thesis grading system in ethiopia

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Grading System

1. Student Assessment and the Grading System of Undergraduate Students

Student learning is assessed on a continuous assessment basis in the form of tests, assignments, presentations, etc. to determine the final letter grade earned. Continuous assessment shall account for 50% of the total module/course grade. The remaining 50% shall be allotted for a final exam conducted at the end of module/course delivery. Examinations may be oral, written or practical, depending on the nature of the module/course. The number, type and schedule of examinations or tests in a module/course shall be determined by the instructor and stated on the module/course outline to be issued to students at the beginning of the module/course. Letter grades are assigned to the marks earned out of 100% on a fixed scale (criteria referenced grading system). The raw marks out of 100% and their equivalent letter grades are indicated in the following table. Notwithstanding the grading system indicated here, the School of Medicine may follow its own grading system that shall be approved by the Academic Commission of CHS. Instructors are required to report raw marks and letter grades to the department and it should clearly show that continuous assessment has been conducted.

A student may not graduate with a CGPA of less than 2.0. He shall thus score at least a `C` grade in each of the modules he is required to take under the program.

A student who scores a `C-`grade in all the modules taken may be promoted to the next semester where he/she is a first semester first year student. This minimum grade required to be promoted to the next semester may be raised for second year students and above.

A student in good standing may graduate if he scores a `C-`grade in any course under a module. Where the ‘C-’ grade is for a module or for a course as a module, he shall, however, sit for re-examination with a view to removing it.

A student who scores `D` grades in all courses under a module or in all modules may not be promoted to the next semester

A good standing student is entitled to be promoted to the next semester as well as graduate even if he scores a `D` grade in any course under a module. Where the `D` grade relates to a module or a course treated as a module, such student shall take re-examination and remove the grade.

A student with `Fx` may be allowed to sit for re-examination twice with the necessary support. Any of the grades such student scores in the re-examinations may be taken into consideration in determining his academic status.

A student who scores an `F` grade in a course under a module or in a module or a course taken as a module may be allowed to repeat the same twice. Any of the grades such student scores in the re-examinations may be taken into consideration in determining his academic status.

In cases where students do not have full examination records, the instructor shall record “NG” for No Grade. All “NG”s shall be changed to one or another of the following before grades are submitted to the Registrar.

To an “I” (incomplete) by the AC in consultation with the instructor concerned for a student who, because of illness or of other reasons beyond his control, fails to complete the course; or

To a “W” (withdrawn) by the department/center chair/school head for a student who has formally withdrawn from the program within eight weeks after the beginning of the semester; or

To a “DO” (dropout) by the dean for a student who has not withdrawn from a program in accordance with the withdrawal procedures set forth by the University.

Neither “W”, “DO” nor “I” shall play any part in the computation of the semester grade point average. A student who obtains a “DO” for a module/course or courses shall be required to justify the reasons why he failed to comply with the withdrawal procedures set forth by the University to the appropriate academic commission within six weeks after the commencement of the subsequent semester. Failure to do so shall result in an automatic “F” grade.

All required non-credit work shall be recorded with a grade of “P” (Pass) and “F” (Fail) , but neither shall be included in the computation of the grade point average.

A double asterisk (**) shall be entered in place of a letter grade in those rare cases where a module/course is in progress and no work has been completed to give the instructor a basis for giving a letter grade. This would apply only to such modules/courses as projects/thesis/ dissertation or seminars with research components running beyond one semester and shall not be applicable to one-semester modules/courses.

2. Student assessment and grading system of Graduate Students

• Examinations are graded on the following letter grading system, with corresponding points.
• Thesis or Dissertation evaluation shall be graded on the following ranking system, with corresponding grading scales and letter grades;
• Getting a grade less than ‘B’ in individual subjects and/or courses by a graduate student may be tolerated. However, to complete the program, and be eligible for graduation, a graduate student shall have to obtain a minimum CGPA of 3:00 (‘B’).

3. Semester Academic Achievements and Academic Status

Students are required to achieve a certain level of score to be promoted to the next semester. This achievement is measured by (1) Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA), and (2) Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA).

