research in veterinary science journal

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Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal, providing a platform for advances in basic, translational and experimental research and reviews, published quarterly online.

Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences is completely Open Access and free for readers.

High Visibility and Rapid decision: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately less than 20 days after submission.

Research in Veterinary Science

Subject Area and Category

• Veterinary (miscellaneous)

Elsevier B.V.

Publication type

00345288, 15322661

Information

How to publish in this journal

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.

This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

Evolution of the percentage of female authors.

Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.

Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.

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BMC Veterinary Research

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Aims and scope

BMC Veterinary Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of veterinary science and medicine, including the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of medical conditions of domestic, companion, farm and wild animals, as well as the biomedical processes that underlie their health. 

Journal news

ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines

The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting in vivo animal research   have recently been updated to support their use in practice. View the new ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines here. 

Join the Editorial Board

BMC Veterinary Research  is recruiting new Editorial Board Members to join our team. Diversity in all forms will be a driving factor when selecting an individual to serve in this capacity. For more information, including how to apply, please click the link above.

BMC Veterinary Research blogs

Highlights of the BMC Series – June 2022

22 July 2022

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): a local problem and a global challenge

01 December 2021

Highlights of the BMC Series – June 2021

02 August 2021

BMC Veterinary Research online conversations

Trending publications in BMC Veterinary Research  (2022)

Author support and information

Over 500 institutions have partnered with us to help authors maximize their research funding. Researchers affiliated with these member institutions may receive a discount on article processing charges (APCs). Check to see if your institution is a member and learn how you could benefit from APC savings when publishing with us.

Reporting guidelines for authors

The Meridian Network is home to a collection of reporting guidelines and checklists for research that involve animals. The checklists are intended as an aid for authors to clearly, completely and transparently let reviewers and readers know what they did and found. We encourage our authors to adhere to these standards.

Important information

Editorial board

For authors

For editorial board members

For reviewers

• Manuscript editing services

Annual Journal Metrics

2022 Citation Impact 2.6 - 2-year Impact Factor 2.9 - 5-year Impact Factor 1.091 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 0.668 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank)

2023 Speed 46 days submission to first editorial decision for all manuscripts (Median) 224 days submission to accept (Median)

2023 Usage  2,869,703 downloads 1,231 Altmetric mentions 

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ISSN: 1746-6148

• General enquiries: [email protected]

American Journal of Veterinary Research

The mission of AJVR is to disseminate throughout the world the highest-impact, rigorously reviewed veterinary science research across the spectrum of species, using an online-only, open access format for maximum accessibility. The AJVR converted to a fully open access platform 6/1/22. Open access articles are licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC license. CC BY licensing is available upon request. Archival material is freely available. All rights are reserved in archival material.

Online ISSN: 1943-5681

Volume 85 (2024): Issue 6 (Jun 2024)

Computed tomography findings of nasal cryptococcosis in australia (2008–2020): 12 dogs and 9 cats, the radiographic appearance of the canine femoral nutrient foramen for dogs undergoing total hip replacement is consistent, with some variations, multistrain probiotics fail to modulate the asthmatic phenotype, respiratory microbiota, and immune responses in cats, achieving temperature stability for storage of biological samples in an autodefrost freezer, ex vivo biomechanical evaluation and comparison of lateral femoro-fabella ligament suture and lateral suture with bone anchor for cranial cruciate ligament repair in cats, comparison of subarachnoid administration of low-dose bupivacaine and lidocaine in healthy goats, how to plan and provide general anesthesia for a troop of 98 hamadryas baboons ( papio hamadryas ) for contraceptive and preventative health interventions, plasma and interstitial fluid antibiotic levels of subcutaneously implanted compounded florfenicol calcium sulfate beads in new zealand white rabbits ( oryctolagus cuniculus ), timed up and go demonstrates strong interrater agreement and criterion validity as a functional test in geriatric dogs, evaluation of trypsin-like immunoreactivity, pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, cobalamin, and folate in zoo-housed african painted dogs ( lycaon pictus ) at a north american zoological facility, radiographic analysis in thoroughbreds reveals morphological changes in healthy maturing stifle joints and possible association between subchondral lesions and femoral condyle width, validation of a bupropion, dextromethorphan, and omeprazole cocktail for simultaneous phenotyping of cytochrome p450 2b11, 2d15, and 3a12 activities in dogs, owner survey suggests cats may be undertreated for pain compared to dogs after an elective ovariohysterectomy or orchiectomy, penciclovir pharmacokinetics after oral and rectal administration of famciclovir in african elephants ( loxodonta africana ) shows that effective concentrations can be achieved from rectal administration, despite lower absorption, tissue oxygen saturation is positively correlated with oxygen delivery and cardiac output in a canine hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation model, atlantoaxial joint stabilization using patient-specific 3-d–printed drill guides and 3-d–printed titanium plates or polymethyl methacrylate is effective in toy-breed dogs, pulmonary-vein-to-pulmonary-artery ratio can be utilized to evaluate myxomatous mitral valve disease progression in dogs, saline, chlorhexidine, and povidone-iodine alone or in combination with iodine povacrylex are effective antiseptics in chickens ( gallus gallus domesticus ), comparative digital study using four methods of measurements of the tibial distal anatomical axes for determining the anatomical-mechanical angle in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture, kinematic performance of a novel temporomandibular joint replacement prosthesis under bite-force conditions in dogs and cats, microvasculature of the suspensory ligament of the equine hind limb, measuring tissue oxygen saturation in the orad intestinal segment during equine colic surgery may aid in predicting the occurrence of postoperative ileus, the pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral atorvastatin and its metabolites support therapeutic use in cockatiels ( nymphicus hollandicus ), blood cardioplegia reduces intraoperative ventricular fibrillation and transfusion requirements compared to crystalloid cardioplegia in canine mitral valve repair, radiographic identification of challenging gastrointestinal tract foreign bodies: a descriptive study of how appearance varies in air versus water to aid interpretation, aims and scope .

AJVR is a monthly, peer-reviewed, veterinary medical journal owned by the American Veterinary Medical Association that publishes reports of original research and review articles in the general area of veterinary medical research.

The mission of the AJVR is to publish, in a timely manner, peer-reviewed reports of the highest-quality research that has the clear potential to enhance the health, welfare, and performance of animals and humans. The journal will maintain the highest ethical standards of scientific journalism and promote such standards among its contributors. In addition, the journal will foster global interdisciplinary cooperation in veterinary medical research.

AJVR supports the collaborative exchange of information between researchers and clinicians by publishing novel research findings that bridge the gulf between basic research and clinical practice or that help to translate laboratory research and preclinical studies to the development of clinical trials and clinical practice. The journal welcomes submission of high-quality original studies and review articles in a wide range of scientific fields, including anatomy, anesthesiology, animal welfare, behavior, clinical pathology, epidemiology, genetics, infectious disease, microbiology, molecular biology, oncology, pharmacology, pathogenic mechanisms, physiology, surgery, theriogenology, toxicology, and vaccinology. Species of interest include production animals, companion animals, equids, exotic animals, birds, reptiles, and wild and marine animals. Reports of laboratory animal studies and studies involving the use of animals as experimental models of human diseases are considered only when the study results are of demonstrable benefit to the species used in the research or to another species of veterinary interest. Other fields of interest or animal species are not necessarily excluded from consideration, but such reports must focus on novel research findings. Submitted papers must make an original and substantial contribution to the veterinary medicine knowledge base; preliminary or pilot studies are not appropriate.

Business Model

Open access

AJVR converted to a fully open access journal in June 2022 to better serve the interests of researchers and funders. Open access means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or the user’s institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other purpose permitted under the applicable License, without asking for prior permission from the publisher or the author. Under this model, authors or their research funders or institutions pay an article processing charge (APC) in order to make the article immediately free to access, download, and share anywhere in the world. Archival material (ie, pre-June 2022) is freely available. All rights are reserved in archival material.

Publication fees

The APC for AJVR is $1,250 for newly submitted articles effective January 1, 2024.

APC waivers may be granted at the Editor-in-Chief’s discretion.

License to publish

Articles published starting with the June 2022 issue are licensed for publication under the CC BY-NC Creative Commons License. Authors retain copyright in their work, which others may copy, redistribute, and transform, provided users give appropriate attribution to the original author(s) and do not use the content for commercial purposes. CC BY licensing is available upon request.

