essay on why energy drinks are bad for you

Energy Drinks: Benefits and Disadvantages Essay

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Introduction

Research area, history of energy drinks, risks and health benefits, how long have energy drinks been available, works cited.

Energy drinks are a relatively new product; the number of sales has been growing since the end of the 20th century. These are beverages aimed at stimulating the central nervous system with an anti-sedative effect. Energy drinks contain tonic agents, most often caffeine, vitamins and sugars. The increase in their consumption has led to a public debate whether they should be banned or not. Medical institutions report a growing number of complaints related to harmful effects on consumers’ health. Therefore, it is critical to analyze where energy drinks came from, risks and health benefits, target population and marketing campaign, and states’ regulation.

The subject of energy drinks remains debatable as the data available on the effects is insufficient and contradictory. Higgins et al. claim that the current evidence remains unsystematic, leading to the impossibility of forming one position within the scientific field (65). According to Hammond et al., most of the data available shows short-term health impacts; most results are gained from the investigation of people with chronic conditions (20). The industry is also characterized by a significant amount of sponsored literature (Higgins et al. 65). Thus, the topic lacks unbiased studies, long-term research with samples of healthy people.

The main point of energy drinks opponents is the high concentration of caffeine. There are several common stimulants in energy drinks, such as taurine and guarana extracts (Hammond et al. 23). Each of them can be considered harmless, not causing adverse outcomes for the organism, but the interaction of both substances can increase the effect of caffeine and result in health risks (Hammond et al. 23). Regarding health concerns, most of the public’s questions focus on potential risks for youth as children and teenagers are more susceptible to stimulants than the older population (Hammond et al. 19). However, according to Hammond et al., the current position towards energy drinks is that these beverages’ effects exceed outcomes of other caffeinated drinks (Hammond et al. 23). Therefore, it has been recognized as novel exposure and should be investigated independently from previous caffeine research.

The first energy drink was invented in Asia, specifically in Japan. The use of amphetamines was widespread after the Second World War but limited due to restricting laws (Engber). As a result, in 1962, the Taisho company presented Lipovitan D; it was a legal, energizing drink sold in small bottles (Engber). The supply of extra-caffeinated and vitamin-fortified beverages increased; a large portion of drinks was bought by Japanese CEOs to maintain beneficial business performance by the end of the 20th century (Engber). They served as replenishing energy sources, containing caffeine, vitamins, and a significant amount of sugar.

The adverse outcomes for health are associated with caffeine consumption above the norm. Energy drinks affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems; the possible consequences are insomnia, fast heartbeat, headache, accompanied by vomiting, nausea or diarrhea; sometimes, it can cause chest pain (Hammond et al. 23). It can also provoke tachycardia and other cardiac problems; severe cases are seizures and death (Reid et al. 66). The overuse may lead to neurotic issues such as anxiety, agitation or jitteriness (Reid et al. 66). People that consumed energy drinks may report the intention of seeking medical help.

In small amounts, energy drinks are supposed to bring positive effects. For instance, they accelerate the reaction, increase aerobic and anaerobic endurance, prevent drowsiness while driving, improve the intensity of perception, mood and well-being (Hammond et al. 21). Nevertheless, the leading target group – youth – is more vulnerable to energy drinks due to smaller body size, lower levels of pharmacological tolerance to caffeine (Hammond et al. 22). These beverages may impact cognitive capabilities in adolescents faced with some behavior modifications (De Sanctis et al. 228). However, the long-term effects are unstudied in terms of chronic and excessive consumption.

Frequent consumption of energy drinks relates to athletes and secondary school students. According to Higgins et al., energy drinks continue to be marketed to children and adolescents (65). Market campaigns target teenagers through the Internet, social media platforms, posters, wall graffiti, and videos. The central theme of advertising campaigns is the involvement in sports activities. Consequently, several studies report the prevalence of energy drink consumption in youth intended to improve their strength and speed (Hammond et al. 23). For instance, up to 80% of college athletes drink them to enhance their sports performance (Higgins et al. 65). The industry aggressively advertises the product; hence due to bright packaging, these beverages have become popular, especially among young people.

