoy our independence and freedom.

“For every freedom and Independence that we are gaining, there is always a responsibility and accountability that we need to look out for. That is why we have the constitution, the law, and ethics to be looked out for,” she said.

Likewise, Lairamel Tolang, an editor from Pasay City, said that the Philippine Independence Day is a reminder for Filipinos to “take a closer look at the status quo.”

“[Independence Day] is a remembrance of how our country was freed from colonizers that once took control of our land and heavily influenced a big part of our culture,” she said.

Tolang stressed, “It is also a constant reminder to take a closer look at the status quo, reassess the ‘independence’ that we have now, and come up and share attainable solutions on how we could experience a more extensive independence and freedom from the people and system that overpower us.”

While the holiday is for celebrating the country’s hard-won freedom, Airamae Guerrero, who works for a start-up company in Pasay, noted that the Philippines’ current situation has made it difficult to do so.

“It’s hard to see the silver lining of freedom at this moment when innocent lives are being taken away, Filipinos are losing jobs, small businesses are shutting down, and I can hardly see concrete actions from the administration to defend its people from COVID and its socio-economic effect,” she said.

“This pandemic has shown that freedom is only being enjoyed by a few — the powerful and born with privilege,” added Guerrero.

On the other hand, Pasig City-based Patricia Benito outright questioned if Filipinos still have their freedom today.

“To be honest at this point, sa situation ng bansa natin, may totoong independence pa ba? Kasi kahit, oo given na independent tayo, pero kung araw-araw parang sinasakal ka lang ng gobyerno — slowly but surely — may halaga pa ba yung independence ( To be honest at this point, with our country’s situation, do we still have true independence? Even though we are independent, if our government seems to be stifling us — slowly but surely — does independence still have significance )?” she said.

Benito was referring to the controversial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 (ATA) that took effect last year on July 18 in the country.

Under the anti-terror law — which expands on the Human Security Act of 2007 — incitement of terrorism can be done “by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other representations…without taking any direct part in the commission of terrorism.”

Those arrested and detained may be held for 14 to 24 days.

The law also enables the suspected “terrorist” to also be placed under surveillance for 60 days, extendable by up to 30 more days, by the police or the military.

“Siguro kung sa mababaw na interpretation, nasasabi ko freely yung gusto kong sabihin online or with my friends, pero kahit yung simpleng posts online honestly natatakot din ako na baka ma-red tag din ako dahil lang sa isang post ( Maybe in shallower interpretations, I can freely say what I want online or with my friends, but even the simple posts online, honestly I’m scared of being red-tagged too just because of a single post ),” Benito explained.

Meanwhile, Jomaica Lizardo, a BPO specialist in Quezon City, claimed that true independence means Filipinos being able to think critically for the country.

“I think the true Philippine independence would be pag nakakawala na tayo sa kulay and mas mag-isip na ng malawak para sa ikakabuti ng Pilipinas ( when we have gotten rid of our prejudices and we can broaden our way of thinking for the betterment of the Philippines ),” she said.

She also urged everyone to remember and emulate the bravery displayed by Filipino heroes who fought for the Philippines’ freedom as the country celebrates its Independence Day.

“Huwag natin sabihin na hayaan na lang yung mga dayuhan na sumasakop ng isla natin just because takot tayo sa giyera ( We shouldn’t say that we should just allow foreigners to take over our islands just because we’re scared of war ),” Lizardo said.

Ritchel Mendiola

Ritchel Mendiola is a staff writer and reporter for the Asian Journal. You can reach her at [email protected] .

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Luis Zuriel P. Domingo

September 12th, 2023, a history of philippine independence day.

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Recognising the Philippine Revolution and its revolutionaries as the zenith of Filipino assertion of power and identity, Macapagal continued to speak about the unfinished revolution during the day of recognition of Filipino revolutionary heroes like Andres Bonifacio,  writes Luis Zuriel P. Domingo

_______________________________________________

On 12 June 2023, Filipinos celebrated the 125th anniversary of Philippine independence. Despite the warning of potential thunderstorms brought about by the southwest monsoon, the national and local government in Manila pushed for the ceremonial flag raising and wreath laying at Luneta Park. The government had specified that the 125th anniversary would inaugurate a three-year celebration of Philippine independence and nationhood centred on remembering the founding of the Republic in 1898 until the capture of its president by the Americans in 1901.

Historically, the Philippines has had three independence days. But, of course, the country only celebrates one. The first is 12 June 1898, the current date that the Philippine government recognises and the one celebrated months ago. In 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo, the revolution’s leader, declared independence at Kawit, Cavite, ending the more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippine Islands; the following year he was declared President of the First Republic under the Malolos Constitution. The second was during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The Empire of Japan sponsored the Second Republic on 14 October 1943, with Jose P. Laurel as its president. It was a kind of revival of the First Republic that was short-lived in 1901 when the United States interrupted the Philippine revolution and newfound republic. The third was on 4 July 1946. Right before the Second World War ended in the Pacific, the United States reclaimed the Philippines from Japan. Reinstating their rule and keeping their promise of independence, the Americans “granted” the Filipinos their long-aspired independence on 4 July 1946, the date of United States Independence Day, as a sign of American nurturing and upholding their civilising mission of the Manifest Destiny and the White Man’s Burden.

The question, however, is why Filipinos celebrate the 12 June 1898 day of independence and not the 4 July 1946. Interestingly, the changing of Filipino Independence Day from 4 July to 12 June had its history to tell.

Following the Second World War, some Filipinos were disappointed with the idea that the Americans “granted” Filipino independence as a sign of gratitude in the face of the colonial experience. For them, while the United States had given the Filipinos political independence, the country remained economically and militarily dependent on its former colonial master. For instance, from their point of view, the signing of treaties with Washington kept the Philippines under the American sphere of influence during the Cold War: The Bell Trade Act (1946) and the Military Bases Agreement (1947).

These nationalist Filipinos, mostly statesmen and intellectuals who were part of the Second Republic or members and sympathisers of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas , have argued that the Americans have only given the Filipinos their desired independence in minimalist terms but have remained in effective control over the country’s sovereignty. This was the beginning when neocolonialism or imperialism became their point of contention against the country’s continued regression and anaemic economic development in the postcolonial setting.

From their point of view, this so-called American neocolonialism and imperialism have remained the cause of problems for the Philippines. Teodoro Agoncillo, a Filipino historian, even dedicated a chapter tackling neocolonialism and imperialism in his Philippine history textbook, History of the Filipino People (1960). According to Lisandro Claudio (2017), in his preface to the second edition of State and Society in the Philippines , Agoncillo’s oeuvre is more than just a textbook. It became sort of a bible for the anticolonial-nationalist movements in the Philippines in the 1960s-70s.

With this zeitgeist of anti-Americanism came the changing of the date of independence in the Philippines. In 1962, nearly two decades since the country had been celebrating the 4 July day of independence, President Diosdado Macapagal, in an unprecedented move, issued a proclamation  moving the day commemorating Philippine Independence from 4 July to 12 June.

The reason behind Macapagal’s decision was his souring relationship with the United States. Historian Joseph Scalice has argued that Macapagal’s bold move stemmed from the Harry Stonehill scandal, followed by a falling out with Washington, which affected the Filipino veteran’s pension benefits in return for their service in fighting against the Japanese during the war.

Historian Reynaldo Ileto (2016) also shed light on this historical narrative. Ileto discovered that the Philippine Historical Association (PHA), one of the biggest historical organisations in the country founded in 1955, was also behind the idea of moving Independence Day from 4 July to 12 June. The PHA and its members, mostly historians who were antipathetic to the United States, wanted to bring into public discourse the concept of the so-called “ unfinished revolution .”

How did the PHA play a part in Macapagal’s decision? Gabriel Fabella, the PHA’s first president and chairperson of the University of the Philippines history department at that time, was the architect behind the idea . The PHA and its members wanted to promote and revive the concept of the Philippine Revolution in the late 1950s, and they saw an opportunity in 1962.

As for Macapagal , he used the “unfinished revolution” to express his bitterness against the United States. But for PHA and its members, changing the day of independence back to the First Republic’s Day of Independence declaration was consciously critical, especially for nationalist historians in the PHA like Fabella and Agoncillo.

From then on, Macapagal started using the same language and grammar as the nationalist intellectuals who had long questioned American neocolonialism and imperialism. In his words , Macapagal has stated that it is only correct to recognise 12 June as the day of independence, as the Philippines was “the first successful national revolution in Asia since the coming of the West, and the Republic to which it gave birth was the first democratic Republic outside the Western hemisphere.”

What is also interesting to consider is Macapagal’s Independence Day speech the following year in 1963, where he first coined the term Unfinished Revolution: “Our national revolution may thus be said to have been interrupted six decades ago, so that today and for a time to come we are faced with the remaining tasks of the Unfinished Revolution.” Macapagal, like the PHA, reminded the Filipinos that the duty and vision of the nineteenth-century Philippine Revolution remain unfinished; hence, it is right to remember the glorious revolutionary past.

Recognising the Philippine Revolution and its revolutionaries as the zenith of Filipino assertion of power and identity, Macapagal continued to speak about the unfinished revolution during the day of recognition of Filipino revolutionary heroes like Andres Bonifacio .

Macapagal was more than a nationalist. According to Scalice (2020) and Ileto (2016), the fallout with the Americans also shifted Macapagal’s international interest. In this case, Macapagal made an effort to ally himself with Indonesia’s Sukarno. Although coming from a liberal-conservative political party, Macapagal found a similar “revolutionary” path that was comparable—sharing a similar rhetoric—with Sukarno’s idea of a revolution. But Scalice has argued that it was only a political move, given that Macapagal was eyeing support and alliance from a newly reborn Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas and the Left in the 1960s.