An article prepared by a U.S. federal government employee as part of the employee's official duties, or which is an official U.S. government publication, is called a "U.S. Government work" and is in the public domain in the United States. This does not mean that the article is automatically open access; rather, it means there is no copyright to transfer under U.S. law. AJVR makes such articles freely available at publication.

Editorial Policies

Peer review

AJVR uses a single anonymized review process. Reviewer identities are not, and should not be, disclosed to the authors or other reviewers. In addition, authors should not contact those whom they presume to be reviewers of their manuscripts. Each submitted manuscript is initially assessed by the Editor-in-Chief for suitability for the journal and may be assigned to an Associate Editor to initiate peer review by a minimum of 2 independent experts. When reviews are received, the Associate Editor recommends further revisions or rejection without further review, and the Editor-in-Chief, who may include additional comments, sends the decision to the authors.

Individuals should be listed as authors only if they:

• Made a substantial contribution to the conception or design of the study, acquisition of the data used in the study, or analysis and interpretation of that data, AND
• Were involved in drafting or revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, AND
• Will have the opportunity to approve the submitted and all subsequent versions, AND
• Agree to be accountable for the validity of the data and results.

Individuals who contributed to the study but do not meet all 4 of these criteria should not be listed as authors but should be included in the Acknowledgments section. Requests to list a working group or study group in the byline will be handled on a case-by-case basis.

• Authors are responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts are written clearly in English and formatted in accordance with these author instructions.
• Manuscripts should be carefully reviewed prior to submission for format, clarity, spelling, and grammar.
• A manuscript deemed by the editorial team to require extensive revisions prior to further consideration will be rejected with the option to resubmit after reformatting and/or editing has been performed.
• The journal does not endorse any specific editing service and provides these examples of suitable services that authors might consider: Cactus ,  Bioscience Writers , American Journal Experts , and the Nature Research Editing Service . Please note that when working with a professional language-editing service, authors should choose full medical editing with journal formatting, rather than simply proofreading, and that changes should comply with these instructions for authors.

Acknowledgments, disclosures, and funding

Authors will be required to address these 3 statements during submission. This information does not need to be included in the manuscript document.

• Acknowledgments: Identify individuals who made important contributions to the study but who do not meet the  criteria for authorship . If none , include the statement “None reported.”
• Include any conflicts of interest related to the manuscript. Include relevant financial interests (eg, ownership, employment, consultancies, honoraria, paid expert testimony, grants, patent-licensing arrangements, equity interests, and service as an officer or board member), activities, relationships, and affiliations (other than those listed on the title page of the manuscript). If none , include the statement “The authors have nothing to disclose.”
• Include the use of any artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted technology such as ChatGPT or another large language model in the writing of the manuscript or production of images. If none were used, include the statement “No AI-assisted technologies were used in the generation of this manuscript.” If an AI tool was used, the authors must be transparent in disclosing here, in the disclosures section, which AI tool was used and how the AI tool was used. AI tools cannot be listed as an author of a manuscript.
• Funding: Include all funding, other financial support, and material support obtained directly or indirectly from any third party in connection with information included in the manuscript or with the writing or publishing of the manuscript. If none , include the statement “The authors have nothing to disclose.”

Copyright permissions

• Permissions for use of figures, tables, or other content owned by another party: If your manuscript contains previously published material (text, images, tables, photographs, drawings, etc), you are responsible for providing proof of permission for reuse from the original copyright holder. At the time of submission of your manuscript to our journal, please include (1) permission for reuse of figures or tables and (2) a full citation for the previous publication. We cannot publish any previously published illustration or table without written permission from the original copyright holder.

Commercial availability, compounding, and extralabel drug use

• If a manuscript reports results of a study that involved evaluating a pharmaceutical, biologic, or other product that is not legally available in the US for use in that species, then a clear disclaimer is needed in the Methods section describing where the drug is commercially available and that the drug is neither FDA approved nor commercially available in the US.
• If compounded products/drugs were used in a study, an explanation in the Discussion section should include why the authors chose to use compounded products and what key factors should be considered by veterinarians interested in prescribing similarly prepared products.
• The Methods section should contain a complete description of the compounded products.
• Extralabel drug use must comply with the provisions of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act .
• Extralabel drug use was performed with owner consent and complied with provisions of AMDUCA and 21 CFR §530.
• Compounded products were prepared from bulk substances because [provide reason]. Veterinarians should adhere to compounding regulations and be aware that pharmacokinetic properties may differ between compounded and FDA-approved products.
• Compounded products were prepared from FDA-approved products because [provide reason]. Veterinarians should adhere to compounding regulations and be aware that pharmacokinetic properties may differ between compounded and FDA-approved products.

Humane animal care and use

• Research studies involving animals must have been performed in compliance with guidelines outlined in the US Animal Welfare Act , US Public Health Service Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals , National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals , or Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching or in compliance with equivalent guidelines. If animals were euthanized, the method of euthanasia must be indicated in the manuscript. Methods of euthanasia must comply with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals of jav.ma/GEA . If a method not recommended by the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia was used, a justification for use of this method must be provided.

Institutional oversight and owner consent

• With the exception of reports of retrospective studies based solely on historical data, manuscripts describing studies that involved the use of animals, including studies that involved the use of privately owned animals (eg, animals owned by clients, staff members, students, or private entities), must include a statement that the study protocol was reviewed and approved by an appropriate oversight entity (eg, an animal care and use committee or institutional review board) or was performed in compliance with institutional or other (eg, governmental or international) guidelines for research on animals.
• Prospective studies that involved privately owned animals must also include a statement indicating that informed owner consent was obtained.
• Research involving human subjects, including surveys of human subjects, must include a statement that the research was performed under appropriate institutional review board oversight.

NIH Public Access Policy

AJVR  is in compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy and with the open access policies of other research funders.

Patient confidentiality and the right to privacy

• Authors have an obligation to protect the personal privacy of patients and clients and to maintain the confidentiality of patient-client information.
• For any manuscript containing patient information (eg, patient descriptions, photographs, or pedigrees) that would allow specific animals or their owners to be identified, the authors must obtain a signed statement of informed consent to publish the information (in print and online) from the owners. Generally, such consent should include an opportunity for the owner to read the manuscript to be submitted for publication. If necessary, nonessential identifying data can be removed, unless clinically or epidemiologically important. However, identifying data may not be altered or falsified.
• Cropping or altering photographs to remove nonessential identifying information is acceptable, so long as the photographs are not otherwise altered. Patient identifiers may not appear in photographs.
• Authors must also obtain informed consent to publish from any identifiable person appearing in photographs. Importantly, these guidelines also apply to any materials (eg, text, photographs, or videos) submitted for posting as supplementary materials.

Prior publication

• Manuscripts are considered with the understanding that they have not been published previously and will not be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by AJVR .
• Manuscripts submitted to the journal following or prior to presentation at a scientific meeting or publication of preliminary findings elsewhere, such as in abstract form, will be considered for publication. Publication of abstracts and posting of slides or videos of the scientific presentation in a print or online conference proceedings is acceptable.
• Posting preprints of research manuscripts in progress or in submission on a public server is not considered prior publication and is also acceptable. Preprints are defined as research manuscripts that have not undergone formal peer review by a journal. Preprints may also be posted at any time during the review process.
• Authors should disclose preprint posting, including DOI, URL link, and license details, at the time of manuscript submission or during the review process. Authors are requested to update any prepublication versions with a link to the final published article.
• Media coverage of presentations at scientific meetings will not jeopardize consideration, but direct release of results beyond what was included in the abstract through press releases or news media briefings may preclude consideration of the manuscript by this journal.

Plagiarism Policy

At the time of submission, similarity detection software (iThenticate) is used. If the similarity score is less than 25%, no further action is taken. If it’s over 25%, iThenticate is run again with title, author list, affiliations, methods, and references hidden from the check. If it’s still over 25%, authors are informed of the findings and directed to revise the language or provide a reference if the text is recycled from one of their previously published articles.