Concerning the typical reasons, these are curiosity, taste and need for energy. According to Reid et al., in Canada, people want to stay awake for study, work or driving; similar intentions are reported in Europe (66). Moreover, the consumption behavior is impacted by social circumstances; for instance, children say, “my friends drink them” or “energy drinks are cool” (Reid et al. 66). Teenagers report that they drink it for “going out or partying” or “to mix with alcohol” (Reid et al. 66). Thus, energy drinks are consumed at home to be productive or at parties.

Energy drinks have been available in the market since the middle of the 20th century. In the United States, they were introduced in 1949; in Asia, the first campaign was performed in 1976 in Thailand, based on a Japanese drink (De Sanctis et al. 223). In Europe, it appeared in 1987 in Austria; overall, energy drinks became popular in the late 1990s (De Sanctis et al. 223). These days, they are available in almost all countries around the globe.

Energy drinks are considered legal mostly worldwide, being sold to all ages and groups of the population. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies these beverages as dietary supplements or foods. Both categories do not require adverse effect reporting; content might be strictly controlled depending on definition (Higgins et al. 66). This results in the ability of producers to control the caffeine level of their free choice. In most countries, energy drinks are sold freely; some states have forbidden their sale to adolescents. In France, Denmark and Norway, until 2009, energy drinks were banned for sale in grocery stores; they could be bought in pharmacies since they were considered medication. However, at present, almost all people can buy energy drinks regardless of age.

Personal Conclusion

To sum up, the current pace of living requires a person to be active. When energy resources are declining, some people consume energy drinks. It is an unfortunate tendency as energy drinks can be addictive. In my view, the necessity to outlaw energy drinks across the country should be acknowledged. However, until recently, the manufacturers of these beverages have found reasons and tools to influence the government, scientific community and target audience.

Energy drinks contain a concentrated dosage of caffeine and stimulants, including vitamins, taurine, herbal supplement and sugars. Side effects are possible, namely tachycardia, nervousness, anxiety and depression in case of an overdose. It is recommended to diminish consuming energy drinks by children and adolescents, people who have problems with the gastrointestinal tract, heart, blood vessels and pressure, and increased excitability, nervousness, sleep disorders and sensitivity to caffeine. Marketing campaigns are often youth-oriented, targeting children and teenagers; therefore, the government should accelerate the adoption of laws to limit sales and control their advertising aimed at minors.

De Sanctis, Vincenzo, et al. “Caffeinated energy drink consumption among adolescents and potential health consequences associated with their use: A significant public health hazard.” Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis , vol. 88, no. 2, 2017, pp. 222-231.

Engber, Daniel. “The Beauty of the Injured Book.” Medieval Fragments , 2013.

Hammond, David, et al. “Adverse effects of caffeinated energy drinks among youth and young adults in Canada: A web-based survey.” CMAJ Open, vol. 6, no. 1, 2018, pp. 19-25

Higgins, John, et al. “Energy drinks: A contemporary issues paper.” Current Sports Medicine Reports , vol. 17, no. 2, 2018, pp. 65-72.

Reid, Jessica L., et al. “Consumption of caffeinated energy drinks among youth and young adults in Canada.” Preventive Medicine Reports , no. 5, 2017, pp. 65-70.

• Restrictions, Warning Labels, or Other Controls on Caffeine Use
• Caffeine and Its Positive Impacts on Mental Activity
• The Effect of Caffeine on Pulse and Respiration Rates
• Patient Case Study Analysis. Management of Obesity
• Consequences of Sugar to the Human Body
• Polysaccharides in Foods
• Effects of Food Challenges to Health
• Researching the Obesity Problem in America
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How Bad Are Energy Drinks for You, Really?

Beverages that claim to boost energy naturally appeal to a sleep-starved population — but how effective and how safe are they? The truth may surprise you.

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It’s not news that Americans are chronically tired. According to  a Gallup poll , 1 in 3 adults, about 84 million people, fail to get the minimum seven hours of shut-eye a night recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine , and as many as 70 million have a sleeping disorder, according to the American Sleep Apnea Association .

