thesis topics in pulmonary medicine

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Potential Research Project Topics

Explore the broad range of research subjects you can undertake with the guidance of dedicated, enthusiastic faculty.

Topics for research projects with specific investigators include:

• Assessment of respiratory muscle function ( M. Jeffery Mador )
• Bacterial infection in COPD ( Sanjay Sethi )
• Biomedical Informatics ( Manoj Mammen )
• Characterization of alveolar macrophages ( Karin Provost )
• Clinical implications of sleep apnea ( M. Jeffery Mador )
• COVID-19 Management ( Francois Fadell )
• COVID19 ( Manoj Mammen )
• Critical Care Outcomes ( Francois Fadell )
• Data Science ( Rubelisa Oliveira ; Manoj Mammen )
• Epidemiology and clinical implications of antimicrobial resistance ( Sanjay Sethi )
• Health care associated pneumonia ( Ali El Solh )
• Host immunity in COPD ( Karin Provost )
• Identification and Prevention of Burnout ( Archana Mishra )
• Innate lung defense in COPD ( Sanjay Sethi )
• Insomnia ( Philippe Jaoude )
• Lung Cancer Screening ( Francois Fadell )
• Lung Nodules ( Francois Fadell )
• Medical Education ( David Holmes ; Linda Kahn ; Marlon Koenigsberg ; Andrea Manyon ; Andrew Symons ; David Thomas ; Diana Wilkins ; Gregory Cherr ; Michael Aronica ; Kim Strong Griswold ; Francois Fadell )
• Microbiome ( Manoj Mammen )
• Morbid obesity in the intensive care unit ( Ali El Solh )
• New therapeutics in COPD ( M. Jeffery Mador ; Sanjay Sethi )
• New therapeutics in cystic fibrosis ( Carla Frederick )
• Outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation ( M. Jeffery Mador )
• Overlap Syndrome ( Philippe Jaoude )
• Pneumonia ( Philippe Jaoude )
• PTSD and sleep disorders ( Philippe Jaoude )
• Pulmonary Rehabilitation ( Francois Fadell )
• Quality Improvement ( Francois Fadell )
• Sepsis ( Francois Fadell )
• Sleep disordered breathing in cardiovascular disease ( Philippe Jaoude ; Ali El Solh )
• Smoking Cessation ( Francois Fadell )

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ICU experience: 10 months

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Discover the components of a rewarding pulmonary disease and critical care fellowship. Find out how to select a program that fosters your development as a pulmonologist and critical care intensivist.

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Sildenafil Versus Placebo for Early Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Scleroderma (SEPVADIS): protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a leading cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). An important component of SSc patient management is early detection and treatment of PH. Recently the threshol...

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The diagnostic impact of fractional exhaled nitric oxide for asthmatic cough in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease

Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a potentially useful diagnostic test for asthma. However, no study has explored the relationship between FeNO and respiratory symptoms of nontuberculous mycobacter...

Clinical significance and potential pathogenesis of VCAN in adult non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a retrospective study

The pathogenesis of adult non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis is complex, and the relevant molecular mechanism remains ambiguous. Versican (VCAN) is a key factor in inflammation through interactions with a...

The impact of COVID-19 on the prognosis of deep vein thrombosis following anticoagulation treatment: a two-year single-center retrospective cohort study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been proved as a significant risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after several waves of pandemic. This study aims to further investigate impact of COVID-19 on pro...

Penehyclidine hydrochloride alleviates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting pyroptosis

The aim of this research was to examine how penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) impacts the occurrence of pyroptosis in lung tissue cells within a rat model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Retinol and retinol binding protein 4 levels and COVID-19: a Mendelian randomization study

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has struck globally. Whether the related proteins of retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway are causally associated with the risk of COVID-19 remains unestablish...

Diagnosis model of early Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia based on convolutional neural network: a comparison with traditional PCR diagnostic method

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is an interstitial pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ). The diagnosis of PJP primarily relies on the detection of the pathogen from lower respiratory tract speci...

A case of hypercalcemia from Pneumocystis jirovecii in an immunosuppressed non-HIV patient

The prevalence of non-HIV related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is increasing with use of immunosuppressive therapies. There are case reports of solid organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive the...

Embosphere microspheres size for bronchial artery embolization in patients with hemoptysis caused by bronchiectasis: a retrospective comparative analysis of 500–750 versus 700–900 μm microspheres

Bronchial arterial embolization (BAE) has been accepted as an effective treatment for bronchiectasis-related hemoptysis. However, rare clinical trials compare different sizes of specific embolic agents. This s...

Native-lung complications following single-lung transplantation for interstitial lung disease: an in-depth analysis

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents a heterogeneous group of lung disorders characterized by fibrotic lung tissue changes. In regions with severe donor shortages, single-lung transplantation (SLTx) is o...

Treatment of malignant airway obstruction with Y-shape sigma stent loaded with I 125 seeds installed via rigid bronchoscopy

To summarize and analyze the safety and efficacy of a Y-shape Sigma stent loaded with I 125 in patients with inoperable malignant main airway obstruction.

Longitudinal assessment of interstitial lung abnormalities on CT in patients with COPD using artificial intelligence-based segmentation: a prospective observational study

Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) on CT may affect the clinical outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their quantification remains unestablished. This study examined ...

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and mixed connective tissue disease complicating pulmonary hypertension

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been extensively studied in various causes of pulmonary hypertension (PH), but its utility as a noninvasive marker remains highly debated. The objective of our study ...

Transient pulmonary and gastric bleeding after iopamidol administration in a patient with marginal zone lymphoma: a case report

Iopamidol is a non-ionic, water-soluble iodine contrast agent that is considered safe for intravenous or intra-arterial administration and is widely used both in the general population and in patients undergoi...

Association between high-flow nasal cannula use and mortality in patients with sepsis-induced acute lung injury: a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has emerged as a promising noninvasive method for delivering oxygen to critically ill patients, particularly those with sepsis and acute lung injury. However, uncertainties persi...

Effects and long-term outcomes of endurance versus resistance training as an adjunct to standard medication in patients with stable COPD: a multicenter randomized trial

Comparisons between endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT) have produced equivocal findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The purpose of our study is to investigate th...

Abnormal expression of LCA and CD43 in SCLC: a rare case report and brief literature review

To present an unusual case of abnormal LCA expression and CD43 in SCLC and to review the reported literature to avoid potential diagnostic pitfalls.

Unusual cause of muscle weakness, type II respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension: a case report of ryanodine receptor type 1( RYR1) -related myopathy

Patients with congenital myopathies may experience respiratory involvement, resulting in restrictive ventilatory dysfunction and respiratory failure. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with this condition ...

Lung cancer in older patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a report of three cases

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing vasculitis predominantly affecting small to medium vessels. The survival rates have drasticall...

A pulmonary artery was embolized in a patient with an occluded pulmonary vein to manage massive hemoptysis

Stenosis and obliteration of the pulmonary vein can be developed by multiple diseases and might cause hemoptysis. Traditional therapy including surgical procedure and conservative treatments might be inappropr...

Incidence and characteristics of aspiration pneumonia in the Nagasaki Prefecture from 2005 to 2019

Aspiration pneumoniae remains a major health concern, particularly in the older population and has poor prognosis; however, the concept itself remains vague worldwide. This study aimed to determine the actual ...