For Librarians

AJVR ceased print production in June 2022 and became fully open access as an online-only journal. You and your patrons may now access AJVR online, which includes copyedited, typeset articles before they are assembled into an issue as well as all online content from 2000 to the present.

One of the AVMA’s strategic initiatives for the journal is the digitization of pre-2000 content ( AJVR was launched in 1940). In 2024, you will have free access to the digital archive of the 1990s JAVMAs, and it is our plan to digitize 1 decade of archival content each of the next 3 years going back to the 1970s. For further information about the archive digitization, please see Editor-in-Chief Dr. Lisa Fortier’s November 2023 editorial .

AVMA is committed to the longterm preservation of all content published in our journals, whether open access or subscribed ( JAVMA only). We collaborate with digital archive provider CLOCKSS, a sustainable, geographically distributed dark archive that builds on the LOCKSS enabling technology.

If your institution is interested in negotiating a “Read and Publish” agreement with AVMA, whereby for a single annual fee your faculty, students, and staff gain free access to JAVMA and waiver of open access article processing charges (CC BY-NC license), please contact Editor-in-Chief Dr. Lisa Fortier at [email protected] for further information.

AJVR is owned and published by the AVMA.

How to Submit

General information

To submit manuscripts, please visit https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ajvr . Note, an article processing charge of $1,250 will apply to accepted manuscripts. For author and presubmission inquiries, please contact [email protected] . For details on AVMA news, conferences, or other AVMA information, please visit avma.org .

Submission checklist—ensure the following:

• If accepted, the authors agree to pay an open access article processing charge of $1,250.
• Email address.
• Full postal address.
• The manuscript has been checked for spelling and grammar.
• Abbreviations and preferred pharmacologic and pharmacokinetics terminology, pulmonary and respiratory terminology, and radiographic projection naming are used in accordance with journal guidelines .
• All references mentioned in the reference list are cited in the text.
• Footnotes are not used (review the instructions on citing special materials for information on citing materials previously included as footnotes).
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources.
• Journal policies detailed in this guide have been reviewed.
• Manuscript.
• Figures (include relevant captions), with the same figure names (eg, Figure 1) as used in the manuscript.
• Supplementary files (where applicable).
• Why is this study important? (2 or 3 sentences)
• What did you find? (2or 3 sentences)
• Why is this study of wide interest? (2 or 3 sentences)
• Is the manuscript for resident credentialling or promotion?
• Suggested 6-10 reviewers with their names and email addresses.

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Instructions for Journal Award Nominations

       .

The annual AVMA Journal Awards recognize contributions of students, interns, and residents for manuscripts published in JAVMA or AJVR . Nominations are accepted year-round.

Qualifications

• Nominee is the first or corresponding author
• Work supporting the manuscript was performed when the nominee was a student, intern, or resident
• Manuscripts are assessed for potential impact and clinical relevance, and winners are selected by an Associate Review Board Panel

Nomination Instructions

• Nominations close on March 15 for the preceding year
• Name of nominee
• Nominee category (student, intern, or resident)
• Attestation sentence confirming that the work was done by the nominee
• Manuscript title and name of the journal ( JAVMA or AJVR )
• Nominee’s current email address
• Winners will be announced during the AVMA Annual Convention
• Certificate of achievement
• Cash prize of $500
• Extensive social media exposure
• A waiver of open access fees ($1,250 value) for each winner’s next paper in JAVMA or AJVR  

Click on an issue cover below to read more. For information about images on the cover, contact Stacey Geelan at [email protected] .

May 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 5

This month’s cover image displays a multi-omics approach for machine learning (ML) in veterinary medicine. The last decade has brought tremendous growth in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in veterinary medicine. This has been accompanied by rapid evolution in -omics technologies in veterinary practice. With the use of ML technologies, the combination of these disparate -omics datatypes, like genomics, image features (radiomics), and radiation dose distribution features (dosiomics), offers the potential for a deeper understanding of diseases, their detection and expression, and better treatments for them. This image was obtained as part of the “Currents in One Health Study.” Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(5):385–392. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0038

April 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 4

The cover illustration depicts the oromaxillofacial region as a potential and promising model for a ‘One Health’ global approach in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Translating discoveries of regenerative therapeutics in veterinary species to novel, effective human therapies using a One Health approach provides a fundamental link between basic biomedical research and medical clinical practice, with the goal of developing strategies for curing or preventing disease and ameliorating pain and suffering in companion animals and humans alike. Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(4):291–297. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0208

March 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 3

This month’s cover images show blood smears from a Jack Russell Terrier presented with very severe pulmonic stenosis (peak systolic trans-stenotic = 340 mmHg). On the blood smear before valvuloplasty (A), severe schistocytosis (arrowheads) and polychromasia (asterisk) are present, suggestive of regenerative hemolytic anemia due to abnormal blood flow. The schistocytosis completely resolved 2 months after pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (B). This study concluded that poikilocytosis (schistocytosis, acanthocytosis, keratocytosis) is common in dogs with congenital ventricular outflow tract obstruction associated with hemolytic anemia in a few cases with severe or very severe pulmonic stenosis. These results indicate the importance of serial blood smear analysis from canine patients with severe or very severe ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The images were obtained as part of the following study: Passavin P, Chetboul V, Poissonnier C, et al. Red-blood cell abnormalities occur in dogs with congenital ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(3):198–204. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.11.0188

February 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 2

This month's cover image shows the bacterial pathobiome map of canine oral health and disease. Dogs were assigned to one of four different stages of periodontal disease and their microbiome was analyzed. Several bacterial species were identified that were significantly associated with the different stages of periodontitis. This pathobiome map can provide a guidance to veterinarians to understand their patient’s periodontal microbiome and health status. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Niemiec BA, Gawor J, Tang S, Prem A, Krumbeck JK. The bacteriome of the oral cavity in healthy dogs and dogs with periodontal disease. Am J Vet Res . 2022;83(1):50–58. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.02.0027

January 2022 AJVR Vol. 83 - Issue 1

This month's cover images are shear-wave elastographic images of the color map and propagation map of the mandibular lymph node from a healthy adult beagle to measure shear-wave velocities (SWVs). This study concluded that SWE could be used to non¬invasively evaluate changes in the elastic properties of lymphatic tissues. Ultimately, SWE could be applied to increase the diagnostic accuracy of tumor staging. Intra- and interobserver reliability were excellent suggesting that SWV of lymph nodes could be used in practice settings.

The images were obtained as part of the following study: Kang YR, Lee SH, Seo IM, et al. Comparison of shear-wave velocities obtained with shear-wave elastography of various peripheral lymph nodes in healthy Beagles. Am J Vet Res . 2021;82(12):981–987. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.12.981

December 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 12

This month's cover (top photomontage) depicts a series of sodium fluorescein angiographic images exhibiting various degrees of vascular abnormalities (dye leakage) present within the iris of diabetic canines. A standard color, near-infrared, indocyanine green and sodium fluorescein angiographic image of an age-matched control is also shown below. Venular dilation, in the absence of dye leakage, is illustrated. The presence and severity of vascular changes (dye leakage) noted in diabetic canines appear to be associated with disease duration and blood glucose regulation. Anterior segment angiography could be employed to identify the severity of these vascular disruptions present, in addition to, monitoring disease progression and potential response to therapeutic interventions. These images were obtained as part of the following study: Pirie CG, Shelnutt LM, Langlois DK. Assessment of iris vasculature abnormalities in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Am J Vet Res 2021;82(10):829–839. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.82.10.829

November 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 11

This month's cover images are micro-CT and photomicrographs of proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) of Thoroughbred racehorses following catastrophic PSB fracture. Osteophyte size at the apical and basilar margins was scored and found to positively correlate with accrued total career high-speed furlongs and with catastrophic PSB fracture. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Cresswell EN, Ruspi BD, Wollman CW, et al. Determination of correlation of proximal sesamoid bone osteoarthritis with high-speed furlong exercise and catastrophic sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:467–477.

October 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 10

This month's cover image is a photograph of multiple cross sections of the prostate gland from a canine cadaver in which microwave ablation with cooling urethral perfusion was performed in 2 zones (white outline and arrow). The median percentage of prostate gland ablation for this and 7 other cadavers in this group was 73%, and urethral mucosal injury was limited. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Traverson M, Lin S, Kendall A, et al. Investigation of the use of microwave ablation with and without cooling urethral perfusion for thermal ablation of the prostate gland in canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:395–404.