That may explain the mania Americans have for energy drinks. These beverages, which claim to boost energy, increase physical stamina, and enhance mental alertness, rank just behind multivitamins at the top of the list of the most popular supplements taken by teens and young adults, reports the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) .

In spite of their popularity, however, there are many questions about whether these drinks deliver on those claims, and whether they do so safely. Different bottled energy drinks contain different levels of caffeine and other stimulants, and sometimes other ingredients. You're not alone if you’ve ever wondered if energy drinks are bad for you — and if so just how bad?

“If someone is dealing with a chronic lack of sleep , consuming an energy drink may provide them with an acute jolt of energy,” says Sam Schleiger, RDN, a functional medicine registered dietitian and the owner of Simply Nourished Functional Nutrition in Elkhorn, Wisconsin. But that temporary fix may cause more harm than good by interfering with sleep and creating a vicious cycle. Plus, there are a number of health conditions that have fatigue and poor sleep as symptoms, which is why Schleiger recommends consulting a healthcare practitioner to investigate potential root causes and rule out any underlying conditions.

What Exactly Is an Energy Drink?

The beverage aisle is increasingly crowded with all kinds of functional drinks, including prebiotic sodas and adaptogenic beverages that feature herbal ingredients such as CBD and ginseng. Energy drinks are not the newest in the category, but they are among the most popular. In 2023, U.S. sales of energy drinks totaled around $18.5 billion, according to  Statista .

These beverages, which include brands like Monster, Bang, Rockstar, and Red Bull, tend to come in cans with sleek, striking packaging and are often formulated with caffeine and other stimulants. Sports drinks , on the other hand, may appear similarly sleek and brightly colored, but are often bottled and designed to appeal to more active consumers with ingredients that promote hydration and replace electrolytes.

Under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classification system, sports drinks are grouped with other beverages as “food” and subject to strict labeling laws, while energy drinks are considered supplements, which have more lax labeling and safety regulations. But the FDA leaves the decision of whether a product is a sports drink or an energy drink up to manufacturers, according to the United States Anti-Doping Agency . There is no official review procedure for these labeling practices, either, which means there are a lot of products on shelves that could contain questionable ingredients or unsafe amounts of them.

Energy drinks can be sold in 12- or 16-ounce (oz) cans or bottles, like sodas, as well as 2 or 2.5 oz sizes, commonly called energy shots, per the NCCIH . These smaller products are more concentrated and often have an amount of caffeine similar to that in a full-size drink.

What Is in Energy Drinks?

Energy drinks are all formulated differently, so the ingredients and amounts vary greatly among brands, but all provide an energy boost via some kind of stimulant, usually caffeine. The amount can vary greatly: For example, an 8 oz cup of coffee usually has 100 milligrams (mg) of caffeine, while a 16 oz energy drink can contain anywhere from 70 to 240 mg, reports the NCCIH . (A 12 oz can of caffeinated soda clocks in at 35 mg.)

Many energy drinks contain additional stimulants, including those labeled “natural,” but that doesn’t necessarily make them any healthier. Guarana, one common ingredient in energy drinks, is a plant extract that has been used as a stimulant and contains caffeine, but has also been linked to tremor, jitteriness, agitation, confusion, hypertension , and dehydration in large doses, per the National Library of Medicine. Yohimbe is another common ingredient added to energy drinks. It comes from an evergreen tree in western and central Africa and is reported to enhance athletic performance, weight loss, blood pressure, and more, but there is limited research on the truth of those claims, per the NCCIH .

Energy drinks also tend to be high in sugar — it’s frequently listed second after water among the ingredients, reports Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . The original Green Monster Energy drink , for example, contains 160 mg of caffeine and 54 grams (g) of sugar in a 16 oz can. That amount far exceeds the American Heart Association's recommendation of no more than 36 g or 9 teaspoons (tsp) of sugar a day for men, and 25 g or 6 tsp per day for women.