The role of colchicine in the management of COVID-19: a Meta-analysis

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has robustly affected the global healthcare and economic systems and it was caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical presentation of the disease range...

Asthma medication adherence, control, and psychological symptoms: a cross-sectional study

Nonadherence to therapies and psychological disorders are associated with poor asthma control. This study aims to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, asthma control, and adherence to inha...

A first look at the reliability, validity and responsiveness of L-PF-35 dyspnea domain scores in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Dyspnea impairs quality of life (QOL) in patients with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP). The Living with Pulmonary Fibrosis questionnaire (L-PF) assesses symptoms, their impacts and PF-related QOL i...

Use of serum KL-6 and chest radiographic severity grade to predict 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a global social and economic impact. An easy assessment procedure to handily identify the mortality risk of inpatients is urgently needed in clinical practice. There...

Muscle loss phenotype in COPD is associated with adverse outcomes in the UK Biobank

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with systemic consequences that can cause a muscle loss phenotype (MLP), which is characterized by the loss of muscle mass, muscl...

Causal impact of gut microbiota and associated metabolites on pulmonary arterial hypertension: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) exhibit a distinct gut microbiota profile; however, the causal association between gut microbiota, associated metabolites, and PAH remains elusive. We aimed ...

A prospective study on direct out-of-pocket expenses of hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a Philippine tertiary care center

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines and majority of the economic burden lies in hospitalizations during an exacerbation. Despite cover...

Abnormal heart rate responses to exercise in non-severe COPD: relationship with pulmonary vascular volume and ventilatory efficiency

Despite being a prognostic predictor, cardiac autonomic dysfunction (AD) has not been well investigated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to characterise computed tomography (CT), spiro...

Etiology of bacterial pneumonia and multi-drug resistance pattern among pneumonia suspected patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bacterial pneumonia can affect all age groups, but people with weakened immune systems, young children, and the elderly are at a higher risk. Streptococcus pneumoniae , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenza...

Adenocarcinoma originating in the anterior mediastinum diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial cryobiopsy: a case report

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial cryobiopsy (EBUS-cryobiopsy) is advantageous for collecting larger specimens with minimal crushing; however, it has not been widely used for mediastinal tumors.

The association between frailty and survival in patients with pleural disease: a retrospective cohort study

There are currently no data on the relationship between frailty and mortality in pleural disease. Understanding the relationship between frailty and outcomes is increasingly important for clinicians to guide d...

Anti-synthase syndrome associated with SARS-Cov-2 infection

Anti-synthetase syndrome (AS) is a rare autoimmune idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) with diverse manifestations, including arthritis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), Raynaud’s phenomenon, unexplained pe...

The Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO)- test as add-on test in the diagnostic work-up of asthma: a study protocol

Asthma is a common disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower airways, bronchial hyperactivity, and (reversible) airway obstruction. The Global Initiative of Asthma Guideline recommends a flowc...

Latent tuberculosis infection and infection-associated risk factors for miner workers with silicosis in eastern China

Silicosis people are at high risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis. Whether silica exposure increases the likelihood of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was not well understood, and potential factors i...

A prognostic model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis constructed based on macrophage and mitochondria-related genes

Studies have shown that mitochondrial function and macrophages may play a role in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the understanding of the interactions and specific mechanisms ...

Lung adenocarcinoma discovered during the follow-up of lung-dominant connective tissue disease: a case report and literature review

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) can lead to lung cancer, which brings great challenges to differential diagnosis and comprehensive treatment. However, the clinical features of lung-dominant connective tissue d...

Impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy on interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) and diagnostic value in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients

Tuberculosis (TB), a highly contagious respiratory disease, presents a significant global health threat, with a notable increase in incidence reported by the WHO in 2022. Particularly, the interplay between TB...

Extracellular vesicle dynamics in COPD: understanding the role of miR-422a, SPP1 and IL-17 A in smoking-related pathology

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by smoking poses a significant global health challenge. Recent findings highlight the crucial role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating miRNA regula...

Bronchiectasis-associated infections and outcomes in a large, geographically diverse electronic health record cohort in the United States

Bronchiectasis is a pulmonary disease characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi and recurring respiratory infections. Few studies have described the microbiology and prevalence of infections in lar...

Outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with OSA-COPD overlap syndrome versus COPD alone: an analysis of US Nationwide Inpatient Sample

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with unfavorable outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The purpose of this study was to compar...

A case of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis during the course of treatment of rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia associated with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (APAP) is a diffuse lung disease that causes abnormal accumulation of lipoproteins in the alveoli; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. Recently, APAP cases have...

Physical activity and lung function association in a healthy community-dwelling European population

The association of physical activity (PA) and lung function (LF) varies from no measurable effect to delayed LF decline. We assessed the association between accelerometery-assessed PA and LF in a sample of app...

Prior pneumococcal vaccination improves in-hospital mortality among elderly population hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia

Pneumococcal vaccination is a preventive method to reduce pneumonia related mortality. However, real-world data on efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine in reducing mortality is lacking, especially in elderly p...

Association of CCND1 rs9344 polymorphism with lung cancer susceptibility and clinical outcomes: a case-control study

Cyclin D1 ( CCND1 ) plays a pivotal role in cancer susceptibility and the platinum-based chemotherapy response. This study aims to assess the relationship between a common polymorphism (rs9344 G > A) in CCND1 gene ...

An immune-related adverse event of Behcet’s-like syndrome following pembrolizumab treatment

In recent years, the emergence of immunotherapy has renewed therapeutic modality. Different from traditional anti-tumor therapy, immune-related adverse events of skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, lung, endo...

Effect of lung isolation with different airway devices on postoperative pneumonia in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a propensity score-matched study

Postoperative pneumonia is one of the common complications after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. There is no related study on the effect of lung isolation with different airway devices on postoperative p...

Patient experience with bronchoscopy: topical versus monitored anesthesia

This study aimed to compare patient experiences during bronchoscopy procedures using either topical anesthesia (TA) or monitored anesthesia care (MA). The goal was to identify circumstances where patients coul...

Genetic association between smoking and DLCO in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients

Observational studies have shown that smoking is related to the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Nevertheless, further investi...

Impact of recipient and donor pretransplantation body mass index on early postosperative complications after lung transplantation

Prior studies have assessed the impact of the pretransplantation recipient body mass index (BMI) on patient outcomes after lung transplantation (LT), but they have not specifically addressed early postoperativ...

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Dissertation Library

Our last decade has included the following phd dissertations, some of the exciting academic accomplishments from students and mentors of the pulmonary center:.