SGPA is calculated by considering only the modules/courses for which the student is registered for the semester.

CGPA is calculated by considering all the modules/courses the student accumulated so far. The GPAs are obtained by dividing the sum of all grade points for the modules/courses divided by the total sum of ECTS/credits. For example Course A has 5 ECTS and the student scored C+. The same student is also registered for Course B which has 7 ECTS and the student scored A-. Therefore

GPA = (5*2.5)+(7*3.75)/(5+7)=3.23

After calculating the GPA, the student will be given status by his/her dean.

Academic Status for Undergraduate Students

• Promoted = for a student who is promoted to the next semester. A student who scored CGPA≥2.00 or SGPA≥1.75 is promoted.
• Probation (warning) = for a student whose CGPA<2.00 or SGPA<1.75; or for a student who scores up to three ”F’s’’ at the end of each semester with less than or equal to 12 total credit points (CP); or for a newly admitted student who, at the end of the first semester, earns a semester GPA of 1.50 to 1.74, or for a newly admitted student, who at the end of the first year, earns a CGPA of 1.75 to 1.99
• Academic Dismissal = this status is given for
• Two consecutive warnings, or
• Any student who scored three ‘’F’s’’ on courses with more than 12 total CP or a student who scored more than three ’’F’s” per semester, or
• Any student whose semester GPA falls below 1.75 or who fails to maintain a CGPA of 2.00, or
• A newly admitted student or a student joining the University at advanced level who earns a GPA of less than 1.50 at the end of his first semester, or
• A newly admitted student or a student joining the University at advanced level who, at the end of the first year, fails to achieve a CGPA of at least 1.75 shall be dismissed.

Academic Status for Graduate Students

• A first year graduate student is subject to dismissal without first being put on probation if his performance falls below 2.50 in his first semester results.
• Any first year graduate student with a first semester GPA (SGPA) between 2.50 and 3.00 shall be placed on probation and will be subject to dismissal if he fails to achieve a semester GPA of 3.00 in the next semester.
• If, however, a student on probation for the first time achieves during the next semester, a SGPA of 3.00 or above but his CGPA still falls below 3.00, the relevant DGC may place the student on final probation if it finds that there is reason to believe that the student will attain a CGPA of 3.00 or above in the third semester.
• A graduate student may be put on probation for a second time provided it is ascertained that s/he has successfully come out of the previous probation. However, where a student who has been placed on a second probation fails to achieve a CGPA of 3.00 in the next semester, s/he shall be dismissed.
• No candidate subject to dismissal may expect discretionary probation as a matter of right.

Discontinuing study

A student may be forced to discontinue his/her study because of academic reasons for at least one semester. One of these academic reasons is a “dismissal” status of a student. Such type of discontinuity may allow a readmission in which a student will be readmitted to repeat the modules/courses he/she failed. A student with a “dismissal” status should formally withdraw from the university.

Students dropping out from the University must consult their academic advisors and explain why they wish to drop out. Students dropping out from the University for inadequate reasons will be denied readmission.

Any student who wants to discontinue his study should formally withdraw and complete Withdrawal Form (or clearance) within 8 weeks after the beginning of the semester. The University does not accept readmission requests if an applicant has not withdrawn properly.

A student who discontinued his study due to either “dismissal” status or dropping out may request for readmission as per the procedures.

Students should fulfill the proper clearance procedure at the end of each academic year or Kiremt session or upon graduation or when they discontinue their study. Every student must collect the Clearance Form from the College Registrar Office. After properly completing such forms and getting them signed by the appropriate offices, the student must submit it to the college registrar office, and keep a copy with him/her. No transcripts, degrees, diplomas and letters of recommendation will be issued to a person who cannot produce his/her copy of the clearance from every time such services are requested. Moreover, readmissions are processed if and only if a student presents a duly signed clearance.

• Graduation requirements

Undergraduate Students

Students are required to fulfill a minimum set of achievements to graduate (get a degree) from a program. Such requirements can vary from program to program. For specific information, students are advised to consult the specific curriculum in which they are enrolled. However, the following general requirements apply to a first degree program:

Graduate Students

A candidate who fulfils the requirements laid down in this Legislation and whose research, study and examination results are judged to be of sufficient merit shall be recommended by the Office of the Registrar to the Senate for graduation and award of appropriate credentials by the University.