Since that time, the Philippines has continued to recognise and celebrate its day of independence on 12 June every year. From a postcolonial vantage point, we can assume that Macapagal’s move was favourable and commendable. It was a strong imposition of Filipino identity in a period when the Philippines was attempting to decolonise and distinguish itself on the regional and global theatre.

But the more important question is how Filipinos have come to regard the idea of independence. Does it remind them of the patriotism and nationalism that it achieved? Perhaps, a celebration of freedom? Or is it just a mere holiday?

In a country where the study of history appears to be in danger because of massive disinformation and the removal of Philippine history as a subject from secondary education, these questions not only require answers but also reflect Filipino aspirations towards true freedom and independence as well.

______________________________________________

*Banner photograph of Philippine flag by  iSawRed on Unsplash

*The views expressed in the blog are those of the authors alone. They do not reflect the position of the Saw Swee Hock Southeast Asia Centre, nor that of the London School of Economics and Political Science.

About the author

Luis Zuriel P. Domingo is with the Department of History and Philosophy of the University of the Philippines Baguio. He received his BA and MA History from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. His research interests focus on the history of nationalism in Southeast Asia, emphasising the Philippines.

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Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

Students are often asked to write an essay on Independence Day In Philippines in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

What is independence day in the philippines.

Independence Day in the Philippines is a national holiday celebrated every June 12. It marks the day in 1898 when Filipinos declared their freedom from Spain. This was after more than 300 years of Spanish rule.

How Filipinos Celebrate

On this day, Filipinos honor their country with flags, parades, and fireworks. People gather for family picnics, public concerts, and other fun activities. Leaders make speeches about the nation’s history and heroes.

The Importance of Independence Day

This day reminds Filipinos of their country’s struggle and victory in gaining independence. It’s a time for pride and reflection on their national identity.

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250 Words Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

Independence Day in the Philippines is a very important national holiday. It is celebrated every year on June 12th. This day marks the moment when the Philippines became free from Spain’s rule in 1898. After more than 300 years of being a Spanish colony, Filipinos were finally able to run their own country.

The Celebration

On this day, people all across the Philippines have a big celebration. Schools and offices are closed, and there are parades, speeches, and ceremonies. The Philippine flag is raised high in many places, and there is also a lot of singing and dancing. Filipinos show their pride for their country and remember the heroes who fought for their freedom.

Why It’s Special

Independence Day is special because it reminds the people of the Philippines of their history and the long fight for freedom. It’s a day to think about the country’s past and also to look forward to its future. It brings Filipinos together no matter where they are in the world.

For Filipinos, Independence Day is more than just a day off. It’s a time to be proud and to honor the bravery of those who made it possible for the Philippines to be a free nation. It’s a day to celebrate freedom and togetherness, and to hope for a bright future for the country.

500 Words Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

Independence Day in the Philippines is a very important national holiday. It takes place every year on June 12th. This day marks the time when the Philippines became free from Spain’s rule. For over 300 years, Spain controlled the Philippines. But on June 12, 1898, Filipinos said they were no longer part of Spain. They did this in a place called Kawit, Cavite. A man named Emilio Aguinaldo, who was a big leader, read out loud the Declaration of Independence. Since then, Filipinos remember this day to celebrate their country’s freedom.

The Flag and Anthem

On Independence Day, you can see the Philippine flag everywhere. This flag has three stars, a sun, and colors red, white, and blue. Each part of the flag has a special meaning. The stars stand for three big groups of islands in the Philippines. The sun has rays that represent big fights for freedom. When the flag is raised, people sing the national anthem. This song is called “Lupang Hinirang,” which means “Chosen Land.” Singing it shows love and respect for the country.

Parades and Public Events

On this day, many exciting things happen. In Manila, the capital city, there is a big parade. Soldiers march, and there are bands playing music. People watch and cheer. In other places, there are also parades and fun activities. Schools, offices, and businesses close so everyone can join in the celebrations. Leaders of the country give speeches to remind people about the brave work of those who fought for freedom.

Remembering Heroes

Independence Day is also a time to think about the heroes of the Philippines. These heroes, like Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio, did a lot to help the country become free. People visit monuments and statues made for these heroes. They bring flowers and say thank you to these brave men and women from long ago. By doing this, they keep the memories of these heroes alive.

Cultural Shows and Fireworks

At night, there are shows where people can watch dances and listen to Filipino music. These shows help everyone remember the culture and traditions of the Philippines. Fireworks light up the sky with bright colors. The fireworks are like a big, happy ending to the day’s events.

Family Time

Families use this day to spend time together. They eat special food and enjoy being with each other. Some families cook a feast with dishes like adobo, lechon, and sinigang. Others go to parks or watch movies. It’s a day for fun, laughter, and making good memories.

Why Independence Day Matters

Independence Day in the Philippines is not just a day off from work or school. It’s a day to be proud of being Filipino. It reminds people of their country’s history and the long fight for freedom. It’s a time to be happy about the Philippines and its people. Every year, June 12th helps Filipinos remember what makes their country special and how important it is to be free.

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The Filipino Chronicle

• Hawaii - Filipino
• Philippines

Honoring Our Filipino Heroes’ Legacy, Ancestors and on Philippines Independence Day