Claire Burgess Generation of Human Alveolar Epithelial Type I Cells From Pluripotent Stem Cells Mentor: Darrell Kotton Molecular & Translational Medicine

Mike Breen Extravascular B Cell Populations in the Influenza A Virus Experienced Lung Mentors: Rachel Fearns and Joseph P. Mizgerd Microbiology PhD

Elim Na The cytoprotective effects of leukemia inhibitory factor during bacterial pneumonia Mentor: Lee J. Quinton Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Christine Odom Liver-dependent lung remodeling during systemic inflammation alters responses to secondary infection Mentor: Lee J. Quinton Microbiology PhD

Carolina Lyon De Ana Novel subsets of resident lymphocytes in murine lungs recovered from pneumococcal pneumonia Mentor: Joseph P. Mizgerd Microbiology PhD

Emad Arafa Recovery from pneumococcal pneumonia remodels the pool of alveolar macrophages Mentor: Joseph P. Mizgerd Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Kim Barker The establishment and function of lung resident memory B cells after bacterial respiratory infection Mentor: Joseph P. Mizgerd Microbiology PhD

Elizabeth Becker Derivation of airway epithelium transcriptomic signatures of COPD phenotypes Mentor: Katrina Steiling Bioinformatics GRS PhD

Julia Hicks-Berthet Roles for YAP and TAZ in Lung Epithelial Biology Mentor: Bob Varelas Biochemistry PhD

Xu Ke Airway Gene Expression Alterations in Association with Radiographic Abnormalities of the Lung Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics MD/PhD

Nathan Kingston Roles for Hippo effectors TAZ and YAP in cancer and fibrosis Mentor: Bob Varelas Biomedical Sciences (PiBS) PhD

Xingyi Shi Bronchial Gene Expression Associated with Airway Premalignancy and Lung Cancer Subtypes Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Yuliang (Leon) Sun The role of ATP binding cassette A3 (ABCA3) in health and disease using pluripotent stem cell-derived type II alveolar epithelial cells Mentor: Darrell Kotton Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Jiarui Zhang Genomic biomarker development to impact clinical management of patients at risk for lung cancer Mentor: Marc Lenburg Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Anant Balijepalli Design, synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a cationic poly-amido-saccharide towards biocompatible nucleic acid delivery Mentor: Mark Grinstaff Biomedical Engineering PhD

Sean Corbett Approaches for identifying lung cell type responses to perturbation Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Yuri Kim Liver-dependent protection during pneumonia and sepsis Mentor: Lee J. Quinton Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

George Kwong Induced pluripotent stem cell reporter systems for smooth muscle cell sheet engineering Mentor: Darrell Kotton Biomedical Engineering PhD

Timothy Norman Origin and maturation of the pulmonary lymphatic endothelium Mentor: Alan Fine Pathology PhD

Alicia Wooten Pneumococcal phosphodiesterase 2 mutation elicits a unique type I interferon response in macrophages Mentor: Joseph P. Mizgerd Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Julia Barrios Neural regulation of the pulmonary neuroendocrine system induce mucus overproduction Mentor: Xingbin Ai Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Grant Duclos Characterization of smoking-associated transcriptomic alterations to the human bronchial epithelium Mentor: Avrum Spira Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Terry Hsieh Mild traumatic brain injury augments innate immune responses through neurokinin and cholinergic signaling Mentor: Daniel Remick Pathology Md/PhD

Anjali Jacob Generation of mature type II alveolar epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells Mentor: Darrell Kotton Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Jacob Josef Kantrowitz Transcriptomic alterations underlying pathogenesis and carcinogenesis in COPD Mentor: Marc Lenburg Molecular and Translational Medicine MD/PhD

Ana Brandusa Pavel Multi-omics data integration for the detection and characterization of smoking related lung diseases Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Katherine Benson McCauley Pluripotent stem cell modeling of airway epithelial fate Mentor: Darrell Kotton Molecular Biology PhD

Joseph Perez-Rogers Development of a minimally invasive molecular biomarker for early detection of lung cancer Mentor: Marc Lenburg/Avrum Spira Bioinformatics PhD

Aleksander Szymaniak Polarity and Hippo signaling in epithelial cell fate regulation Mentor: Bob Varelas Biochemistry PhD

Fadie Coleman: Influence of macrophage NF-kappaB activation on pneumococcal pneumonia Mentor: Joseph P. Mizgerd Microbiology PhD

Elyse Kozlowski: Functional roles for the terminal uridyltransferase enzymes Zcchc6 and Zcchc11 in mammalian biology Mentor: Matthew R. Jones Molecular and Translational Medicine PhD

Nicole Stauffer Smith: Respiratory infections with pneumococci establish multi-pronged heterotypic protection against pneumonia Mentor: Joseph P. Mizgerd Pathology and Laboratory Medicine PhD

Greg Wasserman: A discrete population of ciliated cells express the piRNA binding protein MIWI2 to regulate lung inflammation Mentor: Matthew R. Jones Microbiology PhD

Kristie Hilliard The functional significance of the lung-liver axis during pneumonia Mentor: Lee J. Quinton Microbiology PhD

Rebecca Kusko Integrative transcriptomics in smoking related lung diseases Mentor: Avrum Spira Genetics & Genomics PhD

Teresa Wang Transcriptomics of the human airway epithelium reflect the physiologic response to inhaled environmental pollutants Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Joseph Gerrein Using gene and microRNA expression in the human airway for lung cancer diagnosis Mentor: Avrum Spira Bioinformatics PhD

Kahkeshan Hijazi The airway transcriptome as a measure of injury response to and recovery from smoking and alternative tobacco products Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

John Mahoney The role of Yap in lung development Mentor: Wellington Cardoso Pathology & Laboratory Medicine PhD

Linh Aven Innervation defects as a mechanism of childhood asthma Mentor: Xingbin Ai Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Biology PhD

John Brothers Characterizing and reassembling the COPD and ILD transcriptome using RNA-Seq Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Radhika Dixit The contribution of mesothelial cells to lung development Mentor: Alan Fine Molecular Medicine PhD

Joshua Campbell Genome-wide characterization of microRNA and gene expression patterns in smoking-related lung disease Mentor: Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Julie Gil Zeskind Gene expression alterations associated with progression of emphysema and small airway disease in smokers with COPD Mentor: Avrum Spira/Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Adam Gower Discovering biological connections between experimental conditions based on common patterns of differential gene expression Mentor: Avrum Spira/Marc Lenburg Bioinformatics PhD

Insights in Pulmonary Medicine: 2021

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We are now entering the third decade of the 21st Century, and, especially in the last years, the achievements made by scientists have been exceptional, leading to major advancements in the fast-growing field of Pulmonary Medicine. Frontiers has organized a series of Research Topics to highlight the latest ...

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The following represent additions to UpToDate from the past six months that were considered by the editors and authors to be of particular interest. The most recent What's New entries are at the top of each subsection.

Association between gut bacteriophage abundance and asthma risk (April 2024)

The abundance and diversity of gut flora and their interaction with the immune system have been associated with a predisposition to childhood asthma. A recent study examined the role of the fecal virome, predominantly comprising temperate bacteriophages, in a Danish birth cohort of 647 one-year-old children who were subsequently longitudinally assessed for asthma [ 1 ]. The relative abundance of certain viral families was associated with subsequent asthma development, and the viromes in turn were associated with early life exposures (eg, siblings and season of birth). The association between virome and asthma was not mediated by the impact on gut bacteria, suggesting independent effects on the developing immune system. (See "Risk factors for asthma", section on 'Influence of microbiome' .)

Tapering inhaled corticosteroids in asthma patients responding to biologics (December 2023)

Strategies for tapering other asthma therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), for patients who achieve good asthma control with biologics has not been well studied. In an open-label, randomized trial of 168 adults with a history of severe eosinophilic asthma and good control on benralizumab and high-dose ICS, 43 patients were assigned to an ongoing high-dose ICS-formoterol regimen and 125 patients were assigned to a 32-week taper protocol (medium-, low-, and as-needed dosing of ICS-formoterol) [ 2 ]. In the tapering arm, 92 percent of patients achieved lower doses of ICS, with only 9 percent experiencing exacerbations. However, significant decreases in FEV 1 and increases in fraction of exhaled nitric oxide occurred in patients using the least amount of as-needed ICS-formoterol after their taper. These data suggest that most patients well-controlled on biologics may be successfully tapered to regimens containing medium- or low-dose ICS with long-acting bronchodilators. However, the safety and efficacy of tapering to as-needed ICS-formoterol requires further study. (See "Treatment of severe asthma in adolescents and adults", section on 'Tapering therapy' .)

