public international law research topics

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International Law Guide

• International Courts and Tribunals
• International Organizations
• Private International Law
• Selected Topics in Public International Law

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Foreign Law Guide

General Guides and Resources for Public International Law

• GlobaLex Research guides to international law (by subject) and foreign law (by jurisdiction) from NYU's Hauser Global Law School Program.

• ASIL Research Guide to Public International Law An up-to-date guide to treaty and other public international law research with an emphasis on online resources. From the American Society of International Law.

Criminal Law

• ASIL Research Guide to International Criminal Law
• Research Guides to the International Criminal Courts for the Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone From GlobaLex.
• Comparative Criminal Procedure: A Selected Bibliography From GlobaLex.
• International Criminal Court Legal Tools Provides access to documents important to international criminal law, including treaties, judgments and decisions, summaries of domestic criminal justice systems in many countries including relevant statutes or codes, and commentary on international criminal law and other aspects of international law.

Environmental Law

• ECOLEX: A Gateway to Environmental Law
• United Nations Environment Programme
• ASIL Research Guide to International Environmental Law
• A Basic Guide to International Environmental Legal Research From GlobaLex.

Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

• UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
• OHCHR Jurisprudence Database Contains recommendations and findings from the various UN human rights committees that consider complaints from individuals.
• Refworld UNHCR's comprehensive information source on refugee status includes treaties, legislation and court decisions, as well as information organized by country and topic.
• European Court of Human Rights Pending cases, judgments, basic texts and a complete index to all ECHR judgments.
• Bayefsky.com: The United Nations Human Rights Treaties
• ICRC's Customary International Humanitarian Law Database A free online version of their two-volume publication.
• University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
• Human Rights Library: Collections on the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights From the University of Minnesota.
• ESCR-Net Caselaw Database Database of domestic, international, and quasi-judicial cases and decisions on economic, social and cultural rights.
• U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
• Project Diana: An Online Human Rights Case Archive From Yale Law School.
• ASIL Research Guide to International Human Rights
• ASIL Research Guide to International Humanitarian Law
• International Human Rights Research Guide From GlobaLex.
• ICJ E-bulletin on Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights International Commission of Jurist's free monthly publication of legal developments in the fields of counter-terrorism and human rights.

Intellectual Property

• WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization
• WIPO Lex Collection of intellectual property legislation (in English) from WIPO member countries.
• AIPPI - International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property An international NGO devoted to the "the development and improvement of intellectual property." The Questions/Committees section contains country-by-country reports on specific intellectual property law topics.
• European Patent Office
• U.S. Patent & Trademark Office General information, forms, and a free searchable patent and trademark database.
• U.S. Copyright Office Copyright basics, law, forms, and other materials available through the Library of Congress, the entity responsible for copyrights.
• ASIL Research Guide to International Intellectual Property Law
• IP Precedents Database Database of English translations of precedential domestic court decisions on IP topics; from the Research Center for the Legal System of Intellectual Property.

Law of the Sea

• United Nations: Oceans and Law of the Sea
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
• International Seabed Authority
• UVA Center for Oceans Law & Policy
• ASIL Research Guide to Law of the Sea

Trade, Investment or Economic Law

• GATT Documents Online From the WTO.
• GATT Digital Library From Stanford University.
• WorldTradeLaw.net
• International Trade Database: Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods From Pace University.
• Trans-Lex.org Research platform for transnational commercial law from the Center for Transnational Law, Cologne University, Germany.
• SICE - Foreign Trade Information System From the Organization of American States.
• United States International Trade Commission
• United States Trade Representative
• Harmonized Tariff Schedule

• ASIL Research Guide to International Economic Law
• ASIL Research Guide to International Commercial Arbitration
• Research Guide on the Harmonization of International Commercial Law From GlobaLex.

Women's Rights

• Women's Human Rights Resources From the University of Toronto.
• Women's Human Rights Documents From the University of Minnesota.
• Women's Rights Links From the University of Minnesota.
• Last Updated: Jul 12, 2023 10:02 AM
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International Law Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive collection of international law research paper topics , curated to aid students studying law in their research endeavors. International law is a multifaceted field with diverse areas of study, and this page aims to provide students with an extensive list of topics that can serve as a foundation for their research papers. By exploring these topics, students can delve into various aspects of international law, such as human rights, criminal law, environmental law, trade law, and humanitarian law, among others. This page also offers insights into how to choose compelling international law research paper topics, tips on writing a coherent and impactful paper, and highlights the custom international law research paper writing services provided by iResearchNet. The ultimate goal is to empower students to embark on an enriching and successful academic journey in the realm of international law research.

100 International Law Research Paper Topics

International law encompasses a vast array of subjects, reflecting the intricate and interconnected nature of global affairs. As students of law, exploring these topics can open new horizons and deepen their understanding of how international legal frameworks shape our world. This comprehensive list presents 10 categories, each comprising 10 diverse and thought-provoking international law research paper topics. Whether you are interested in human rights, environmental protection, trade regulations, or armed conflicts, these topics offer a wealth of opportunities for academic exploration and intellectual growth.

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• The Universality of Human Rights: A Global Perspective
• Human Rights and Armed Conflicts: Challenges and Protections
• Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in International Law
• The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Promoting Human Rights
• Freedom of Speech and Expression in the Digital Age
• Human Rights Violations and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
• Children’s Rights and Child Protection Laws Internationally
• The Right to Asylum: Refugee Protection and International Law
• Combating Human Trafficking: International Legal Frameworks
• Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Cultural Heritage Preservation
• Climate Change and Global Efforts for Environmental Protection
• Biodiversity Conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Environmental Justice
• Transboundary Pollution and International Liability
• The Role of International Courts and Tribunals in Environmental Disputes
• The Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law
• Oceans Governance and the Protection of Marine Resources
• International Agreements on Wildlife Conservation and Endangered Species
• Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Rights: Perspectives and Challenges
• The Economics of Environmental Protection: Balancing Trade and Conservation
• World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Multilateral Trading System
• Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Regional Economic Integration
• Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Mechanisms in Trade Agreements
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade
• Trade and Labor Standards: Addressing Social Issues in Global Commerce
• Environmental Protection in International Trade: Conflicts and Synergies
• Trade Remedies: Anti-dumping, Countervailing, and Safeguard Measures
• Trade Liberalization and Economic Development: Case Studies
• Cross-Border E-Commerce and Digital Trade Regulations
• Challenges of Trade in Services: Legal and Regulatory Perspectives
• The International Criminal Court (ICC) and Its Role in Ending Impunity
• Prosecuting War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: Legal Challenges
• Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Prosecute
• The Evolution of International Criminal Law: From Nuremberg to the ICC
• The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction: Holding Perpetrators Accountable
• Truth and Reconciliation Commissions in Post-Conflict Societies
• The Role of the United Nations in Combating International Crimes
• War Criminals and Refugees: The Intersection of Criminal and Migration Law
• Cyberwarfare and the Application of International Criminal Law
• Combating Terrorism: Legal Approaches and Human Rights Concerns
• The Geneva Conventions and the Protection of War Victims
• Targeted Killings and Drones: The Legal Challenges of Modern Warfare
• The Principle of Proportionality in Armed Conflicts
• War Crimes and Accountability in Non-International Armed Conflicts
• The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflicts
• Autonomous Weapons and the Ethics of Lethal Autonomous Systems (LAS)
• The Role of National Courts in Prosecuting War Crimes
• The Humanitarian Impact of Economic Sanctions and Trade Embargoes
• Children in Armed Conflicts: From Recruitment to Rehabilitation
• Humanitarian Assistance and the Challenges of Providing Aid in Conflict Zones
• Comparative Constitutional Law: Analyzing Different Legal Systems and Their Impact on Global Governance
• The Role of International Law in Shaping Domestic Constitutions
• Constitutional Design and State Building in Post-Conflict Societies
• Human Rights and Constitutional Protections: Assessing the Impact of International Treaties
• Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Ensuring Effective Governance in International Relations
• Judicial Independence and the Enforcement of Constitutional Rights in International Contexts
• The Impact of International Institutions on National Constitutions
• The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties
• Federalism and the Division of Powers in Constitutional Design
• The Role of Constitutional Courts in Protecting Democratic Principles
• Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Legal and Regulatory Challenges
• International Commercial Arbitration: Enforcement and Recognition of Awards
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Multinational Corporations
• Foreign Investment Protection and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
• International Contract Law and Choice of Law Clauses
• Dispute Resolution in International Trade: Litigation vs. Arbitration
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Business Transactions
• International Trade Law and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Corporate Governance and Compliance in International Business
• Environmental and Social Responsibility in International Business
• Double Taxation Treaties: Legal Implications and Challenges
• Transfer Pricing and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
• Tax Havens and Their Impact on Global Taxation
• Taxation of Digital Economy and E-commerce Transactions
• Taxation of Multinational Corporations: Fairness and Equity Concerns
• Tax Avoidance vs. Tax Evasion: Legal Distinctions and Consequences
• Taxation of Foreign Source Income and Territorial vs. Worldwide Tax Systems
• Developing Countries and International Taxation: Bridging the Gap
• The Role of International Organizations in Shaping Global Tax Policies
• Addressing Tax Challenges Arising from the COVID-19 Pandemic
• The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Its Implementation
• Maritime Boundaries and Dispute Resolution in the South China Sea
• Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and Marine Resource Management
• Freedom of Navigation and Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean
• Environmental Protection in the High Seas: Addressing Pollution and Overfishing
• Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: Legal Responses and Jurisdictional Challenges
• Submarine Cables and Cybersecurity in International Waters
• The Role of International Tribunals in Resolving Maritime Disputes
• Deep Sea Mining and the Regulation of Exploitation of Marine Resources
• Indigenous Rights and Traditional Knowledge in Marine Conservation
• Diplomatic Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in International Relations
• The Role of Mediation in Resolving International Disputes
• International Arbitration: Institutional Frameworks and Best Practices
• The Use of Force and Armed Conflict: Legal Perspectives on Peacekeeping
• Compliance with International Court Judgments and Decisions
• The Settlement of Territorial Disputes: Case Studies and Legal Approaches
• The Role of Non-State Actors in International Conflict Resolution
• The Legality of Targeted Sanctions and Economic Coercion
• The Use of International Courts and Tribunals in Human Rights Disputes
• The Role of Regional Organizations in Conflict Mediation and Resolution

In conclusion, the field of international law offers a vast array of research topics that delve into critical global issues, ranging from human rights and environmental protection to trade and business regulations. Scholars and students of law can explore the complexities of international relations, the challenges of cross-border disputes, and the ever-evolving legal frameworks that shape the international community. The comprehensive list of international law research paper topics provided above serves as a starting point for students to delve deeper into their areas of interest and contribute to the understanding and development of international law. Through diligent research and critical analysis, they can further advance the principles of justice, equality, and cooperation on the global stage.

Exploring the Range of International Law Research Paper Topics

International law is a complex and dynamic field that governs the interactions between nations and other actors in the global community. As a crucial component of the global legal system, international law encompasses a diverse range of topics that have significant implications for peace, security, human rights, trade, and cooperation among nations. Researching international law research paper topics offers students a unique opportunity to delve into the intricacies of international relations, diplomatic relations, and the role of international organizations in promoting peace and stability.

• The Sources of International Law : This topic explores the various sources of international law, including treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, and decisions of international courts and tribunals. Students can investigate the hierarchy of these sources and their application in resolving disputes between states.
• International Human Rights Law : This area of international law deals with the protection and promotion of human rights on a global scale. Research topics may cover issues like the role of international human rights organizations, the enforcement of human rights treaties, and the impact of human rights violations on international relations.
• International Humanitarian Law : Also known as the law of armed conflict or the law of war, this branch of international law governs the conduct of parties during armed conflicts. Students can explore topics such as the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, the use of force in self-defense, and the prosecution of war crimes.
• International Environmental Law : With growing concerns about climate change and environmental degradation, international environmental law has become increasingly relevant. Research topics may include international agreements on climate change, biodiversity conservation, and the responsibility of states for transboundary environmental harm.
• International Criminal Law : This field focuses on the prosecution of individuals for international crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Students can investigate the role of international criminal tribunals, the challenges of obtaining evidence in international cases, and the pursuit of justice for victims of international crimes.
• International Trade Law : International trade is essential for global economic development and cooperation. Research topics in this area may cover international trade agreements, dispute settlement mechanisms in trade disputes, and the impact of trade policies on developing nations.
• Law of the Sea : This branch of international law governs the use and protection of the world’s oceans and resources. Students can explore topics such as the rights and responsibilities of states in their maritime zones, the protection of marine biodiversity, and the resolution of disputes over territorial waters.
• International Investment Law : As globalization continues to shape economic relationships, international investment law has gained prominence. Research topics may include the regulation of foreign direct investment, investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms, and the balance between investor rights and host state regulatory powers.
• International Arbitration and Mediation : International dispute resolution is essential for maintaining peaceful relations among states. Students can explore topics such as the effectiveness of international arbitration and mediation in resolving conflicts, the role of international organizations in facilitating dispute resolution, and the enforcement of arbitral awards.
• Cybersecurity and International Law : With the rise of cyber threats and cyber warfare, international law has grappled with issues of cyber sovereignty, cyber espionage, and the application of existing legal principles to cyberspace. Research topics may delve into the challenges of attributing cyber-attacks, the development of international norms for responsible state behavior in cyberspace, and the protection of human rights in the digital age.