Sugar is an energy source, but not the healthiest kind. Too much sugar can have negative health consequences and can lead to heart disease , obesity, fatty liver disease and more, according to the findings of an umbrella review published in BMJ in April 2023 . The results also show that consuming sugar from sodas, energy drinks, or refined carbs leads to an increase in glucose in the bloodstream that spikes energy before leading to a crash, which means sugar isn’t a sustainable energy boost.

Nutritional Drawbacks

All the added sugar in energy drinks is known to be problematic for a healthy diet. But a sugar-free energy drink isn’t a good solution, either. A study published in BMJ in 2022 showed an association between artificial sweeteners, including aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose, and an increased the risk of  cardiovascular diseases . In 2023, the World Health Organization made an official recommendation against the use of non-nutritive sweeteners, citing a lack of evidence to support their use for weight loss or to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and even suggested potential undesirable health effects from their long-term use. In spite of this evidence, the FDA maintains that sugar substitutes are safe .

Excessive amounts of caffeine and other stimulants found in energy drinks can also have detrimental health effects. Many energy drinks contain high levels of caffeine or combine various stimulants, and aren't required to label the exact quantity, so it can be difficult to know exactly how much you're consuming, per the NCCIH . The FDA advises people not to consume more than 400 mg of caffeine per day, so in one energy drink you might ingest more than half the suggested daily limit.

How Much Is Safe to Drink?

Because of the high amount of caffeine and other stimulants, energy drinks aren't beverages to drink regularly. “While I don't often recommend it, consuming an occasional energy drink in moderation is generally considered okay for most people,” says Schleiger. She says "occasional" can be subjective and may mean once a week or only a few times a month, depending on the person.

It’s important to know if you have any health conditions that contraindicate excessive amounts of caffeine. “High blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety or depression are a few conditions when an overload of caffeine can work against you,” says Sylvia Klinger, RDN, the founder of Hispanic Food Communications  in Hinsdale, Illinois.

If you suffer from insomnia, avoid reaching for an energy drink as a means to stay alert. “Individuals with insomnia or other sleep disorders should avoid consuming energy drinks, especially in the late afternoon or evening, to prevent further disruption of sleep patterns,” says Schleiger.

She points out that the effects of energy drinks can vary from person to person, and those with specific health concerns may be more susceptible to adverse reactions. If you have a health condition and are uncertain if consuming energy drinks is a good idea, speak with a medical professional first. Anyone who is pregnant or nursing, or who has a sensitivity to caffeine, is advised to avoid energy drinks as well.

Even if you don't have an underlying health condition, drinking too many energy drinks can cause health issues. “Excessive consumption of energy drinks can lead to negative health effects, including increased heart rate, high blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety, and digestive issues,” says Schleiger. “Some individuals may be more sensitive to caffeine and experience these effects at lower doses.”

Like other caffeinated beverages, energy drinks are not recommended for children younger than 12, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, which also states that teens should avoid consuming them. Despite these warnings, many energy drinks are marketed to these very age groups. The brand Prime Energy came under fire for targeting children, NBC News reported.

“Children and teens with certain health conditions, such as heart conditions or anxiety disorders, may be more susceptible to the negative effects of energy drinks,” says Schleiger. “Parents should consult with healthcare providers to determine if such beverages are safe for their child.”

Dietitian-Approved Ways to Boost Energy

If you want to get over an afternoon slump, there are ways to perk up that don’t come in a can or bottle. Klinger recommends these natural ways to power through.

• Rest She says nothing can recharge the body like a good night's sleep. “Resting helps the body to recover and repair all the damage done to our body during the day,” she says.
• Exercise    Exercise is good for the body and the mind, and it's also a great way to increase your energy levels. “The benefits of exercise are monumental and one of them is boosting your energy level,” Klinger says. “There are plenty of activities that don't require expensive equipment or even leaving your house; jumping rope in your garage, walking to do your errands, or even playing with your kids can count towards your recommended 60 minutes of exercise every day.” According to Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , exercise helps oxygen circulate throughout the body, which aids the body in using energy more efficiently.
• Hydrate “Getting sufficient liquids and foods with high water content can help you boost energy, stay focused, and increase alertness,” says Klinger. Fruits and vegetables with high water content and soups are great ways to increase your water intake and will aid in sustaining your energy levels, per Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . “Start with a glass of water as soon as you wake up and keep drinking about 8 oz of water every hour until before dinner,” she says.