Long distance effect of wildfire smoke on asthma symptoms (October 2023)

Wildfire fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) has been shown to affect respiratory health; however, previous work has focused on populations residing near and directly affected by wildfires. In June 2023, smoke from wildfires in Canada drifted hundreds of miles to New York City, resulting in increased ambient PM 2.5 . During smoke waves, emergency department visits for asthma in both pediatric and adult patients increased to 261 per day (reference during nonsmoke periods, 181.5 per day; incidence rate ratio 1.4) [ 3 ]. Wildfires have health effects far from their source and are particularly hazardous to those with underlying lung disease. (See "Climate emergencies", section on 'Changing wildfire exposure' .)

Palliative telehealth for patients with COPD, HF, and ILD (February 2024)

Although adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure (HF), and interstitial lung disease (ILD) have poor quality of life, data on the efficacy of palliative care measures are limited. In a trial of 306 patients who were at high risk of death due to advanced COPD, HF, or ILD, those assigned to receive six nurse phone calls for symptom management and six social worker phone calls for psychosocial care had higher quality of life (based on standardized questionnaires) at six months compared with those who received usual care [ 4 ]. Telephonic palliative care interventions may be an important tool for patients with advanced cardiopulmonary disease. (See "Palliative care for adults with nonmalignant chronic lung disease", section on 'Use and benefits of palliative care' .)

Significance of airway dilation on computed tomography and symptoms in patients at risk for COPD (October 2023)

Smokers and former smokers without airway obstruction but with respiratory symptoms or pulmonary imaging abnormalities are considered at risk for COPD, but their long-term prognosis is uncertain. In a recent study of over 3200 smokers and former smokers with normal spirometry, individuals with a computed tomography (CT)-derived marker of airway dilation and clinical symptoms (cough, phlegm production, dyspnea, or respiratory exacerbations) had increased 10-year mortality compared with those without CT-derived airway dilation (23 versus 11 percent, adjusted mortality difference 15 percent) [ 5 ]. These investigational data suggest that clinical and imaging features of airway disease have prognostic significance in patients at risk for COPD, but further study is needed to determine the value of detecting airway dilation in this population. (See "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Diagnosis and staging", section on 'Additional testing' .)

CRITICAL CARE

Incidence of transfusion-related acute lung injury (April 2024)

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a potentially fatal complication of transfusion characterized by rapid-onset noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The incidence is challenging to determine due to differing case definitions and reliance on passive reporting (requiring the clinician to notify the transfusion medicine service). A new meta-analysis that included approximately 176 million transfused blood components provides estimates from active surveillance studies [ 6 ]. For red blood cells, TRALI occurred with 0.17 of 10,000 units; for platelets, 0.31 of 10,000 units; and for plasma, 3.19 of 10,000 units (the incidence for plasma was much lower when two outlier studies were removed). TRALI remains rare and has been significantly reduced by mitigation measures such as excluding plasma from multiparous female donors; nevertheless, these numbers suggest it is more common than estimated by passive surveillance. (See "Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)", section on 'Epidemiology' .)

Gradual or one-step weaning for ventilatory withdrawal (April 2024)

Few studies have compared the two main approaches used to withdraw ventilatory support at the end of life: gradual weaning (gradual reduction in oxygen and pressure support with intermittent medication as needed) and one-step weaning (immediate extubation with peri-extubation medication support). A recent randomized study compared one-step weaning with a nurse-led gradual weaning algorithm in 168 patients [ 7 ]. Less respiratory distress was experienced by the 48 patients in the gradual weaning group, despite receiving less opioids and benzodiazepines. This study supports our practice of gradual weaning for most patients undergoing withdrawal of life support. However, one-step weaning may be suitable for select patients (eg, severe neurological injuries and minimal ventilatory support needs). (See "Withholding and withdrawing ventilatory support in adults in the intensive care unit", section on 'Withdrawal of ventilatory support' .)

Ideal oxygen targets in COVID-19 (April 2024)

In patients with acute respiratory failure due to coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), ideal oxygenation targets are unclear. A recent study of spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated hospitalized adults with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 reported that targeting an arterial oxygen tension (PaO 2 ) ≥60 mmHg was associated with more days alive without ventilatory support compared with a target ≥90 mmHg [ 8 ]. However, there was no overall mortality benefit. Although the study was limited by lack of blinding and early cessation for slow enrollment, it supports our recommendation of targeting a peripheral oxygen saturation between 90 and 96 percent or PaO 2 ≥60 mmHg, when feasible. (See "COVID-19: Respiratory care of the nonintubated hypoxemic adult (supplemental oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and intubation)", section on 'Oxygenation targets' .)

ATS definition of a "time-limited trial" for potentially inappropriate therapies (March 2024)

When responding to requests for potentially inappropriate therapies, the American Thoracic Society (ATS) has recently promoted and defined the components of a "time-limited trial." The ATS describe it as a collaborative plan among clinicians and a patient and/or their surrogates to use life-sustaining therapy for a defined duration, after which the patient’s response to therapy informs the decision to continue care directed toward recovery, transition to comfort care, or extend the trial's duration [ 9 ]. They describe 16 core elements in four phases (consider, plan, support, and reassess) to be mostly implemented by intensivists. We agree with this approach. (See "Responding to requests for potentially inappropriate or futile therapies in adult intensive care unit", section on 'Placing limits on treatment' .)

Updated guideline on postoperative delirium in adults (February 2024)

The European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine has published an updated guideline on postoperative delirium (POD) [ 10 ]. Recommendations include preoperatively screening older adults for risk factors for POD and multicomponent nonpharmacological interventions for all patients with risk factors. In addition, review of recent evidence showed that perioperative use of dexmedetomidine was associated with a lower incidence of POD, particularly when administered postoperatively in the intensive care unit. We agree with the recommendations and often use dexmedetomidine in the perioperative period to reduce the incidence of POD in high-risk patients. (See "Perioperative neurocognitive disorders in adults: Risk factors and mitigation strategies", section on 'Intravenous agents associated with lower risk' .)

Diagnostic errors in hospitalized patients (February 2024)

Diagnostic errors are important causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. In a retrospective cohort study conducted in 29 hospitals of 2428 adults who were transferred to an intensive care unit (ICU), 23.0 percent were judged to have experienced a diagnostic error [ 11 ]. In approximately 80 percent of these patients, errors were thought to have contributed to harm or death. Diagnostic errors in hospitalized patients can have serious consequences and are targets for safety improvements. (See "Diagnostic errors", section on 'Adult medicine' .)

Guidelines on management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (February 2024)

The American Thoracic Society recently updated their guidelines on the management of patients ventilated for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [ 12 ]. Compared with previous recommendations, emphasis was placed on the value of systemic corticosteroid administration, early use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and use of neuromuscular blockade, particularly in patients with severe ARDS. Recommendations also focus on the avoidance of recruitment maneuvers, especially prolonged maneuvers. We agree with these recommendations. (See "Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Ventilator management strategies for adults", section on 'Introduction' .)