by Edwin Quinabo Hawaii’s annual Philippine Independence Day Gala (Kalayaan Gala) returns this year on Saturday, June 18, 2022, 5:30 p.m. at the Hilton Hawaiian Village Resort, Tapa Ballroom.  The event is presented by the Philippine Celebrations Coordinating Committee of Hawaii (PCCCH) in cooperation with the Philippine Consulate General in Honolulu. Organizers say this year’s Kalayaan Gala will center on the theme: “Philippine Textiles: Weaving the Filipino Identity.”  There will be a Philippine Textiles exhibit at the Tapa Palace Lounge. They say Kalayaan 2022 promises to be a wonderful event which will draw the community closer together in a showcase of unity. Raymund Llanes Liongson, PhD, retired Professor in Philippine/Asian Studies at the University of Hawaii-Leeward, is a member of PCCCH and has been involved in Hawaii’s celebrations of Philippine Independence for the past 20 years. On the importance of the Philippine Independence for Hawaii’s community, Liongson said “I am looking forward to a Kalayaan celebration that is open and free to the public — not just for those who can afford to pay the cost of a pompous gala. Philippine independence was won through the bravery of every Filipino who selflessly offered their blood, sweat, tears, and life. Kalayaan should be celebrated freely and openly by every Filipino who understands and treasures the value of such sacrifice.” The annual event typically has been not just an opportunity to honor the legacy of Philippine heroes, heroines of past, but also for first-, second- and third generation Filipino-Americans to learn about their ancestral history. Kailua resident Teresita G. Bernales, Ed.D. said “attending the Kalayaan Gala is important because it will demonstrate the embrace of our culture and traditions, show our love of our country and solidarity, and it’s a good way to help the next generation learn our history, and have heightened awareness of our struggles for independence.” Marc Dela Cuesta, Quezon City, Philippines, said a common way they celebrate that national holiday is by visiting Rizal park, Intramuros, and other historical places in Manila. Refresher: Philippines unique struggle for independence When most Filipinos talk of Philippine Independence, there are really two historical markers: independence from Spain in 1898 and independence from the U.S. in 1946. Philippine Independence day officially recognizes the first marker, the end of 333 years of Spanish rule over the Philippines that was brought about at the conclusion of the Spanish-American war of 1898. Spain was defeated by the U.S. that led to the Spanish government ceding the Philippines to the U.S. in the 1898 Treaty of Paris.  It was a monumental turning point. But for the Philippines Revolutionary Government and millions of Filipinos it marked the turnover of their country from one colonial ruler to another. To most it was a false sense of liberation. When it became clear that the U.S. (late entrant to European colonial global dominance) was intent on establishing a springboard territorial U.S. government thousands of miles away in the Philippines, Filipino revolutionaries (with a taste of independence) immediately initiated another movement for national independence – the second and last part of Philippine Independence. Filipinos clashed with the U.S. as early as 1899, just months from the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Skirmishes quickly swelled into an all-out war, in what’s known as the Philippine-American War (February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902). But it would take decades of American occupation until post-WW II (which in that war there was yet another attempt to usurp the Philippines into colonial submission by Japan) when the Philippines would finally gain its full independence. The US. granted independence to the Philippines on July 4,1946 (official national holiday would later change to June 12). In all valiant attempts toward full independence – from the Spanish, Americans and would-be Japanese – hundreds of thousands of Filipinos were killed while fighting in the pursuit for freedom. From Andres Bonifacio, Gabriela Silang, Jose Rizal, Melchora Aquino de Ramos (revolutionaries against Spain) to Emilio Aguinaldo (revolutionary against the U.S.) these and other heroes and heroines legacies are celebrated on Philippines Independence Day, each June 12 in the Philippines. Hawaii resident Rose Cruz Churma said the observance of Philippines independence is not geographically specific. “It is celebrated “wherever in the world you have those who identify themselves as Filipino and the Philippines as their inang bayan , motherland.” She said her grandparents lived this two-part Independence history — as young witnesses to the Philippine revolution against Spain and the American occupation, to the horrors of WWII. Tracing Family history to Philippine Independence from Spain and the U.S. Marcos Jocson. Churma discovered during the mandatory quarantine at the onset of COVID-19 in 2020 her family’s unique involvement with the plight for independence. “I discovered that my maternal great grandfather Marcos Jocson — one of the first Filipino medical doctors who graduated from UST — was a signatory to the June 12, 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence.  He was one of 176 signatories of Filipino descent (and one American army officer).  And for the first time, I saw how he signed his name, and I understood why he took pains to bring his toddler son from Navotas to his dorm in Intramuros so they can both witness the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal on the early morning of December 30, 1896.” Jocson was a physician in Aguinaldo’s army. While in medical school, his discontent regarding Spanish colonialism was already palpable. Churma said, “Time and again, his father and his aunt would remind him that his first responsibility was to his family—it was important not to jeopardize their futures by getting messed up in the growing insurgency by joining this underground movement called the Katipunan.” The Katipunan (abbreviated to KKK) was a Philippine revolutionary society in Manila founded in 1892, whose aim was to liberate the Philippines from Spain through revolution. Years later when Jocson was already a doctor and the Spanish-American war had ended, he and his family evacuated to Cavite during the “Takbuhan” at the start of the Philippine-American War. It was at this time while stationed there as physician to Emilio Aguinaldo’s army that he was witness to the signing of the declaration of independence from Spain Felix Magsaysay.  Churma shares another family member’s story, of Felix Magsaysay, her grandmother’s father who became the presidente de municipal from 1898-1901 of San Antonio, Zambales. “During this time, American soldiers had taken over the Philippines. We were told that the Spaniards tortured Felix into revealing the names of the katipuneros who were hiding in the mountains of Pundaquit. “When he refused to cooperate, he was subjected to the infamous ‘water cure’ wherein he was forced to ingest large amounts of water. And I remember what my grandmother, Lola Sitang had relayed to me about her early childhood. One of her stories was when her papa (Felix) hid some ‘insurgents’ in the baul (these are wooden trunks) during the Philippine-American war,” Churma said. 1st Lt. Francisco M. Gregorio. While many decades have passed since World War II,  Bernales has been on a quest to search for the remains of her father who fought alongside Americans against the Japanese invaders. This part of Philippine Independence (post-WWII) remains an open chapter for Bernales, until perhaps her father’s remains are found. Her father was 1st Lt. Francisco M. Gregorio, a UP and PMA graduate. He was also a graduate of ROSS (Reserve Officers Service School).  Officers with this training were posted in various camps to train soldiers in better combat strategies and techniques. She explains, “Before the war, he was posted at the Ist Davao PC Company of the USAFFE 101st Infantry Division. We did not have news about him during the Japanese Occupation. My mother searched for him where possible, even going to the Death March area. After liberation, a colleague of my father, Col. Gregorio Ferreols came to bring a couple of documents to my mother.  It was his wallet and a couple of important documents.  He related that after the fall of Davao to the Japanese, they were all captured, Filipinos and American soldiers. They were imprisoned and brought to a camp in Malaybalay, Bukidnon. They were interrogated, tortured, and experienced brutal treatment in the camp. “A group of them planned to escape, but my father was vehemently against it.  His reasoning was that if they escaped all the American soldiers and officers will be killed. He stayed with them.  The rest of the group still went on with their plans. He entrusted what he had with Col. Ferreols and gave him information about where to find my mother, Mercedes deGuzman-Gregorio. On finding out about the escape, the Japanese executed the rest of the prisoners and were buried in a mass grave behind an elementary school. This is all we know about my father’s last days. Finding records about his service has produced little information up to now. “Some people have helped in my search and it is still ongoing.  I am grateful for their help and I hope that someday, I will still be alive and find out more about my father’s service. He made the ultimate sacrifice for our country and the United States, I strongly feel that he deserves more than a “presumed dead” status in the Veterans Affairs Office. To all those who are helping in my search, I want to let you know that my family and I are very appreciative of all the help you are extending,” Bernales said. Josefa Llanes Escoda.   Liongson is a relative of Josefa Llanes Escoda, the founder of the Girl Scout of the Philippines. A suffragist, Josefa fought for women’s involvement in the Philippine government. Her forward-thinking, feminist ideals understood the power women possessed with their new civic identity. Liongson said his grandmother often reminded him of Escoda’s bravery and heroism during WWII.  “She covertly provided personal and medical supplies to Filipino and American hostages in various camps. After years of dangerous work, the Japanese military arrested Josefa, imprisoned her at Fort Santiago, and ultimately executed her,” Liongson said. Philippine Independence and freedom – an ongoing struggle under global economy While Jim Sampaga, Pasig City, Philippines isn’t aware if her ancestors had a role in Philippine Independence, she’s proud of the nation’s heroes who fought against Spain and the U.S.  But she says “achieving independence extends beyond these nations who wanted to control our country and citizens. Filipinos are still struggling and unlearning the things we have internalized due to Spanish and American colonization. Filipinos are still struggling to be free from the shackles of politicians who are colonizing their own homeland by selling parts of Filipino land to foreign nations and putting the interest of foreigners first instead of its citizens. The country heavily relies on foreign loans, foreign investments, foreign this and that…to the point that our nation’s leaders forget to put their own citizens first,” Sampaga said. “I do not think that we are truly independent if our nation’s leaders cannot provide good governance and progressive action plans to its citizens. It truly feels like, once we have overcome something, we have a new challenge to face again. The Philippine government needs to stop relying on foreign nations to run the country. Our country and its citizens are full of potential.” Liongson said “The struggle for Philippine Independence was a struggle to assert one’s freedom and dignity as a nation. It was a resistance against oppression, exploitation, poverty, ignorance, and dehumanization — all of which are still prevalent in the Philippines today. This makes the struggle for independence an unfinished battle. The enemies are still lording and the perpetrators have become our own people.” Colonialism and shaping Filipino identity Close to 400 years of Spanish and American colonialism of the Philippines (for perspective the U.S. is short of making 250 years old), scholars often assess the deep cultural imprint Spain and the U.S. have had on indigenous Filipino culture and in shaping Filipino identity (this year’s Kalayaan 2002 theme). Filipino writer Nick Joaquin said, “the Filipino soul was born through the people’s encounter with Western technology, and that, once born, it could be superficially altered but not fundamentally changed.” Liongson says colonial rule by these two countries has had a mixed bag impact. He notes they have brought about destructive, dehumanizing, and enriching influences. “Both colonial powers have disrupted and robbed the indigenous people of their traditional socio-cultural system. In many ways, they have exploited both human and natural resources, dehumanized and violated their dignity, and committed atrocities that have killed hundreds of thousands of Filipinos. On the other way, Liongson says, Spain and America have enriched the lifestyle and culture of the Filipinos . Sampaga says she’s still figuring out what Filipino identity means to her and that it’s a continuous process. “I love reading contemporary articles reflecting on our country’s Spanish colonization. It explains a lot of the things why Filipinos are the way that they are because of colonization. I’ve unlearned a lot of internalized ideologies that are rooted in colonization. I’m now in the process of accepting and understanding my own heritage by continuing to acknowledge colonization’s role and impact in all of this. I am happy to say that I am Filipino and proud.” To Bernales, Filipino or national identity is complex and born out of the multiple ethnic groups of the 7,000-plus islands and of the long-standing struggle for independence. She cites examples of western influences. “We value the standards of beauty which are often measured by Western physical traits such as fair skin, curly hair, height, aquiline nose, etc. along with the prominence of Christian ideology as a common thread in whatever we do.” Dela Cuesta says the Philippines native people experience discrimination due to Spanish and American influence. Support Kalayaan 2022 Since 1994 as ordered by President Fidel V. Ramos through Executive Order, in the Philippines the Independence Day has been celebrated over a 16-days span (flag days, plus one national holiday), starting from May 28th up to June 12th. With Hawaii’s abbreviated version, one-day celebration and its Filipino community as the largest ethnic group in the state, organizers are hoping for a large turnout as in previous years prior to the pandemic.

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Skip to Main Content of WWII

July 4, 1946: the philippines gained independence from the united states.

In WWII’s aftermath, July 4 also became Independence Day for the Philippines in 1946.

Top Image: Commemorative stamps celebrating Independence Day from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.

The 4th of July used to be considered an important national holiday in the Philippines. Not because it was the United States’ birthday, but because it was Philippine Independence Day in 1946. Seventy five years ago, the Philippines was recognized as an independent, sovereign country by the United States, which withdrew its authority over the archipelago as colonizer.

Pre-Independence History of the Philippines 

The road to July 4, 1946 was long and tenuous. The Philippines had been a Spanish colony since 1565, and since that time numerous revolts broke out challenging Spanish rule. These revolts were disunited, however, until the nineteenth century when nationalism brought forth a more united anti-colonial movement. This culminated in a revolution that broke out in 1896. After much fighting, a stalemate ensued, leading to a ceasefire agreement between Filipino and Spanish leaders.

The outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898 brought Commodore George Dewey and the US Asiatic Squadron to Manila Bay, where they defeated the Spanish Asiatic fleet. The Philippine Revolution resumed in earnest, led by General Emilio Aguinaldo who established a revolutionary government. At the height of its military successes against Spain, the revolutionary government proclaimed independence on June 12, 1898. Aguinaldo became president and the Philippine Republic was formally inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan, in January 1899.

The Spanish-American war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris which decreed that Spain would give up the Philippines, but in turn the archipelago would become a colony of the United States. Filipinos had not been consulted, and as a result the war for independence turned against the United States.

After over two years of fighting, Aguinaldo was captured and President Theodore Roosevelt declared the end of the Philippine-American War. The campaign for independence continued on the political front, even as sporadic violent resistance against American rule continued to break out.

In August 1916, the Jones Law, more formally known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, was passed, promising independence to the Philippines once Filipinos were able to prove that they could govern themselves. No timetable was set, but once the United States declared war on Germany in World War I, Philippine political leaders offered a division of Filipinos to fight on the side of the United States. Filipinos were given great leeway in running the government at that time, but once the Great War ended, the US government reexamined Philippine conditions and strengthened American control of the insular government. Filipinos sent regular independence missions to Washington to call for concrete steps towards independence, which were rebuffed by the prevailing Republican administrations.