In conclusion, international law offers a vast array of research paper topics that reflect the complexities and challenges of the global legal landscape. As students delve into these topics, they gain a deeper understanding of the intricacies of international relations, human rights, trade, and conflict resolution. Exploring the multifaceted nature of international law research allows students to critically analyze the role of law in shaping the conduct of states and the broader international community, fostering a deeper appreciation for the significance of international law in today’s interconnected world.

How to Choose International Law Research Paper Topics

Selecting a compelling and relevant research paper topic is essential to the success of any academic endeavor. In the context of international law, choosing the right research topic requires careful consideration of various factors that can shape the scope and impact of the research. Whether you are a law student, an aspiring international lawyer, or a researcher interested in global legal issues, the following guide provides valuable insights on how to choose international law research paper topics that are engaging, insightful, and contribute meaningfully to the field of international law.

• Identify Your Area of Interest : International law is a vast and diverse field encompassing numerous sub-disciplines, including human rights law, environmental law, international trade law, and more. Start by identifying your specific area of interest within international law. Reflect on the subjects that intrigue you the most and the issues you are passionate about. This will serve as the foundation for selecting a research topic that resonates with your academic and professional aspirations.
• Stay Abreast of Current Developments : International law is constantly evolving to address contemporary global challenges and opportunities. Keeping up to date with current international legal developments, landmark cases, and significant treaties and agreements can provide valuable inspiration for research topics. Consider exploring emerging issues and debates in the field, as these can offer unique opportunities for original research and innovative insights.
• Analyze Relevant Legal Frameworks : International law operates within a complex web of legal frameworks, including treaties, conventions, and customary international law. Analyzing these legal sources can help you identify gaps, contradictions, or areas where further research is needed. Topics that delve into the interpretation and application of international legal instruments can add depth and value to your research.
• Consider Timeliness and Relevance : A relevant and timely research topic is more likely to capture the attention of readers and contribute to ongoing discussions in the field. Consider the significance of your chosen topic in the context of current global events, policy debates, or emerging challenges. Topics that address pressing international issues, such as climate change, human rights violations, or cybersecurity threats, can have a significant impact on both academic and policy circles.
• Review Existing Literature : Conduct a thorough literature review to understand the existing body of research on your chosen topic. This will help you identify gaps in the literature that you can explore in your research. Additionally, reviewing existing studies can provide insights into the methodologies and approaches used by other researchers, informing your own research design.
• Balance Complexity and Feasibility : While it is essential to select a topic that reflects the complexities of international law, it is equally important to ensure that your research is feasible within the scope and limitations of your academic assignment or project. Avoid overly broad or ambitious topics that may be challenging to address comprehensively within the available time and resources.
• Consult with Professors and Experts : Seek guidance and advice from your professors, academic advisors, or experts in the field of international law. They can provide valuable insights into potential research topics, relevant literature, and methodologies. Engaging in discussions with experienced scholars can help refine your research question and add depth to your analysis.
• Focus on Practical Implications : Consider the practical implications of your research topic in the real world. How might your findings impact international relations, legal practices, or policymaking? Research that offers practical solutions to global challenges or sheds light on pressing legal issues can have a more significant impact on the field of international law.
• Address Controversial Issues : International law often involves contentious and complex topics that evoke strong opinions and debates. Embracing controversial issues can lead to thought-provoking research that challenges existing norms and perceptions. However, ensure that you approach such topics with sensitivity and a commitment to unbiased analysis.
• Conduct a Preliminary Study : Before finalizing your research topic, conduct a preliminary study to gather relevant information and assess the availability of data and resources. This will help you determine whether your chosen topic is viable and whether you can access the necessary materials to conduct a comprehensive study.

In conclusion, choosing the right international law research paper topic is a critical step in producing a successful and impactful piece of academic work. By identifying your area of interest, staying informed about current developments, analyzing legal frameworks, and considering the timeliness and relevance of your topic, you can select a research question that is both intellectually stimulating and practically significant. Engage with existing literature, seek guidance from experts, and balance the complexity and feasibility of your research to ensure a rewarding and insightful exploration of international law issues.

How to Write an International Law Research Paper

Writing an international law research paper requires careful planning, rigorous research, and a structured approach to presenting your arguments and findings. Whether you are a law student or a seasoned researcher, mastering the art of academic writing in the field of international law is essential to communicate your ideas effectively and contribute to the broader legal discourse. This section provides a comprehensive guide on how to write an international law research paper, from choosing a suitable research question to crafting a well-organized and persuasive paper.

• Define Your Research Question : The first step in writing an international law research paper is to define a clear and focused research question. Your research question should be specific, relevant, and aligned with your area of interest within international law. It should address a significant legal issue or gap in the literature and demonstrate your research objectives.
• Conduct a Thorough Literature Review : Before diving into your research, conduct a comprehensive literature review to understand the existing scholarship on your chosen topic. This will help you identify key debates, theoretical frameworks, and gaps in the literature that your research can address. A strong literature review serves as the foundation for your research paper and provides context for your study.
• Develop a Well-Structured Outline : Organize your research paper with a clear and logical structure. Create an outline that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, main body sections, analysis of findings, and conclusion. Each section should flow seamlessly into the next, guiding the reader through your research process.
• Craft a Compelling Introduction : The introduction sets the tone for your research paper and should capture the reader’s attention. Start with a hook or a thought-provoking question related to your research topic. Provide background information on the issue at hand and clearly state your research question and objectives. Conclude the introduction with a strong thesis statement that outlines the main argument of your paper.
• Conduct Rigorous Research : International law research papers require a robust research methodology. Depending on your research question, you may use various methods, such as legal analysis, case studies, empirical research, or comparative analysis. Ensure that you use credible and authoritative sources for your research and cite them properly using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Analyze and Present Your Findings : In the main body of your research paper, present your findings and analyze them in-depth. Use a clear and coherent structure to present your arguments and evidence. Use relevant case law, treaties, and legal principles to support your analysis and draw well-reasoned conclusions.
• Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge and address counterarguments to your research findings. Demonstrating that you have considered opposing viewpoints and providing a thoughtful rebuttal strengthens the credibility and persuasiveness of your research.
• Consider Policy Implications : In international law, research often has practical implications for policymakers and legal practitioners. Discuss the potential policy implications of your findings and offer recommendations for addressing the legal issue at hand. This demonstrates the real-world relevance of your research.
• Maintain a Cohesive Writing Style : Use clear and concise language throughout your research paper. Avoid jargon and technical terms that may confuse the reader. Maintain a cohesive writing style, ensuring that each paragraph and section contributes to the overall argument of your paper.
• Write a Strong Conclusion : The conclusion is your opportunity to summarize your key findings, restate your thesis statement, and highlight the significance of your research. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion and instead, focus on leaving the reader with a lasting impression of your research’s importance and potential impact.
• Edit and Revise : After completing your first draft, take the time to edit and revise your research paper. Check for clarity, coherence, grammar, and proper citation. Consider seeking feedback from peers or professors to gain valuable insights and improve the overall quality of your paper.
• Review Formatting and Citations : Ensure that your research paper adheres to the required formatting guidelines, such as font size, margins, and line spacing. Double-check your citations and references to avoid plagiarism and maintain academic integrity.

By following these steps and guidelines, you can craft a well-structured, persuasive, and impactful international law research paper. Remember to approach your research with curiosity and dedication, as it is through thorough exploration and analysis that you can make meaningful contributions to the field of international law.

iResearchNet’s Custom Research Paper Writing Services

At iResearchNet, we understand the challenges that students and researchers face when tasked with writing a compelling international law research paper. International law is a complex and ever-evolving field, and producing a high-quality research paper requires extensive knowledge, critical thinking skills, and time. To help you overcome these challenges and excel in your academic pursuits, we offer custom international law research paper writing services that cater to your specific needs and requirements.

• Expert Degree-Holding Writers : Our team of writers consists of legal experts with advanced degrees in international law. They have a deep understanding of the complexities of the subject and possess the expertise to deliver well-researched and meticulously crafted research papers.
• Custom Written Works : We believe in providing personalized solutions to each client. When you choose our custom writing services, you can be confident that your research paper will be tailored to your unique research question, instructions, and academic level.
• In-Depth Research : Our writers are skilled in conducting thorough research on a wide range of international law topics. They have access to a vast array of academic resources, legal databases, and scholarly journals to ensure that your research paper is well-grounded in current and authoritative sources.
• Custom Formatting : Our writers are well-versed in different citation styles commonly used in academic writing, including APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard. They will format your research paper according to your specified style guidelines.
• Top Quality : At iResearchNet, quality is our top priority. We are committed to delivering research papers that meet the highest academic standards and demonstrate critical thinking, analytical skills, and originality.
• Customized Solutions : Whether you need assistance with selecting a research topic, conducting a literature review, or writing specific sections of your paper, our custom solutions cater to your precise requirements.
• Flexible Pricing : We understand that students often have budget constraints. Our pricing is flexible and designed to accommodate various academic levels and deadlines without compromising on quality.
• Short Deadlines : If you are facing a tight deadline, our writers can work efficiently to deliver your custom research paper within as little as 3 hours.
• Timely Delivery : Punctuality is crucial, and we take pride in delivering research papers on time, ensuring that you have sufficient time to review the content before submission.
• 24/7 Support : Our customer support team is available round-the-clock to assist you with any queries or concerns you may have during the writing process.
• Absolute Privacy : We value your privacy and treat all personal information with the utmost confidentiality. Rest assured that your identity and the details of your order will remain secure.
• Easy Order Tracking : With our user-friendly platform, you can easily track the progress of your research paper and communicate directly with your assigned writer.
• Money Back Guarantee : We are confident in the quality of our services. In the rare event that you are not satisfied with the final paper, we offer a money-back guarantee to ensure your complete satisfaction.

Our custom international law research paper writing services are designed to empower you in your academic journey. Whether you are a student seeking guidance in writing your research paper or a researcher looking for expert assistance, iResearchNet is your trusted partner in achieving academic success. Let our team of seasoned writers and experts help you unlock the full potential of your international law research and make a meaningful impact in the field.

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Don’t let the complexities of international law research hold you back. With iResearchNet, you can take your academic journey to new heights and make a meaningful impact in the world of international law. So, why wait? Unlock the full potential of your research today by partnering with iResearchNet and let us help you achieve academic excellence!

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Harvard International Law Journal

The 2024 harvard international law symposium: bretton woods 3.0 the future of international economic law.

Saturday, March 2 | Austin Hall | Harvard Law School

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The Harvard International Law Journal publishes scholarship on international law from authors around the world. The views expressed in HILJ articles represent the views of their authors; not those of the HILJ editorial board.

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Challenging Paternalistic Interference: The Case for Non-Intervention in a Globalized World

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From “Space Law” to “Space Governance”: A Policy-Oriented Perspective on International Law and Outer Space Activities

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Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law in Myanmar: Will the Philippines Impose Universal Jurisdiction on behalf of Burmese Refugees?

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The Political and Legal Ambiguities of the Multilateral Security Support Mission Authorized for Haiti

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A Defense for Guardian Robots: Are Defensive Autonomous Weapons Systems Justifiable?

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“Extraterritorial Observance”: The Invisible Laws that Compete to Govern China’s Belt and Road Loans

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HILJ Online joined the Georgetown Journal of International Law and the Georgetown Center on Inclusive Trade and Development to publish online scholarship investigating the nexus between trade, technology, and climate initiatives in international law. Explore the collection . 

May 5, 2024 | Innovating Trade , Online Scholarship

May 4, 2024 | Innovating Trade

HILJ Online and the Harvard International Arbitration Law Students Association joined forces to publish cutting-edge articles in international arbitration. Explore the collection .

May 17, 2024 | HILJ-HIALSA International Arbitration Collaboration , Online Scholarship

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Reassessing Enforcement: Strengthening Compliance with International Law

Highlights from the 2024 symposium.

Former World Bank Deputy General Counsel Mr. Hassan Cisse Delivers the Keynote Address

Mr. Cisse’s remarks addressed challenges and opportunities for reform in the international financial system.

Other Recent HILJ Event Highlights

Stavros Lambrinidis

Ambassador of the european union to the united states.

April 2022 | Read More

Valdis Dombrovskis

European commissioner for trade.

October 2022 | Read More

Judge Yūji Iwasawa

Judge of the international court of justice.

March2023 | Read More

Previous Annual Symposia

2023 | reassessing enforcement: strengthening compliance with international law.

2023 Symposium

2022 | Envisioning the Next Decade of International Law: Global Solutions to Global Challenges

2021 | the future of international law, 2019 | 60 years of harvard ilj.

Public International Law Research

• Introduction to Public International Law
• U.S. Treaties
• Non-U.S. Treaties
• United Nations
• World Trade Organization
• African Union
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• Council of Europe
• Organization of American States
• International Court of Justice
• International Criminal Court
• African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
• European Court of Human Rights
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights
• Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals

Reference Librarian

Research Guide Overview

Public international law research guide  .