New proposed definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (February 2024)

A new "global definition" of acute respiratory distress syndrome has been proposed ( table 1 ) [ 13 ]. This new definition expands upon the older Berlin definition to include ultrasound for the evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates, the additional use of peripheral oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO 2 /FiO 2 ) to assess oxygenation, and the use of separate criteria for patients on high-flow oxygen or noninvasive ventilation. Accommodations were also made for diagnostic criteria for patients in resource-limited settings. We agree with the proposed changes and their future implementation. (See "Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and complications in adults", section on 'Clinical diagnosis' .)

Routine prone positioning not beneficial in ARDS during ECMO (January 2024)

Whether prone positioning benefits patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) undergoing venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) is unclear. In a recent randomized trial of 170 patients with mostly COVID-related ARDS, routine prone positioning during V-V ECMO did not alter outcomes including ECMO duration, length of stay, and 90-day mortality when compared with V-V ECMO in the supine position [ 14 ]. However, a significant proportion of patients were prone before enrollment which may have impacted the results. In addition, the results are not generalizable to the non-COVID ARDS population. Until data show benefit, we do not support the routine application of prone positioning during V-V ECMO in ARDS. (See "Extracorporeal life support in adults: Management of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO)", section on 'Management of refractory hypoxemia during ECMO' .)

Emerging microbiologic colonization in mechanically ventilated patients (January 2024)

Mechanically ventilated patients act as reservoirs for hospital-acquired pathogens, including Staphylococcus , Pseudomonas, and Aspergillus species. However, a recent surveillance study of 51 acute care and long-term health care facilities reported the emergence of two additional species in mechanically ventilated patients, Acinetobacter baumannii (31 percent of patients, and one-half were carbapenem-resistant) and Candida auris (7 percent, and one-third were newly identified) [ 15 ]. Clinicians should be aware of emerging microbiologic species in their local facility so that appropriate surveillance can be conducted and antimicrobial therapy initiated, if indicated. (See "Clinical and physiologic complications of mechanical ventilation: Overview", section on 'Aspiration and ventilator-associated pneumonia and microbial colonization' .)

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (December 2023)

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is being increasingly used, but data are limited and the benefits are uncertain. In a recent meta-analysis of 11 studies (10,000 patients) who underwent CPR, compared with standard CPR, ECPR was associated with decreased in-hospital mortality and increased long-term favorable neurologic outcome and survival at one year [ 16 ]. The benefit of ECPR was confined to patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest. These data support the growing practice of ECPR in select patients likely to benefit. (See "Extracorporeal life support in adults: Management of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO)", section on 'Sudden cardiac arrest (extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation)' .)

Sighs during mechanical ventilation (December 2023)

A ventilatory sigh refers to the administration of a deep breath every few minutes, which in prior studies was proven to maintain lung volume and to avoid atelectasis. However, sighs subsequently fell out of favor when high lung volumes were shown to be harmful. In a recent trial of over 500 ventilated trauma patients, compared with usual care, intermittent sigh volumes delivered every six minutes (plateau pressure 35 cm H 2 0) did not increase the number of ventilator-free days or 28-day mortality [ 17 ]. There were few adverse events, but sigh-related hypotension was seen in 2 percent. While encouraging, further data are needed before sighs can be routinely applied during mechanical ventilation. (See "Overview of initiating invasive mechanical ventilation in adults in the intensive care unit", section on 'Intermittent sigh' .)

Heart rate control in septic shock (December 2023)

Beta blockade has the potential to limit harm from the adrenergic overdrive that occurs in septic shock. However, data to support heart rate control in patients with septic shock are limited. In a recent, unblinded randomized trial of 126 patients with septic shock-related tachycardia (heart rate ≥95/min) who were receiving norepinephrine, the beta blocker landiolol did not reduce organ failure as measured by the sequential organ failure assessment score [ 18 ]. Furthermore, landiolol was associated with increased 28-day mortality compared with standard care (37 versus 25 percent). We continue to avoid the routine use of beta blockers in patients with septic shock. (See "Investigational and ineffective pharmacologic therapies for sepsis", section on 'Heart rate control' .)

No benefit to tight glucose control in critically ill patients (December 2023)

In earlier studies that showed benefit from tight glucose control in critically ill patients, early parenteral nutrition was a potential variable that influenced the outcome. In a recent study of over 9000 patients in whom parenteral nutrition was withheld for a week, 90-day mortality, duration of intensive care unit care, and several other outcomes (eg, infections) were similar when liberal glucose control was compared with tight glucose control [ 19 ]. These results are consistent with more recent studies that support the use of liberal rather than tight targets for glucose control in critically ill patients. (See "Glycemic control in critically ill adult and pediatric patients", section on 'Adults' .)

Liberal transfusion strategy for acute myocardial infarction (December 2023)

Restrictive transfusion (transfusing at a lower hemoglobin, typically <7 or 8 g/dL) is appropriate for most patients based on evidence from randomized trials, but trial data for patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) have been slower to accumulate. In the MINT trial, which randomly assigned 3504 patients with acute MI and anemia to a restrictive or liberal (transfusing for hemoglobin <10 g/dL) strategy, there was a trend toward better outcomes with the liberal strategy without an increased risk of adverse events [ 20 ]. We now suggest a liberal strategy for acute MI. A slightly lower hemoglobin may be reasonable for stable, asymptomatic patients, and patients with hemodynamic instability may require a higher hemoglobin. (See "Indications and hemoglobin thresholds for RBC transfusion in adults", section on 'Acute MI' .)

Nasal decolonization in intensive care units (November 2023)

To reduce hospital-acquired infections, many hospitals provide nasal decolonization with either mupirocin or an iodophor to all patients in intensive care units (ICUs). In a cluster-randomized trial in over 130 hospitals that used universal nasal mupirocin and daily chlorhexidine bathing for ICU patients, switching to nasal iodophor was associated with a higher rate of Staphylococcus aureus growth on clinical cultures than continuing with mupirocin [ 21 ]. There was no difference in the rate of bloodstream infection from any pathogen. For hospitals that elect to use nasal decolonization in the ICU, we suggest mupirocin rather than iodophors. This practice may be particularly beneficial in ICUs with high rates of S. aureus infections, including methicillin-resistant strains. (See "Nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit: Epidemiology and prevention", section on 'Patient bathing plus decolonization' .)

Guidelines for fever management in critically ill patients (November 2023)

Updated guidelines on the management of fever in the intensive care unit have been recently published by the Society for Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America [ 22 ]. Differences with the previous guidelines include an emphasis on the use of core methods when feasible (eg, pulmonary artery catheter, bladder, esophageal) and oral or rectal measurement when not feasible. Also promoted was the use of bedside imaging (eg, ultrasonography) in the evaluation process and biomarkers to facilitate duration of antimicrobial therapy. We agree with the recommendations, most of which were based upon weak evidence. (See "Fever in the intensive care unit", section on 'Temperature measurement' .)

Diagnostic "mini" bronchoalveolar lavage for ventilator-associated pneumonia (November 2023)

Bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Mini-BAL is less invasive than BAL and can be performed in ventilated patients by nurses and respiratory therapists with lower rates of complications. A meta-analysis of six studies in which patients underwent both mini- and bronchoscopic BAL (in succession) reported a sensitivity of mini-BAL for VAP that was 0.9 and a specificity that was 0.83 [ 23 ]. These results confirm the role of mini-BAL as a reasonable alternative to bronchoscopic BAL for the diagnosis of VAP. (See "Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of ventilator-associated pneumonia", section on 'Invasive respiratory sampling' .)