September 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a composite photograph of the bottom of an equine foot that was shod with 5 different types of shoes to determine which one provided the best hoof protection and traction for horses on paved surfaces. Results suggest that shoes coated with a thin layer of tungsten carbide (Panel E), and plastic-steel composite shoes (Panel F) offered the best protection and traction. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Wang P, Takawira C, Taguchi T, et al. Assessment of the effect of horseshoes with and without traction adaptations on the gait kinetics on nonlame horses during a trot on a concrete runway. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:292–301.

August 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 8

Echocardiographic image obtained from a modified apical 4-chamber view used to measure right atrial longitudinal strain (RALS) indices (left), and curves obtained from 120 healthy dogs (right). The right atrial wall is divided into 6 color-coded segments, and the colors correspond to the strain curves, with the average color in white.The authors concluded that age should be considered in the interpretation of RALS indices in clinical settings. Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, et al. Repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals for indices of right atrial longitudinal strain derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:274–279.

July 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 7

This month's cover image is a photograph of a mature (> 18 months old) domestic laying hen ( Gallus domesticus ) during ovariectomy performed with a vessel and tissue–sealing device through a left lateral celiotomy. Notice the ovary with multiple follicles and yolks of various sizes. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Sullivan JL, Wakamatsu N, Yin J-H et al. Assessment of a vessel and tissue–sealing device for ovariectomy in chickens to evaluate the potential application of the procedure to other avian species. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:310–317.

June 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a photograph depicting explants harvested from fibrocartilage on the dorsal surface of the deep digital flexor tendon of the forelimb of a horse. To obtain these explants, the navicular bone was dissected from the foot en bloc, and the deep digital flexor tendon segment directly opposing the navicular bone was harvested with aseptic technique. The explants were obtained with a 4-mm biopsy punch. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Sullivan SN, Cole SL, Stewart MC, et al. Ex vivo effects of corticosteroids on equine deep digital flexor and navicular fibrocartilage explant cell viability. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:125–131.

May 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph depicting the results of immunohistochemical staining for insulin expression in isolated canine insulinoma cells after 48 hours of culture. Insulin content (red stain) varies among individual insulinoma cells (arrowheads). Intact insulinoma cells approximately 10 µm in diameter are enlarged after processing with the cytocentrifuge. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Suwitheechon O, Schermerhorn T. Evaluation of the expression of hexokinase I, glucokinase, and insulin by canine insulinoma cells maintained in short-term culture. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:110–117.

April 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of placentome obtained at 80 days of gestation from a pregnant yearling Katahdin ewe that was experimentally inoculated with 4 X 107 TCID50 of a noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus type lb isolate (NY-I strain), intranasally, at 65 days of gestation. The chorioallantois is lined by plump trophoblastic epithelium that contains multifocal areas of intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity for bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen (red-stained tissue). The image was obtained as part of the following study: Lear A, Pohler K, Sula M-JM, et al. Alterations in pregnancy-associated glycoprotein concentrations of pregnant sheep experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 2021;82:63–70.

March 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 3

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of liver tissue from a dog that was euthanized because of development of clinical signs of liver failure 12 weeks after being treated with lomustine (75 mg/m2, PO, q 21 d for 5 doses). Notice that the portal vein profiles are diminished, prominent pigmented macrophages are present in the portal tract and adjacent parenchyma, and persistent biliary hyperplasia is evident. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Dedeaux AM, Flesner BK, Reinhart JM, et al. Biochemical, functional, and histopathologic characterization of lomustine-induced liver injury in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:810–820.

February 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 2

This month's cover image is a laparoscopic image obtained during microwave ablation of the ovary in a healthy dog. The dog was positioned in dorsolateral recumbency for the procedure, and laparoscopic forceps were used to grasp the proper ligament and elevate and stabilize the ovary. The microwave ablation probe was placed percutaneously through the ventrolateral aspect of the abdominal wall at an orientation parallel to the long axis of the ovary after complete dissection of the ovarian bursa. Notice how dissection of the ovarian bursa improved the visibility of the ovary and facilitated correct positioning of the probe in the central longitudinal axis of the ovary. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Verpaalen VD, Case JB, Dark MJ, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of ultrasonographic and laparoscopic guidance for microwave ablation of clinically normal canine ovaries. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:747–754.

January 2021 AJVR Vol. 82 - Issue 1

This month's cover features color-coded transverse abdominal MRI images illustrating hepatic apparent diffusion coefficient and hepatic fat fraction in a healthy neutered male cat (top) and a neutered male cat that underwent 40 weeks of dietary intervention to achieve and maintain a body condition score of 7/9 (bottom). Notice the bright violet component in the liver and increased subcutaneous and visceral fat tissue in the bottom cat. The color scale bar depicts approximate percentage fat. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Steger G-L, Salesov E, Richter H, et al. Evaluation of the changes in hepatic apparent diffusion coefficient and hepatic fat fraction in healthy cats during body weight gain. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:796–803.

December 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 12

This months cover image is a perfusion CT image of the abdomen of a healthy Beagle. A region of interest (dotted circle) has been placed over the body of the pancreas, and blood flow is expressed as a color map. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Park S, Jung J-W, Je H, et al. Effect of slice thickness on computed tomographic perfusion analysis of the pancreas in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:732–738.

November 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 11

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of neoplastic lymph node from a dog illustrating expression of luteinizing hormone receptors, as determined with an immunohistochemical, LH receptor–specific stain and hematoxylin counterstain. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Ettinger AM, Gust SK, Kutzler MA. Luteinizing hormone receptor expression by nonneoplastic and neoplastic canine lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:572–577.

October 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 10

This month's cover image consists of a series of median plane T2-weighted spin-echo magnetic resonance images and corresponding anatomic sections of cervical intervertebral disks in cadaveric cats. From left to right, the images illustrate increasing stages of intervertebral disk degeneration. The images were obtained as part of the following study: Alisauskaite N, Bitterli T, Kircher PR, et al. Evaluation of agreement and correlation of results obtained with MRI-based and macroscopic observation-based grading schemes when used to assess intervertebral disk degeneration in cats. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:309–316.

September 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph depicting qualitative histologic scoring of neutrophil infiltration (in this instance, rare neutrophils, or a score of 1 on a scale from 1 to 5) at local injection sites in equids after SC administration of ReqIL-4, ReqIL-8, or a negative control solution, each mixed with a biopolymer carrier. A 6-mm-diameter biopsy punch was used to collect cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, including the biopolymer plug, at the injection sites. The biopolymer is pink, and the host tissue is saffron-yellow to orange. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Godbout M, Vargas A, Hélie P, et al. Use of a biopolymer delivery system to investigate the influence of interleukin-4 on recruitment of neutrophils in equids. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:344–354.

August 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 8

This month's cover image is a lateromedial radiographic view illustrating locations of soft tissue attachments in the tarsal region of horses. Illustrated locations represent composite findings based on dissection and radiographic imaging of 8 hind limbs from healthy adult horses. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Casillas JM, Jacobs CC, Manfredi JM. Radiographic localization of the attachments of soft tissue structures in the tarsal region of horses. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:406–415.

July 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 7

This month's cover features an endoscopic image of the coelomic cavity in a male bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps ). The endoscope was inserted in a cranial direction through an incision just lateral to the umbilicus. In this image, the gallbladder can be seen between lobes of the liver. The location of the skin incision for the ventral approach was chosen to avoid the ventral abdominal vein and pelvic veins. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Frei S, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of a ventral and a left lateral approach to coelioscopy in bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps ). Am J Vet Res 2020;81:267–275.

June 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a transverse computed tomographic image of the cranial abdominal region in a healthy dog showing placement of regions of interest for evaluation of perfusion of the pancreas (T1 and T2) and liver (T3 and T4). Colors indicate the scale from the lowest (blue) to highest (red) amount of perfusion. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Kloer TB, Rao S, Twedt DC, et al. Computed tomographic evaluation of pancreatic perfusion in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:131–138.