The advent of the Great Depression made Congress rethink US-Philippine relations, and passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act in 1933, over President Herbert Hoover’s veto. The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (HHC) envisaged a 10 year transitory period during which time the Philippines would establish a semi-autonomous government under an elected Filipino president. The act was rejected by the Philippine Legislature later that year, after much debate and political wrangling. Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippine Senate, proceeded to Washington immediately after to negotiate a more advantageous law, citing among others issues relating to the continuance of US bases in the Philippines after independence, the limits of authority of the Philippine president in the transitory government, and the abrupt end of Philippine preferential trade relations with the United States.

1934 Philippine Independence Act

Quezon, the dominant political leader in the Philippines at that time, believed he could influence the new American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Democratic congress to rectify his main objections in a new Philippine independence bill. Roosevelt and the congress were busy with New Deal policies and were only willing to resuscitate the HHC with very minor changes. Quezon accepted these and returned to Manila. The ensuing act, the Tydings-McDuffie Law, was accepted by the Philippine legislature in May 1934, thus setting the stage for Philippine independence in 1946.

Under the Tydings-McDuffie Law, the Philippines would establish a government to be known as the Philippine Commonwealth, which would steer the Philippines through a 10-year transition period. After completing 10 years of nearly autonomous governance, the United States would withdraw its sovereignty over the islands on July 4 of the succeeding year, and would recognize the Philippines as an independent republic.

Prior to the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth, a constitution had to be drafted. A constitutional convention was thus elected, and finished its draft in February 1935. Roosevelt approved this document, which was to become the legal framework not only of the Philippine Commonwealth, but also of the future Philippine Republic. It was approved in a nationwide plebiscite, and national elections for the new government were held in September 1935. The Philippine Commonwealth was formally inaugurated on November 15, 1935, an unprecedented world event in which the United States, a colonial power, was preparing to let go of its colony. The ramifications were keenly felt among other colonial governments and colonized people. Quezon was predictably elected as president.

The Philippine Commonwealth government had to resolve major problems during the 10-year transition period, among them national defense, social justice, economic development, national integration, and cultural identity. During the over three decades of American colonial rule, the Philippines had become dependent on the US economically, and had no armed forces of its own. These and major agrarian and labor problems had to be resolved. A Philippine Army was formed, and government enterprises in business were launched.

The Philippine Commonwealth was an untried experiment, and the Tydings-McDuffie Law appointed a representative of the US president in the form of a High Commissioner. Gone was the Governor General of earlier years. The High Commissioner would report on the progress of the Philippine experiment, and the US government had oversight functions over legislative, executive, and judicial actions of the Commonwealth. Furthermore, the US government held on to foreign affairs and currency matters. In case the experiment failed, the transition could be scrapped and it would be back to square one. Neither Quezon nor Roosevelt wanted this, so despite much power granted him, Quezon held back where he could.

World War II and the Filipino Guerrilla Movement 

Halfway through the experiment, World War II broke out in Europe. Trade was disrupted, and the reality of war reaching the Philippines loomed. The gravity of some problems delayed enforcement of various plans, and some began to ask whether 10 years were enough. Quezon, however, attempted to advance independence at least privately, although this did not bear fruit.

The outbreak of war between Japan and China in 1937 also brought forth the specter of war, through refugees and news of defenseless cities being bombed. But it was the war in Europe that seemed closer: The European capitals were better known to most Filipinos, and the Blitzkrieg and the Battle of Britain became household words.

War did reach the Philippines in December 1941, although strenuous last-minute preparations were made. The US Army Forces in the Far East was created, placing under one command the US Army forces in the Philippines and the mobilized Philippine Army forces. Gen. Douglas MacArthur was placed in command, and modern aircraft and weapons were rushed to the Philippines. It was too late.

The Japanese struck before the defense preparations were completed, decimating the US air forces and naval facilities in the first days of the war. Beach defenses were unable to hold against the Japanese juggernaut, but a fighting withdrawal to Bataan and Corregidor was successful and held against all odds. Realizing the hopelessness of the situation, Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to Australia; the Philippine Commonwealth government, which had moved to Corregidor to save Manila from bombing, was itself also removed. Quezon would establish the Commonwealth government in exile in Washington as Bataan and Corregidor were forced to surrender. Roosevelt had, in the meantime, promised to redeem Philippine freedom and to pay for war damages,

For three years the Philippines was in the hands of the Japanese, who set up a military administration. Wanting to win Filipino loyalty, the Japanese declared the Philippines independent in 1943, ahead of the US promise. A government was set up, but most Filipinos saw through the Japanese aims and instead supported the guerrilla resistance movement. The guerrillas remained loyal to the Philippine Commonwealth and the United States, and were a major threat to the Japanese occupation forces.

Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese

Gen. MacArthur, who had promised to return, landed in Leyte in October 1944, thus commencing the military campaign to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. In the ensuing struggle, Manila and most of the major Philippine cities suffered grievous damage. MacArthur declared the military campaign on Luzon closed on July 4, 1945, but the bulk of the Japanese ground forces were still intact in the mountains. Fighting continued in Mindanao. And Japan had not yet surrendered.

The Philippine Commonwealth government returned with Gen. MacArthur. Quezon had died while in the United States, and Sergio Osmeña, the vice president, automatically took over. Osmeña landed with MacArthur on Leyte, and as the Battle of Manila neared its end, restored the government to Malacañang Palace in Manila. While in Washington, the Commonwealth government did all it could to hasten the return of American forces to the Philippines. It also sought to ensure that war damage would be rehabilitated by the US government. The Philippines actively participated in the early meetings that would result in the United Nations.

Upon his return to Manila, Osmeña pledged a Philippine Army division to participate in the assault landings on Japan. Guerrillas, now part of the army, trained accordingly. The atomic bombs negated the need for such action, and Japan accepted the Allied terms on August 15, 1945.

Post-war Rehabilitation

As the war ended, the Philippines counted the cost. Over a million Filipinos had died or were killed, out of a population of 18 million. Manila and most of the major cities were in ruins. Severe inflation had set in as a result of the Japanese occupation, and farms were fallow; farm animals too had died because of the war. Industries, transportation, and communication facilities were destroyed.

Should the original timetable for independence be kept? The tasks facing Osmeña and the Commonwealth government were daunting; none of this had been foreseen when the Tydings-McDuffie Act had become law.

Apart from the physical destruction and the loss of lives, the Philippines was divided: there had been those who had collaborated with the Japanese, while most had resisted either directly or indirectly. The country was split on whether the collaborators were to be dealt with harshly or not. Many key government officials from before the war had—willingly or not—served in the Japanese-controlled administration.

There was an immediate need for relief. People had to be fed, clothed, and given shelter. All the basic necessities were initially provided by the US Army—water, clothing, food, power, communications, and jobs. Other assistance came in from the United States and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration  as the piers were restored, and ships arrived.

Peace and order problems were serious—some stemming from the pre-war social and agrarian issues, others because of loose firearms. Guerrilla units were plenty, but not all were legitimate, and there was an upsurge of crimes. Morality was in tatters, as people had to survive in whatever ways they could. Inflation was rampant, even as the government strove to bring prices down with newly printed currency and price controls. Besides, after having been away for three years, it was a difficult task to win back the people’s confidence in the government.

The Philippine Congress was convened in June 1945—the first time it sat since the elections of November 1941. Some of its members had died during the war; others were tainted by charges of collaboration. It began its work of legislating, but was hampered by the unstable postwar conditions.

Osmeña travelled to the United States three times in 1945—a last meeting with FDR in April and two meetings with President Harry S. Truman, to negotiate aid and assistance for the Philippines—as well as assurances that independence would come as scheduled.

For a while an earlier independence date was broached, but this would have required legislation which was not a priority. There were mutterings that Philippine independence be delayed, owing to the unsettled conditions after the war, but this would mean political suicide to those seeking office. And so independence would take place as planned, on July 4, 1946.

The post-war Philippine Commonwealth faced severe problems not anticipated before the war. Land reform, reopening of schools, reconstruction, trials of suspected collaborators with the Japanese, recognizing and compensating veterans, restarting the economy, restoring trade, attracting investment—these and more had to be dealt with in the last months of the Philippine Commonwealth government.

The government was now more strongly reliant on the United States, more so than before the war. The Philippine Army was totally dependent on the US Army for equipment and weapons, and relief only coming from the United States. External defense would now be too costly for the cash-strapped government.  Thus the presence of US bases could be seen as mutually beneficial.

The last American High Commissioner was Paul V. McNutt, who had served in that position in the late 1930s. He advised Osmeña on various matters. Secretary of State Harold Ickes insisted that the Philippines take a hard line on alleged collaborators—something that would be difficult to do due to the many issues involved. Ickes threatened to withhold assistance if the government did not punish those who had reneged on their oaths of loyalty to the United States.

Paul McNutt, High Commissioner to the Philippines, reads a proclamation at the ceremony. US Signal Corps photograph from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.

An ally of the Philippines in Washington was Senator Millard Tydings, co-author of the pre-war Philippine Independence Act. He sponsored a bill granting what he felt were sufficient funds for rehabilitation. On a personal visit to the Philippines, however, he found out that earlier estimates had been underestimated, and that more funds were needed. His bill did allot a generous $620 million—later raised to $800 million—to the Philippines.