Credit Requirements

The total number of ECTS for course/module work in Masters Programs shall be from 59.5 to 70 ECTS for programs requiring thesis work and from 89.5 to 100 ECTS for non-thesis programs.

The minimum number of ECTS in Ph.D. programs requiring coursework shall be 28.

Departments/schools/centers may administer comprehensive examinations for non-thesis programs as partial fulfillment for graduation.

Upon the recommendation of their advisors, Master`s and Ph.D. students may audit courses.

Thesis/dissertation

For Master’s degree, a thesis shall constitute a partial fulfillment of the requirement except in a program where it is not required. A Ph.D. dissertation is a requirement for a Ph.D. degree.

Candidates in the graduate programs shall select topics for their thesis/dissertation in consultation with their advisors.

Thesis/dissertation topic of each candidate shall be recommended by the DGC and approved by the AC.

A thesis/dissertation shall be rejected if it is judged as plagiarized or does not meet the required standard.

• Waiver of rules

Minor academic requirements may be waived by the Academic Standards and Curriculum Review Committee (ASCRC) of the Senate. Each case is studied by the relevant Department Academic Committee (DAC) which forwards its recommendations to the College Academic Commission. The dean of the College forwards a formal request for waiver along with the academic commission minutes to the ASCRC. The Committee considers the case and gives final decision in granting or denying waiver of the rules. The decision of the ASCRC will be final. The ASCRC does not entertain direct student petitions for waiver of rules. All requests should be filed at their respective departments.

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Student Assessment and the Grading System of Undergraduate Students

As a matter of general principle continuous assessment in the form of tests, reports, assignments, presentations, etc. should be made for every module/course in such a way that it measures the individual effort or capacity etc. of the student. This shall count for 50% of the total module/course mark. The remaining 50% shall be allotted for a final exam at the end of module/course. However, some discipline such as Medicine can set out their own general guidelines.

Undergraduate Grading scale and letter grading System

• A student with Fx shall take supplementary exam, whereas those who scored ‘F’ grade should repeat that course. Such supplementary exam grades for Fx shall only constitutes 50% of the total assessment (i.e. the other 50% shall be taken from the continuous assessment). However, a student who has scored Fx due to disciplinary or cheating case shall not be entitled for supplementary examination but the F grade shall be maintained.
• In cases where a student does not have full examination records, the instructor shall record “NG” for No grade. All “NG”s shall be changed to one of the following:
• To an “I” (incomplete) by the SC/DC in consultation with the instructor concerned for a student who, because of illness or extenuating or extraordinary circumstances, fails to complete the
• modular course;
• To a “W” (withdrawn) by the head/Registrar for a student who has formally withdrawn from the program within eight weeks (50% of the semester duration) after the beginning of the semester;
• To a “DO” (dropout) by the Head/Registrar for a student who has not withdrawn from a program in accordance with the withdrawal procedures set forth by the University.
• Neither “W” nor “DO” shall play any part in the computation of the semester Average Number Grade/Semester Grade Point Average;
• A student who obtains a “DO” for a course or courses shall be required to justify the reasons why he failed to comply with the withdrawal procedures set forth by the University to the
• appropriate SC/DC within six weeks after the commencement of the subsequent semester. Failure to do so shall result in an automatic “F” grade;
• If a student repeats a course, the initial credit hour and grade shall appear on the transcript, but be ignored in calculating the SGPA/SANG whether or not there is a change in the grade;
• All required non-credit work shall be recorded with a grade of “P” (Pass) and “F” (Failure), but neither shall be included in the computation of the SGPA/SANG;
• A double asterisk (**) shall be entered in place of a letter grade in those rare cases where a course is in progress and no work has been completed to give the instructor a basis for giving a grade.