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Public international law can be generally defined as "the law of nations." It encapsulates a variety of different legal subjects, including diplomatic relations, treaties, international organizations, and customary international law. It largely governs and structures the interactions between nation states and international organizations. In certain instances, public international law can also govern the legal interactions between nation states and individual citizens. It should not be confused with private international law , which is concerned with the conflicts between national laws and determining which national law to apply to specific situations.

This guide provides an overview of the major topics in international law and highlights important resources and research strategies that can be used when researching in this area of the law. This Research Guide is organized into the following sections, each with multiple subsections:

International Organizations

International Courts & Tribunals

• African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
• Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals  

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• URL: https://guides.lib.unc.edu/internationallaw

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• Wolf Law Library
• Research Guides
• Topical Research Guides
• International Law Research

Public International Law Research

updated by Devan Orr July 2022

This guide addresses public international legal research generally.

Journal Articles

• Topical Services & Newsletters

W&M Databases

Associations.

Library Catalog

To search for books, journals, and audiovisual materials held by William & Mary libraries, use our Library Catalog .

Search Tips: Subject Queries--

• international law and [specific topic, i.e., environment]
• international policy
• K 520-5582 (Comparative Law, International Uniform Law);
• KF 1971-  (International Trade);
• KZ 64-; KZ 118- (Treaties and other International Agreements);
• KZ 199- (International Judicial Decisions);
• KZ 1249-  (International law and other disciplines);
• KZA 1002- (Law of the Sea);
• KZD 1002-  (Space Law).

Browse the shelves under these call numbers to locate relevant treatises.

To search for materials from other libraries, use Worldcat .

Selected Treatises

• Aust, Anthony. Handbook of International Law. KZ 3410 A94 2010,  2005 edition available online at Cambridge Core
• Balouziyeh, John Principles of International Law, 2nd ed. KZ 3410 B35 2012
• Cassese, Antonio. International Law, 2d ed. KZ 3395 C25 A35 2005
• Dixon, Martin. Textbook on International Law, 7th ed. KZ 3110 D48 2013
• Evans, Malcom D., ed. International Law, 5th ed. KZ 1242 I573 2018
• Hoffman, Marci B. International Legal Research in a Nutshell, 3d ed. available online at West Academic Study Aids
• Klabbers, Jan International Law, 3d ed. KZ 3410 K57 2021
• Murphy, Sean D. Principles International Law, 3d ed. available online at West Academic Study Aids
• Shaw, Malcolm N. International Law, 8th ed. Reserves - KZ 3275 S53 2017

Index to Current Journal Articles (1908-)

Legal Source

Subject Queries--

• international law - interpretation and construction
• international law - cases
• international law and [topic, e.g., human rights]

Indexes articles from over 1,200 legal journals, bar association publications, law reviews, and legal newspapers. Includes some journals from Canada, Great Britain, and Australia and New Zealand.

Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (1984-present)

Multilingual index to articles from legal journals, bar association publications, law reviews, book reviews, and legal newspapers. Aggregates over 500 legal journals published worldwide.

For More Information For more information about finding law review articles, including older ones, see Locating Legal and Non-Legal Journal Articles .

Full Text Articles (from journals, newsletters, and legal newspapers)

• Hein Online: Law Journal Library
• Lexis: International Secondary Sources
• Westlaw: International Law - World Journals

Topical Services/Reporters & Newsletters

• ASIL Signature Topics : curates international news articles and multimedia presentations into topic areas that are of special interest to the American Society of International Law
• Online through ABA website: updated regularly
• Lexis 1995-2017
• HeinOnline 1999-2017
• Print location: Journals 1998-2006
• International Law--Statutes and Legislation
• International Law--Cases
• U.S. Federal Law (International)--Code
• U.S. Federal Law (International)--Regulations
• U.S. International Law Cases--Federal

• StudentInfo

Legal Research Guides

Law library research guides.

• University Libraries

Public International Law Research Guide: Home

• Research Guidance
• Reference Books & Legal Treatises
• International Law Databases
• Foreign Law Resources
• Treaties & Conventions: United States
• Treaties & Conventions: International and Regional
• Treaties & Conventions: Human Rights
• Customary International Law
• International Courts and Tribunals
• Human Rights
• International Law Organizations
• Citation Practice

Contact UNM Law Library  Reference Desk

505-277-0935

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Law Library Research Guides Home

What's in this Guide

This guide is a starting point for research in Public International Law at the UNM Law Library.  International law applies to the conduct of states and international organizations (such as the United Nations) in their relations with one another.  Topics of public international law include: law of the sea; law of treaties; state jurisdiction; customary law; and the law of the Charter of the United Nations. This guide focuses on law of treaties, state jurisdiction, customary law and human rights.

It includes both primary and secondary materials, in both print and electronic formats.  If you have any questions, please contact the Law Library’s  reference desk at (505) 277-0935 or at lawlibrary.unm.edu .

• Research Guidance : International Law research guides prepared by other law libraries
• Reference Books & Legal Treaties : at the UNM Law Lilbrary
• Treaties and Conventions: United States
• Treaties and Conventions: International and Regional
• Treaties and Conventions: Human Rights

Accessing Resources in this Guide:

This research guide contains links to a wide variety of information sources, some of which can be accessed by all researchers, free of charge. However, access rights will vary. Please see the icon located after each resource description for more information. 

If you are unable to access a resource due to these limitations, ask your local library about access options.

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Public International Law

International Law, also known as Public International Law and Law of Nations , is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally accepted in relations between nations. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework to guide states across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, trade, and human rights. International Law thus provides a means for states to practice more stable, consistent, and organized international relations.

Public International Law refers to the body of legal rules and principles which determine the international rights and obligations of nation-states and regulate the operations of international organizations. Also non-governmental entities and individuals have become part of Public International Law. The scope of activities covered by Public International Law has grown over the years to include additional topics, e.g., human rights, international environmental law, international criminal law, and international economic law. The normative system of Public International Law is derived from the four sources, listed in Article 38.1 of the International Court of Justice Statute, i.e., treaties, customary international law,  general principles of law, and ‘judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law’. Various international courts and arbitration tribunals provide for the settlement of disputes in the field of Public International Law. For detailed guidance on individual topics of Public International Law, see the individual research guides on the various special topics.

This Research Guide is intended as a starting point for research on Public International Law. It provides the basic legal materials available in the Peace Palace Library, both in print and electronic format. Handbooks, leading articles, bibliographies, periodicals, serial publications and documents of interest are presented in the Selective Bibliography section. Links to the PPL Catalogue are inserted. The Library's subject heading (keyword) Public International Law is instrumental for searching through the Catalogue. Special attention is given to our subscriptions on databases, e-journals, e-books and other electronic resources. Finally, this Research Guide features links to relevant websites and other online resources of particular interest.

Klabbers, J., International Law, Fourth Edition, 2024

Sources of international law.

• Besson, S. and J. D'Aspremont (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on the Sources of International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Boyle, A. and C. Chinkin, The Making of International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.
• D'Amato, A., International Law Sources , Leiden, Nijhoff, 2004.
• D'Aspremont, J., Formalism and the Sources of International Law: A Theory of the Ascertainment of Legal Rules , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Degan, V.D., Sources of International Law , The Hague, Nijhoff, 1997.
• Dekker, I.F. and H. Meijers (eds.), On the Foundations and Sources of International Law , The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003.
• Hoof, G.J.H. van, Rethinking the Sources of International Law , Deventer, Kluwer, 1983.
• Kolasa, Jan, et al. The Nature of Source in International Legal Order . E-Wydawnictwo. Prawnicza i Ekonomiczna Biblioteka Cyfrowa. Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2017.
• Koskenniemi, M. Sources of International Law , Aldershot, Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2000.
• Les sources , Grandes pages du droit international, Volume II, Paris, Editions A. Pedone, 2016.
• Müller, J.P. und L. Wildhaber, Praxis des Völkerrechts , 3. Auflage, Bern, Stämpfli, 2000.
• Pellet, A. and D. Muller, "Article 38", in: The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary , Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Roberts, A. and S. Sivakumaran, "The Theory and Reality of the Sources of International Law", in M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018, pp. 89-118.
• Shelton, D., Jus Cogen s, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021.
• "Sources of International Law",  Thesaurus Acroasium , 19 (1992).
• Thirlway, H., The Sources of International Law , Second Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019.
• Tladi, D., Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens): Disquisitions and Disputations , Leiden; Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2021.
• League of Nations Treaty Series

The online League of Nations treaty collection includes treaties registered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations and published in the print League of Nations Treaty Series. Coverage is from 1920 through 1944.

• United Nations Treaty Series Online

This treaty database may be searched by popular name, title, and party. Coverage is from 1946 –present and includes treaties that have entered into force and are registered with the UN Treaty Office. Unavailability of more recent documents may be due to delays in producing the required translated treaty texts. In the event the researcher experiences inconsistent or absent search results, searching alternative government or commercial resources may be necessary to locate the treaty document.

The United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) is a publication produced by the Secretariat of the United Nations containing all treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded by the Secretariat since 1945, pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter . Previously only available in printed format, the UNTS is now available as a fully-searchable on-line database. To search for a specific treaty or group of treaties please use the Advanced Search tool.

Mandated by Article 102 of the UN Charter and the General Assembly Regulations to give effect to Article 102, the UNTS includes the texts of treaties in their authentic language(s) along with translations into English and French, as appropriate. All integral elements of treaties, such as various types of maps, charts, sketches of boundary delimitation, annexes, protocols, exchanges of letters, etc. are also published.

Registration numbers for instruments included in the UNTS consist of a Roman numeral and an Arabic numeral, joined by a colon (i.e., I:54321;II:965). The Roman numeral indicates treaties and international agreements registered with the Secretariat; Roman numeral II indicates treaties and international agreements filed and recorded by the Secretariat. The Arabic numeral indicates the serial number assigned to the instrument within categories I and II.

The texts of treaties are published in the following formats: full publication, partial publication and limited publication . For more information on the publication policy under the UNTS please see the Limited Publication Policy page.

Collections and compilations of treaties and other documents of international law

• Beham, M.P., M. Fink und R. Janik (bearb.), KODEX Völkerrecht 2020 , 4. Auflage, Stand 1.10.2019, Wien, LexisNexis, 2019.
• Brownlie, I. (ed.), Basic Documents in International Law , Sixth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Código Derecho Internacional , Las Rozas (Madrid), Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
• David, E. et C. Van Assche, Code de droit international public: textes en vigueur au 1er janvier 2016 , 6e édition, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2016.
• Dupuy, P.-M. et Y. Kerbrat, Les grands textes de droit international public , 11e édition, Paris, Dalloz, 2022.
• Eriksson, M.K. and O. Mårsäter, Documents in Public International Law , Third Edition, Stockholm, Norstedts Juridik, 2015.
• Evans, M.D. (ed.), Blackstone's International Law Documents , 15th Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Gouveia, J. Bacelar (comp.),  Textos fundamentais de direito internacional público , 5.a edição, revista e atualizada, Coimbra, Almedina, 2021.
• Pabel (hg.), Vö lkerrecht: Fassung vom 1.9.2022 , 2. Auflage, Wien, Facultas/FlexLex, 2022.
• Parry, C. and B.H.W. Hill (eds.), The Consolidated Treaty Series , Dobbs Ferry, Oceana Publications, 1961-1986.
• Pereira, Maria de Assunção do Vale,  Textos de direito internacional , 2a edição, Coimbra, Almedina, 2022.
• Tomuschat, C. und C. Walter, Völkerrecht: Textsammlung , 8. Auflage, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2018.
• Torres Ugena, N., Derecho internacional público: instrumentos normativos , 2a edición, Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, 2017.
• Ziegler, A.R. et S. Besson [éd.], Traités internationaux (et droit des relations extérieures de la Suisse): Recueil de textes 2012 , 2e éd., Berne, Stämpfli, 2012.

General principles of law

There is no treaty or other instrument that clearly spells out what is meant by 'general principles of law', so the parameters of this source have been explored primarily through international jurisprudence and scholarly writings.

• Andenas, M. (et al.) (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law , Leiden, Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2019.
• Cheng, B., General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals , London, Stevens, 1953.
• Degan, V.D., "General Principles of Law (A Source of General International Law)", The Finnish Yearbook of International Law , 3 (1992), pp. 1-102.
• Ellis, J., "General principles and Comparative Law", European Journal of International Law , 22 (2011), No. 4, pp. 949-971.
• Jain, N., "Comparative International Law at the ICTY: The General Principles Experiment", American Journal of International Law , 109 (2015), No. 3, pp. 486-497.
• Jain, N., "Judicial Lawmaking and General Principles of Law in International Criminal Law", Harvard International Law Journal , 57 (2016), No. 1, pp. 111-150.
• Kotuby, C.T. and L.A. Sobota, General Principles of Law and International Due Process: Principles and Norms Applicable in Transnational Disputes , New York, Oxford University Press, 2017.
• McNair, A., "The General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations", British Year Book of International Law , 33 (1957), pp. 1-19.
• Raimondo, F., General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals , Leiden, Nijhoff, 2008.
• Vázquez-Bermúdez, M. and Crosato, A., "General Principles of Law: The First Debate within the International Law Commission and the Sixth Committee", Chinese journal of international law , 19 (2020), No. 1, pp. 157-172.
• Abass, A., International Law: Text, Cases, and Materials , Second Edition, 2014.
• Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases , (1919-1949 )
• Bjørge, E. and C. Miles (eds.), Landmark Cases in Public International Law , Oxford, Portland, Hart Publishing , Reprinted, 2017.
• Damrosch, L.F. and S.D. Murphy, International Law: Cases and Materials , Seventh Edition, St Paul, West Academic Publishing, 2019.
• Damrosch, L.F. and S.D. Murphy, Basic Documents Supplement to International Law: Cases and Materials , Sixth Edition, St Paul, West Academic Publishing, 2014.
• Harris, D., and S. Sivakumaran, Cases and Materials on International Law , Eight Edition, London, Sweet & Maxwell, Thomson Reuters , 2015.
• Heinze, E. and M. Fitzmaurice (eds.), Landmark Cases in Public International Law , London, The Hague, Boston, Kluwer Law International, 1998.
• International Law Reports , (1950-..)    [More info]
• International Legal Materials    [More info]
• Janis, M.W., J.E. Noyes and L.N. Sadat, International Law: Cases and Commentary , Sixth Edition, St. Paul, MN, West Academic Publishing, 2020.