Adverse effects with piperacillin-tazobactam versus cefepime (November 2023)

Observational data have raised concerns for nephrotoxicity with piperacillin-tazobactam (when given with vancomycin ) and neurotoxicity with cefepime . In an open-label trial of over 2500 patients randomly assigned to piperacillin-tazobactam versus cefepime, the incidence of major kidney events was comparable between groups (9 versus 10 percent), including among the 1900 patients who also received vancomycin [ 24 ]. Median antibiotic use was three days. Although the incidence of neurotoxicity (primarily delirium) was higher with cefepime (21 versus 17 percent), imbalances in baseline delirium rates reduce confidence in that finding. These data reduce concern for nephrotoxicity with short-term coadministration of piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin (eg, for initial empiric therapy). For those who warrant prolonged therapy with vancomycin plus an antipseudomonal agent, we weigh the uncertain risks of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity when choosing between piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime. (See "Beta-lactam antibiotics: Mechanisms of action and resistance and adverse effects", section on 'Renal reactions' .)

Sulbactam-durlobactam for Acinetobacter infections (November 2023)

Antibiotic options for infections due to Acinetobacter spp are limited due to high rates of resistance. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved a new beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic, sulbactam-durlobactam . In an international randomized trial of 125 patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter infection (mainly hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia), sulbactam-durlobactam resulted in a trend toward lower all-cause mortality that was not statistically significant (19 versus 32 percent) and a higher clinical cure rate (62 versus 40 percent) compared with colistin [ 25 ]. We reserve this agent for patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia or bacteremia due to susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii complex isolates that are resistant to other first-line agents (ie, other beta-lactams, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones). (See "Acinetobacter infection: Treatment and prevention", section on 'First-line antibiotics' .)

Uncertain role for inhaled antibiotics in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (November 2023)

Whether inhaled antibiotics are effective in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is unclear. In a randomized trial of 850 patients on mechanical ventilation for 72 to 96 hours, daily inhaled amikacin for the next 3 days reduced the 28-day incidence of VAP compared with placebo (15 versus 22 percent) but did not reduce the number of days on mechanical ventilation, days of antibiotic utilization, or mortality [ 26 ]. While promising, the lack of benefit for patient-important outcomes reduces our confidence in the preventive value of inhaled antibiotics, and thus we have not adopted this practice in our intensive care units. (See "Risk factors and prevention of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults", section on 'Inhaled antibiotics' .)

Variable transfusion practices in the ICU (November 2023)

Adherence to restrictive transfusion thresholds (transfusing at a hemoglobin of <7 or <8 g/dL, depending on the indication) is an important principle of patient blood management, but clinical judgment remains important in transfusion decisions, especially for symptomatic patients. In a multicenter study involving patients in 233 intensive care units (ICUs) across six continents, most ICUs gave transfusions to individuals with hemoglobin above the restrictive threshold of 7 g/dL [ 27 ]. Common transfusion indications other than low hemoglobin were active bleeding and hemodynamic instability. Further study of the variabilities in transfusion practice are warranted, especially in critically ill individuals. (See "Use of blood products in the critically ill", section on 'Symptomatic patients may require higher hemoglobin targets' .)

Convalescent plasma in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 (November 2023)

Most randomized trials have not demonstrated a benefit for convalescent plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and we do not routinely use it in this setting. However, an open-label trial of 475 patients who were mechanically ventilated for severe COVID-19 did report a reduction in 28-day mortality with high-titer convalescent plasma compared with standard care (35 versus 45 percent) [ 28 ]. The inconsistency of this finding compared with the lack of effect in most other trials decreases confidence in the mortality benefit. Furthermore, the value of convalescent plasma against Omicron variants and in the context of contemporary management remains uncertain, as only a few patients in the trial had Omicron infection and most received only dexamethasone without other immunomodulatory agents. (See "COVID-19: Management in hospitalized adults", section on 'Limited role for antibody-based therapies (monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma)' .)

Small-volume blood collection tubes to reduce anemia in the intensive care unit (October 2023)

Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) undergo numerous blood draws that could contribute to anemia, but the magnitude and clinical significance are unknown. In a recent trial, switching to small-volume blood collection tubes led to a smaller decline in hemoglobin and a slightly reduced need for transfusion without compromising laboratory analysis [ 29 ]. Use of smaller collection tubes may be a useful approach to minimizing anemia in ICU patients. (See "Use of blood products in the critically ill", section on 'Preventing and treating other causes of anemia' .)

Aerosol generation during noninvasive respiratory support modalities (October 2023)

Studies have reported conflicting data as to whether high levels of aerosols are generated when noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) is used. In a 2023 systematic review including 12 studies in patients with respiratory infections and 15 studies in healthy volunteers, use of NIV or HFNO was not associated with increased generation of pathogen-laden aerosols compared with controls with unsupported normal or labored breathing, low-flow nasal oxygen, or oxygen or nonrebreather mask [ 30 ]. Inconsistency among studies may reflect differences in sampling and detection methodologies and operating room ventilation. Notably, the National Health Service in the United Kingdom has removed mask ventilation, intubation, and extubation from its list of aerosol-generating procedures. (See "Overview of infection control during anesthetic care", section on 'Considerations during aerosol-generating procedures' .)

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE

LUNG CANCER

Updated lung cancer screening reporting system (Lung-RADS) (January 2024)

A new version of the lung computed tomographic screening reporting and data system (Lung-RADS [LR]) has been published ( table 2 ) [ 31 ]. LR categories of 0 to 4 were retained (ie, low-risk to high-risk findings). New changes compared with the older version include the description of atypical pulmonary cysts as well as juxtapleural and airway nodules, and new surveillance options for inflammatory lesions. Clarification was also given on the definition of a growing nodule. We agree with the updated changes. (See "Lung-RADS standardized reporting for low-dose computed tomography for lung cancer screening", section on 'Lung-RADS (LR) categories: Assigning lung cancer risk' .)

LUNG TRANSPLANTATION

Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine for chronic lung transplant rejection (January 2024)

Effective strategies for the prevention of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), a term for chronic rejection, have been limited. In a recent trial of 249 patients, individuals randomly assigned to daily tacrolimus after lung transplantation demonstrated decreased incidence of CLAD over 36 months compared with those assigned to twice daily cyclosporine (39 versus 13 percent) [ 32 ]. Patients in the tacrolimus group had fewer acute rejection episodes and a better side effect profile. Based upon these data and findings from previous trials, we recommend tacrolimus over cyclosporine as part of the initial maintenance immunosuppression regimen for lung transplant recipients. (See "Maintenance immunosuppression following lung transplantation", section on 'Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine' .)

Thyroid hormone administration in deceased organ donors (December 2023)

Thyroid hormone administration has been a longstanding component of some organ procurement protocols due to concern that acute hypothyroidism might contribute to hemodynamic instability and left ventricular dysfunction, reducing heart and other organ procurement; however, evidence for the practice has been inconsistent. In a recent trial of 838 hemodynamically unstable, brain-dead donors assigned to receive a levothyroxine infusion or saline placebo, there was little to no difference in number of hearts transplanted or 30-day cardiac graft survival [ 33 ]. Recovery of other organs was similarly unaffected. More cases of severe hypertension or tachycardia occurred in the levothyroxine group than in the saline group. Based on these data, we suggest avoiding thyroid hormone administration in deceased organ donors. (See "Management of the deceased organ donor", section on 'Thyroid hormone' .)

PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE

Unchanged emergency department discharge rates for pulmonary embolism (April 2024)

Outpatient anticoagulation to avoid hospitalization is safe for a select group of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). However, a recent study of over 1.6 million emergency department (ED) visits for PE in the United States reported that ED discharge rates for PE were unchanged between 2012 and 2020 (38 versus 33 percent) [ 34 ]. Among low-risk patients, only one third were discharged from the ED. However, this study was unable to determine whether other factors may have prevented discharge such as drug accessibility, concurrent deep vein thrombosis, and right ventricular burden. Although not conclusive, this study suggests that increased physician awareness is needed to encourage safe ED discharge of low-risk patients with PE. (See "Treatment, prognosis, and follow-up of acute pulmonary embolism in adults" .)

Predicting venous thromboembolism risk in non-major orthopedic surgery (April 2024)

For patients with non-major extremity orthopedic injury or surgery, deciding who should undergo venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is challenging due to the wide range of risk. The Thrombosis Risk Prediction for Patients with cast immobilization or TRiP(cast) score, which predicts VTE risk, was recently derived and validated in nearly 5000 patients with prolonged lower limb casting, mostly for ankle sprain [ 35 ]. Among those assessed as low VTE risk (score <7) and in whom anticoagulation was withheld, the rate of symptomatic VTE was 0.7 percent compared with 2.7 percent among those with a score ≥7 despite anticoagulation. The negative predictive value for this threshold was 99 percent. Use of the score reduced the prescription of anticoagulants by 26 percent compared with baseline prescription levels. While promising, further validation is needed. (See "Prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adults with non-major extremity orthopedic injury with or without surgical repair", section on 'Venous thromboembolism risk' .)

SLEEP MEDICINE

Uncertain role of adaptive servo-ventilation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (February 2024)

In a prior trial (SERVE-HF), positive airway pressure therapy with adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) increased mortality in patients with central sleep apnea (CSA) due to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In the subsequent ADVENT-HF trial, among 731 patients with sleep-disordered breathing (obstructive- or central-predominant) and HFrEF, ASV resulted in similar all-cause mortality relative to standard care for both the overall study population and the subgroup with CSA [ 36 ]. However, the number of patients with CSA was small and confidence intervals were wide for all outcomes. Thus, we continue to avoid use of ASV in patients with CSA due to HFrEF. (See "Central sleep apnea: Treatment", section on 'Patients with ejection fraction ≤40 percent' .)

Management of post-adenotonsillectomy obstructive sleep apnea in children (February 2024)

A new clinical practice guideline on management of persistent obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy in children is available from the American Thoracic Society [ 37 ]. The guideline endorses a multidisciplinary evaluation, which may include drug-induced sleep endoscopy and cine magnetic resonance imaging to identify sites of obstruction and guide further interventions. It also provides conditional recommendations based on low certainty of evidence for interventions ranging from weight loss and continuous positive airway pressure to orthodontic treatments and adjuvant surgical procedures. (See "Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children", section on 'Positive airway pressure' .)

OTHER PULMONARY MEDICINE

Benralizumab in the treatment of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiits (March 2024)

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyposis, and peripheral blood eosinophilia that may be amenable to treatment with biologic agents targeting eosinophilic inflammation via the interleukin-5 (IL-5) pathway. In a randomized trial of 140 patients with relapsing or refractory EGPA, 59 percent of patients receiving benralizumab , an antibody targeting the IL-5 receptors, and 56 percent of patients receiving mepolizumab , an antibody targeting IL-5, achieved remission of disease [ 38 ]. Serious adverse events were uncommon and similar in each group. Based upon these findings, we suggest benralizumab or mepolizumab as glucocorticoid-sparing therapeutic options for individuals with non-severe relapsing or refractory EGPA. (See "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): Treatment and prognosis", section on 'Anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-5R agents' .)

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• Dhar R, Marklin GF, Klinkenberg WD, et al. Intravenous Levothyroxine for Unstable Brain-Dead Heart Donors. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2029.
• Watson NW, Carroll BJ, Krawisz A, et al. Trends in Discharge Rates for Acute Pulmonary Embolism in U.S. Emergency Departments. Ann Intern Med 2024; 177:134.
• Nemeth B, Douillet D, le Cessie S, et al. Clinical risk assessment model to predict venous thromboembolism risk after immobilization for lower-limb trauma. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 20:100270.
• Bradley TD, Logan AG, Lorenzi Filho G, et al. Adaptive servo-ventilation for sleep-disordered breathing in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (ADVENT-HF): a multicentre, multinational, parallel-group, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2024; 12:153.
• Ehsan Z, Ishman SL, Soghier I, et al. Management of Persistent, Post-adenotonsillectomy Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:248.
• Wechsler ME, Nair P, Terrier B, et al. Benralizumab versus Mepolizumab for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:911.

[Basic research in pulmonology]

Affiliation.

• 1 Servicio de Neumología-URMAR, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Departament CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, España. [email protected]
• PMID: 19007569

This is a review of the articles dealing with basic science published in recent issues of Archivos de Bronconeumología. Of particular interest with regard to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were an article on extrapulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress and another on bronchial remodeling. The articles relating to asthma included a review on the use of drugs that block free immunoglobulin-E and an article about the contribution of experimental models to our knowledge of this disease. Two of the most interesting articles on the topic of lung cancer dealt with gene therapy and resistance to chemotherapy. Also notable were 2 studies that investigated ischemia-reperfusion injury. One evaluated tissue resistance to injury while the other analyzed the role played by interleukin-8 in this process. On the topic of pulmonary fibrosis, an article focused on potential biomarkers of progression and prognosis; others dealt with the contribution of experimental models to our understanding of this disorder and the fibrogenic role of transforming growth factor b. In the context of both sleep apnea syndrome and pulmonary infection, studies investigating the role of oxidative stress were published. Finally, 2 studies analyzed the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and other pulmonary infections.

Publication types

• English Abstract
• Bibliometrics*
• Lung Neoplasms
• Lung Transplantation
• Periodicals as Topic / statistics & numerical data*
• Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Pulmonary Medicine*
• Reperfusion Injury
• Respiratory Tract Infections
• Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic

Home » Pay Someone to Write My Medical Thesis » Thesis Topics For MD Pulmonary Medicine

Thesis Topics For MD Pulmonary Medicine Dissertation & Thesis Writing Service & Help

To get a doctor’s degree in MD Pulmonary Medicine, one must complete an academic program that is comprised of both traditional coursework and dissertation study. The dissertation study will cover the details of how you used the research results and data gathered to support your thesis. Most universities require their students to take courses that are related to research in order to earn a doctorate degree, and it is a good idea to be able to discuss your thesis topics with your professors in the event you need to change them.

Dissertation topics are not as standardized as a doctorate program, but the general area of interest can still be narrowed down quite a bit by choosing which of the subjects mentioned above best fits your own interests and goals. You may choose to focus on a specific disease, or on the current state of pulmonary medicine. If you feel like you are interested in a particular area, you should consult with professors and research professionals to find out the topic(s) that they think would best fit your interests and skills.