Student assessment and grading system of Graduate Students

• Examinations are graded on the following letter grading system, with corresponding points.
• Thesis or Dissertation evaluation shall be graded on the following ranking system, with corresponding grading scales and letter grades;

Student Academic Achievements

• At the end of each semester, the Academic Unit will examine the case of student who fails to achieve the required academic standard in line with the University Legislation.
• One semester in the regular program is equivalent to two semesters in the continuing education program. The academic status of continuing education student is, therefore, determined every other semester.
• For Kiremt programs, the academic status of the students shall be determined for a minimum of 25-30 ECTS points or 15 credit hours.
• The academic status of part-time students is determined for every 25-30 ECTS points or 15 credit hours, starting from the first admission date of the students.
• Grade report should be issued for semesters in which the status is determined by the SC/DC.

Academic Standing of Undergraduate Students

Academic status of undergraduate students are shown in the table below:

• A student who earns a “C” (2.0) grade or above in all courses of a semester shall be in good standing.
• The head of the Academic Unit shall warn a student, when he/she falls under warning category as shown on the above table.
• Any consecutive warning, except in the first year leads to Academic Dismissal.
• A student who earns three or more ‘’F’’ grades at the end of any semester shall be subject to academic dismissal regardless of CGPA/SGPA.  

  Academic Status for Graduate Students

• A first-year graduate student is subject to dismissal without first being put on probation if his performance falls below 2.50 in his first semester results.
• Any first-year graduate student with a first semester GPA (SGPA) between 2.50 and 3.00 shall be placed on probation and will be subject to dismissal if he fails to achieve a semester GPA of 3.00 in the next semester.
• If, however, a student on probation for the first time achieves during the next semester, a SGPA of 3.00 or above but his CGPA still falls below 3.00, the relevant DGC may place the student on final probation if it finds that there is reason to believe that the student will attain a CGPA of 3.00 or above in the third semester.
• A graduate student may be put on probation for a second time provided it is ascertained that s/he has successfully come out of the previous probation. However, where a student who has been placed on a second probation fails to achieve a CGPA of 3.00 in the next semester, s/he shall be dismissed.
• No candidate subject to dismissal may expect discretionary probation as a matter of right.

Discontinuing study

A student may be forced to discontinue his/her study because of academic reasons for at least one semester. One of these academic reasons is a “dismissal” status of a student. Such type of discontinuity may allow a readmission in which a student will be readmitted to repeat the modules/courses he/she failed. A student with a “dismissal” status should formally withdraw from the university.

Students dropping out from the University must consult their academic advisors and explain why they wish to drop out. Students dropping out from the University for inadequate reasons will be denied readmission.

Any student who wants to discontinue his study should formally withdraw and complete Withdrawal Form (or clearance)  within 8 weeks  after the beginning of the semester. The University does not accept readmission requests if an applicant has not withdrawn properly.

A student who discontinued his study due to either “dismissal” status or dropping out may request for readmission as per the procedures.

Students should fulfil the proper clearance procedure at the end of each academic year or Kiremt session or upon graduation or when they discontinue their study. Every student must collect the Clearance Form from the Registrar Office. After properly completing such forms and getting them signed by the appropriate offices, the student must submit it to the registrar office, and keep a copy with him/her. No transcripts, degrees, diplomas and letters of recommendation will be issued to a person who cannot produce his/her copy of the clearance from every time such services are requested. Moreover, readmissions are processed if and only if a student presents a duly signed clearance.

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Student assessment and grading system of Graduate Students

Examinations are graded on the following letter grading system, with corresponding points.

Thesis or Dissertation evaluation shall be graded on the following ranking system, with corresponding grading scales and letter grades;

Getting a grade less than 'B' in individual subjects and/or courses by a graduate student may be tolerated. However, to complete the program, and be eligible for graduation, a graduate student shall have to obtain a minimum CGPA of 3:00 ('B') .

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The origins of the Borana gada system

1976, Africa

GADA, or generation-grading, systems are found only in a few Cushitic-speaking societies of Ethiopia. Unlike a true age-grading system agadasystem is distinguished by the rule that all sons follow their fathers in the sequence of grades at a single fixed interval, irrespective of their actual age. In order to maintain the constancy of this interval, the length of time which a man spends in each grade is fixed at a specific number of years, as is the number of grades separating him from his father. It is evident, therefore, that in such systems the various grades will include at the more senior levels young boys and adolescents together with mature men, a confusion that will not arise in true age-grading systems.