UN Declarations and Resolutions

Although resolutions and decisions of international organizations cannot themselves constitute international law or serve as conclusive evidence of a rule of customary law, such resolutions do have value in providing evidence of existing or emerging law. Focus your research on the actions of the United Nations and its various organs.

'United Nations - Uphold International Law'

The UN Charter , in its Preamble , set an objective: "to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained". Ever since, the development of, and respect for international law has been a key part of the work of the United Nations Organization. This work is carried out in many ways - by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties - and by the Security Council, which can approve peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force when there is a threat to international peace and security, if it deems this necessary. These powers are given to it by the UN Charter, which is considered an international treaty. As such, it is an instrument of international law, and UN Member States are bound by it. The UN Charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.

• Official Document System Search. ODS is the UN's Official Document System. You can search for UN declarations, resolutions and other documents by keywords, then narrow your search. 

The Official Document System (ODS) is an online database of UN documents that was first launched in 1993 and updated in 2016. ODS has full-text, born-digital UN documents published from 1993 onward, including documents of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and their subsidiaries, as well as administrative issuances and other documents. The database also includes scanned documents published between 1946 and 1993, including all resolutions of the principal organs, all documents of the Security Council and the General Assembly Official Records. Documents are available in the official languages of the UN; some documents are also available in German. ODS does not have the following types of materials: documents issued before 1993 that have not yet been digitized, press releases, sales publications, such as the Yearbook and the Treaty Series, and documents that do not have a UN symbol. ODS is maintained by the Office of Information and Communications Technology (OICT). New documents are added by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (DGACM). Scanned documents and metadata are contributed by the Dag Hammarskjöld Library and the UN Office at Geneva Library.

More information can be found on the website of the United Nations. The following pages are of special interest:

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• General Assembly Resolutions
• Security Council Resolutions
• Secretary-General's Annual Reports
• Abbott, K. and D. Snidal, "Hard and Soft Law in International Governance", in International Law: Classic and Contemporary Readings , Boulder; London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009, pp. 21-48.
• Boyle, A.E., "Soft Law in International Law-Making", in M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018, pp. 119-137.
• Boyle, A.E., "The Choice of a Treaty: Hard Law versus Soft Law", in The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Treaties , New York, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 101-117.
• Bradlow, D.D. and D. Hunter (eds.), Advocating Social Change through International Law: Exploring the Choice between Hard and Soft International Law , Leiden; Boston, Brill, 2020.
• Klabbers, J., " The Redundancy of Soft Law", Nordic Journal of International Law , 65 (1996), No. 2, pp. 167-182.
• Kolb, R., "To what Extent may Hard Law Content be Incorporated into Soft Instruments?", Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und europäisches Recht = Revue suisse de droit international et de droit européen, 29 (2019), No. 3, pp. 335-344.
• Le Floch, G., "L'évolution de la soft law vers la hard law est-elle comparable en droit interne et international?", in Regards croisés sur la soft law en droit interne, européen et international , Issy-les-Moulineaux, LGDJ, 2018, pp. 335-345.
• Pronto, A.N., "Understanding the Hard/Soft Distinction in International Law", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law , 48 (2015), No. 4, pp. 941-956.
• Nasser, S.H., Sources and Norms of International Law: a Study on Soft Law , Berlin, Galda & Wilch, 2008.

Reference works

• Arnauld, A. von, Völkerrecht , 5., neu bearbeitete Auflage, Heidelberg, C.F. Müller, 2023.
• Beham, M., M. Fink und R. Janik, Völkerrecht verstehen: Lehrbuch , 2. überarbeitete Auflage, Wien, Facultas, 2019.
• Carreau, D., P. Lagarde, H. Synvet (dir.), Répertoire de droit international , Paris, Dalloz, (2004-..)
• Gaeta, P., J.E. Viñuales and S. Zappalà,  Cassese's International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press , Third Edition, 2020.
• Crawford, J., B rownlie's Principles of Public International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, Ninth Edition, 2019.
• Herdegen, M., Völkerrecht , 22., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, München, C.H. Beck, 2023.
• Klabbers, J., International Law , Fourth Edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2024.
• López Martín, A.G., Derecho internacional público , 5a edición, Madrid, Dilex, 2019.
• Shaw, M.N., International Law , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Eight Edition, 2017.
• Slagter, T.H., J.D. van Doorn and W.R. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law , Seventh Edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2023.
• Graf Vitzthum, W. und A. Proelß (Hrsg.), Völkerrecht , 8., neu bearbeitete Auflage, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2019.
• Wolfrum, R. (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 10 Vols, 2012.

We have selected these reference works for you based on relevance, author and imprint. Of course there are many more and it is almost impossible to show them all here. More reference works can be found in the following overviews classified by language: English , French , Spanish , German .

Selected books and articles

• Abi-Saab, G., K. Keith, G. Marceau and C. Marquet (eds.), Evolutionary Interpretation and International Law , Oxford; London, Hart, 2020.
• Bennouna, M., International Law: Between the Letter and the Spirit - General Course on Public International Law, The Hague, The Hague Academy of International Law, 2018.
• Bull, H.N., The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics , London, Macmillan, 1977. [Read this in combination with The Anarchical Society at 40: Contemporary Challenges and Prospects ]
• Cançado Trindade , A.A., International Law for Humankind: Towards a New "Jus Gentium" , Leiden, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , Second Revised Edition, 2013.
• Distefano, G., Fundamentals of Public International Law: A Sketch of International Legal Order , Leiden, Boston, Brill Nijhoff , 2019.
• Evans, M.D. (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018.
• Franck, T.M., The Power of Legitimacy among Nations , Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press , 1990.
• Friedmann, W.G., The Changing Structure of International Law , London, Stevens & Sons, 1964.
• Goldsmith, J.L. and E.A. Posner, The Limits of International Law , New York, Oxford University Press, 2005.
• Guzman, A.T., How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Hathaway, O.A. and H.H. Koh. (eds.), Foundations of International Law and Politics , New York, Foundation Press, 2005.
• Henkin, L., International Law: Politics and Values , Dordrecht, Nijhoff, 1995.
• Higgings, R.,  Problems and Process , Oxford, Clarendon Press; New York, Oxford University Press, 1994.
• Johns, L., Politics and International Law: Making, Breaking, and Upholding Global Rules , Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
• Khan, D.-E., E. Lagrange, S. Oeter and C. Walter (eds), Democracy and Sovereignty: Rethinking the Legitimacy of Public International Law , Leiden; Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2023.
• Koskenniemi, M., The Politics of International Law , Oxford, Hart, 2011.
• Koskenniemi, M., "What is International Law For?", in in M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law , Fifth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University, 2018, pp. 28-50.
• Ku, C. and P.F. Diehl (eds.), International Law: Classic and Contemporary Readings , 3rd Edition, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2009.
• Müllerson, R., Ordering Anarchy: International Law in International Society , The Hague, Nijhoff, 2000.
• Lauterpacht, H., The F unction of Law in the International Community , Oxford, Oxford University Press , First Published 1933, This Edition 2011.
• Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Nations , revised edition, New York, NY, Macmillan, 1954.
• Ollino, A., Due Diligence Obligations in International Law , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
• Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2011.
• Scicluna, N.,  The Politics of International Law , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Tunkin, G,I., Theory of International Law , 2nd Edition, London, Wildy, Simmonds and Hill, 2003.
• Weiler, J. and A.T. Nissel, International Law: Critical Concepts in La w, 6 Vols., London, Routledge, 2011.

For all peer-reviewed articles in the PPL Catalogue,  click here .

Periodicals, serial publications

• African Journal of International and Comparative Law
• African Yearbook of International Law
• Air and Space Law
• American Journal of Comparative Law
• American Journal of International Law
• American University International Law Review
• Amsterdam Law Forum
• Anuario colombiano de direito internacional
• Anuario Iberamericano de derecho internacional penal
• Annuaire français de droit international
• Arbitration International
• Arab Law Quarterly
• Archiv des Völkerrechts
• Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Asian International Arbitration Law Journal
• Asian Journal of International Law
• Asian Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
• Asian Yearbook of International Law
• Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy
• Australian Yearbook of International Law
• Baltic yearbook of international law
• Berkeley Journal of International Law
• Boston University International Law Journal
• British Yearbook of International Law
• Brooklyn Journal of International Law
• Canadian Yearbook of International Law
• California Western International Law Journal
• Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
• Chicago Journal of International Law
• Chinese Journal of International La w
• Climate Law: a Journal on Climate Change and the Law
• Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
• Common Market Law Review
• Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa
• Connecticut Journal of International Law
• Cornell International Law Journal
• Creighton International and Comparative Law Journal
• Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional
• Czech Yearbook of Public and Private International Law
• Denver Journal of International Law and Policy
• Diritti Umani e Diritto Internazionale
• Dispute Resolution International
• Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law
• Emory International Law Review
• ERA Forum: Journal of the Academy of European Law
• Erasmus Law Review
• Ethics and International Affairs
• Ethiopean Yearbook of International Law
• Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift
• European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
• European Journal on Migration and Law
• European Human Rights Law Review
• European Intellectual Property Review
• European International Arbitration Review
• European Journal of International Law
• European Journal of International Security
• European Law Review
• European Review of Private Law
• Eyes on the ICC
• Florida Journal of International Law
• Fordham International Law Journal
• Foreign Affairs
• Friedens-Warte: Journal of International Peace and Organization
• George Washington International Law Review
• Georgetown Journal of International Law
• Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law
• German Law Journal
• German Yearbook of International Law
• Global Journal of Comparative Law
• Global Responsibility to Protect - GR2P
• Global Trade and Customs Journal
• Göttingen Journal of International Law
• Gonzaga Journal of International Law
• GRUR-Prax: Praxis im Immaterialgüter- und Wettbewerbsrecht
• Hague Journal of Diplomacy
• Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
• Hague Yearbook of International Law
• Harvard International Law Journal
• Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
• Houston Journal of International Law
• Humanitares Volkerrecht: Informationsschriften
• Human Rights and International Legal Discourse
• Human Rights Law Review
• Human Rights Review
• ICSID Review: Foreign Investment Law Journal
• ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Indian Journal of International Law: a Quarterly
• Indiana International and Comparative Law Review
• Indonesian Journal of International and Comparative Law
• International Affairs
• International and Comparative Law Quarterly
• International Arbitration Law Review
• International Community Law Review
• International Criminal Law Review
• International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics
• International Human Rights Law Review
• International Journal of Constitutional Law
• International Journal of Cultural Property
• International Journal of Human Rights
• International Journal of Law in Context
• International Journal of Legal Information
• International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
• International Journal of Procedural Law
• International Journal of Refugee Law
• International Journal of Transitional Justice
• International Legal Materials
• International Organization
• International Organizations Law Review
• International Peacekeeping
• International Review of the Red Cross
• International Sports Law Journal
• Israel Law Review
• Italian Yearbook of International Law
• Journal du droit international
• Journal européen des droits de l’homme
• Journal of African Law
• Journal of Air Law and Commerce
• Journal of Comparative Law
• Journal of Conflict and Security Law
• Journal of East Asia and International Law
• Journal of Immigration, Asylum and National Law
• Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice
• Journal of International Arbitration
• Journal of International Criminal Justice
• Journal of International Dispute Settlement
• Journal of International Economic Law
• Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
• Journal of International Law and International Relations
• Journal of International Maritime Law
• Journal of International Peacekeeping
• Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy
• Journal of Modern African Studies
• Journal of Private International Law
• Journal of the History of International Law
• Journal of World Intellectual Property
• Journal of World Investment and Trade
• Journal on the Use of Force and International Law
• Juridica International
• Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals
• Legal Issues of Economic Integration
• Leiden Journal of International Law
• London Review of International Law
• Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
• Manchester Journal of International Economic Law
• Maryland Journal of International Law
• Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law
• Melbourne Journal of International Law
• Michigan Journal of International Law
• Michigan State International Law Review
• Minnesota Journal of International Law
• Natur und Recht
• Netherlands International Law Review
• Netherlands Yearbook of International Law
• New Journal of European Criminal Law
• New York University Journal of International Law and Politics
• New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law
• New Zealand Yearbook of International Law
• Nordic Journal of Human Rights
• Nordic Journal of International Law
• North Carolina Journal of International Law
• Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business
• Notre Dame Journal of International and Comparative Law
• L’observateur des Nations Unies
• Ocean and Coastal Law Journal
• Ocean Development and International Law
• Ocean Yearbook online
• Pace International Law Review
• Penant: Revue de droit des pays d'Afrique
• Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
• Polish Yearbook of International Law
• Praxis des internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrecht: IPRAX
• Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting
• Questions of International Law
• Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht
• Recht der internationalen Wirtschaft
• Reports of International Arbitral Awards
• Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law
• Review of International Studies
• Revista de Direito Internacional
• Revista EJIL
• Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales
• Revista Espanola de Derecho Internacional
• R evista derecho PUCP = Agenda internacional
• Revista Tribuna Internacional
• Revue belge de droit international
• Revue critique de droit international privé
• Revue de droit des affaires internationales
• Revue de droit international et de droit comparé
• Revue de l’arbitrage
• Revue du droit de l‘Union Européenne
• Revue française de droit aérien et spatial
• Revue générale de droit international public
• Revue hellenique de droit international
• Revue québécoise de droit international
• Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme
• Revue trimestrielle de droit Européen
• Rivista di diritto internazionale
• Rivista ordine internazionale e diritti umani
• Romanian Journal of International Law
• San Diego International Law Journal
• Santa Clara Journal of International Law
• Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und europäisches Recht
• Sicherheit und Frieden: Vierteljahreszeitschrift für Sicherheit und Frieden
• South African Yearbook of International Law
• Southwestern Journal of International law
• Spanish Yearbook of International Law
• Sri Lanka Journal of International Law
• Stanford Journal of International Law
• Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
• Suffolk Transnational Law Review
• Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce
• Temple International and Comparative Law Journal
• Texas International Law Journal
• Transnational Dispute Management
• Transnational Environmental Law
• Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems
• Trinity College Law Review
• Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
• Tydskrif vir hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse reg
• Uniform Law Review
• UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy
• UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs
• United Nations Disarmament Yearbook
• University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
• University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review
• University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law
• Utrecht Journal of International and European Law: Merkourios
• Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational La
• Vereinte Nationen: Zeitschrift fur die Vereinten Nationen
• Virginia Journal of International Law
• Washington International Law Journal
• Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution
• Wisconsin International Law Journal
• World Trade Review
• Yale Journal of International Law
• Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
• Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law
• Yearbook of Polar Law online
• Yearbook of Private International Law
• Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik
• Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht
• Zeitschrift fur europaisches Privatrecht
• Zeitschrift für internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik
• Zeitschrift fur Japanisches Recht
• Zeitschrift fur Luft- und Weltraumrecht
• Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft

Bibliographies

• Oxford Bibliographies in International Law is designed to provide authoritative guidance. The field is rife with debate and controversy, as with most anything that deals with such a complex system of rules and principles meant to govern the relations between states and other institutional subjects, such as the United Nations or the European Union. Because scholarship in this field is so bound up with diplomacy, the vast array of potentially relevant material that appears on the free web can overwhelm even the savviest scholars. With advances in online searching and database technologies, researchers can easily access library catalogs, bibliographic indexes, records of court decisions, and other lists that show thousands of resources that might also be useful to them. In this situation what is most needed is expert guidance. Researchers at all levels need tools that help them filter through the proliferation of information sources to material that is reliable and directly relevant to their inquiries.  Oxford Bibliographies in International Law will offer a trustworthy pathway through the thicket of information overload.
• Public International Law: a Current Bibliography of Articles, (1975-2016) This bibliography has, since 1975, made available to scholars and practitioners information on articles published on all aspects of public international law which are contained in journals, yearbooks, and commemorative compilations, e.g. festschriften. Starting with Vol. 16 (1990), Public International Law , subtitled A Current Bibliography of Books and Articles , has also listed published monographs and collections of essays in addition to commemorative compilations. This bibliography in print has been discontinued as of 2016.

Nowadays, comprehensive bibliographies of public international law are no longer published, simply because library catalogs are more exhaustive. The bibliographies below are some of the latest attempts in print available at the Peace Palace Library.

• Beyerly, E., Public International Law: A Guide to Information Sources , London, Mansell, 1991.
• Delupis, I., Bibliography of International Law , London; New York, Bowker, 1975.
• Merrills, J.G., A Current Bibliography of International Law , London, Butterworths, 1978.
• Wiktor, C.L., Canadian Bibliography of International Law , Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1984.

Dictionaries

• Bemba, J., Dictionnaire de la justice internationale, de la paix et du développement durable: principaux termes et expressions , 3ième édition, Paris,  L'Harmattan, 2018.
• Boczek. B.A., T he A to Z of International Law , Lanham, Scarecrow Press, 2010.
• Doebbler, C.F.J., Dictionary of Public International Law , Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
• Gärtner, H., Internationale Sicherheit und Frieden: Definitionen von A - Z , 3th expanded and updated edition, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2018.
• Gómez-Robledo Verduzco, A. y J. Witker (coord.), Diccionario de Derecho Internacional , México, Ed. Porrúa, 2001.
• Parry, C., J.P. Grant and J.C. Barker, Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law , 3rd ed., New York, Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Salmon, J., Dictionnaire de droit international public , Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2001.
• ASIL Electronic Resource Guide "Researching Public International Law" by Kelly Vinopal

HeinOnline (HOL) is a premier online database launched in 2000 by William S. Hein & Co., Inc. (WSH Co), a Buffalo, New York publisher specializing in legal materials. It contains more than 178 million pages and 270,000 titles of historical and government documents in a fully searchable, image-based format. HeinOnline bridges an important research gap by providing comprehensive coverage from inception of more than 2,700 law-related periodicals. In addition to its vast collection of academic journals, HeinOnline contains the entire Congressional Record, Federal Register, and Code of Federal Regulations, complete coverage of the U.S. Reports back to 1754, and entire databases dedicated to treaties, constitutions, case law, world trials, classic treatises, international trade, foreign relations, U.S. Presidents, and much more.

HeinOnline’s powerful search engine and user-friendly interface combine to provide both new and experienced users with an excellent research experience. Locating documents is quick, and searching includes facets to guarantee relevant search results. The Peace Palace Library has subscriptions to various HeinOnline databases. Please, make sure you are logged in to PPL.

HeinOnline Databases (general overview)

European Centre for Minority Issues Foreign & International Law Resources Database Foreign Relations of the United States Hague Academy Collected Courses Online Harvard Research in International Law History of International Law Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals International & Non-U.S. Law Journals International Commission of Jurists Library International Law Association Reports Israel Law Reports Kluwer Law International Journal Library Law in Eastern Europe Legal Classics United Nations Law Collection U.S. Treaties and Agreements Library World Constitutions Illustrated: Contemporary & Historical Documents and Resources World Treaty Library World Trials Library

• Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law

A trusted reference work in international law, the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law , as well as the newly-launched Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law . The two Encyclopedias can be searched and browsed together, or separately by using appropriate filters. Please, make sure you are logged in to PPL.

The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) was first published as an online database by Oxford University Press in 2008. It has since become one of the most widely read and quoted reference works in international law. A ten-volume print edition , complemented by an index volume, appeared in 2012.

MPEPIL articles are hybrids in character insofar as they combine elements of a reference work with a law journal approach. Authors are requested to cover their topic comprehensively and impartially but also to add a personal assessment. All articles are peer-reviewed. As a contemporary restatement of international law the publication is designed to assist both practitioners and scholars. So far, more than 900 academics and practitioners from across the world have contributed to the Encyclopedia, which contains over 1,700 entries. In 2013, the MPEPIL was cross-linked with the OPIL platform, allowing research across a number of OUP databases and full text sources.

In September 2019, the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (MPEiPro), edited by the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg, began being published online by Oxford University Press. This Encyclopedia is conceived of as a resource for practitioners, scholars, legal advisers, policy-makers and observers of international relations and global governance. It will be enriched each month with new in-depth manuscripts, eventually reaching over 1,000 articles.

The scope of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law takes a broad notion of procedure that embraces decision-making by international organs in general, including political and administrative bodies whose purpose is not that of adjudicating or otherwise settling a dispute or a legal issue. However, the life cycle of the Encyclopedia has started with a focus on dispute settlement and adjudication, encompassing non-contentious and non-binding forms of international adjudication performed by public international law institutions, but also domestic and transnational ones, that is, all those institutions whose essential purpose is to lay down and/or apply rules of obvious international relevance. Later, the Encyclopedia will extend to non-adjudicatory modes of dispute settlement before tackling non-adjudicatory institutional decision-making processes.

• Oxford Reports on International Law
• Recueil des Cours

The courses of The Hague Academy of International Law are published in the series Recueil des cours de l'Académie de Droit International de la Haye = Collected courses of The Hague Academy of International Law ( or in short Recueil des cours ) , which now spans over more than 400 volumes and is undoubtedly the most important encyclopedic publication on public and private international law. Since 2008 the  Recueil des cours  are also available in this fully searchable online edition.

• United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

The Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs created the Audiovisual Library of International Law under the Programme of Assistance to give the United Nations the capacity to provide high quality international law training and research materials to an unlimited number of recipients around the world. The Audiovisual Library is a virtual training and research centre which aims to enhance the dissemination and wider appreciation of international law. It also performs a unique and invaluable function by preserving in a vivid and informative manner the audiovisual heritage of legal developments within the United Nations system and promoting a greater awareness of the unparalleled legacy of the United Nations in the codification and progressive development of international law.

Public International Law Research - A Brief Guide

• Getting Started
• Books/Publicists

Why Articles Are Useful

Full-text tools for finding law review articles, index to legal periodicals & books retrospective, finding articles - the peace palace library, legal & non-legal articles - google scholar, is the journal i need at usf.

• Customary Law
• Courts/Decisions
• United Nations/IGOs
• Learning More

"Cheat Sheet" for IFLP

• Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals - Cheat Sheet Tips for searching for article citations using the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals

Law review articles, legal essays, and their ilk are extremely useful for finding discussions of narrow issues in international law. They will also cite to relevant treaties and cases, to sources giving evidence of customary law and state practice, and to other scholarship on the issue. The resources described on this page will lead you to articles on the country or topic you are researching.

This guide emphasizes "indexes" — article-finding tools that allow very precise searching but do not themselves contain the full-text of articles. For searching for full-text articles (with tools like HeinOnline's Law Journal Library), and for comparisons of the various article-finding tools, take a look at the Zief Library's Finding Articles research guide.

• Law Journal Library - HeinOnline This link opens in a new window Almost complete, full-text coverage of all United States law reviews and journals, in most cases starting with the first volume of the journal and including all but the most recent volume. For search tips, see the cheat sheet . (For current USF students, faculty, and staff.) [If remote access is not working, try this on-campus link for the Law Journal LIbrary .]
• Law Reviews & Journals - Westlaw Use the "advanced" search template to boost the relevance of your results.
• Law Reviews and Journals - Lexis Advance Use the "Advanced Search" template to boost the relevance of your results.
• Nexis Uni This link opens in a new window For articles, click “All Nexis Uni” next to the main search box on the home screen. From the resulting “Narrow By” choices, check the box next to “Law Reviews and Journals” in the “Category section.” (For current USF non-law students, faculty and staff.) [ On-campus link for Nexis Uni .]
• Legal Scholarship Network - SSRN This link opens in a new window Scholarly working papers (articles in progress) and articles recently accepted for publication. Not a comprehensive source. (Available to all.)
• Index to Legal Periodicals & Books Retrospective This link opens in a new window Comprehensive citations to articles from 1908 to 1981. Full text available for selected articles. (For current USF students, faculty, and staff.) (ILP for years prior to 1908 is available in print at K 33 .I54 Law Reference.)

Index to Legal Periodicals includes citations to almost all articles from almost every U.S. law review or journal for the time periods it covers. Searches using broad, general terms — searches that often get too many irrelevant results in full-text search tools — often succeed in Index to Legal Periodicals.

The Peace Palace Library serves Hague institutions such as the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the Hague Academy of International Law, as well as international law scholars from around the world.

Its catalog has been customized for international law research and is a great way to find citations to relevant articles and book chapters. While the Peace Palace Library catalog does not supply full text, it can alert you to articles that you otherwise would not have known about.

Once you know of a useful article, use USF's Journal Finder (see below) to see if we have the journal that contains the article, or ask about an interlibrary loan.

• Basic Search - Peace Palace Library Catalog Search or browse by key word, subject headings (topics), title, author, and more.
• Advanced Search - Peace Palace Library Catalog Powerful and user-friendly interface for crafting precise searches. Offers the option of limiting results to articles. (Searches limited to articles will also retrieve citations to book chapters, which can otherwise be hard to find.)
• Subject Headings - Peace Palace Library The Peace Palace Library's customized subject headings (topical labels) are specifically geared to research in international law. Browse or search to find subject headings that describe your topic, then use them to search the Peace Palace Library catalog.
• Google Scholar After you search, you can use "Advanced Search" option to limit by author, journal, or date. For search tips and advice, see Google Scholar Help & Search Tips

Google Scholar, while not comprehensive, provides a quick way to get a cross-disciplinary set of articles. It can be especially useful as you start your research and are still refining your search terms.

So you have a citation to a great-sounding article — but not  direct link to the full text....

How do you tell if the article is available at USF?

Just use USF's "Journal Finder" to look up the title of the journal that published the article. If that journal is available at USF, it will (usually) show up in the journal finder.  

