essay on education system of bihar

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Education in Bihar: Still a long road ahead

Nishith Prakash

University of Connecticut

[email protected]

In the north Indian state of Bihar, education has been improving faster than in the rest of the country. But as this column reminds us, Bihar is starting from the bottom. For education to continue to improve, Bihar needs to universally provide drinking water facilities, separate toilets for girls in schools, and more teachers and classrooms per student.

One thing that development economists agree on is the importance of education. Put simply, if development is to be sustainable, people need to be better educated. Just looking at economic output, education contributes to growth by increasing the level of human capital of the workforce – as India has discovered in the IT sector. Looking beyond the statistics, education can equip people with the tools for a more fulfilling and enjoyable life.

The government of Bihar, one of India´s poorest states, has recently undertaken several policy initiatives to make education more affordable and accessible to children. These initiatives have focused on reducing the ‘opportunity cost’ of schooling and providing incentives for enrolment and performance.

In my study with Priya Ranjan, we look at the state of education in Bihar and analyse the policies of the Bihar government (Ranjan and Prakash 2012). We draw on our own research, publically available data, and previous studies on education in India. We find that while Bihar has made several impressive steps, there is still a long road ahead.

The state of education in Bihar

Using data from District Information System for Education (DISE), we find that starting in 2006-2007 the enrolment rate at the primary level in Bihar – has been increasing and is now higher than the median of the 20 large states. However, the enrolment rate at the upper primary level is right at the bottom of the 20 major states in India with less than half of eligible children attending school. Since the DISE enrolment data for primary grades are not available for Bihar after 2007, we use an alternative measure from Assessment Survey Evaluation Research (ASER) called the ‘out of school rate’ which is the percentage of school age children not attending school. This measure is far less impressive for Bihar. We find that Bihar has a higher out of school rate than the median state in India, though the percentage has been declining over time. In line with the enrolment numbers, the out of school rate is higher among older children.

We use ASER scores for Reading and Maths as our measures of quality of education. While Bihar’s performance in these areas is close to median average among Indian states, there is still a lot of scope for raising the quality of education. To cite a couple of stark statistics – one third of students in Class 6 (on average ages 11-12) cannot read a paragraph taken from a Class 2 textbook (for ages 6-8), and half of Class 5 (age 9-10) students cannot solve a simple division problem.

Schooling inputs

One way of assessing school performance is by looking at ‘schooling inputs’ – that is, what is being provided in the schools. We find that Bihar performs very poorly in the provision of basic schooling inputs, both in absolute terms and in relation to other states in India. Bihar has the highest student-teacher ratio as well as the student-classroom ratio among Indian states. In 2009-2010, which is the last year for which data are available, Bihar had 53 students to every one teacher, while the national median was 26. The student-classroom ratio is also very poor, with over 80 students per classroom in all years surveyed, far above the national median. We also find that the proportion of classrooms in good condition is 60%, which in addition to being below the national median is 20 percentage points below the best performing state in India.

Among some other measures of schooling infrastructure, Bihar has made some progress in recent years in the provision of drinking water, and is now ranked above the median in India on this measure. However, the fact that roughly 10% of the primary schools lack access to drinking water facilities is clearly unacceptable. Other studies have found availability of a separate girls´ toilet to be an important determinant both of female schooling and teacher attendance (see for instance Glewwe et al. 2011). This is particularly important in Bihar, which despite focusing on hiring female teachers for primary school, has only 20% of schools with separate toilets for girls – a very low figure in both relative and absolute terms.

Unsurprisingly, we find several of these schooling inputs to be key to providing a good education. Disease transmission within and across schools adversely affects both the amount of schooling received and its quality. While the Bihar government has taken some steps in this direction by implementing a massive deworming programme in 2011 with a follow-up planned later this year, we argue that the policy imperative should be on providing access to drinking water and separate girls´ toilets in school.

Teacher absenteeism and perceptions of schooling

In addition to the infrastructural challenges identified above, Bihar needs to consider other important determinants of a good education. Previous studies, such as Chaudhury et al. (2006), highlight the problem of teacher absenteeism in several developing countries, including India. This body of research highlights a strong connection between poor school infrastructure, such as lack of drinking water, and teacher absenteeism, but also suggests that improved monitoring by authorities can improve teacher attendance. Indeed, data from a field experiment in Kenya suggest that scholarship incentives, where good grades were rewarded with grants and payment of school fees, helped to motivate both students and parents as well as reduce absenteeism (Kremer et al. 2009).