Related Papers

Blen Mamo Diriba

Gadaa is a system of generational classes that succeed each other every 8 years in the assumption of political, military, judicial, legislative, and social responsibilities.1 Unlike a true age-grading system a Gadaa system is distinguished by the rule that all sons follow their fathers in the sequence of grades at a single fixed interval, irrespective of their actual age. In order to maintain the constancy of this interval, the length of time which a man spends in each grade is fixed at a specific number of years, as is the number of grades separating him from his father. It is evident, therefore, that in such systems the various grades will include at the more senior levels young boys and adolescents together with mature men, a confusion that will not arise in true age-grading systems.

Abdisa Olkeba

For a long time, exogenous western educational paradigms dominated Ethiopian education systems. Albeit Menelik-II introduced a modern educational system in Ethiopia, it did not give room for indigenous knowledge like the Gadaa system. The research aimed to explore the Gadaa system trends, prospects, and challenges of including in the Ethiopian higher education curriculum. A qualitative method was employed to examine the research. The researcher used semistructured interviews and focus group discussions to produce the data. Abbaa Gadaas, elders, instructors, students, and administrators of Bule Hora University participated. And the researcher reviewed historical documentation to triangulate with primary data. The finding reveals that teaching the Gadaa course is begun by Bule Hora University in 2019. Incorporating the Gadaa system into higher institutions curriculum enables the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge in the conventional educational system, enhances indigenous knowledge and thought shape generation, and reverses the hitherto views of northern cultural domination and civilization clash. However, the lack of well-organized teaching materials related to the Gadaa, the lack of qualified instructors to deliver the course, and the domination of the northern cultures in Ethiopia are challenges of incorporating the Gadaa system into the curriculum. It concluded that including the Gadaa system into universities' curriculum enables students to learn the experience, values, norms, and principles of the Gadaa system. It recommends that short-term training needs to set for instructors who deliver the course to solve the shortage of teaching staff.

Peter Berger

Pula. Botswana Journal of African Studies

Fred Morton

American Ethnologist

jeffery hanson

Endale Alemu

The Gada system is a very huge and complex social institution in which the traditional Oromo people manage their socio political and religious practices. It is a well-developed age-based grouping up on which the religious, political, economic and social life of the people were formed. It is an indigenous socio-political democratic system of the Oromo people that regulated Political stability, economic development, social activities, cultural obligations, moral responsibility, and the philosophy of religious order of the society. The political philosophy of Gadaa is based on three main values: terms of eight years, balanced opposition between parties, and power sharing between higher and lower levels. It is difficult and beyond the scope this short paper to discuss the Gada system in its fullness. Rather, we had tried to describe it shortly and show briefly the overall picture of the indigenous Oromo Gada Democracy. Accordingly in the following sections, we have included the brief definition given to the Gada democracy, conceptual overview, and unique features with its some observed weakness, lesson learned and with some ways forwarded by the group.

guyo doyo , Guyo Guyo

Coming into effect as of the 21 st of August 1995, the FDRE Constitution marked historical gulf between the outgoing regime and the incoming incumbent. The episode heralded new threshold and afresh popular hope for replacing military warfare by democratic welfare. The democratic guarantees (articles 27-29) and popular sovereignty prescribed in the article 8 established source of power and sketched out revolutionary political move. The articles 50 and12 avow mandate and responsibility of the government. Albeit, international credit drilled from the article 10, UDHR, into article 13, FDRE, however, many issues remained debatable and even put interpretative mandate vested in the article 62 into question. This article, therefore, firstly, addresses controversial split of the article 10 into separate sections and thereby identifies barriers bottling up the borderline between human and democratic rights. Secondly, it highlights potential misuse and quotable abuses of Human Rights which precludes rule of the law. Thirdly, it discusses the domestic standoff between the Gadaa system and the constitutional supremacy. The article finds out that the judiciary infallibility and constitutional irreversibility of the article 9 keep Gadaa system at bay (emphasis on morality consideration and Gender treatment). The Qaalluu institution in the Gadaa system indicates that God is neither neutral nor an optional but heavenly councilor and impartial involver. Hence, the Gadaa government blends political imbue of humanity with ethical gist of responsibility while the article 11 of FDRE constitution (secularism), ostensibly advocate "Politics of Human for the Humans without Divine intervention" Finally, this article calls for critical negotiation between the Gadaa system and state Constitution in order to develop holistic creed and political doctrine that has to be learned and acted upon.