(One caveat : the Journal Finder doesn't tell you if a journal is on Westlaw or on Lexis Advance.)

• Journal Finder - USF Libraries This link opens in a new window Enter the title of the journal to see if USF has the journal and article you need. (A link to "USF Print and Online Journal Holdings" means that one of the USF libraries has the journal - or some years of it - in print.) (For off-campus access to digital journals in your Journal Finder results, enter your last name and USF ID number.)
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• URL: https://legalresearch.usfca.edu/InternationalLaw
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• For Librarians
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•   OAPEN Home

Public International Law

A Multi-Perspective Approach

Contributor(s)

Publisher website

Publication date and place, classification, public remark.

• Imported or submitted locally

Export search results

The export option will allow you to export the current search results of the entered query to a file. Differen formats are available for download. To export the items, click on the button corresponding with the preferred download format.

A logged-in user can export up to 15000 items. If you're not logged in, you can export no more than 500 items.

To select a subset of the search results, click "Selective Export" button and make a selection of the items you want to export. The amount of items that can be exported at once is similarly restricted as the full export.

After making a selection, click one of the export format buttons. The amount of items that will be exported is indicated in the bubble next to export format.

International Legal Research: Introduction

Introduction.

• Sources of Law
• Court Decisions
• General Principles
• Treatises & Law Review Articles
• EU Treaties & Secondary Legislation
• Official Publication of EU Law
• Europa and Eur-Lex
• EU Legislative Process
• National Legislation
• EU Court Decisions
• Overview of UN
• U.N. Documentation
• U.N. Resources & Research Tools
• Other Sources of UN Documents
• World Trade Organization
• International Arbitration
• Finding Arbitral Decisions
• Harmonization of International Trade
• Bilateral Investment Treaties
• Human Rights Resources, Research Guides & Journals
• U.N. Human Rights System
• Regional Human Rights Systems
• International Human Rights Cases
• NGOs & Country Reports
• Constitutions
• Harmonization of Foreign Law
• Subject Collections
• Treaty Subject Collections
• Treaty Status
• Citing to Treaties
• Treaty Interpretation
• Treaty Implementation
• International Environmental Law
• International Intellectual Property Law

Public international law, as traditionally defined, is the law governing relations between nation states.

Foreign law is simply the national law (also known as domestic or municipal law) of another country.

Private international law is a confusing term in that it refers to the national law(s) governing the cross-border interactions of private (non-state) parties, rather than international law. The question that often arises in such instances is "which country's law applies?". Private international law is, therefore, sometimes referred to as conflicts of laws, although the parties can select the law which governs their transaction by contract. A number of private international law topics are covered by treaty (i.e. family law, estates and trusts, litigation). Since treaties are characteristic of the public international law system, the idea that a treaty would apply to a private international law issue can be confusing as well. Often the aim of such treaties is to harmonize national laws. 

The sources of public international law are enumerated under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice , which is appended to the Charter of the United Nations. Those sources are, as follows: treaties, custom, general principles and case law and scholarly commentary as a subsidiary means for determining the rules of law. Treaties, custom and general principles are primary sources of law in the public international legal system. Court decisions and scholarly writings are secondary sources. T reaties are written agreements between nations. Customary law is state practice which is done out of a sense of obligation. General principles are those general legal principles which courts all over the world have recognized. Note that the documentation of inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) like the United Nations or so called "soft law" is not listed as a source of law under the ICJ Statute, perhaps because the Statute was drafted before the proliferation of IGOs.

Treaties are written instruments which can be found in several sources, both official and unofficial. In contrast, custom and general principles are not written down. Evidence of custom and general principles must be derived from other sources, such as treaties, UN documentation and court decisions.

The purpose of this guide is to introduce researchers to basic treaty and other sources for researching public and private international law. In addition, this guide will cover foreign law research and specific topics in international law, including international human rights law, intellectual property, international trade and international environmental law.

International legal materials are generally found under Library of Congress (LC) call number KZ .

Sample Library of Congress subject headings include:

• International Law
• International Organization

Comparative legal materials (i.e. titles which compare or contain laws of multiple countries) can be found under call number K or subject headings, like those below, with no specific jurisdiction designation:

• Trademarks (International Law)
• Consolidation and merger of corporations----Law and Legislation
• International Business Enterprises

Catalogs are the key to using any library collection. Use the catalog when you want to find book titles on a particular topic. In addition to checking the UIC Law Library catalog , you can expand your search for relevant books titles to other libraries throughout the world by using Worldcat . Note that the same LC call numbers and subject headings used in this library's catalog are used in other law libraries and Worldcat.

Worldcat , as its name suggests, is a catalog of book titles held by libraries all over the world. Worldcat uses the same Library of Congress subject headings as those used in the UIC Law Library catalog. Thus, you can use Worldcat to expand your research beyond the four walls of this Library. Use the advanced search template to search as shown below.

A traditional catalog is a tool designed to enable researchers to find book titles in a library collection. To find articles, researchers have to use a separate but similar tool known as an index. However, some catalogs now blur this distinction by including records for book titles and journal articles. 

The Peace Palace Library catalog is an example of this new hybrid. It makes international legal research very efficient as researchers can now find book titles, chapters and articles on international law issues all in one place. 

For more information on the use of catalogs and indexes, see the  Treatises and Law Review Articles tab.  

Reference Titles: Dictionaries

Boczek, International Law: a dictionary. 6th floor Reference KZ1161 .B63 2005

Fellmeth, Guide to Latin in International Law . 6th floor Reference K52 .L37 F45 2009

Parry & Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law . 3rd ed. 6th floor Reference   KZ1161 .P37 2009

Oxford English Dictionary

Encyclopedias

Ozmanczyk, The Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, 7th floor KZ4968 .O86 2003

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, 10th floor KZ1160 .E52 1981

Abbreviations & Citation

Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations

Request a Research Appointment

Need more help? Reference librarians are available to meet with students in one-on-one sessions (or in small groups) to discuss research strategies, recommend relevant resources or review specific topics of legal research. 

Contact [email protected] with the subject you're researching and when you would like to meet. A librarian will get back to you to set up an appointment. You can also schedule an appointment on the library homepage by clicking "Schedule an Online Research Appointment." We ask that you request your appointment at least 2 days in advance, but remember that you can always stop by the reference desk for immediate help with a quick research question.

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• Last Updated: Feb 1, 2024 3:47 PM
• URL: https://libraryguides.law.uic.edu/intres

Topic Research Guides: Public International Law

• Law Home This link opens in a new window
• Legislation
• Tertiary & Secondary
• Lessons & Help
• Topic Research Guides
• AGLC Guide This link opens in a new window

General Resources

Public international law governs the relationships between national governments and intergovernmental organizations. 

Private international law governs the choice of law to apply when there are conflicts in the domestic law of different nations related to private transactions between those nations.

Dewey numbers for legal print resources:

Human rights  - 341.48            International law - 341 Politics           – 323                 Space law            - 341.47 Use of force    - 341.6, 355 and 363.32

Search terms for Library Catalogue searching:

Aeronautics - Law and legislation        Airspace (International law) Human rights                                      International law Intervention (International law)          Neutrality Space law                                          War (International law)

Major texts:

• Akehurst's modern introduction to international law / Peter Malanczuk
• Guide to Latin in international law 
• International law : contemporary principles and practices / Gillian D. Triggs
• Kluwer Arbitration - texts on international commercial arbitration

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

• Parry & Grant encyclopaedic dictionary of international law
• GlobaLex (NYU): Guides to international, comparative and foreign law research 
• World Constitutions Illustrated

International Court of Justice

• Kluwer Law International   
• LegalTrac   

Lexis Advance

Oxford Reports on International Law

• Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law (OSAIL)
• ProQuest   
• From the Quick Search screen,   Select    Cases, then International Law Reports from the Series drop-down menu
• Westlaw Australia   
• Westlaw Classic    
• Westlaw UK   

Research Guides

American Society for International Law (ASIL)

Electronic Resource Guide [to International Law] (ERG) / American Society for International Law (ASIL)

Frequently-Cited Treaties & Other International Instruments LibGuide  / University of Minnesota

GlobaLex (NYU)

• Guides to international, comparative and foreign law research. 

Guide to Law Online  / The Law Library of Congress

• Includes international and multinational as well as specific nations

The International Law Commission – Research Guide

• Select             Research > Texts, Instruments and Reports > Sources of International Law

Introduction to International Law / Robert Beckman and Dagmar Butte

The Practitioner’s Guide to International Law  / The Law Society of NSW

Public International Law Guide  / University of Western Australia

Public International Law Research / UniMelbourne

Public International Law Resources - WorldLII

Researching the United Nations Documents

United Nations International Law Research Guide

WorldLII – links to a number of other research guides

World Treaty Library Training Video / HeinOnline

Source Legislation for Foreign Jurisdictions

Journals, Reports & Encyclopaedia

Gale Academic OneFile

Kluwer Law Online

Oxford Journals

Oxford Public International Law  - provides facts of the case with analysis

Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law

Westlaw Australia

Westlaw Classic

Tereposky, Greg and Daniel Hohnstein, ' Searching for the Rule of Law in Today's Uncertain International Trade Environment ' (2019) 27(3)  Australian Law Librarian   134

History of International Law Timeline

Interactive History of International Law Timeline .

Stretching from 1494 to present, the timeline marks 109 key events marking the most important developments in the history of international law. Each date links through to an Oxford University Press resource.

International Organisations

European Union

Hague Justice Portal  

International Chamber of Commerce  (ICC)

Oxford International Organizations  (OXIO) -  primary materials and analysis on the law of international organizations

Peace Palace Library

UNIDROIT - Organisation for the unification of international private law

Union of International Associations Links to selected organizations

United Nations   

• Alphabetic Index of Websites of the United Nations System Organizations
• Directory of  United Nations System Organizations - categorizes and links to UN system and related organizations
• Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General
• Official Document System of the UN
• United Nations Documentation Centre
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Australian Government Information

Attorney General site - International Law

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade - International relations information

Office of International Law  - Attorney General's Department

Australian Treaties Database (DFAT)

Australian International Treaty Making Information Kit (DFAT)

Australian Treaties Library (AustLII)

Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade

EU Treaties

EUR-Lex  Access to European Union Law

International Treaties Collection (WorldLII)

LawCite - search by parties to treaties

Maritime law resources (WorldLII)

Treaty Research Guide (Vanderbilt University)

United Nations Treaty Collection - Treaty Reference Guide

UN Official Document System

UN Treaty Database

International Human Rights

Amnesty International

European Center for Minority Issues

European Court of Human Rights and Case Law Portal

Inter-American Court of Human Rights  to search for case-law by treaty articles

International Customary Human Rights Law from the International Red Cross

United Nations Development Program

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Universal Human Rights Index

United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner

European Court of Human Rights (EHRC) - on Thomson Reuters Westlaw indexed on  vLexJustis

Useful resources:

• Air and Space Law (Journal)
• Journal of Space Law
• The Luxembourg Space Resources Act and International Law​
• Manuals > Montreal Convention (commentary updating service)
• Space Law : Basic Legal Documents
• Space Policy Journal
• European Air Law (looseleaf commentary - EU materials)
• The ultimate space law collection / Dorina Andoni

International Organisations:

• Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
• European Centre for Space Law
• International Civil Aviation Organization
• International Institute of Space Law
• International Law Association, Space Law Committee
• International Space Law, The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
• The Office of Outer Space Affairs

Other useful sources:

• AIAA Proceedings of the Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space
• International Institute of Space Law – Publications
• National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law – The University of Mississippi School of Law

Use of Force

AFP (Australian Federal Police)

Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Australian National Security

Centre for International Security Studies

Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO)

• Department of Homeland Security

Global Terrorism Database (GTD)

• International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
• The National Security Archive
• UN Action to Counter Terrorism

US Department of State - Bureau of Counterterrorism (CT)

See also the Security, Terrorism and Counterterrorism Subject Guide.