The Rehabilitation Bill was, however, tied to a trade bill, authored by Representative Jasper Bell. The Bell Trade bill sought to extend the free trade relations between the United States and the Philippines for another eight years, after which tariffs would be gradually imposed for 20 years. Bell insisted that to convince Americans to invest in the Philippines they had to be given the same rights as Filipinos. This necessitated amending the 1935 Philippine constitution, which limited land ownership, access to natural resources, among others, to Filipino citizens and majority Filipino-owned corporations. The parity amendment would thus become a requisite for receiving the bulk of the rehabilitation aid in the Tydings bill. The Bell Trade Bill also tied the Philippine peso to the US dollar and could not be independently revalued.

Other issues that emerged on the eve of independence. In February 1946, President Truman signed the Rescission Law, which denied most Filipino veterans of benefits due them, voiding their service in the US armed forces.

A strong US military presence remained in early 1946, with the 86th Infantry Division in full strength, prepared to protect American interests. With World War II over, many of its members felt their duty was done and rallied to be sent home. But there was discontent brewing in the provinces, with long agrarian issues remaining unsolved. Many military bases were still in US hands, and negotiations as to which would be kept after Philippine independence were begun. As set in the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the United States would maintain bases even after Philippine independence to protect American interests in the region.

Philippine Commonwealth Election of 1946

As the date of independence approached, a multitude of problems had to be solved. Amidst the disunity, tension, and uncertainty of the immediate post-war Philippines, there had to be a final election for the Commonwealth. Osmeña chose to run for reelection; Manuel Roxas, ambitious contender and also Quezon’s own choice as successor, ran against him. While Roxas had participated in the defense of the Philippines, he had also served in the Japanese-sponsored government under Jose P. Laurel. To some he was tainted with collaboration and might bring other collaborators back to power. Osmeña was the guerrillas’ choice, and also the peasants; Osmeña leaned left of center. But Roxas was backed by McNutt and General MacArthur.

Roxas won the election of April 1946, but by only a slim margin, garnering some 54 percent of the votes cast. He took his oath of office on May 28, 1946, in a temporary stage built in front of the ruins of the Legislative Building, as the third and last president of the Philippine Commonwealth.

Prior to his assumption of office, Roxas went to the United States via Tokyo, where he paid a visit to MacArthur. Roxas’ Washington visit was a frenzied week-long one, meeting with President Truman and ranking American officials to discuss Philippine affairs and concretize plans for US assistance to the Philippines.

As Roxas took office, conservative congressmen ousted more liberal legislators on unfounded charges. It marked a split between peasant leaders who were open to pursuing change in the government and conservatives who felt threatened by them. On the eve of Philippine independence, left-leaning peasant and labor groups threatened to secede and launch a rebellion, reacting to the blatant politicization of the congress.

Philippine Independence Day 1946

This was a big international event, but the Philippines did not yet have a Department of Foreign Affairs. It had to rely on the US government for much of the preparations.

May 1946 saw the start of a flurry of events to plan out the final days of the Commonwealth and prepare for Independence Day. A joint Filipino-American committee was formed to iron out details. The Manila Hotel, which had been gutted during the Battle of Manila, was cleaned up and prepared for gala events. Invitations were issued to distinguished guests from the United States and various countries. President Truman was invited, but he declined, owing to pressure of work. Independence related contests were launched—for an appropriate poster, essay, poem, and hymn. A US flag was to be hand-sewn by past and present Philippine first ladies, to be presented to President Truman. Commemorative postage stamps, medals, and other souvenirs were issued.

The venue for the independence rites was chosen and a stage shaped in the form of a ship’s prow (symbolizing the ship of state) was built with towering pillars behind it. The stage and grandstand were built in front of the iconic memorial of the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, in Luneta Park. A large arch was erected near it, in front of the Manila Hotel, to welcome visitors.

As the month of July 1946 began, so did the numerous events and preparations to climax in Philippine Independence on July 4. Private homes and government buildings were decorated. Bands paraded and gave concerts. The University of the Philippines’ Conservatory of Music held a gala concert at the Rizal Coliseum, where numerous international sports matches were held. Distinguished visitors from the US and other countries arrived. The US Navy’s Task Force 77 anchored in Manila Bay to salute the birth of the republic. It consisted of the flagship USS Bremerton , two aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and seven destroyers.

Among the Very-Important-Persons who arrived in the first days of July was General MacArthur, who flew from Tokyo. Representing the US government was High Commissioner McNutt, now destined to be the first US Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. From the United States were Senator Tydings, Representative Bell, US Postmaster General Robert E. Hannegan, former Governor General Francis B. Harrison, and others. Representatives from 27 nations arrived, among them the French WWI hero Lt. Gen. Zinovi Peckoff (at that time serving with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Tokyo) and Lt. Gen. Sook Chatinakrob, Thailand’s Chief of Staff. In Manila Bay were Australian, Portuguese and Thai warships.

All these activities were taking place as the Cold War began: the United States tested an atomic bomb in Bikini Atoll on July 1. Communist-linked movements were beginning to threaten the post-war order.

On July 3, the Philippine Congress accepted the Bell Trade Act and authorized President Roxas to sign an executive agreement with the US laying the groundwork for formal negotiations and mutual recognition. That same day, Roxas and McNutt visited the commander of Task Force 77 on his flagship; later they recorded messages to be broadcast nationwide and to the United States. McNutt hosted a reception at his official residence and capped the day with a formal dinner in honor of Roxas at the Manila Hotel.

Thursday, July 4 1946, was a cloudy, sunless day. It was the rainy season in the Philippines, but this did not dampen the excitement building up towards the Philippine independence ceremony. Religious services were held in the various churches of Manila and provincial capitals, cities, and towns. Guests began arriving at the venue shortly before 7:00 in the morning. Dignitaries arrived from 7:20; the crowd craned their necks to get a glimpse of Gen. MacArthur. A bugle sounded, and the audience rose to welcome President Roxas and his wife at 7:55. He was followed by Vice President Elpidio Quirino and finally High Commissioner McNutt, accompanied by their respective wives.

With McNutt serving as emcee, the program began at precisely 8:00 am. The Rt. Rev. Robert F. Wilmer, ranking Protestant in the Philippines, gave the invocation. McNutt then introduced the speakers; there were wild cheers for Senator Tydings and Gen. MacArthur. Tydings reviewed the events which led to this day, and then wished the new republic “Godspeed.” MacArthur reviewed the “special relationship” between the Philippines and the United States.

The highlight of the program was McNutt’s reading of President Truman’s Proclamation of Independence. As he began speaking, a heavy downpour drenched the audience, but they braved the rain. The downpour lifted in time for McNutt to read the proclamation, which first laid out the legal basis for the United States’ acquisition of the Philippines, the United States’ desire to grant the Philippines independence, and the provisions of the Tydings McDuffie Act. Truman, as president of the United States, then withdrew all “rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty” exercised by the United States over the territory and people of the Philippines, and recognized the independence of the Philippines.

McNutt ended with his own words: 

“A new nation is born. Long live the Republic of the Philippines. May God bless and prosper the Philippine People, keep them safe and free.”

Paul V. McNutt

At 9:15 am, the US Army band played the US National Anthem as McNutt began lowering the American flag. President Roxas, pulling on the same cord, began raising the Philippine flag, to the accompaniment of the Philippine National Anthem, played by the Philippine Army Band.

As the United States and Philippine flags passed each other, they touched—“as if in a last caress, a last kiss,” wrote one witness. As the Philippine flag fluttered from the top of the flagpole, United States, Australian, Portuguese, and Thai warships in the bay fired a 21-gun salute. Church bells throughout the Philippines rang and a whistle announced that the Philippines was now independent.

Vice President Quirino then took his oath, followed by President Roxas. These were administered by Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran of the Philippine Supreme Court. Roxas proceeded with his inaugural address: “As we are masters of our own destiny, so too must we bear all the consequences of our actions,” he announced. The Philippines was no longer protected by the mantle of American sovereignty and thus “we must find our own way… [but in the atomic age] we cannot retreat within ourselves… On all fronts the doctrine of absolute sovereignty is yielding ground… But we have yet a greater bulwark today… the friendship and devotion of America… Our safest course is in the glistening wake of America whose sure advance with mighty prow breaks for smaller craft the waves of fear.”

The future direction of the Philippines under President Roxas was thus charted, and to highlight this orientation he and McNutt signed an agreement for the establishment of diplomatic relations and an interim trade agreement. Roxas now signed as president of the Republic of the Philippines, and McNutt as first US ambassador.

A chorus of one thousand voices—college students all—then sang the Philippine Independence Hymn. This had been the winner of the independence hymn contest composed by acclaimed composer Restie Umali. The official program ended with a closing Invocation by Most Reverend Gabriel Reyes, Filipino archbishop of Cebu.

As the program ended, a bugle call sounded at 11:00 am to signal the start of the civic-military parade. Units from the Philippine and US armed forces marched in splendor, followed by Filipino veterans of the 1890s revolution and WWII guerrilla members. As the aged revolutionary war veterans marched past the grandstand, US bombers and fighters flew overhead, spelling first a V for Victory, and then the letters P and R, representing the Philippine Republic.

The military contingents were followed by several floats from different government offices and schools. Of note was that of the General Auditing Office, represented by a bulldog watching over a safe. The last float contained figures of Filipinas (representing the Philippines) and Miss Columbia, representing liberty.

By noon the ceremony was over, and the dignitaries and audience retired. The day was not yet over, however. At 4:30 pm a tree symbolizing Philippine independence was planted in front of the Manila City Hall. At 7:00 pm President Roxas hosted a formal dinner, reception, and ball at the presidential palace. The historic day was capped by a grand fireworks display at the Sunken Gardens just outside the old Walled City of Intramuros, as US Navy ships put up a searchlight display and pyrotechnics show in Manila Bay.