Socio-Cultural Transformation of Gadaba Tribes

SAS Publishers

Review Article Tribal society is an enigma to the world of the cultural heritage and they are considered as the original inhabitants of India. The puzzle variety of languages, economy, and way of living is fully mirrored in their culture. Our state Odisha has a great diversification of tribal population. The bright heritage of tribal"s of Odisha has made the state culturally extravagant. Because koraput is the polestar of tribal"s. Gadaba tribe is one of among them. Gadaba tribe has gone through speedy socio-cultural transformation in contemporary days under the collision of both traditional and modern factor of social change. This interesting colorful mosaic culture will keep up to magnetize the scholars of literature, social scientists the poets and novelists also. This paper attempts to portray the past cultural heritage of Gadaba tribes. Time has come to be cognizant of the pertinence of these social vigorous for examining the present status of Gadaba community. Keeping this in mind the present paper has made a comprehensive document of this indwelling and cherished surface of Gadaba tribal endowment.

Abdurahman Aliye

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Ethiopian Student Portal for Education & Career

BDU Grading System: Bahir Dar University

BDU Grading System: Bahir Dar University Ethiopia has its own Grade report formats for each semester. Students can check the BDU Student Info Grade Report & Result 2020 through studentinfo.bdu.edu.et .

Recorders shall prepare Grade report formats immediately after the date of add/drop of course(s) and shall wait for the submission of official grades from instructors. At the end of the semester, the official grade must be filled carefully in the already prepared grade report format. After that official grade must be filed and kept in an easily accessible manner for further reference.

The academic status of students will be made after the recorder’s grade reports are counter checked against the advisor’s record. Make use of the immediately preceding (previous) semester status only, to evaluate the academic status of a student. The following summarized table will help you in determining the student’s status.

Bahir Dar University Grading System

SGPA 1.75 and above is Promoted , from 1.50 – 1.74 is a warning , below 1.50 is Dismissal with the exception stated in number 8 in the table as indicated article 92.6.2(d) of the Senate legislation page 104.

CGPA 2.00 and above is Promoted, from 1.75-1.99 is a warning, and below 1.75 is dismissal.

Re-grading of a course(s) grade by the instructor is possible with in the first three days after the date of submission of a particular grade.

Application for re-marking by the student is possible in accordance with the academic calendar. Grade reports must be prepared for all students by the recorder and distributed to students via the advisor. When there are changes in status as a result of re-grading/re-marketing it shall be corrected accordingly and the corrected grade report shall also be filed.

Status Determination

• A first-year student whose first semester SANG/CANG/ ≥1.75 can pass to the second semester with good standing.
• A first-year student whose first-semester SANG/CANG/ is 1.5≤SANG<1.75 can pass to the second semester with warning status.
• A first-year student whose first semester SANG/CANG/ is 1.0 < SANG<1.5 is Academic Dismissal.
• A first-year student whose first semester SANG/CANG/ is 1.0 < SANG<1.5 but some of the letter grades are C- and above and the remaining letter grades are F, he/she shall be forced to withdraw and take all courses with F grades in re-admission time. In other words, if a student is an academic dismissal but no Fx & D grades, he/she shall be forced to withdraw.
• A first-year student whose first semester SANG/CANG/ ≤ 1.00 shall be Complete Dismissal.
• A student with F grade shall add and take the course afresh.
• A student can’t pass to the next semester without removing Fx letter grade/s in any way.
• A student cannot register a course more than three times in any way.

Read more : https://www.bdu.edu.et/registrar/content/rules-and-regulations

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