Now you know why energy drinks aren’t a healthy beverage choice for regular consumption. There are better and more natural ways to boost your energy and manage your chronic tiredness other than reaching for this caffeine-spiked drink.

Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking

Everyday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy . We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.

• The State of Sleep Health in America 2023. American Sleep Apnea Association.
• Healthy Sleep. American Academy of Sleep Medicine .
• Casper-Gallup State of Sleep in America 2022 Report. Gallup.
• Energy Drinks vs. Sports Drinks: What’s the Difference? U.S. Anti-Doping Agency .
• How Much Sugar Is Too Much? American Heart Association .
• Children Should Avoid Drinks With Sugar, Caffeine. American Academy of Pediatrics . December 2023.
• Energy Drinks. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health . July 2018.
• Energy Drinks. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . July 2020.
• Huang Y et al. Dietary Sugar Consumption and Health: Umbrella Review. BMJ . April 2023.
• Debras C et al. Artificial Sweeteners and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: Results From the Prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort. BMJ . September 2022.
• Natural Ways to Boost Energy.  Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . October 1, 2022.
• Does Exercise Really Boost Energy Levels? Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . July 1, 2021.
• WHO Advises Not to Use Non-Sugar Sweeteners for Weight Control in Newly Released Guideline. World Health Organization . May 15, 2023.
• Guarana. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury . January 2023.

4 reasons why energy drinks are bad for you — and healthier ways to boost your energy

• Energy drinks are bad for your health because the high caffeine content can increase your risk for serious heart issues. 
• Energy drink use was associated with 20,000 emergency room visits in the US in 2011.  
• Healthy alternatives to energy drinks include eating a snack with proteins and carbohydrates, grabbing a piece of dark chocolate, or exercising. 

Energy drinks are meant to improve concentration and help you focus, but the ingredients in these beverages can cause adverse health effects. Here is what you need to know about energy drinks and how they can affect your health. 

What are energy drinks? 

Energy drinks are beverages intended to increase alertness, concentration, attention, and energy, says Lauren Popeck , a registered dietitian with Orlando Health , a not-for-profit healthcare organization in Florida. 

According to Popeck, some common ingredients found in energy drinks include:

• Herbs, like ginseng and ginger , for flavor
• Amino acid derivatives, like L-carnitine and taurine

Popular energy drink products include:

• 5-hour Energy

These beverages can boost energy and concentration, but they can also cause adverse health effects like a rapid heart rate and increased blood pressure, Popeck says. 

Yes, energy drinks are bad for you 

Excessive or regular consumption of energy drinks can lead to heart arrhythmias, headaches , high blood pressure , and anxiety , Popeck says.  

In the US, more than 20,000 emergency room visits in 2011 were associated with energy drink use. A small 2014 review found that out of 11 patients with serious heart problems, including cardiac arrest, five reported heavy energy drink consumption.

1. Energy drinks are bad for your heart

Caffeine is the main ingredient found in energy drinks thanks to its ability to increase alertness. When consumed in large quantities of more than 400 milligrams per day, caffeine can cause:

• Heart palpitations
• Increased blood pressure
• Increased heart rate
• Heart rhythm disturbances  

Most energy drinks contain between 70 and 240mg of caffeine per serving, while a cup of coffee contains about 100mg of caffeine. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , the safe limit of caffeine for adults is up to 400mg per day. The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages the consumption of caffeine in children under the age of 12 and recommends those 12 to 18 consume 100 mg or less a day. 

A small 2016 study in healthy individuals revealed that after consuming a 32oz energy drink for three days in a row, cardiac QT interval increased, which is associated with sudden death.  Greater risk occurs when consuming multiple energy drinks in a short period of time, Popeck says. 

Another 2018 analysis found energy drinks can cause problems with heart rate and increase systolic blood pressure. 