Celebrations continued for two more days: in the afternoon of July 5, a Philippine sports exhibition was held at the University of Santo Tomas Gymnasium. That evening, a Gala Symphony Concert by the Manila Symphony Orchestra, was held at the Rizal Coliseum. The final celebration of the momentous week was a Barrio Fiesta—a dinner feast—in the evening of July 6 at the Manila Hotel.

1946 to Present Day 

It was a time of great rejoicing. But as the new era dawned, there were numerous sticking points—the US bases, the Bell Trade Act, Philippine war damage claims, and discriminatory treatment of Filipino WWII veterans. The Military Bases Agreement was to last for 99 years, during which period there was no clear cut guarantee that these bases would protect the Philippines. The bases agreement was shortened in 1966, and finally lapsed in 1991. The Bell Trade Act extended free trade and required the granting of parity rights to American nationals, which in turn required amending the 1935 Constitution, which had reserved numerous rights to only Filipino citizens. Free trade, with quota limitations, would continue on until 1954, after which gradual tariffs would be applied for a period of 20 years, ending in 1974. Parity rights were granted American citizens after stormy debates which almost cost President Roxas his life. The Bell Trade Act also tied the peso to the US dollar until 1955.

July 4, 1946 thus saw the birth of the Philippine Republic, but with lots of unfinished business. And this amidst the backdrop of the developing Cold War, a civil war, and deep rooted problems.

The independence that was gained (restored, according to some pundits, referring to the 1898 declaration) was questioned—was it a real, total independence? In addition, Philippine Independence Day celebrations coincided with US Independence Day, resulting in some confusion in the Philippines and abroad. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal moved Philippine Independence Day to June 12, commemorating the 1898 Filipino proclamation. Aguinaldo was then still alive and was happy to see the change. July 4 had been an afterthought, opined some, with June 12 the real Filipino act.

July 4 became Republic Day, still a national holiday, in 1964. During the period of Martial Law under President Ferdinand Marcos, July 4 was changed to Philippine-American Friendship Day, and relegated to a working holiday. President Corazon Aquino did away with Philippine-American Friendship Day altogether, but President Fidel V. Ramos restored it on the occasion of the 50th anniversary.

The event 75 years ago was much welcomed at the time and did see the end of formal aspects of colonial rule. There was no longer direct US oversight, no more American High Commissioner, the Philippine flag flew alone (except in the US bases) and the Philippine National Anthem was played alone. But critics argued that it ushered in a neo-colonial relationship. Some trumpeted the Philippine-American relationship as a “special relationship,” but it did not seem so to others.

July 4, 1946 was overshadowed by the events of World War II. Commemorations of the 75th anniversary of key WWII events were many and well publicized, but were suddenly stymied by the Covid-19 pandemic. The 1946 independence ceremonies have also been overtaken by rites commemorating the 500th anniversary of Magellan’s arrival—and the bringing in of Christianity to the Philippines, which was given full support by the Philippine Government and the Spanish government. Given the importance of July 4, 1946, however, it is sad to see the day not recognized for what it was.

Meet the Author 

Ricardo Trota Jose is professor of history at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. He obtained his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in history at U.P., and his PhD from the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He specializes in military and diplomatic history, with focus on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Jose has published widely in various journals and books. Among his major publications are The Philippine Army, 1935-1942  (Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992) and Volume 7 (on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines) of the multi-volume Kasaysayan  set (Reader’s Digest, 1998). He was awarded the Metrobank Foundation Outstanding Filipino in teaching in 2019. 

This article is part of a series commemorating the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II made possible by the Department of Defense.

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Time for reflection and self-examination

From June 12, 1898, the day Philippine Independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite, to June 12, 2017—a span of 119 years—the Filipino people have endured a long and tortuous trek in quest of freedom and full nationhood. Sadly the journey has been dark and inconsistent.

Perhaps it is time we paused and asked ourselves: What have we, as individuals, done for this country, such that peace and inclusive progress has been so elusive?

If a nation’s greatness were to be measured in terms of its GNP (gross national product) or the excellence of each individual citizen in the pursuit of his calling, then we deserve some breast-beating. But who benefited from these giant strides? Evidently something is missing, and this we must resolve.

Toward this end, the following historical events may prove useful:

The capture of Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the first Philippine Republic at Palanan, Isabela, on March 25, 1901 (actually a “sellout” conspiracy by his own men) was a major setback in our struggle for independence and nationhood. It doused the fire of nationalism that ignited the Katipunan revolution against Spain and resistance against American occupation.

Aguinaldo’s downfall, machinated by Filipino conservatives who advocated annexation to the United States, led to our century-long “waltz” with the Americans. But thanks anyway for the tutelage in democratic concepts of governance and some measure of material progress.

Fast forward to the Cold War era when the old empires crumbled and former emperors had to change clothes, so to speak, to somehow hold on to their former colonies. With a new concept (read: weapon—transnationalism—and with their “market forces,” they then broke through national borders and infiltrated governments of small states.

These forces maligned nationalism and gave it ugly connotations. Our own leaders genuflected in obeisance before them and facilitated the smooth acceptance of their version of economic and political policies. The divide-and-conquer strategy lived on, leaving behind more divisions within and among states.

Soon enough, the Cold War stoked the fires of a peasant rebellion and cities were afire with protest rallies, intensifying the ideological hostilities, and militants were placed under surveillance. Even student leaders—who, out of touristic curiousity, slipped into China and Moscow to attend international conferences—were investigated by the congressional committee on anti-Filipino activities as soon as they came back. Activists were hauled to Camp Crame; others simply disappeared; the rest took to the hills to provide intellectual substance to the insurgency.

These events provided then-president Ferdinand Marcos the backdrop to declare martial law which all the more spawned violence and divisiveness. This singular political act inspired concerted moves that led to the famous Edsa revolution. The rest is history.

To make this year’s celebration of Independence Day more meaningful, Filipinos must act together as one people and one nation in the pursuit of common goals. The nation’s interest must be prioritized in every citizen’s mind and in all programs of government. This may be the only way to attain inclusive progress and find the missing link to national greatness.

EVA MAGGAY-INCIONG, Unions Square One Condominium, 15th Avenue, Cubao, Quezon City

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Beyond Borders

Happy Independence Day to the Philippines

Lifestyle & Culture

Last updated on February 16th, 2024 at 05:46 pm

Remitly has helped thousands of Filipinos send money to loved ones around the world. (Our very first customers, Earl and Bert , come from the Philippines!) We’re proud to have an office in Manila, and we wish our Filipino customers, friends, and employees a Happy Philippines Independence Day!

In honor of the holiday, let’s trace the history of Philippine independence and take a look at how people across the Philippine islands celebrate it.

When is Philippine Independence Day?

June 12 is Philippine Independence Day, or as locals call it, “Araw ng Kasarinlan” (“Day of Freedom”). This annual national holiday honors when the Philippines declared independence from Spain in 1898.

Independence Day is a public holiday, so many Filipinos have the day off from work and are free to celebrate with their neighbors, friends, and family.

Brief history of Philippine Independence Day

Over the years, there have been different Independence Days in the Philippines due to the unique history of the country’s struggle to become an independent republic. Let’s trace the story back to see how Filipinos achieved independence.

Stage for independence

Before the 1896 Philippine Revolution, the Philippines was largely a Spanish colony for centuries. The Spanish established their first settlement in the city that would one day become Manila in 1571 and began to rule over native Filipinos.

Except for a short period from 1762 to 1764 when the British temporarily controlled Manila, Spain’s power in the Philippines remained unchecked until the late 19th century. It was then that Filipino revolutionaries began to speak out about Spain’s brutal suppression.

The writer Jose Rizal pushed for colonial rule reform through books he published and a movement he founded called Liga Filipina. At the same time, the revolutionary Andres Bonifacio, often called the Katipunan, founded his own organization that called for the complete overthrow of Spain in the Philippines.

In August 1896, Bonifacio led a group of Filipinos in a violent revolution. Rizal was incorrectly labeled as a supporter of the cause and executed in December 1896.

First independence and the Spanish-American War

Jose Rizal’s death rallied more people to the cause of Philippine independence. By 1898, there was growing support for an independent Philippine government, and the Spanish-American War broke out.

The American forces led by Commodore George Dewey took on the Spanish and began liberating towns south of Manila. On April 30, 1898, the Americans defeated the Spanish Pacific fleet in Manila Bay.

At this point, Filipino revolutionaries seized the opportunity. Led by General Emilio Aguinaldo, their forces surrounded Manila and took control.

Then, on June 12, 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo raised the Philippine flag for the first time and proclaimed Philippine independence.

After General Aguinaldo raised the flag, the San Francisco de Malabon marching band played the Philippines national anthem, “Lupang Hinirang,” for the first time.

When the Spanish-American War ended, the Spanish government gave control of the Philippines to the U.S., but many Filipinos resisted. For a time, the country had an independent provincial government led by Emilio Aguinaldo, but that ended in 1902 when the Americans captured the Philippine national hero.

True independence after World War II

The Philippines remained under American control throughout the first decades of the 20th century. In 1935, the Philippines briefly became a self-governing commonwealth under the leadership of elected President Manuel Quezon. Then, in 1937, a war between Japan and China renewed armed conflict in Southeast Asia.

By 1941, the Philippines had become a theater in the Second World War, with Japan fighting the Americans on the Philippine islands. Ultimately, the invaders were victorious, and the Phillippines became subject to Japanese occupation for three years.