Focusing on the teachers themselves, most studies on the link between performance-related pay and educational outcomes find the effects to be positive (see for example Muralidharan and Sundararaman 2011). An essential prerequisite to the implementation of any kind of incentive pay scheme, however, is to set up a data system for monitoring the performance of schools and teachers. Such a data system is essential in linking student performance to teacher effectiveness. Developing such a data system will have the additional benefit of allowing the administrators to monitor the performance of schools and take remedial action in poorly performing schools. Put simply, if Bihar is to implement such a policy of incentivising teachers and measuring school performance, it needs to have the data system in place first.

But the problem is not just teachers. There is a problem with parents and children demanding enough education. Our survey of existing research suggests that many parents and children perceive the returns to schooling as much less than the returns from starting work earlier in life. The result is people choosing to ‘under-educate’ themselves in many developing countries (otherwise known as ‘underinvestment’ in education). Experimental studies suggest that public campaigns aimed at informing parents and children of the benefits of education are extremely cost effective at increasing school enrolment. Given the current lack of public information in Bihar, we strongly recommend the government launches such a campaign. In Bihar in particular, it would be a good idea to emphasise the development of English language skills, given their high returns in the job market (Azam et al. 2011).

The road ahead

Recent policy initiatives and improvements in primary school enrolment show that Bihar is making progress in improving its education. Recent policies have focused on lowering the cost of schooling through subsidising or providing textbooks, uniforms, bicycles and cash transfers for attendance. While these have reduced the costs of schooling in Bihar, much remains to be done to boost schooling infrastructure and improve conditions for both students and teachers.

We re-emphasise that policymakers must universally provide drinking water facilities, and separate toilets for girls in schools. They must also improve the student-teacher ratio and ensure that classrooms are in good condition. Finally, given the high cost effectiveness of information campaigns regarding the returns to education, the government of Bihar should seriously look into this policy option. More generally, understanding the determinants of household’s decision to ‘invest’ in education should be an important component of academic research and policy in the area of education, which has previously tended to focus more on improving the quantity and quality of educational inputs.

Looking to the future, performance-related pay (or incentive pay) for teachers can play an important role in improving the quality of education. However, to be able to link student performance to teacher effectiveness, a state-wide data system needs to be put in place.

Further reading

• Azam, M, A Chin, and N Prakash (2011), “The Returns to English-Language Skills in India”, Forthcoming, Economic Development and Cultural Change.
• Chaudhury, Nazmul, Jeffrey Hammer, Michael Kremer, Karthik Muralidharan, and F Halsey Rogers (2006), “Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1):91-116.
• Glewwe, Paul, Nauman Ilias, and Michael Kremer (2008), “Teacher Incentives in the Developing World”, Manuscript, 2008.
• Glewwe, Paul, Eric Hanushek, Sarah Humpage, and Renato Ravina (2011), “School Resources and Educational Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature From 1990 to 2010", NBER, Working Paper No. 17554.
• Muralidharan, Karthik and Venkatesh Sundararaman (2011), “Teacher performance pay: Experimental evidence from India”, Journal of Political Economy, 119(1):39-77.
• Ranjan, Priya and Nishith Prakash (2012), “Education Policies and Practices: What Have We Learnt and the Road Ahead for Bihar”, Manuscript, 2012.

By: Gaurav Kumar 27 July, 2020

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Education system in bihar.

Home to one of the earliest universities in the world - Nalanda (500 A.D.) and Vikramshila (800-900 A.D.) - Bihar, however, lagged behind in higher education after Independence with state government over the decades unable to mobilise either funds or committed persons to build institutions of higher learning in this state.

An attempt was made to streamline the education system in the 1960s through reforms and bold measures by the then minister Satender Narain Sinha. But they were short-lived as successive government could not implement them fully.

Due to poor educational facilities there is a widening gap between the demand for schools, colleges, hostels and their market supply. As a result, most Bihari students migrate to other states to do higher studies and in search of career prospects in other parts of the country having well-development infrastructure and economy.

According to a survey, 38% of teachers in Bihar schools could not be found during a surprise visit by an official team, pointing to the worst teacher absent rate in India and the world.

Primary Schools in Bihar

In the 1970s-80s, the private schools were taken over by the government which affected the quality of primary education in Bihar.

Moreover, the government was not in a position to manage these schools as the officials were concerned with other administrative works. To fill the vacuum after the takeover of private schools by the government, schools run by Christian missionaries began to grow and earned the goodwill of the public.