Selected Think Tanks

• Brooking Institution
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
• Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
• Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)
• Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs - SWP)
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Selected International Websites

• Global Terrorism Database
• US Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism
• Last Updated: Mar 15, 2024 3:40 PM
• URL: https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/lawtopics

Customary International Law: General Principles of Law & Other Sources Customary International Law: Research Guides & Background Information U.S. Practice of International Law: Background Information Department of State Publications State Practice: Research Guides & Background Information Yearbooks Domestic Legislation Concerning a Country's International Obligations Resolutions, Declarations, & Legislative Acts of Intergovernmental Organizations IGO yearbooks General Principles of Law Introduction Judicial Decisions of International Tribunals Court Decisions of Individual Countries Concerning International Obligations Scholarly Works Review Questions

This is a collaborative project between

Duke University School of Law and University of California, Berkeley, School of Law

• University Libraries
• Research Guides
• International Law & Human Rights: A Short Guide
• Special Topics

International Law & Human Rights: A Short Guide: Special Topics

• Basic Resources
• Human Rights by COUNTRY

Land Rights

• Land Portal
• FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
• Contemporary Land Grabbing, Research, and Bibliography by Jootaek Lee 107 Law Library Journal (Spring 2015) Northeastern University School of Law Research Paper No. 216-2015
• Global Health & Human Rights Resources & Databases (University of Southern California)
• Health and Human Rights Syllabi Database (USC) Syllabi from institutions worldwide.
• Gender, equity and human rights Programme (WHO)
• Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (UN)
• SHARIASource Portal (Harvard) A Portal for organizing the world’s information on Islamic law. It is a project of the Program in Islamic Law at Harvard Law School,
• SHARIASource Blog (Harvard) News and information from the Program in Islamic Law at the Harvard Law School.
• SHARIASource Newsletter Newsletter archives from the Program in Islamic Law at the Harvard Law School.
• Laws Criminalizing Apostasy in Selected Jurisdictions (2014) by Hanibal Goitom, Global Legal Research Center (Library of Congress) Covers: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain ,Brunei, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran ,Iraq , Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Sudan, Syria , Tunisia ,United Arab Emirates , & Yemen
• What Countries Criminalize Religious Conversion? Our New Report Examines this Question June 12, 2014 by Hanibal Goitom
• Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief (UN) See links (on right) to reports, documents, and more.
• Feminist Sexual Ethics Project (Brandeis University) Many topics covered, including: ---Slavery, Religion and Sexual Ethics ---Jewish Sexual Ethics ---Muslim Sexual Ethics ---Christian Sexual Ethics
• KARAMAH: Muslim Women Lawyers for Human Rights. Articles and research about "...Shari’ah in general and the rights afforded to women in Islam, as well as conflict resolution, civil rights, and leadership....KARAMAH also disseminates the scholarship of Muslim jurists and other scholars from around the world... on Islamic Law..."
• US Court cases on Islamic Law From KARAMAH: Muslim Women Lawyers for Human Rights. "...Case studies are provided as a brief overview of how different courts in the U.S. have decided on matters relating to Islamic Law...."

Human Rights of Women

• Gendering Documentation: A Manual For and About Women Human Rights Defenders. Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition (PDF; 105 pages.)
• Women in International Law: Research Sources (2002) (L. Louis-Jacques,U. Chicago)
• Honour Crimes Project (The Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law)
• Feminist Sexual Ethics Project (Brandeis University) 
Covers: Marriage and divorce; Dating; Sexual orientation; Family; Women's rights; Family planning; Sex education; Sexual harassment; Rape; Child sexual abuse; Clergy sexual misconduct; Sex workers; Trafficking in women. Includes:
Slavery, Religion and Sexual Ethics, 
Jewish Sexual Ethics,
Muslim Sexual Ethics, 
Christian Sexual Ethics, & 
Resources
• International Family Law: A Selective Resource Guide (2000) (by Marylin J. Raisch)
• Transnational and Comparative Family Law: Harmonization and Implementation (2013) (Globalex Research Guide by Marylin Johnson Raisch)
• Women’s Human Rights Conventions from: University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
• Legal Profiles (Islamic Family Law—Emory University)
• Sexual and Reproductive Health (WHO)
• Law Students for Reproductive Justice (If/When/How) Academic Resources
• women's rights & gender equality (The Guardian) In depth articles, interactive databases, video, photos, and more (from The Guardian)
• Rights of Women (OAS) Office of the Rapporteur on the Rights of Women, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR).
• Gender Equality and Women (RefWorld) UNHCR
• Trafficking in Human Beings (RefWorld) UNHCR
• Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (RefWorld) UNHCR
• Browse SSRN Networks & eJournal Subject Areas Included are: -Women, Law, & Human Rights eJournal (SSRN) http://www.ssrn.com/link/Women-Law-Human-Rights.html -Women, Gender & the Law eJournal (SSRN) http://www.ssrn.com/link/women-gender-law.html -Sexuality & the Law eJournal (SSRN) http://www.ssrn.com/link/Sexuality-Law.html -Reproductive Justice, Law & Policy eJournal (SSRN) http://www.ssrn.com/link/Reproductive-Justice.html -Family & Children's Law eJournal (SSRN) http://www.ssrn.com/link/family-law.html
• Making Laws, Breaking Silence: Case Studies from the Field edited by RANGITA DE SILVA DE ALWIS. This book "grows out of a high level roundtable convened by Penn Law, UN Women, UNESCO, UN SDG Fund, and IDLO in March 2017. "
• Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database (UN Women) A repository of gender equality related provisions in 195 constitutions from around the world.

Same-Sex Marriage

• Same-Sex Marriage: Global Comparisons Council on Foreign Relations, CFR Backgrounder Author: Danielle Renwick, Copy Editor/Writer Updated: August 31, 2015

Subject Guide

Films & Videos

• Global Health Films Database (USC) List of films that "address global health topics—ranging from documentaries to animated shorts to docu-series—categorized by title, topic, year, run time, genre, producer and other relevant key words. To reorganize the list by a certain category, simply click on the heading. Use the search bar to type in topics, regions or other categories, and the list will be filtered to your search terms."
• Kanopy Streaming Service Kanopy offers more than 6,500 films in a wide variety of subject areas and from several educational film distributors including: Criterion Collection, Symptom Media, PBS, Green Planet Films, First Run Features, California Newsreel, BBCActive, NEVCO and German Film. Faculty can create clips/playlists and embed any video or clip in UBLearns.
• Swank Digital Campus A collection of more than 19,000 feature films, classic films, and documentaries can now be embedded directly into the UB Learns course management system and will allow students the flexibility of semester-long, 24/7 access to course-assigned films beyond the traditional classroom setting.
• Foreign, Comparative, and International Law and Justice on Film and TV: An A to Z List compiled by Lyonette Louis-Jacques, August 2010 rev
• Foreign, Comparative, and International Law and Justice on Film and TV videography, by Country/General. compiled by Lyonette Louis-Jacques. August 2010 rev.
• << Previous: Human Rights by COUNTRY

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Press Statement

Press statement

Unaids calls for the protection of human rights on the international day to end homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia (idahobit).

GENEVA, 15 May 2024— Ahead of IDAHOBIT, commemorated worldwide on 17 May, UNAIDS is calling on governments everywhere to protect the human rights of LGBTQ+ people. Protecting the human rights of every person, UNAIDS research shows, is essential for protecting public health, because it enables inclusive and equitable access to health services without discrimination.

The movement for human rights for all has made important progress. For example, whereas, at the start of the AIDS pandemic, most countries criminalized LGBTQ+ people , now two thirds of countries do not.

However, more than 60 countries still do while another 20 countries criminalize gender expression and identity.

“Stigma, discrimination and criminalization can be lethal,” said Winnie Byanyima, Executive Director of UNAIDS. “In the response to HIV, we have learned that a human rights-based approach is critical in responding to a health crisis and leaving no-one behind. Countries must remove these discriminatory criminal laws and introduce legislation which protects rights if we are to end AIDS as a public health threat for everyone.”

Discrimination, violence and criminalization force many LGBTQ+ people underground and away from health services; as a result, gay men and other men who have sex with men, and transgender people, are more affected by HIV. Globally, in 2022, men who have sex with men were 23 times more likely to acquire HIV, and transgender women 20 times more likely to acquire HIV than other adults aged 15–49.

Criminalization of LGBTQ+ people in particular causes significant harm to health. In sub-Saharan Africa, men who have sex with men in countries where they are criminalized, are five times more likely to be living with HIV than in countries that do not criminalize same-sex sexual behavior.

As a recent IAS - Lancet report demonstrated, violations of human rights have multiple damaging impacts on public health. Treating people as criminals drives people away from vital services for fear of arrest and discrimination, resulting in them not accessing HIV prevention, treatment and care.  In addition, strict anti-LGBTQ+ laws have been associated with a lack of knowledge about HIV testing and HIV status.

“For far too many people in our LGBTQ+ communities and beyond, the most basic things are still too far from reach, because of the discrimination, stigma, and violence they face every day,” said the international lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex association, ILGA World , co-Secretaries General Luz Elena Aranda and Tuisina Ymania Brown.  “This is why they are rallying behind an urgent cry: ‘No one left behind: equality, freedom and justice for all,’ reminding us of the importance of rejecting discriminatory laws, policies, and attitudes.”  

Criminal laws that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity are a breach of the right to privacy and non-discrimination and impede the HIV response. UNAIDS calls on all states to repeal such laws and to introduce legal protections against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

UNAIDS, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Global Commission on HIV and the Law have made the same recommendations, as have the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and several other United Nations agencies.

UNAIDS stands with LGBTQ+ people everywhere who are facing hate, discrimination and marginalization, and calls for an end to their criminalization.

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) leads and inspires the world to achieve its shared vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS unites the efforts of 11 UN organizations—UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank—and works closely with global and national partners towards ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Learn more at unaids.org and connect with us on Facebook , Twitter , Instagram and YouTube .

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Practice of law: case studies

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Roula Khalaf, Editor of the FT, selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter.

The seven sets of case studies showcased here feature examples of the most innovative work and legal services that lawyers have developed in the Asia-Pacific region for clients, whether operating in the region or globally.

All of the case studies were researched, compiled and ranked by RSGI. “Winner” indicates that the organisation won an FT Innovative Lawyers Asia-Pacific award for 2024.

Read the other FT Innovative Lawyers Asia-Pacific ‘Best practice case studies’, which showcase the standout innovations made for and by people working in the legal sector:

Business of law In-house

Unlocking capital

Winner: Linklaters Originality: 9; Leadership: 8; Impact: 8; Total: 25 The firm helped advise on the creation of Swap Connect, which allows international investors to tap into China’s onshore interest rate swap market via links with Hong Kong. The initiative, launched May 2023 with the backing of Chinese President Xi Jinping, aims to support Hong Kong as a financial trading hub while delivering a bigger and more efficient derivatives market for China’s own domestic market. It follows the creation of similar “Connect” programmes for stocks and bonds. Lawyers at the firm advised bourse operator Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing on the design of the Swap Connect clearing link agreement, which allows foreign investors to remotely trade and clear renminbi interest rate swaps to hedge their debt exposure.

A&O Shearman O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm helped China-backed telecoms company Dito Telecommunity secure a 15-year $3.9bn loan arrangement to fund the rollout of its telecoms network in the Philippines. The long-term financing deal, struck last September, was supported by a group of international banks. The funds raised are to pay for expansion of the network — the launch of which, in 2021, was backed by former Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte, in an attempt to challenge the historic duopoly of the country’s two dominant suppliers.

Sullivan & Cromwell O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm advised Japan’s SoftBank on last September’s initial public offering of its UK chip designer, Arm, in the US. The lawyers helped SoftBank acquire an additional 25 per cent of Arm from its Saudi-backed investment partner Vision Fund to obtain full control of Arm ahead of the flotation, which then saw the Japanese company retain 90 per cent of the business while raising about $5bn.

Highly commended

Dechert O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 The firm advised ACEN, the energy arm of Philippines conglomerate Ayala, on securing project finance for its 24 per cent stake in the $1bn 600-megawatt Monsoon Wind development in Laos. Work has begun on installation of the wind farm, which will export generated electricity to Vietnam under a 25-year offtake agreement.

Hogan Lovells O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm helped Indian car parts maker Samvardhana Motherson International acquire an 81 per cent stake in Japan’s Yachiyo Industry, a subsidiary of Honda Motor. The deal required Honda to buy out minority shareholders in the Tokyo-listed company to allow it to be taken private, with Honda maintaining a minority stake.

Allen & Gledhill O: 7; L: 6; I: 6; Total: 19 The firm acted as Singapore adviser to Bayfront Infrastructure Capital on the complex launch, last September, of infrastructure asset-backed securities valued at $410mn. It worked alongside international counsel Latham & Watkins. The transaction was the fourth such issuance by Bayfront.

Deacons O: 7; L: 6; I: 6; Total: 19 The firm advised asset manager BEA Union Investment on the reclassification of its Asian bond fund as an impact fund last July. The changes, authorised by Hong Kong regulators, will see the renamed Asia Impact Bond Fund primarily invest in bonds backing environmental and social improvement projects.

Responsible business

Winner: Trilegal Originality: 9; Leadership: 8; Impact: 8; Total: 25 The firm advised the education charity SGBS Unnati Foundation on becoming the first organisation to list on India’s Social Stock Exchange in December. The government-sponsored platform — created last year as a sub-category within India’s existing stock exchanges — is designed to help charities and other social enterprises subject to its oversight to raise funds, by strengthening confidence among potential donors and investors.

The lawyers advised Unnati on meeting regulatory conditions to launch the debut fundraising on the exchange, which secured Rs2 crore ($240,000) to finance training for 10,000 underprivileged young people.

Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The pro bono team helped the Hong Kong branch of global children’s charity Plan International to create a safeguarding framework for kindergartens, in 2023. The lawyers advised on the compilation of guidelines, which have been circulated to more than 1,000 kindergartens via a manual and e-learning platform for free.

The initiative also offers tests and accreditation to caregivers. The lack of official guidance on safeguarding had recently been highlighted, publicly, by cases such the prosecution of 34 staff for mistreatment of children in a care home.

Gilbert + Tobin O: 7; L: 10; I: 7; Total: 24 The firm supported the Yes23 campaign, which sought improved constitutional recognition for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through Australia’s 2023 “Voice” referendum. Gilbert +Tobin’s co-founder and chair, Danny Gilbert, co-chaired one of the leading groups campaigning for the change, and the firm helped with fundraising, hosting meetings, and providing administrative and legal support. Early support faded as the proposal failed to secure the majorities required to pass despite government support, but 40 per cent of Australians supported the campaign.