May 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a 5-chamber view obtained by use of multidetector computed tomography of the left side of the heart in a healthy adult hound-type dog. The lumen of the left atrium is shaded pink. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Owens EJ, LeBlanc NL, Scollan KF. Comparison of left and right atrial volumes determined by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography with those determined by multidetector computed tomography for healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:33–40.

April 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is an endoscopic image (with the endoscope positioned in a caudal-to-cranial direction) of the abdomen of a rabbit obtained during evaluation of working space achieved with CO2 insufflation to an intra-abdominal pressure of 8 mm Hg. The diaphragm and liver are shown. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Kabakchiev CM, zur Linden AR, Singh A, et al. Effects of intra-abdominal pressure on laparoscopic working space in domestic rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ). Am J Vet Res 2020;81:77–83.

March 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 3

This month's cover image is a contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic image of the left kidney of a Beagle obtained at the time of peak enhancement. Notice the placement of 3 regions of interest (black circles) in the renal cortex and 2 regions of interest (white circles) in the renal medulla. Each region of interest area was 0.11 cm 2 . The image was obtained as part of the following study: Hwang J, Kang K, Kang J, et al. Effect of catheter diameter and injection rate of flush solution on renal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with perfluorobutane in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:825–831.

February 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 2

This month's cover image is a dorsal-plane, maximum-intensity CT image, displayed in a bone window, of a cat after injection of contrast medium into a popliteal lymph node. Notice the caudal extent of thoracic duct branching. No other abnormalities were identified during evaluation of baseline CT lymphangiography images. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Dickerson VM, Grimes JA, Secrest SA, et al. Abdominal lymphatic drainage after thoracic duct ligation and cisterna chyli ablation in clinically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:885–890.

January 2020 AJVR Vol. 81 - Issue 1

This month's cover image consists of a 3-D model (left) and a heat map (right) illustrating deviations from the articular surface of the radius of a feline cadaver. The 3-D model illustrates positive differences between models created by use of laser-scanned images and images obtained with CT in a transverse orientation. For the heat map, negative deviations (light to dark blue) indicate that the CT model overestimated the articular surface, and positive deviations (yellow, orange, or red) indicate that the CT model underestimated the articular surface. The image was part of the following study: Webster CE, Marcellin-Little DJ, Koballa EM, et al. Evaluation of the geometric accuracy of computed tomography and microcomputed tomography of the articular surface of the distal portion of the radius of cats. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:976–984.

December 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 12

This month's cover image is a photograph of the ground surface of a bovine hind foot with toe-tip necrosis. The photograph was obtained during application of a static load of 3 kN, and a region-growing technique involving a stylus and tablet was used to process the image to highlight regions of white line separation (yellow areas). The image was part of the following study: Johnston JD, Eichhorn DJR, Kontulainen SA, et al. Investigation of white line separation under load in bovine claws with and without toe-tip necrosis. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:736–742.

November 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 11

This month's cover image is an illustration of the cranial aspect of a bovine stifle joint depicting placement of a prosthesis for extracapsular stabilization in cattle with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. For this prosthesis, 800-lb-test monofilament nylon leader line would be threaded through bone tunnels and secured with three 316 stainless steel crimping sleeves on the lateral aspect of the joint. The illustration was created as part of the following study: Lozier JW, Niehaus AJ, Hinds CA, et al. Investigation of a novel prosthesis technique for extracapsular stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joints in adult cattle. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:779–786. ©The Ohio State University, Tim Vojt.

October 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 10

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a section of neoplastic lymph node from a dog illustrating expression of luteinizing hormone receptors, as determined with an immunohistochemical, LH receptor–specific stain and hematoxylin counterstain. The image was obtained as part of the following: Ettinger AM, Gust SK, Kutzler MA. Luteinizing hormone receptor expression by nonneoplastic and neoplastic canine lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:572–577.

September 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a volume rendering of the intracranial arteries in a 21-month-old 5-kg mixed-breed dog with idiopathic epilepsy; the image was obtained in the dorsal plane by use of 1.5-T, 3-D, time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. Bilaterally, the caudal communicating artery (green) and rostral cerebellar artery (pink) overlap the internal carotid artery (blue), which is located ventral to the caudal communicating artery. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Ishikawa C, Ito D, Tanaka N, et al. Use of three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography at 1.5 Tesla to evaluate the intracranial arteries of 39 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:480–489.

August 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 8

This month's cover features an echocardiographic image obtained during longitudinal strain analysis in a dog with tricuspid valve dysplasia. The image shows a left apical 4-chamber image that was analyzed with 2-D speckle tracking echocardiography software. The left ventricle is outlined in red by the software. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Santarelli G, Toaldo MB, Bouvard J, et al. Variability among strain variables derived from two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dogs by use of various software. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:347–357.

July 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 7

This month's cover image represents a propagation map of the right liver lobe of a healthy dog obtained by means of 2-D shear wave elastography in elasticity mode. Notice the consistent parallel contour lines. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Tamura M, Ohta H, Nisa K, et al. Evaluation of liver and spleen stiffness of healthy dogs by use of two-dimensional shear wave elastography. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:378–384.

June 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a skin sample obtained from the incision site of a koi 2 weeks after coelioscopy. The image depicts poor healing; the epithelium is incomplete, and the wound surface is partially covered by a layer of serofibrinous crust and cellular debris. The sides of the incision have separated, and severe pyogranulomatous inflammation extends transmurally through the section, which severely disrupts the normal tissue architecture. Suture material is visible. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Stevens BN, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Phillips KL, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic coelioscopy in koi ( Cyprinus carpio ). Am J Vet Res 2019;80:221–229.

May 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a portal region in a section of a hepatic biopsy sample from a cat with lymphocytic cholangitis. Bile duct proliferation has been made obvious through immunohistochemical staining of proliferative epithelial progenitors. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Chandler AM, Center SA, Randolph JF, et al. Reference limits for hepatic bile duct-to-arteriole and bile duct-to-portal tract ratios in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:15–23.

April 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is a representative 3-D reconstruction of the entire renal volume in a healthy dog. The image was created by combining CT attenuation values of the entire renal volume (including renal parenchyma) in all transverse planes. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Wallimann M, Richter H, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, et al. Influence of injection protocol and measurement technique on computed tomographic assessment of glomerular filtration rate in healthy Beagles. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:1298–1305.

March 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 3

This month's cover image was generated during finite element modeling depicting the minimum principal strain at the bone-pin interface for a 2 transfixation pin–cast construct applied to an equine forelimb. The insert represents a higher magnification of the bone-pin interface outlined by the white line in the main image. Notice that local bone strain at the bone-pin interface was quite high, reaching approximately –15,000 microstrain. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Thomas KL, Carmalt JL, Burnett WD, et al. In vitro mechanical evaluation of three transfixation pin–cast constructs applied to equine forelimbs. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:1287–1297.

February 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 2

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of equine lamellar tissue following extracorporeal perfusion of the limb with lipopolysaccharide. The section was immunostained for total (active and latent) matrix metalloproteinase-9 (brown). Notice the moderate reaction in fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and suprabasal epidermal cells and intense reaction in basal epidermal cells. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Patan-Zugaj B, Gauff FC, Egerbacher M, et al. Endotoxin-induced changes of type VII collagen–cleaving matrix metalloproteinases in lamellar tissue of extracorporeally perfused equine limbs. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:986–994.

January 2019 AJVR Vol. 80 - Issue 1

This month's cover image is a scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a cast stainless steel tibial plateau leveling osteotomy plate that had been explanted from a dog. Notice the circular areas of corrosion that can be seen between scratches on the surface of the plate. The image was part of the following study: Sprecher CM, Milz S, Suter T, et al. Retrospective analysis of corrosion and ion release from retrieved cast stainless steel tibia plateau leveling osteotomy plates in dogs with and without peri-implant osteosarcoma. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:970–979.

December 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 12

This month's cover image is a sagittal proton-density fast spin echo image of the supraspinatus tendon of a nonlame 2-year-old sexuallty intact male Beagle. Notice that the collagen-dense fibers of the superficial and deep margins of the supraspinatus tendon have a hypointense signal, whereas the thick water-rich central substance has a hyperintense signal. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Pownder SL, Caserto BG, Hayashi K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and histologic features of the supraspinatus tendon in nonlame dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:836–844.