On July 4, 1945, General MacArthur declared the military campaign in Luzon a victory, yet fighting between allied American and Filipino forces continued in the mountain regions up until Japan surrendered on Aug. 15, 1945.

With the war ending, the Philippines returned to American rule, and a debate ensued about the nation’s fate. Some people wanted the Philippines to become a U.S. state like Hawaii, hoping to maintain a presence in Southeast Asia for strategic purposes due to the brewing Cold War with the Soviet Union.

Ultimately, it was decided that the Philippines should control their destiny. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines gained independence by signing the Treaty of Manila and a proclamation issued by American President Harry Truman.

The result was the official formation of the Republic of the Philippines. However, the Americans maintained close ties with the newly formed republic through deals like the Bell Trade Act and the military bases agreement. Manuel Roxas became the first elected president of the new republic.

Filipinos originally celebrated Independence Day on July 4, the same day as American Independence Day. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued a presidential proclamation that changed the date to June 12 to commemorate the end of Spanish rule and celebrate the country’s sovereignty.

How do people celebrate Philippine Independence Day?

There are many ways that people around the world celebrate Philippine independence. Here are some popular holiday traditions in the Philippines:

Just as Americans shoot off fireworks on July 4, Filipinos bring color and light to their celebrations on June 12. There’s usually a large display over Manila Bay, and smaller fireworks shows take place across the country.

Flag-raising ceremonies

Patriotic celebrations in honor of the Philippines Independence Day take place around the world on June 12. Some Philippine embassies and consulates hold flag-raising ceremonies to honor independence as early as May.

Every year on June 12, the city of Kawit, Cavite, raises a flag at Aguinaldo Shrine , General Aguinaldo’s burial place. Local officials read the 120-page Proclamation of Independence, and Filipinos fly flags outside businesses and homes.

National heroes Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa designed the first national flag of the Philippines, but it’s been revised many times since. The modern flag features:

• A horizontal red stripe symbolizes patriotism and valor
• A horizontal blue stripe represents peace
• A white equilateral triangle symbolizes liberty, fraternity, and equality
• A gold sun with eight rays stands for the first eight provinces that rebelled against Spanish rule
• Three stars symbolize the three major island groups of the nation

Dinner with the family

Many Filipino families gather around dinner tables and have large feasts to celebrate the holiday. Popular foods include national and regional dishes like:

• Adobo: The unofficial national dish of the Philippines that typically features a mix of pork and chicken cooked in a sauce made from vinegar, garlic, bay or laurel leaves, and soy sauce
• Beef tapa: A beef jerky often enjoyed with garlic fried rice and fried egg
• Lechon: A whole pig slowly roasted over charcoal
• Sisig: Chopped pig’s head with liver and spices
• Kare-Kare: A peanut and oxtail stew
• Bopis: A regional dish from Batangas that consists of pork or beef lungs sauteed in onions, chilies, and tomatoes

Manila hosts the largest Independence Day celebrations with parades and food festivals in the week leading up to June 12. In 2018, a major civil-military parade celebrating 120 years of independence attracted thousands of visitors.

Smaller parades that honor the end of the Philippines as a Spanish colony also occur across the country.

Wreath-laying celebration at Luneta Park

The wreath-laying ceremony at Luneta Park in Manila is another solemn tradition that marks the annual Independence Day celebration. The event is meant to honor the lives of Filipinos lost during the struggle for independence.

The Filipino president usually presides over the event. You can watch a video of President Ferdinand Marcos conducting the 2023 ceremony on YouTube.

Dressing in national costumes

Philippines Independence Day is the world’s biggest celebration of Filipino culture. In many Filipino communities, people attend local commemorative events, make Philippine flags at home, and dress up in costumes inspired by their region or tribe. Some people sing Filipino folk songs.

Celebrating Philippine Independence Day internationally

As previously mentioned, people don’t just celebrate the day when Anguinlados proclaimed Philippine independence in the Philippines. Independence Day celebrations take place among expat communities all around the world, and many Filipino-owned businesses close their doors early to enjoy the holiday.

The Philippine Independence Day Parade takes place in New York City. The parade usually lines Madison Avenue and raises funds for nonprofit organizations in the Philippines and the U.S.

In Los Angeles, the Philippine Consulate General often throws a parade and organizes a day of live entertainment to mark the holiday. Filipino Americans living in San Francisco look forward to the annual Kalayaan SF Picnic and Concert .

Hawaii is also home to a large Filipino population. Community organizers often rent space in a hotel or resort in Honolulu and hold a gala to celebrate the holiday.

Across the U.S. and abroad, many Filipino expats send money home to their loved ones to honor the day as well.

Celebrate the independence of the Philippines wherever you are

Whether you’re in the Philippines or abroad, June 12 is a day to celebrate. Check your local area to see if there are large celebrations taking place. If not, throw your own party, inviting friends and neighbors to share in the fun.

Happy Independence Day!

The Path to Sovereignty: the Historical Milestones of India’s Independence

This essay about India’s progression to self-governance outlines its historical resistance to colonial rule and celebrates its evolution into a democratic nation. It explores the enduring spirit of its people, from ancient times through to modern-day challenges and achievements. The essay highlights key figures and events, such as Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership in the freedom struggle, and discusses the complexities of post-independence nation-building, showcasing India’s growth and ongoing influence on the global stage.

How it works

India’s trajectory towards self-governance is a remarkable chapter in the narrative of world history, characterized by centuries of resilience, courage, and an unwavering quest for autonomy. The history of India’s struggle for independence is not merely a story of overcoming colonial rule but a broader testament to the enduring spirit of its people, from the flourishing ancient civilizations to the vibrant democratic state it is today.

The roots of India’s resistance to foreign domination can be traced back to its ancient history, where it saw the rise and decline of great empires and the development of rich philosophical and cultural traditions.

Despite numerous invasions, the core of Indian cultural identity remained intact, nurturing a growing aspiration for sovereignty.

In the modern era, the scene was set with the entry of the British East India Company, which transitioned from a commercial entity to a tool of full-scale colonialism. The deep-seated exploitation and institutional injustices imposed by the British fueled widespread discontent and a resolute push for political independence.

The late 19th century heralded the rise of prominent Indian reformers and nationalists such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dadabhai Naoroji, who began articulating the aspirations of the people. The establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 marked a significant mobilization of nationalist sentiment, bringing together diverse groups under a common goal of independence.

Mahatma Gandhi’s advent on the political stage revolutionized the struggle, introducing the potent strategy of non-violent resistance known as Satyagraha. His leadership in landmark events like the Salt March and the Quit India Movement unified a vast cross-section of Indian society against colonial rule, gradually eroding the British resolve.

The aftermath of World War II saw the weakening of British imperial interests and set the stage for India’s independence. The partition of India in 1947 into two sovereign nations, India and Pakistan, was a monumental and painful event, leading to widespread communal violence and displacement, reflecting the complexities of establishing a new national identity.

Post-independence, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru steered India on a path of nation-building based on democratic ideals, secularism, and social equity. The adoption of the Constitution in 1950 was a defining step in laying down the framework for a society respecting diverse cultures and religions, although challenges like economic disparities and regional tensions persisted.

In subsequent decades, India’s evolution into a global democratic power has been marked by significant economic reforms and social changes. From the agricultural advancements of the Green Revolution to the economic liberalizations of the 1990s, India has demonstrated resilience and adaptability.

Today, as India positions itself in the global arena of the 21st century, the spirit and values of the independence movement continue to inspire and drive the nation. Reflecting on its past, India’s journey from subjugation to sovereignty serves as a beacon for perseverance and unity in striving for a prosperous future.

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UN general assembly votes to back Palestinian bid for membership

Assembly votes 143 to nine, with 25 abstentions, signalling Israel’s growing isolation on the world stage

The UN general assembly has voted overwhelmingly to back the Palestinian bid for full UN membership, in a move that signalled Israel’s growing global isolation amid alarm over the war in Gaza and the extent of the humanitarian crisis in the territory.

The assembly voted by 143 to nine, with 25 abstentions, for a resolution that called on the UN security council to bestow full membership to the state of Palestine, while enhancing its current mission with a range of new rights and privileges, in addition to what it is allowed in its current observer status.

The highly charged gesture drew an immediate rebuke from Israel. Its envoy to the UN, Gilad Erdan, delivered a fiery denunciation of the resolution and its backers before the vote.

“Today, I will hold up a mirror for you,” Erdan said, taking out a small paper shredder in which he shredded a copy of the cover of the UN charter. He told the assembly: “You are shredding the UN charter with your own hands. Yes, yes, that’s what you’re doing. Shredding the UN charter. Shame on you.”

The other nations that voted against the resolution were Argentina, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Micronesia, Nauru, Palau and Papua New Guinea. The UK abstained.

The Palestinian envoy, Riyad Mansour, pointed out the vote was being held at a time when Rafah, the southernmost city that is the last haven for many Palestinians in Gaza, faced attack from Israeli forces.

“As we speak, 1.4 million Palestinians in Rafah wonder if they will survive the day and wonder where to go next. There is nowhere left to go,” Mansour said. “I have stood hundreds of times before at this podium, often in tragic circumstances, but none comparable to the ones my people endured today … never for a more significant vote than the one about to take place, a historic one.”

Late on Friday the US government said it was “reasonable to assess” that the weapons it had provided to Israel had been used in ways that were “inconsistent” with international humanitarian law – but found there was not enough concrete evidence to link specific US-supplied weapons to violations or to warrant cutting the supply of arms.

In a highly anticipated report to Congress, the state department said the assurances given by Israel that they had been using US-supplied weapons in accordance with international humanitarian law (IHL) were “credible and reliable”.