As with all academic research, it is always a good idea to have an adviser to review your thesis proposal and provide feedback to help you create a quality document. Although it is often easy to become overwhelmed by the amount of information to be included, keeping track of your own research can be very helpful in future projects. For example, if you plan to write a monograph, it is important to understand what type of journal publications or presentations you need to make, how much time you need to spend writing these documents, and how much funding you have available for your research. It is also helpful to have a list of resources available for support in case you need them.

For those who are thinking of pursuing a PhD in MD Pulmonary Medicine, it is also important to consider the number of students in your field as well as the types of research they are doing. Although you may find yourself surrounded by your own field, it may not be the right place to pursue a PhD, especially if your dissertation topic will be based on studies done in an entirely different area.

There are two types of thesis topics: descriptive and analytical. In order to succeed at each, you will need to gather data that support the information provided in your thesis. Using descriptive research, you will need to gather data about the subject in question and then write a detailed study to support the results of your findings. Using analytical research is the opposite of this; instead of gathering data and presenting a theory based on your findings, you are actually testing your hypothesis through empirical evidence, such as a study of the effect of smoking on asthma .

Since you already have at least some knowledge in the area you are studying, it is more important that you work with a qualified dissertation editor to prepare your thesis for MD Pulmonary Medicine. Although the editor will look at your topic as a whole, he or she will focus on identifying the major areas where your information falls short, and then you can use these areas to ensure your dissertation is the most accurate.

When deciding on thesis topics for MD Pulmonary Medicine, keep in mind that while you should be prepared to research all aspects of the research you do, it is also important that you write about the things you know best, and how you believe your research can apply to a specific field. By making sure that your dissertation is not too general, it will be easier for you to make a lasting impact on your field.

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Posted on November 10, 2020 in Pay Someone to Write My Medical Thesis

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Subscribe To Get 1 Weeks access to Premium Thesis Topics. This will not only give you access to premium thesis topics but also you will get guidance for selection of thesis topics as well as guidance for synopsis writing. I’ve a vast experience of guiding pg students for thesis writing as well as getting their papers published in reputed medical journals. Even if you don’t subscribe please do not forget to drop me a whatsapp message and i will definitely guide you even if you dont subscribe.

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There are many methods of sample size determination. It is one of the first hurdle when someone starts writing a thesis. I have tried to give simplest way of determination of sample size. You need to show the method to your PG teacher before you include this method in your thesis. First confirm from your PG teacher and then only proceed.

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Thesis Topics

• Patient Education Materials
• Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in patients with mild to moderate bronchial asthma.
• Gender differences in perception of dyspnoea, quality of life and pattern of lung function abnormalities in asthma.
• A study of sleep-related breathing disorders in chronoc obstructive pulmonary disease patients with or eithout cor-pulmonale.
• A study to monitor adverse drug reactions in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• Breath carbon monoxide levels as a marker of clinical severity and control of asthma.
• The occurrence of rhinosinusitis in patients with bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis.
• Characterisation of lower respiratory tract inflammation and its relationship with changes in pulmonary patho-physiology and thoracic imaging in bronchial asthma.
• A Comparative Study Of Inhaled and Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate As An Adjunct To Standard Treatment Protocol For Management Of Severe Exacerbation Of Bronchial Asthma.
• Predictors Of Emergency Department Use In Asthmatics.
• Diagnostic Yield Of Induced Sputum And Various Bronchoscopic Samples in Sputum Smear Negative Tuberculosis.
• A Study to Monitor Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients of Bronchial Asthma.
• Drug Resistance Profiling and Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from a DOTS center and a Private Hospital in Delhi.
• Biochemical Studies on Protein Kinase C In Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Of COPD Patients.
• Evaluation of systemic inflammatory markers, oxidant-antioxidant status and sputum cytology in stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary and diseases.
• Obstructive sleep apnoea, oxidative stress and renal function.
• Acute effects of tiotropium alone and in combination with formoterol in patients with COPD: comparision of three regimens.
• Evaluation of the effect of inhaled ciclesonide on the allergic and inflammatory markers in and bronchial asthma.
• Effect of glycemic control on outcome of acute exacerbation of COPD.
• Factors affecting attainment of control in asthma.
• Occurrence of upper airway symptoms and their impact on quality of life (QoL) in patients with COPD.
• Airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-reactivity and sensitivity to commonaeroallergen in allergic rhinitis.
• A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of theophylline and doxofylline in patients of obstructive lung disease.
• A study of species spectrum of fungi causing systemic mycoses in HIV patients in a New-Delhi Hospital and their antifungal susceptibility pattern.
• Studies on the role of lipids of lipid raft of erythrocyte membrane in COPD patients.
• A comparative evaluation of quality of life, dyspnoea, and lung function abnormalities in asthma and COPD.
• Assessment of severity of disease in patients with allergic rhinitis when categorized as ‘sneezers and runners’ and ‘blockers’.
• The impact of smoking on treatment outcome in patients of bronchial asthma.
• Obstructive sleep apnoea, oxidative stress and liver function.
• Epidemiological study and genetic diversity of PB1-F2 gene in influenza and A virus isolates from Delhi and Kolkata. Factors associated with poor asthma control and poor adherence to asthma treatment: self report by patients in emergency room.
• Effect of acetoxycoumarins and calcium channel blocking dihydropyrimidone derivatives on protein kinase C activity of and lymphocytes in COPD patients.
• A study to evaluate the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and functional status in chronic obstructive and pulmonary disease.
• Comparison of mometasone furoate and ciclesonide aqueous nasal spray in adult and allergic rhinitis patients.
• To compare the inflammatory mediator profiles, pulmonary function tests and skin and reactivity in obese and non-obese bronchial asthma patients.
• Study of cardiac autonomic dysfunction.
• Assessment of health related quality of life and work productivity in school going children with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma.
• Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on, systemic inflammation, muscle mass and function status in interstitial lung diseases.
• Assessment of nutritional status in COPD and asthma
• Pattern of respiratory diseases and associated co-morbidities in patients attending Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute.
• Correlation of the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, End-Tidal carbon dioxide and transcutaneous carbon dioxide in patients with respiratory diseases

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Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh

(a who collaborating centre for research & capacity building in chronic respiratory diseases), 18 th -19 th , nov november 2018, 37th annual update on pulmonary and critical care medicine.

The 37th Annual Update on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine will be conducted at the Bhargava Auditorium at PGIMER, Chandigarh on October 6, 2024.

Prof. Ritesh Agarwal awarded Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for the year 2020 in Medical Sciences

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize

Activities and achievements.

Visit the gallery of the department to view its activities and achievements

The Department of Pulmonary Medicine has performed over 40,000 bronchoscopies till date!

The bronchoscopy lab at PGI is one amongst the oldest and busiest in the country, and performs over 2000 procedures every year.

Download Teaching Material

The seminars presented by the DM fellows of the department and MD residents rotated through the department are available for download.

Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine, PGIMER

The Department of Pulmonary Medicine at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh is unique in many ways. It was the only center in India for the postdoctoral course (DM) in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine for almost two decades (since its inception in 1989). This was one of the earliest full-fledged and independent departments of Pulmonary Medicine in India. Besides Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU), it has got a well-equipped Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) Laboratory, Bronchoscopy and Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Lung Cancer Clinic, Sleep Lab as well as a vast array of other facilities that are available for patient care and research.

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