"These drinks are generally stimulants and can put a demand on the heart," says Mohamad Moussa , MD, an associate professor in the University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science. "If someone already has heart disease, which is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States, energy drinks could have a negative effect on the body." 

2. Energy drinks are loaded with sugar 

Most energy drinks pack about 27 to 31 grams of sugar per eight ounces . The American Heart Association recommends no more than 25 grams of sugar, or six teaspoons per day for women, and 36 grams of sugar, or nine teaspoons, a day for men. By that measure, a 24-ounce energy drink has triple the amount of sugar recommended in a day. 

Excessive sugar intake can cause inflammation , which has been linked to a number of chronic conditions, including cancer, diabetes , and heart disease , Popeck says. Consumption of added sugars can also increase the risk of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 

3. Energy drinks should not be mixed with alcohol 

Energy drinks are often mixed with alcohol, especially among young adults. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), about 25% of college students consume alcohol with energy drinks. 

When combined with alcohol, energy drinks can alter your intoxication levels, making you feel less intoxicated and energized while still experiencing signs of alcohol impairment, like slurred speech, poor coordination, and memory impairment.

The combination also increases the risks of binge drinking because the stimulating effects of energy drinks can mask the depressive effects of alcohol, causing you to drink more. Drinkers ages 15 to 23 who mix alcohol with energy drinks are four times more likely to binge drink.

Binge drinking is defined as consuming five or more drinks for men and four or more drinks for women in two hours. Binge drinking is associated with several health problems including:

• Chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease , and liver disease
• Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon
• Memory and learning problems
• Alcohol use disorders

4. Energy drinks are harmful for teens

Energy drinks are especially harmful to adolescents who are still growing and developing, and cannot handle the side effects of energy drinks, Moussa says. 

According to the NCCIH energy drinks increase the risk of several health conditions for teens and young adults, including:

• Cardiovascular nervous system anomalies
• Cognitive under-development
• Increased risk of depression and other mental health illnesses
• Sleep disorders

Despite their adverse health effects, energy drinks are heavily marketed to young people. 

Are energy drinks okay in moderation? 

Energy drinks are unhealthy in nature. They can be safe if consumed in moderation by people without underlying health conditions, Popeck says, though there are better ways to get an energy boost.  

Both Popeck and Moussa recommend limiting your consumption of energy drinks and instead increase energy and concentration with healthier alternatives, like:

• Eating a snack with protein and carbohydrates , like an apple and string cheese. The combination of protein and carbs can increase energy and help you focus.  
• Grabbing a piece of dark chocolate , which contains antioxidants , flavonoids, and caffeine that can boost brain function.
• Sleeping seven to eight hours a night
• Exercising regularly

Insider's takeaway

Energy drinks are intended to give you a jolt of energy and increase focus and concentration, but they are loaded with caffeine and sugar, which can cause negative health effects when consumed excessively. Limit your intake of energy drinks and focus instead on eating a nutritious diet and getting adequate sleep to improve concentration and energy levels.

Related articles from Health Reference:

• Why bananas are a good fruit for weight loss — and how many you should eat
• 5 easy tips to make your chocolate chip cookies healthier
• 6 proven health benefits of beets: How the root vegetable may improve athletic performance and help you lose weight
• 7 science-backed benefits of drinking water — and how much water you should drink each day
• Cut back on meat for a week with this 7-day vegetarian meal plan recommended by a registered dietitian

• Main content

Energy drinks: Health downsides not worth the extra pep

Consuming energy drinks may increase the risks of a wide range of health problems, including poor mental health, substance abuse, diabetes , tooth decay, high blood pressure , and kidney damage, according to Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health researchers. They say that the risks are especially concerning because these drinks are aggressively marketed to young people, are often mixed with alcoholic drinks , and face little regulatory oversight.

Josiemer Mattei , assistant professor of nutrition and lead author of a review article published in August in Frontiers in Public Health that explored the science on energy drinks, told Men’s Health that “The wide range of conditions that energy drinks can negatively impact was quite astounding.”

In an interview published November 16, 2017, Mattei said that the high amounts of sugar and caffeine in these drinks likely play a role in their negative health effects. Other stimulants on the ingredient list, such as guarana, taurine, and ginseng, may also be contributing factors, but more research is needed.