The Kendriya Vidyalayas and Jawahar Navodaya schools (for rural students) run by the Central government are popular in the state. Most schools are affiliated to Bihar School Exam Board, while the KVs and elite schools run by Christian missionaries are affiliated to either to the ICSE or CBSE boards.

A series of reform measures was implemented in primary schools including the compulsory digitisation of records at state-run schools.

Higher education in Bihar

Bihar capital Patna has emerged as centre for higher education offering courses in technology, medicine, management, law and fashion. Many institutes were inaugurated in Patna to open up opportunities for those wishing to pursue higher education in Bihar itself.

Colleges such as Indian Institute of Technology, Birla Institute of Technology and National Institute of Technology are top engineering colleges in Patna.

The newly opened National Institute of Fashion Technology and in the medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna Medical College and Hospital and Nalanda Medical College and Hospital have many takers willing to settle for higher education in Patna rather than migrating to other states.

Anugrah Narayan College and B N College are among the top colleges in commerce and humanities apart from offering a range of PG courses.

Nalanda University New chancellor

Following the grand vision of former President Abdul Kalam to revive the ancient seat of higher learning at Nalanda, an Act was passed in Parliament in 2010 for setting up Nalanda University at Rajgir, the capital of Nalanda district.

In September 2014, Nalanda University admitted a select 15 students out of a total number of 1,000 applicants for its academic courses.

After Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen did not take up the second term as chancellor, the Centre appointed Singapore former minister George Yeo to this academic post. The new varsity will focus on doing high-end research in historical sciences, environment and ecology.

Nalanda was the ancient hub of higher education (413-1193 A.D.) that attracted scholars from across the world. But it was destroyed completely by the Muslim invaders of the 12th Century.

History of India

Bihar election, bihar travel.

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Essay on Indian Education System for Students and Children

500+ words essay on indian education system for students and children.

The Indian education system is quite an old education system that still exists. It has produced so many genius minds that are making India proud all over the world. However, while it is one of the oldest systems, it is still not that developed when compared to others, which are in fact newer. This is so as the other countries have gone through growth and advancement, but the Indian education system is still stuck in old age. It faces a lot of problems that need to be sorted to let it reach its full potential.

Problems with Indian Education System

Our Indian education system faces a lot of problems that do not let it prosper and help other children succeed in life . The biggest problem which it has to face is the poor grading system. It judges the intelligence of a student on the basis of academics which is in the form of exam papers. That is very unfair to students who are good in their overall performance but not that good at specific subjects.

Moreover, they only strive to get good marks not paying attention to understanding what is taught. In other words, this encourages getting good marks through mugging up and not actually grasping the concept efficiently.

Furthermore, we see how the Indian education system focuses on theory more. Only a little percentage is given for practical. This makes them run after the bookish knowledge and not actually applying it to the real world. This practice makes them perplexed when they go out in the real world due to lack of practical knowledge.

Most importantly, the Indian education system does not emphasize enough on the importance of sports and arts. Students are always asked to study all the time where they get no time for other activities like sports and arts.

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How Can We Improve Indian Education System?

As the Indian Education System is facing so many problems, we need to come up with effective solutions so it improves and creates a brighter future for students . We can start by focusing on the skill development of the students. The schools and colleges must not only focus on the ranks and grades but on the analytical and creative skills of children.

In addition, subjects must not be merely taught theoretically but with practical. This will help in a better understanding of the subject without them having to mug up the whole thing due to lack of practical knowledge. Also, the syllabus must be updated with the changing times and not follow the old age pattern.

Other than that, the government and private colleges must now increase the payroll of teachers. As they clearly deserve more than what they offer. To save money, the schools hire teachers who are not qualified enough. This creates a very bad classroom environment and learning. They must be hired if they are fit for the job and not because they are working at a lesser salary.

In conclusion, the Indian education system must change for the better. It must give the students equal opportunities to shine better in the future. We need to let go of the old and traditional ways and enhance the teaching standards so our youth can get create a better world.

FAQs on Indian Education System

Q.1 What problems does the Indian Education System face?

A.1 Indian education is very old and outdated. It judges students on the basis of marks and grades ignoring the overall performance of the student. It focuses on academics side-lining arts and sports.

Q.2 How can we improve the Indian education system?

A.2 The colleges and schools must hire well and qualified teachers. They must help students to understand the concept instead of merely mugging up the whole subject.

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Essay on Bihar

Students are often asked to write an essay on Bihar in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Bihar

Introduction.