November 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 11

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of cultured primary canine aortic endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were grown to confluency and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, then stained for vascular endothelial–cadherin with rabbit polyclonal anti-CD144 antibody. Fluorescent-labeled goat anti-rabbit lgG was used as the secondary antibody, and cell nuclei were stained with blue fluorescent bisbenzimide stain. The image was obtained as part of the following study: König ML, Lettry SC, Marti E, et al. Validation of a human angiopoietin-2 ELISA for measurement of angiopoietin-2 concentrations in canine plasma samples and supernatant of primary canine aortic endothelial cell cultures. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:803–810.

October 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 10

This month's cover image is a photograph of the left eye of a 24-year-old female horse that was obtained during anterior segment indocyanine green angiography. The image was obtained 18 seconds after injection of indocyanine green and illustrates filling of the radial iris veins. The image was part of the following study: Pirie CG, LoPinto AJ, Tenney WA. Comparison of angiographic dyes and injection techniques for ocular anterior segment angiography in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:562–567.

September 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 9

This month's cover image is a color-coded map created by postprocessing of delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance images of the distal sagittal medial midcondylar region of the second phalanx of a horse obtained after injection of gadolinium into the dorsal recess of the distal interphalangeal joint. Different colors represent different cartilage relaxation times, with light green and blue pixels representing articular cartilage. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Bischofberger AS, Fürst AE, Torgerson PR, et al. Use of a 3-Telsa magnet to perform delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with and without naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:287–298.

August 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 8

This month's cover image consists of photomicrographs of representative cytologic preparations of neutrophils isolated from equine blood samples and cultured for 12 hours with (top) and without (bottom) lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/mL). Treatment with LPS delayed apoptosis of neutrophils for up to 24 hours. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Anderson SL, Townsend HGG, Singh B. Role of toll-like receptor 4 and caspase-3, -8, and -9 in lipopolysaccharide-induced delay of apoptosis in equine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:424–432.

July 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 7

This month's cover image is a transverse CT image of a clinically normal Holstein calf. The calf was anesthetized and received an IV injection of iodinated contrast medium, with dynamic CT scanning of the head initiated at the time of contrast medium injection. The image was created by merging a perfusion CT color map of cerebral blood flow with a conventional CT image of the same slice, and was obtained as part of the following study: Kishimoto M, Kushida K, Yamada K. Perfusion computed tomographic measurements of cerebral blood flow variables in live Holstein calves. Am J Vet Res 2018;79:177–180.

June 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 6

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph depicting the distribution of Helicobacter -like organisms on the mucosal surface of the gastric antrum in a healthy dog. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Suárez-Esquivel M, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Guzmán-Verri C, et al. Analysis of the association between density of Helicobacter spp and gastric lesions in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1414–1420.

May 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 5

This month's cover image is a photograph from the caudal aspect of a canine cadaver larynx after bilateral ventriculocordectomy performed via ventral laryngotomy. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Regier PJ, McCarthy TC, Monnet E. Effect of bilateral ventriculocordectomy via ventral laryngotomy on laryngeal airway resistance in larynges of canine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1444–1448.

April 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 4

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of a tissue section obtained from a horse 120 days after unicortical ostectomy of the third metacarpal bone and filling of the defect with a castor oil polyurethane polymer containing calcium carbonate. There is a degenerating clot on the bone tissue in a pore of the polymer and focal areas of bone matrix. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Nóbrega FS, Selim MB, Arana-Chavez VE, et al. Histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of biocompatibility of castor oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate in equine bone tissue. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1210–1214.

March 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 3

This month's cover image is a photomicrograph of equine hematopoietic cells after culturing for B-cell differentiation and immunostaining with antibodies against B-cell signature transcription factor E2A/TCF3 (green) and cell surface molecule CD19 (red); nuclei were stained blue with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Schwab UE, Tallmadge RL, Matychak MB, et al. Effects of autologous stromal cells and cytokines on differentiation of equine bone marrow–derived progenitor cells. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1215–1228.

February 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 2

This month's cover features an endoscopic image of the upper respiratory tract of a horse after nasopharyngeal administration of contrast medium. The contrast medium is visible on the surfaces of the nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Colbath AC, Valdés-Martinez A, Leise BS, et al. Evaluation of two methods for topical application of contrast medium to the pharyngeal and laryngeal region of horses. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1098–1103.

January 2018 AJVR Vol. 79 - Issue 1

This month's cover features a photomicrograph of a cytologic preparation of bone marrow from a healthy juvenile female New Zealand White rabbit showing large granulocyte precursor cells. The myeloid precursor cells are 2 to 3 times the diameter of mature heterophils. The image was obtained as part of the following study: Riedel RM, de Matos R, Schaefer DMW. Bone marrow cell composition and morphology in healthy juvenile female New Zealand White rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ). Am J Vet Res 2017;78:910–918.

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Veterinary Research

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Veterinary Research is an open access journal that publishes high quality and novel research and review articles focusing on all aspects of infectious diseases and host-pathogen interaction in animals. Food animals, companion animals, equines, wild animals (if the infections are of zoonotic interest and/or in relation with domestic animals), laboratory animals and animal models of human infections are considered. Studies on zoonotic and emerging infections are highly appreciated.

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Essentials of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

• © 2024
• Ramswaroop Singh Chauhan 0 ,
• Yashpal Singh Malik 1 ,
• M. Saminathan 2 ,
• Bhupendra Nath Tripathi 3

College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India

Centre for animal disease research and diagnosis, icar-indian veterinary research institute, bareilly, india.

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture & Technology of Jammu, Jammu, J & K, India

• Discusses immunopathogenesis and immunopathology of various animal diseases
• Provides an overview of different immunopathological techniques
• Reviews the immunopathology of multiple systems of the animal body

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Table of contents (22 chapters)

Front matter, basic concepts in immunology.

• Ramswaroop Singh Chauhan, Yashpal Singh Malik, M. Saminathan, Bhupendra Nath Tripathi

Biomarkers of Immunopathology in Veterinary Medicine

• Hypersensitivity
• Autoimmunity
• Immunodeficiency
• Immunomodulation

Immunopathology of Pneumonia in Animals

Immunopathology of the liver in animals, immunopathology of diarrhea in animals, immunopathology of reproductive disorders of animals, immunopathology of mastitis, immunopathological disorders of kidneys, immunopathological disorders of joints, immunopathology of skin ailments, immunological interventions for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), immunopathology of parasitic diseases of animals, immunopathological disorders of cattle and buffalo, immunopathological disorders in sheep, goat, wild animals, and laboratory animals, immunopathological disorders in swine and equine.

• Immunopathology

About this book

This textbook for graduate veterinary students provides basic concepts of veterinary immunopathology with particular reference to immunopathogenesis. The initial chapters provide up-to-date knowledge on important aspects of immunology, immunodeficiency disorders, hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune disorders of various animal species. The book examines different natural and synthetic immunomodulatory products that can modulate the immune system of animals. It discusses the immunopathogenesis and immunopathology of multiple diseases and immunopathological disorders in diverse animal species, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, swine, equine, and laboratory animals. The book also covers the immunopathology of various body systems, including lungs, reproductive system, enteric system, mammary gland, joints, kidneys, and skin. It provides clinical manifestations that are useful in diagnosing immunopathological conditions. The book presents a highly informative text with highquality gross and microscopic photographs, diagrammatic presentations of immunopathological disorders and techniques, making it useful in both classrooms and professional training courses for students, researchers, and professionals alike.

Authors and Affiliations

College of veterinary & animal sciences, govind ballabh pant university of agriculture & technology, pantnagar, india.