Mattei said that the evidence is clear that the health risks associated with energy drinks outweigh any short-term pep they may provide. A better energy boosting choice, she said, is staying hydrated.

Read study: Health Effects and Public Health Concerns of Energy Drink Consumption in the United States: A Mini-Review

Read Men’s Health coverage: Here’s What Energy Drinks Actually Do to Your Body

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How Dangerous Are Energy Drinks?

Verywell / Photo Illustration by Michela Buttignol / Getty Images

Key Takeaways

• Energy drinks contain high levels of caffeine, sugar, and a variety of other legal stimulants.
• Experts warn that energy drinks can increase blood pressure and cause irregular heart rhythms.
• Combining alcohol and energy drinks may cause further health problems and increase the risk of binge drinking.

Energy drinks are one of the most popular dietary supplements in America—only second to multivitamins for some age groups. In fact, over 30% of teens aged 12–17 consume energy drinks on a regular basis.

Experts warn that these highly caffeinated, often sugary, drinks may be associated with increased blood pressure, weight gain, headaches, anxiety, dental problems, dehydration, and heart disease.

Despite the risks, energy drinks continue to grow in popularity. Celebrities promote these drinks on TikTok and global energy drink sales are expected to top $53 billion by the end of this year, with a 7.1% increase projected by 2027.

Why So Popular?

Since energy drinks are known to contain high levels of caffeine, they are associated with mental and physical boosts. They are often used by athletes to increase performance and by students to enhance study sessions.

How Much Caffeine Is Safe?

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 400 milligrams (mg) of caffeine per day is safe for most adults. That’s the amount you’d get from about 4 cups of coffee or around a dozen 12-ounce cans of Coca-Cola .

For young adults, the caffeine recommendations are much less.

“If an adolescent is in taking caffeine, the maximum that they should intake per day is 100 milligrams,” Priscilla Mpasi, MD , a pediatrician and region II chairperson with the National Medical Association, told Verywell.

Energy Drink Caffeine Content

• Red Bull : An 8.4-ounce can contains 80 mg of caffeine
• Monster : A 16-ounce can contains 160 mg of caffeine
• Celsius Essential Energy : A 16-ounce can contains 200 mg of caffeine
• Bang : A 16-ounce can contains 300 mg of caffeine

Many energy drinks contain well over 100 mg of caffeine, which is one reason why the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advises against any child or adolescent consuming them.

According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), 16-oz energy drinks contain anywhere from 70 to 240 mg of caffeine on average. Bang, a fast-growing company that has blown up on TikTok , offers 300 mg of caffeine in its 16-oz energy drink.  This product even comes with a warning label stating that it is “not recommended” for children under 18 and should not be consumed with any other caffeine-containing products.

Other Ingredients Are Problematic, Too

While high levels of caffeine are a major reason experts caution against consuming energy drinks, Mpasi said she is also concerned about the other additives in energy drinks.

“You have caffeine, but there’s other legal stimulants on the market such as guarana, taurine, L-carnitine, that can be in the energy drink. And just a glance at the label or even the front of the marketing, that is not easily visible,” she said.

Experts say that not enough is known about these other additives to make recommendations for safe levels of consumption.

Energy Drinks May Contribute to Heart Disease

Martha Gulati, MD, MS , a cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, told Verywell that one of the biggest concerns with energy drinks are irregular heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias, that can occur due to “hyperstimulation of the heart.”

Arrhythmias can impact the amount of blood pumped throughout the body, making you feel faint. Over time, untreated arrhythmias could lead to more serious or fatal conditions.

“The other thing that I think people underestimate is the effect of energy drinks on blood pressure,” Gulati said.

A randomized control trial from 2019 found that energy drinks elevated blood pressure in otherwise healthy young adults. And another study published this year connected energy drinks with hypertension in children and teenagers.

Gulati said that energy drinks might pose an even greater risk for people who already have hypertension since these drinks can increase their blood pressure further on a regular basis. However, she said many people don’t realize they have hypertension, especially if they are young.