DLA Piper O: 7; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 22 Lawyers at the firm have represented East Timor pro bono at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and, subsequently, the International Court of Justice to argue for mitigations over the impact of climate change.

The firm advocated for obligations on other states that would still protect the right of East Timor and other small island developing countries to further industrial development, as part of a fairer global transition to net zero greenhouse emissions.

Lander & Rogers O: 7; L: 8; I: 6; Total: 21 As one of the first Australian law firms to commit itself to achieving net zero emissions by 2030, Lander & Rogers supported several initiatives under its “climate and just transition” pro bono programme. Efforts included seconding law firm staff to a number of climate activist and litigation organisations to work pro bono.

Morrison Foerster O: 5; L: 6; I: 8; Total: 19 Marcia Ellis, global co-chair of the firm’s private equity office, worked with a team of associates to support Justice Centre Hong Kong, a charity that advises refugees and asylum seekers. They worked together to develop a public database of case law covering detention of immigrants in the territory. Since its launch in June 2023, the resource has been used by Justice Centre staff, researchers, other campaign groups and immigration lawyers.

Nagashima Ohno & Tsunematsu O: 6; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 19 Tokyo English Language Lifeline (Tell), a Japanese philanthropic organisation offering mental health support, was considering closing one of its clinics because rules governing its prescription of medicines looked too ambiguous. But the law firm secured a clarification from regulators that meant it could continue to operate.

Dispute resolution

Winner: MinterEllison Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 10; Total: 26 The firm successfully defended Australian media company Nine Entertainment and investigative journalists Nick McKenzie and Chris Masters in a protracted, high-profile, and politically contentious case when they were sued for defamation by Australia’s most decorated living soldier, Ben Roberts-Smith.

In June, the Federal Court found that the lawyers had substantially proved the truth of the allegations contained in articles from 2018 that Roberts-Smith had committed war crimes, including the killing of unarmed civilians in Afghanistan. The lawyers also dealt with challenging secrecy requirements relating to documents and witness testimony.

Hogan Lovells O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm helped Lego sue Chinese competitor Longteng for infringement of the Danish toymaker’s copyright. The lawyers persuaded a Chinese court to make a judgment based on inspection of a sample of 54 units out of 1.6mn boxes of seized goods. In December, the court in Shanghai ordered Longteng to pay Rmb600mn ($83mn) to Lego and sentenced five individuals to up to nine years in prison.

Numen Law Offices O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 Lawyers persuaded the High Court of Kerala to issue guidelines for tighter handling of sexually explicit evidence by law enforcement agencies and state courts. The move came after illegal access was gained to visual evidence during proceedings that followed the assault of the firm’s client, Indian actress Bhavana Menon, in 2017.

WongPartnership O: 7; L: 7; I: 8; Total: 22 The firm helped German telecoms group Deutsche Telekom enforce an award in Singapore of $93.3mn plus costs against India over the breach of a bilateral investment treaty, originally granted through arbitration in Geneva. Lawyers persuaded the Singapore Court of Appeal to apply the legal principle of “transnational estoppel”, which prevented India from relitigating claims already rejected by the Swiss court.

Anand and Anand O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm won an interim order for Indian actor Anil Kapoor before the High Court of Delhi when he sued 16 defendants last year for misusing artificial intelligence. They were accused of exploiting his image and voice to create deepfakes for commercial gain, in ringtones and other merchandise. The case has led to increased scrutiny over the legality of deepfake practices in India.

Rajah & Tann Singapore O: 7; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 20 The firm’s lawyers defended Chinese tech company NetEase Games against an application for an interim injunction in Singapore in December 2022 to force withdrawal of a video game from sale.

Rival US video developer Riot Games had claimed NetEase’s game Hyper Front infringed the copyright of its similar Valorant combat game, as part of a campaign of action in several jurisdictions. However, NetEase did withdraw the game from the market last April, following legal challenges in various jurisdictions.

Restructuring

Winner: Sidley Austin Originality: 8; Leadership: 9; Impact: 8; Total: 25 The firm advised Chinese developer Sunac through a $10bn offshore debt restructuring last year, one of the first of its kind among China’s distressed property companies, following a widespread wave of defaults since 2021. It narrowed down the company’s complex creditor structure to a single class by use of a court-led scheme of arrangement and refinanced the existing debt into convertible bonds — in line with Hong Kong regulation.

Clifford Chance O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm advised Italian construction group WeBuild on the rescue and restructuring of Clough, the troubled Australian building company, last year. The lawyers helped strike a deal with Clough’s administrator and creditors, preventing the collapse of the business. This required the renegotiation of hundreds of contracts in a 12-week period and saved more than 1,100 jobs. Among the projects saved were Snowy 2.0, a multibillion-dollar hydro power extension project.

Pinsent Masons O: 8; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm advised the International Finance Corporation, the investment arm of the World Bank, on its $67mn financing of a transport terminal in Laos. This involved separating the contractual agreements of the project in the country’s capital from a wider logistics development. The deal, which closed in December, is designed to divide the project into two “bankable” concessions to encourage further additional funding.

Morgan Lewis O: 9; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm advised PNG Air, Papua New Guinea’s second-largest domestic airline, in securing a vital writedown of debts under a court-approved creditor scheme to avoid bankruptcy. The lawyers teamed up with other advisers to secure backing for the restructuring, formally approved in December, through which major creditors swapped debt for equity in the business.

Rajah & Tann Singapore O: 8; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 22 The firm worked as lead counsel for DeFi Payments following the collapse of its crypto exchange, Vauld, in July 2022 when a surge of withdrawals by customers forced it to reveal a $70mn shortfall of funds. Lawyers worked alongside new management on a court-supervised scheme approved in August last year, to retrieve what remains of its assets and provide customers with the means to retrieve part of the value of funds originally invested.

Corrs Chambers Westgarth O: 8; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 21 The firm advised Mineral Resources on last year’s acquisition of the Bald Hill lithium mine in Western Australia, for A$260mn including assumed debt, after its previous owner went into administration four years earlier. The lawyers helped strike the deal by using independent experts to value the mine — despite hopes among some former shareholders of a higher premium.

Science and technology

Winner: Trilegal Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 9; Total: 25 The firm drafted a policy for India’s Open Network for Digital Commerce, a government-backed scheme designed to encourage ecommerce expansion and competition. The network aims to connect different platforms through technology, enabling all buyers and sellers to transact with each other regardless of which app they are on.

The scheme was created by India’s commerce ministry to encourage small traders to move their businesses online and promote competition with established platform providers. The policy is designed to be fit for future regulatory changes.

MinterEllison O: 7; L: 8; I: 9; Total: 24 The firm helped Genomical, an Australian genomics data collaboration between hospitals and academic groups, become a commercial enterprise. The firm devised a structure to balance the interests of investors with stakeholder control over product development. It structured shareholder rights and negotiated intellectual property rights to take account of the platform’s potential use by hospitals around Australia for genetic tests and other medical applications.

Sidley Austin O: 8; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm represented Chinese chip developer BaTeLab in the vetting process for listing on the Hong Kong stock exchange in December. The lawyers drew on their drafting of the legal prospectus and specialist knowledge of the semiconductor industry to inform the HKEX about the company and its products.

Tilleke & Gibbins O: 6; L: 7; I: 8; Total: 21 The Thai firm’s local expertise helped global tech companies Amazon and Google navigate foreign investment restrictions to take part, alongside Microsoft, in investing $8.5bn to build data centres in Thailand.

Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas & Co O: 6; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 20 The firm helped telecoms operator Reliance Jio secure financing to buy equipment worth over $2.bn from Sweden’s Ericsson through a loan facility with several banks. Syndicated loans of its scale are rare in India, requiring the lawyers to liaise closely with regulators.

Anand and Anand O: 7; L: 7; I: 6; Total: 20 The firm helped US tech groups Microsoft and Amazon pursue a case against an India-based scam that involved impersonating support staff and defrauding customers of both companies. The lawyers convinced India’s Central Bureau of Investigation to register this as a rare joint case.

Winner: Morgan Lewis Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 9; Total: 25 The firm assisted Singapore-based global port operator PSA International in setting up a joint venture with Kazakhstan’s state-owned railway operator, Kazakhstan Temir Zholy.

To satisfy PSA’s preference, the business is subject to the AIFC Court, an independent jurisdiction following English common law based in the Kazakh capital Astana that is separate from the country’s domestic judicial system.

The combined entity, KPMC, was unveiled last May and aims to improve rail route connections and trade flows from China and the rest of Asia to Europe via Kazakhstan.

Gilbert + Tobin O: 9; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 24 The firm advised Sigma Healthcare in striking a proposed reverse takeover deal with its larger Australian pharmacy rival, Chemist Warehouse. Under the terms of the deal, announced in December, shareholders in privately owned Chemist Warehouse would hold an 85 per cent stake in the combined business, which would take on the Australian Securities Exchange listing of Sigma and have an indicative market capitalisation of A$8.8bn.

The company obtained “in principle” advice from the ASX that it would not need to repeat compliance with the exchange’s admission and quotation requirements following its effective takeover by the larger Chemist Warehouse. The deal remains subject to approval by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.

Dechert O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 The firm advised Capital Square Partners on its merger with Basil Technology Partners in 2023. The deal created a merged fund valued at $700mn that provides investors with access to a larger pool of technology assets, or the ability to cash out of original investments. The assets are spread across multiple jurisdictions in south-east Asia and it has become one of the largest technology funds in Asia.

Nishimura & Asahi O: 8; L: 8; I: 7; Total: 23 The firm advised Toshiba, the Japanese electronics conglomerate, on reverting to private ownership following 74 years as a public company and, latterly, eight years of accounting and governance turmoil.

The lawyers helped to secure a $15bn offer from a consortium led by private equity firm Japanese Industrial Partners, following a protracted sales process that paved the way for the country’s biggest ever take-private deal.

Ensuring transparency with the shareholders and encouraging competition among bidders was crucial in concluding the sale of the business, given the heightened scrutiny of Toshiba prompted by the recent controversies.

Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm helped Zurich Insurance acquire an enlarged majority stake in Indian insurer Kotak Mahindra General Insurance for $488mn. The proposed stake rose from 51 per cent plus additional considerations to 70 per cent outright, requiring the lawyers to design a structure to comply with regulatory limits on foreign ownership of Indian insurers. If the deal goes ahead, it will represent the largest foreign investment into India’s non-life insurance market.

Resolüt Partners O: 6; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 20 The firm advised Singaporean sovereign wealth fund GIC on the creation of a joint venture with Genus Power Infrastructure, an Indian smart meter maker. GIC holds 74 per cent, with Genus holding the remainder of the business, which is committing $2bn in capital to supply smart metering across India.

Fintech and digital assets

Winner: DLA Piper Originality: 8; Leadership: 8; Impact: 9; Total: 25 A team of lawyers based in Hong Kong helped Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (Vara) create a compliance framework for all cryptocurrency and other digital asset businesses. Lawyers worked with the emirate’s regulator to draft a rule book aimed at promoting Dubai as a hub for cryptocurrency investment while ensuring consumer protection. By April 2023, the regulator had granted 19 licences.

Allen & Gledhill O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 The firm advised Singapore-based global carbon exchange Climate Impact X ahead of its first trading day, in June 2023. The venture — which aims to establish Singapore as a regional hub that can challenge other global exchanges in voluntary carbon emission trading — is backed by Singapore Exchange, state investor Temasek, and the banks DBS, Standard Chartered and Mizuho. The exchange aims to attract international carbon traders keen to buy credits created by the accredited projects designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions.

Ashurst and Linklaters O: 8; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 24 When the Hong Kong government issued a $750mn green, multi-currency digital bond, Linklaters acted for global bank HSBC, and Ashurst represented its blockchain platform HSBC Orion, where the bond is hosted. Lawyers from both firms liaised with regulators and helped redesign the bond documentation to reflect its use of blockchain.

The lawyers ensured the hosting digital platform was directly connected to Hong Kong’s central clearing house so investors could subscribe to the bond without having to open new accounts.

Baker McKenzie O: 7; L: 8; I: 8; Total: 23 In November 2023, the firm helped Singapore’s DBS Bank, Switzerland’s UBS, and Japan’s SBI Digital Asset Holdings to structure the world’s first cross-border repo and natively-issued digital bond fully executed and settled on a public blockchain. The transaction, which was sponsored by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, aimed to test the feasibility of applications in asset tokenisation and decentralised finance deploying distributed ledger technology.

Clifford Chance O: 8; L: 8; I: 6; Total: 22 The fintech team advised on Singapore’s first live cross-border transaction using tokenised deposits between financial services company JPMorgan and Japanese digital asset service provider SBI Digital Asset Holdings, in November 2022. The lawyers contributed to the development of new regulation that clarifies that these tokenised deposits will not be classed as securities.

Howse Williams O: 7; L: 7; I: 7; Total: 21 The firm helped Tykhe Capital investment group win approval from the Hong Kong securities regulator to tokenise a real estate asset fund through a subsidiary, Pioneer Asset Management. The rarity of tokenised real estate asset funds in the region meant lawyers had to show how it complied with existing regulation. The transaction aims to set a blueprint for future tokenisation projects in Hong Kong.

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