Ramswaroop Singh Chauhan

Yashpal Singh Malik

M. Saminathan

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture & Technology of Jammu, Jammu, J & K, India

Bhupendra Nath Tripathi

About the authors

Prof. R.S. Chauhan is serving as Professor & Head, Veterinary Pathology at G.B. Pant University of Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar. He has served in various capacities, as National Fellow, Joint Director (CADRAD), ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Director & Vice-Chancellor (Actg), ICAR-IVRI and Campus Director, IBT, Patwadangar. He has written over 100 books including 35 manuals, contributed 99 book chapters and published 231 research and 59 review papers. Prof. Chauhan has been bestowed with several prizes, medals and honours including Fellow National Academy of Veterinary Sciences, Fellow SIIP, Fellow IAVP, K.S. Nair Memorial Award, Vigyan Bharti Award, Best Teacher Award by GBPUAT, and Indo Asian-Claude Bourgelat Distinguished Innovative Scientist Award-2020 in Animal Immunopathology. He has been inducted in many national and international scientific/advisory committees and boards including Member, WHO/IPCS Committee on Environmental Health Criteria; Member, Hindi Advisory Committee, Govt.of India; Chairman, IAVP/VCI Committee on revision of Veterinary Pathology Courses; Member, Central Management Committee, AIIMS; Chairman, Cow Therapy Research Group, etc. His pioneer work includes immunopathology due to pesticides, heavy metals, mycotoxins and nanoparticles. He has supervised as Principal Investigator more than 25 research projects funded by national and state agencies.

Prof. Yashpal Singh Malik is serving as the Dean of the College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India. He served as “ICAR National Fellow” at ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute. His areas of expertise are rotaviral diseases, viral disease epidemiology, microbial biodiversity, host-virus interactions, and pathogen-diagnostics. He has pursued advanced studies in molecular virology at the University of Minnesota, USA; University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, China. He is the recipient of several prestigious national, state and academy awards and honours, including the ICAR-Jawaharlal Nehru Award, Fellowships by the Academy of Microbiological Sciences, National Academy of Dairy Sciences, India, National Academy of Biological Sciences, and Indian Virological Society. He has authored/edited 18 books, 61 book chapters, and published over 257 research and review articles in journals of repute. Prof. Malik has been associated with societies of international repute, like, the World Society for Virology (USA) as Secretary General, member “One Health Group” in Federation of Asian Veterinary Association (FAVA) and member Working Group Pharmaceutical Stewardship in World Veterinary Association (WVA). He has served as Member International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) on Birnaviridae and Picobirnaviridae study group and now serving World Health Organization (WHO) in the Picobirnaviridae Family Group.

Dr. M. Saminathan , isworking as Scientist (SS) in the Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar. He possesses research, disease investigation, and undergraduate and postgraduate teaching experiences in Veterinary Pathology. He has done research in mammary cancer, bluetongue virus, canine adenovirus, and rabies. He has handled more than 10 research projects as PI and Co-PI. He has used immunological assays like immunohistochemistry, fluorescent antibody test, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, etc. to assess the immune responses. Dr. Saminathan has published more than 80 research and review articles, 7 books and book chapters. He has been awarded IAVP-Prof. S. Ramachandran Memorial Award, IAVP-Dr Ram Raksha Kiran Shukla Award, IAVP-Dr C.M. Singh Memorial Award, IAVP-Dr Balwant Singh Memorial Young Scientist Award, IAVP-Dr Patri Rama Rao Memorial Award, and IAVP-Dr B.S. Rajya Memorial Award. He has been acting as Member of Anti Plagiarism Cell, Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC), Subject Matter Specialist on revision of ARS Syllabus for Veterinary Pathology Course, and IVRI Newsletter. He has been actively serving as Editor, Editorial Board Member and Reviewer in various International and National journals.

Dr. Bhupendra N. Tripathi, PhD, FRCPath, DICVP, serves as Deputy Director General (Animal Science) in the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. He served as Head, Animal Health Division, CSWRI-Avikanagar, Director, National Institute for Animal Health Baghpat, and Director ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar.  He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Animal Health Compton UK, and the Moredun Research Institute Edinburgh. Dr Tripathi’s research focuses on experimental animal model for various diseases, host-pathogen interaction, and virus replication mechanisms involving the role of host kinases and inhibitor molecules against viruses for the development of antiviral drugs. Diagnostics and vaccine development, including the one against lumpy skin disease have been his other research areas. He has published over 250 research and review papers in high impact journals, books, book chapters, manuals and 11 patents. Dr. Tripathi is the President of Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists and Ex-Chief Editor of Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology. He is the recipient of several awards and honours, including 9 fellowships for his outstanding research, innovation and technology development. He has been a member of Indian delegation to OIE, FAO, WHO, BIMSTEC meetings and policy/statutory/academic bodies and attended several international professional meetings.

Bibliographic Information

Book Title : Essentials of Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

Authors : Ramswaroop Singh Chauhan, Yashpal Singh Malik, M. Saminathan, Bhupendra Nath Tripathi

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2718-0

Publisher : Springer Singapore

eBook Packages : Biomedical and Life Sciences , Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024

Hardcover ISBN : 978-981-99-2717-3 Published: 29 February 2024

Softcover ISBN : 978-981-99-2720-3 Due: 15 April 2024

eBook ISBN : 978-981-99-2718-0 Published: 28 February 2024

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XXVI, 645

Number of Illustrations : 1 b/w illustrations

Topics : Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science , Immunology , Immunology

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Purdue Veterinary Student Achieves Research Milestone as a Journal Article First Author

Make a gift support the college.

Congratulations are in order for fourth-year veterinary student Kelsey D’Amico (DVM Class of 2025), who reached a rare milestone in veterinary medicine as the first author on a research paper that just recently was accepted for publication by the Journal of Dairy Science.  The article is entitled, “A randomized, controlled trial examining quarter-level somatic cell count and culture-based selective dry cow therapy against blanket dry cow therapy on early-lactation production outcomes.”

Kelsey’s co-authors on the paper include Dr. Ralph Neves, assistant professor of food animal production medicine and section head for the Purdue University Veterinary Hospital Bovine Field Service; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences ( VCS ) graduate student J. M. Grantz; VCS graduate student Natnicha Taechachokevivat; and Dr. Andy Hubner, clinical assistant professor of Farm Animal Field Services.  Dr. Hubner said the research paper dates back to the summer of 2022, when the actual sample collection was done.

“The work was not in conjunction with any program, it was work that Kelsey participated in as a summer employee of the Bovine Field Service,” Dr. Hubner explained.  “Then she decided to ‘own’ the project.”  Kelsey presented the work at the last American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) national meeting and won the student presentation award.  “She then asked if she could write the paper,” Dr. Hubner said.  “It is extremely rare for a veterinary student to take that on during their veterinary training and publish a first-author publication.”

Dr. Hubner said understanding the scientific process is extremely important for food animal veterinarians.  “Doing a large-scale research project – one with over 800 enrollments – teaches students invaluable skills that cannot be gained elsewhere in the curriculum.  It teaches them how to balance published literature with clinical experience, in order to make the best herd-level decisions for their future clients.”  Dr. Hubner noted that some veterinary schools abroad require research as part of their veterinary curriculum in order to teach students this concept.  “While our curriculum does not require this in order to graduate, once Kelsey started the project she recognized that by seeing the project all the way through to the end, she would learn valuable lessons that could not be gained elsewhere,” Dr. Hubner said. Click here to view the online article from the Journal of Dairy Science .

Writer(s): Kevin Doerr | [email protected]

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EDITORIAL article

This article is part of the research topic.

Insights in Veterinary Experimental and Diagnostic Pathology: 2023

Editorial: Insights in Veterinary Experimental and Diagnostic Pathology: 2023 Provisionally Accepted

• 1 School of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), United Kingdom
• 2 University of Surrey, United Kingdom

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Chen et al. reviewed the optimisation and use of organoid technology in veterinary disease modelling. They described the progress from 2D to 3D culture systems and the incorporation of stem cells into organoids. Organoids provide incredible opportunities to study the pathogenesis of disease, and testing for new therapies This technology has been more widely applied in human diseases modelling and, although being still in its infancy for veterinary disease, the applications will bloom in the near future. Hatala et al. described an in vitro model of feline idiopathic cystitis, a common cause of lower urinary tract disease in cats. Using primary uroepithelial cells from the urinary bladder mucosa, they established a methodology to study the molecular effects of intermittent stress which can lead to inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and decrease barrier function of the uroepithelium.Varvil et al reviewed the literature about the use of microRNA detection and expression as potential tools for diagnosis and prognosis of disease in dogs. They discovered abundant literature about the use of microRNAs in normal processes, non-infectious and noninflammatory conditions, infectious and/or inflammatory conditions and neoplasia. They draw attention about the lack of standardisation of microRNA evaluation among studies, something to have present for future studies.On another review article, Hu et al. described the current detection methods for one of the most important infectious diseases in pigs, African swine fever (ASF). ASF has been causing epizootics in Africa, Asia, and Europe in the past decade, and is spreading quickly to other territories. Having efficient diagnostic techniques is crucial to detect promptly the disease in the farms and in the laboratory. The authors discussed the current methods used to detect the ASF viral genome by PCR or, multiple-polymerase and amplification technologies and the detection of antibodies, what can be used as a supplementary approach to study the infectious status of individual pigs or farms. Labens et al. described experimental treatment for would healing of skin in horses, using topical propylene glycol gel, and how this affects the histological architecture in skin biopsies and the microbiome. They showed that topical wound applications may alter the resident microbiota during the healing process, opening the door to microbiota manipulation as potential therapeutic use in future studies.Finally, Park et al. reported an interesting case of schistosomus reflexus in a Holstein dairy cattle fetus in Korea, one of the most common congenital malformations in bovines, analysing and identifying the genetic mutations associated with this disorder.