Bihar is a state in the eastern part of India. It is the third-largest state in terms of population. The capital city is Patna.

Bihar has a rich history. It was the center of power, learning, and culture in ancient India. It is the birthplace of Buddhism.

Bihar’s culture is very diverse. It is known for its music, dance, and festivals. Bihari cuisine is also very famous.

Bihar’s economy is primarily agricultural. It is a major producer of vegetables and fruits. It also has a growing service sector.

Bihar is a state with a rich history and diverse culture. It has a lot to offer to its residents and visitors.

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250 Words Essay on Bihar

Bihar, located in the eastern part of India, is a state rich in history and culture. Known for its ancient universities and religious sites, Bihar has been a significant center of learning, culture, and power in ancient and classical India.

Historical Significance

Bihar’s historical significance is unparalleled. It was the center of the Maurya and Gupta empires, two of the most powerful dynasties in Indian history. The state was also the birthplace of Buddhism, with Gautama Buddha achieving enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, a town in Bihar.

Cultural Diversity

Bihar’s culture is a blend of diverse traditions and practices. The state is known for its unique art forms like Madhubani painting and traditional dance styles such as Jat-Jatin and Bidesia. The Bihari cuisine, with dishes like Litti Chokha and Sattu Paratha, is famous for its flavors and simplicity.

Economic Aspects

Bihar’s economy primarily revolves around agriculture, with rice, wheat, and lentils as major crops. Despite its agricultural predominance, Bihar faces several challenges like poverty and lack of industrialization. However, recent years have seen significant efforts towards infrastructural development and economic reform.

Bihar, with its rich history and cultural diversity, holds a unique place in the Indian subcontinent. Despite economic challenges, the state continues to progress, striving to balance its historical legacy with modern development. The essence of Bihar lies in its resilience and the vibrant amalgamation of tradition and transformation.

500 Words Essay on Bihar

Bihar, an Indian state, is a region of historic and cultural significance. Known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and diverse population, Bihar is a fascinating study in contrasts. It is a place where ancient traditions coexist with modern development, where the urban and rural landscapes merge seamlessly.

Bihar’s history dates back to the dawn of Indian civilization. It was the center of power, learning, and culture in ancient and classical India. The state was home to two of India’s major empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire. Bihar is also the birthplace of Buddhism, with Bodh Gaya, the place where Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment, located here. The remnants of its glorious past, such as the ruins of Nalanda University, are still visible today and serve as a testament to Bihar’s historical significance.

Bihar’s culture is a rich tapestry of diverse traditions, languages, and festivals. The state’s cultural heritage is reflected in its folk music, dance, and art forms. Bihari cuisine, known for its distinctive flavors and variety, also reflects the state’s cultural diversity. Festivals like Chhath Puja, which is unique to Bihar, showcase the state’s vibrant traditions and religious fervor.

Economy and Development

Bihar’s economy has traditionally been agrarian, with agriculture employing the majority of the population. The state is a major producer of fruits, vegetables, and grains in India. However, in recent years, Bihar has made significant strides in its economic development. The state government has implemented several initiatives to promote industrial growth and infrastructural development. Despite these advancements, Bihar continues to face challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and underdevelopment.

Education and Social Challenges

Education in Bihar has seen considerable improvement over the years. The state government has made concerted efforts to increase literacy rates and improve the quality of education. However, Bihar still grapples with issues like gender disparity in education and inadequate educational infrastructure.

Socially, Bihar is a melting pot of various castes, religions, and ethnic groups. While this diversity is a strength, it also presents challenges. Caste-based discrimination and communal tensions are some of the social issues that Bihar faces.

Bihar, with its rich history and cultural diversity, is a state that encapsulates the essence of India. Despite its challenges, Bihar’s potential for growth and development is immense. The state’s journey from a cradle of civilization to a developing region in modern India is a testament to its resilience and dynamism. The future of Bihar lies in leveraging its historical legacy and cultural richness while addressing its socio-economic challenges.

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Challenges of Education Beyond Literacy in Bihar

—Education is considered globally as one of the important instruments for social change. It attaches more significance for the developing nations. Moreover, child centric quality education has still been concerns of intellectuals, policy makers and social activists across the world in general and backward regions like India in particular. This paper is an attempt to underline the issues related to quality education in Bihar, one of the most backward states of India. This exercise is intended to deal with status of free and compulsory quality education, its underlying challenges, gaps in terms of hard and soft infrastructure and desired imperatives.

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