The report, which had been held up for several days by debate within the state department, expressed deep misgivings about Israeli compliance with IHL but said the US did not have sufficient evidence about individual cases to recommend that arms supplies be suspended.

It came two days after Joe Biden expressed his own misgivings over the Israeli use of US-supplied weapons, and suggested they underpinned his decision last week to hold up a shipment of particularly powerful US-made bombs .

Friday’s UN resolution was carefully tailored over recent days, diluting its language so as not to trigger a cut-off of US funding under a 1990 law. It does not make Palestine a full member, or give it voting rights in the assembly, or the right to stand for membership of the security council, but the vote was a resounding expression of world opinion in favour of Palestinian statehood, galvanised by the continuing deaths and famine caused by Israel’s war in Gaza.

Even before the vote, Israel and a group of leading Republicans urged US funding be cut anyway because of the new privileges the resolution granted to the Palestinian mission.

The US mission to the UN, which voted against the resolution, said it would use its veto again if the question of Palestinian membership returned to the security council for another vote.

“Efforts to advance this resolution do not change the reality that the Palestinian Authority does not currently meet the criteria for UN membership under the UN charter,” the mission’s spokesperson, Nathan Evans, said. “Additionally, the draft resolution does not alter the status of the Palestinians as a “non-member state observer mission”.

Under the resolution, the Palestinian mission will have the right to sit in the general assembly among other states in alphabetical order, rather than in its current observer seat at the back of the chamber. Palestinian diplomats will have the right to introduce proposals and amendments, they can be elected to official posts in the full chamber and on committees, and will have the right to speak on Middle Eastern matters, as well as the right to make statements on behalf of groups of nations in the assembly.

But the resolution also makes plain that “the state of Palestine, in its capacity as an observer state, does not have the right to vote in the general assembly or to put forward its candidature to United Nations organs.”

Richard Gowan, the UN director at the International Crisis Group, said: “In essence, it gives the Palestinians the airs and graces of a UN member, but without the fundamental attributes of a real member, which are voting power and the right to run for the security council.”

The general assembly resolution was crafted to fall short of the benchmark set in a 1990 US law that bans funding of the UN or any UN agency “which accords the Palestine Liberation Organization the same standing as member states”.

The main faction in the PLO, Fatah, now controls the Palestinian Authority, which the Biden administration is backing to govern Gaza, which is currently run by Hamas, after the war is over.

Despite the wording in the resolution making clear Palestine would not have a vote, Israel called on the US to cut funding for the UN, and a group of Republican senators announced they were introducing legislation to do that.

“The US should not lend credibility to an organization that actively promotes and rewards terrorism. By granting any sort of status at the UN to the Palestine Liberation Organization, we would be doing just that,” Senator Mitt Romney said in a written statement. “Our legislation would cut off US taxpayer funding to the UN if it gives additional rights and privileges to the Palestinian Authority and the PLO.”

On Thursday night, Israel’s security cabinet approved a “measured expansion” of Israeli forces’ operation in Rafah, after ceasefire talks in Cairo stalled. The US adamantly opposes the Rafah offensive, and has paused the delivery of a consignment of bombs, and President Biden has threatened further restrictions on arms supplies if Israel presses ahead with the attack.

Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister, vowed to defy US objections, saying Israel would fight on “with our fingernails” if necessary. On Monday, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) took control of the Palestinian side of the Rafah crossing, after ordering civilians in the east of Rafah city to evacuate. Since then more than 150,000 people have fled the area. On Friday, the UN reported intense clashes between the IDF and Palestinian militants on the eastern outskirts of the city. The fighting has cut off aid supplies to Gaza at a time of spreading famine.

Jan Egeland, the head of the Norwegian Refugee Council , said on X that he had been told by NRC workers in Rafah that “the IDF assault is intensifying with continuous, massive explosions. There is no fuel, transportation, nor safe evacuation areas for most of the remaining 1.2 million civilians.”

The UN secretary general, António Guterres, said during a visit to Nairobi that the situation in Rafah was “on a knife’s edge”.

“A massive ground attack in Rafah would lead to [an] epic humanitarian disaster and pull the plug on our efforts to support people as famine looms,” he said.

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U.N. General Assembly Adopts Resolution in Support of Palestinian Statehood

The vote comes after the United States last month vetoed a Security Council measure granting full U.N. membership to a Palestinian state.

• Share full article

U.N. General Assembly Backs Palestinian Membership Bid

The united nations general assembly approved the resolution by a vote of 143 to 9 with 25 nations abstaining. the assembly can only grant full membership with the approval of the security council..

“A ‘yes’ vote is a vote for Palestinian existence. It is not against any state, but it is against the attempts to deprive us of our state. That is why the Israeli government is so opposed to it. Because they oppose our independence and the two-state solution altogether.” “This is your mirror. So that you can see exactly what you are inflicting upon the U.N. charter with this destructive vote. This is — You are shredding the U.N. Charter with your own hands.” “The result of the vote is as follows: in favor 143, against nine, abstentions 25. Draft resolution A/ES10/L30/Rev1 is adopted.” [cheering]

By Farnaz Fassihi

• May 10, 2024

The United Nations General Assembly on Friday overwhelmingly adopted a resolution declaring that Palestinians qualify for full-members status at the United Nations, a highly symbolic move that reflects growing global solidarity with Palestinians and is a rebuke to Israel and the United States.

The resolution was approved by a vote of 143 to 9 with 25 nations abstaining. The Assembly broke into a big applause after the vote.

But the resolution does not mean a Palestinian state will be recognized and admitted to the United Nations as a full member anytime soon. The Assembly can only grant full membership with the approval of the Security Council, and, if history is a guide, the United States would almost inevitably wield its veto power to kill such a measure, as it did in April.

Even though a majority in the General Assembly have long supported Palestinian statehood, the resolution was the first time the body had voted on the issue of full membership. The resolution declares that “the State of Palestine is qualified for membership in the United Nations” under its charter rules and recommends that the Security Council reconsider the matter with a favorable outcome.

The resolution was prepared by the United Arab Emirates, the current chair of the U.N. Arab Group, and sponsored by 70 countries. The United States voted no, along with Hungary, Argentina, Papua New Guinea, Micronesia and Nauru.

“The vast majority of countries in this hall are fully aware of the legitimacy of the Palestinian bid and the justness of their cause, which faces fierce attempts to suppress it and render it meaningless today,” said the U.A.E. ambassador, Mohamed Abushahab, as he introduced the resolution on behalf of the Arab Group.

Though largely symbolic, the resolution does provide Palestinians with new diplomatic privileges. Palestinians can now sit among member states in alphabetical order; they can speak at General Assembly meetings on any topic instead of being limited to Palestinian affairs; they can submit proposals and amendments; and they can participate at U.N. conferences and international meetings organized by the Assembly and other United Nations entities.

The 193-member General Assembly took up the issue of Palestinian membership after the United States in April vetoed a resolution before the Security Council that would have recognized full membership for a Palestinian state. While a majority of council members supported the move, the United States said recognition of Palestinian statehood should be achieved through negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians.

Frustration with the United States has been brewing for months among many senior U.N. officials and diplomats, including from allies such as France, because Washington has repeatedly blocked cease-fire resolutions at the Security Council and has staunchly supported Israel’s war with Hamas in Gaza, even as civilian suffering has mounted.

“The U.S. is resigned to having another bad day at the U.N.,” said Richard Gowan, an expert on the U.N. for the International Crisis Group, a conflict prevention organization. But he added that the resolution “gives the Palestinians a boost without creating a breakdown over whether they are or are not now U.N. members.”

Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian ambassador to the U.N., told the Assembly ahead of the vote that Palestinians’ right to full membership at the U.N. and statehood “are not up for negotiations, they are our inherent rights as Palestinians.” He added that a vote against Palestinian statehood was a vote against the two-state solution.

Israel’s ambassador to the U.N., Gilad Erdan, a sharp critic of the U.N., said voting for a Palestinian state would be inviting “a state of terror” in its midst and rewarding “terrorists” who killed Jewish civilians with privileges and called member states endorsing it “Jew haters.”

Robert A. Wood, a U.S. ambassador to the U.N., said that while the U.S. supported a two-state solution as the only means for sustainable peace, “it remains the U.S. view that unilateral measures at the U.N. and on the ground will not advance this goal.”

Mr. Wood said that if the Assembly referred the issue back to the Council, it would have the same outcome again with the U.S. blocking the move.

The Palestinians are currently recognized by the U.N. as a nonmember observer state, a status granted to them in 2012 by the General Assembly. They do not have the right to vote on General Assembly resolutions or nominate any candidates to U.N. agencies.

France, a close U.S. ally and one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, has supported the Palestinian bid for statehood breaking away from United States’ stance at the U.N. both at the Council and the Assembly vote. “The time has come for the United Nations to take action with a view to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, on the basis of the two-state solution,” said Nicolas de Rivière, France’s ambassador to the U.N., in his address on Friday.

The Assembly session, which was expected to flow over to Monday because of the long list of speakers, was not without moments of performative drama.

Mr. Erdan, Israel’s ambassador, held up the picture of Hamas’s military leader, Yahya Sinwar, considered the architect of the Oct. 7 attacks on Israel, with the word “President,” and then a transparent shredder, inserting a piece of paper inside it, and said the member states were “shredding the U.N. charter.”

Mr. Mansour, the Palestinian ambassador, at the end of his speech raised his fist in the air, visibly chocking back tears, and said “Free Palestine.” The Assembly broke into applause.

Farnaz Fassihi is the United Nations bureau chief for The Times, leading coverage of the organization, and also covers Iran and the shadow war between Iran and Israel. She is based in New York. More about Farnaz Fassihi

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