Keywords: Pathology, modelling, Organoid, Infectious Disease, Genetics, microRNA

Received: 23 May 2024; Accepted: 30 May 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Salguero. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Prof. Francisco Javier Salguero, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), School of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, London, GU2 7TE, United Kingdom

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Ukraine-Russia war latest: Moscow warns it could go to war with NATO over US move - as Germany follows Washington in approving strikes inside Russia with its weapons

Germany has followed the US in approving strikes inside Russia using its weapons - as Moscow warns the moves could cause a war with NATO. Meanwhile, Ukraine reportedly launched a large missile and drone attack overnight.

Saturday 1 June 2024 08:31, UK

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We'll be back with live updates soon.

Scroll down to read today's news.

Volodymyr Zelenskyy has wrapped up a flurry of negotiations in Sweden and signed long-term security deals with Norway and Iceland.

Earlier, we reported that the Ukrainian president had struck an agreement while in Stockholm (see 13.26 post).

Now, Mr Zelenskyy has signed a 10-year deal with Norway, through which Oslo will focus on supporting Ukraine's maritime and air defence needs.

Norway would be "open" to the Norwegian defence industry localising production in Ukraine under the deal. Iceland has also committed to a 10-year pact.

The new agreements mean Mr Zelenskyy now has 15 written pacts with Western nations, including all five Nordic countries - which are all NATO countries.

He previously agreed security pacts with Denmark and Finland in February and April respectively.

Sweden's agreement means Stockholm will transfer two ASC 890 surveillance aircraft as well as its entire stock of armoured tracked personnel carriers.

Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson said earlier: "You are literally fighting not only for your own freedom but also for our freedom and our security."

A Russian-American journalist will be detained until at least 5 August ahead of an investigation and trial.

Alsu Kurmasheva, an editor for the US government-funded Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty’s Tatar-Bashkir service, was taken into custody on 18 October.

She's been charged with failing to register as a foreign agent while collecting information about the Russian military.

Later, she was also charged with spreading "false information" about the Russian military.

Ms Kurmasheva told reporters she suffered from various health conditions which could not be properly treated in detention. 

She also said she had last heard her children's voices in October, and held up two children's drawings for reporters which she said had been sent to her and had lifted her spirits.

She was the second American journalist detained in Russia last year, after Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich.

He was arrested on espionage charges in March. A year later, President Joe Biden said  the US was "working every day"  to secure his release.

Read more about her charges  here...

Volodymyr Zelenskyy has said Russia is trying to disrupt Ukraine's peace summit in June by blackmailing world leaders.

Speaking in Stockholm after signing a security pact with Sweden, the Ukrainian president said: "The most important thing right now is the peace summit. It should become a truly global summit.

"At this moment, we already have about 100 states and international organisations that will participate in the summit, but Russia is blackmailing some leaders and trying to block the participation of some countries."

Earlier, China's foreign ministry spokesperson defended Beijing's refusal to attend the summit - held 15-16 June in Switzerland - which Russia is not invited to.

Mao Ning insisted its demands for an international peace conference that is recognised by both Russia and Ukraine are "fair" and "impartial" (see 10.53 post).

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov later said China's decision shows Beijing understands that holding a peace summit without Russia would be futile.

Mr Zelenskyy also said it's "a question of time" before Ukraine uses Western weapons to strike targets inside Russia (see 13.26 post).

The Kremlin has dismissed France's refusal to invite Russian officials to events commemorating the 80th anniversary of the D-Day landings in the Second World War.

Yesterday, the French presidency said Russia would not be invited next week over what Paris called "Moscow's war of aggression" against Ukraine.

Despite Vladimir Putin and officials accusing the West of trying to "erase" Russia's contributions to the war effort, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Moscow was planning for next year's Victory Day.

He said "next year, you know, is an extremely important year for us", as it marks 80 years since the Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany.

"This is our main priority in terms of memorial actions."

Earlier this week, Russia's foreign ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova accused Western countries of presenting D-Day as "the main event that decided the outcome of World War Two".

She said: "Of course, nothing is said in the West about the fact that no landing in Normandy would have been possible without the successes of the Red Army. 

"They are trying not only not to remember, but to erase it."

Kremlin officials have today been issuing various statements - including dire threats of war with NATO - in response to Western powers' decisions to let Ukraine use weapons they have supplied to attack inside Russia.

But Jens Stoltenberg, the military alliance's secretary-general, has dismissed the threats and insisted NATO was simply helping Kyiv defend itself.

"This is nothing new. It has… been the case for a long time that every time NATO allies are providing support to Ukraine, President Putin is trying to threaten us to not do that," he said in Prague.

"And an escalation – well, Russia has escalated by invading another country."

Citing Russia's northern offensive against the Kharkiv region in Ukraine, Mr Stoltenberg added: "Ukraine has the right for self-defence, we have the right to help Ukraine uphold the right for self-defence, and that does not make NATO allies a party to the conflict.

"That was the case back in February 2022, that was the case last year, that remains the case."

Ten foreign ministers, including Lord Cameron, are demanding North Korea stop supplying weapons to Russia.

Earlier this month, Russia dismissed claims it was working with Pyongyang on military matters and said the relationship between the countries was not a threat to others.

But the ministers say Russia is using North Korean arms transfers "to strike Ukraine's critical infrastructure, prolonging the suffering of the Ukrainian people".

They also called for North Korea to end its nuclear weapons programme.

Yesterday, North Korea fired a barrage of ballistic missile to show it is willing to strike South Korea's "gangsters' regime" pre-emptively.

Meanwhile, some of the officials are in Prague for a two-day NATO summit, where they've discussed allowing Ukraine to use weapons they have supplied to strike inside of Russia.

Germany announced it will allow Kyiv to do so, to the anger of Russian officials (see 10.30am post).

Earlier, we reported that Ukraine and Russia had carried out their first prisoner swap since February (see 13.05 post).

Now, Ukraine's defence ministry has shared a video of freed prisoners singing Ukraine, originally by Taras Petrynenko, as they're brought back home.

Leading the sing-along is Kostyantyn Myrhorodskyi, who was in Russian captivity for more than two years.

Some of the men with him on the coach can be seen weeping as they are overcome with emotion by the moment. 

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken has confirmed Joe Biden approved for US weapons to be used inside Russia. 

Speaking to reporters in the Czech Republic following a meeting of NATO foreign ministers, Mr Blinken said Ukraine asked for authorisation to allow its forces to defend itself against Russian attacks, particularly in the city of Kharkiv.

The meeting of NATO foreign ministers comes before a summit in Washington from 9 -11 July. 

Mr Blinken said during the summit, "concrete steps" will be taken to bring Ukraine closer to NATO and the US will "ensure there's a bridge for Ukraine to NATO membership".

He said the summit is happening at a "pivotal time" when Russia is intensifying its attacks against frontline regions in Ukraine.

After last night's missile strike on a block of flats, Russia's defence ministry says it has carried out 25 attacks in Kharkiv.

According to the Interfax news agency, the strikes were carried out between 25 May and 31 May with precision-guided weapons, and targeted Ukrainian military facilities.

The ministry adds Russian troops are advancing in several directions - and have captured two villages - Berestove and Ivanivka - in the Kharkiv region.

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