Long-term energy drink consumption could lead to heart failure or heart attacks, but experts say it is hard to test these associations with randomized control trials. This lack of evidence leads experts to broadly caution against energy drinks.

“I think that people should be careful with what they consume,” Gulati said.

Alcohol Makes Things Worse

In addition to the concerns about consuming energy drinks on their own, experts also caution against combining alcohol with energy drinks.

Mpasi told Verywell that alcohol acts as a depressant while energy drinks are a stimulant, which can confuse your body’s neurotransmitters.

“Your brain is going to be getting a lot of different signals—you don’t know how your brain and your body will respond to drinking alcohol and an energy drink together,” she said.

In 2010, the FDA cracked down on caffeinated alcoholic beverages, which led companies like Four Loko to reformulate their recipe and remove the caffeine, guarana, and taurine from their products.

However, Jägerbombs, Vodka Redbulls, and other energy drink cocktails are still sold in bars and mixed at home. The CDC reported in 2017 that almost 32% of adults aged 19–28 consumed an energy drink with alcohol in the previous year.

Gulati told Verywell that combining alcohol with caffeine means it will take longer for the caffeine to leave your body.

“That means you’re stimulated for an even longer time than maybe you would be if you took either of them separately,” she said.

Experts say this additional stimulation can lead to people consuming more alcohol than they might otherwise. The CDC reported that young adults who consumed alcohol and energy drinks together were more likely to binge drink than those who did not mix these substances.

It Can Be Difficult to Consume Energy Drinks Safely

While a single energy drink may contain less than the 400 mg of caffeine considered safe by the FDA, people who rely on these drinks might find themselves consuming more than one to feel the same effects.

A 2015 study of nursing students using energy drinks to stay awake while studying for exams found that some of the students consumed as many as 30 energy drinks in a week.

“The effects that they might feel early on when they take these energy drinks and feel more awake and feel more stimulated tend to wear off in time,” Gulati said.

Some athletes also use energy drinks for performance, but experts say it is important to discuss the pros and cons with a trusted healthcare provider first.

“Don’t assume food and drink manufacturers have your best interests at heart,” Gulati said. “They’re just trying to sell something to you.”

What This Means For You

In addition to caffeine and other stimulant additives, many energy drinks contain high levels of sugar. Experts say that the sugar content in energy drinks can contribute to weight gain and dental issues.

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Energy drinks .

Al-Shaar L, Vercammen K, Lu C, Richardson S, Tamez M, Mattei J. Health effects and public health concerns of energy drink consumption in the united states: a mini-review .  Front Public Health . 2017;5:225. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00225

Food and Drug Administration. Spilling the beans: how much caffeine is too much?

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The buzz on energy drinks .

Beverage Industry . 2020 state of the beverage industry: energy drinks, mixes maintain steady growth .

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. What Is an arrhythmia?

Shah SA, Szeto AH, Farewell R, et al. Impact of high volume energy drink consumption on electrocardiographic and blood pressure parameters: a randomized trial .  J Am Heart Assoc . 2019;8(11):e011318. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.011318

Oberhoffer FS, Li P, Jakob A, Dalla-Pozza R, Haas NA, Mandilaras G. Energy drinks: effects on blood pressure and heart rate in children and teenagers. A randomized trial .  Front Cardiovasc Med . 2022;9:862041. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.862041

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol and caffeine .

Kim IK, Kim KM. Energy drink consumption patterns and associated factors among nursing students: a descriptive survey study .  J Addict Nurs . 2015;26(1):24-31. doi:10.1097/JAN.0000000000000061

By Stephanie Brown Brown is a nutrition writer who received her Didactic Program in Dietetics certification from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. Previously, she worked as a nutrition educator and culinary instructor in New York City.

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The Dark Side of Energy Drinks: A Comprehensive Review of Their Impact on the Human Body

Andrea costantino.

1 Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (E.T.)

Aniello Maiese

Julia lazzari, chiara casula, emanuela turillazzi, paola frati.

2 Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected]

Vittorio Fineschi

Associated data.

The data presented in this study are available in Table 2 , Table 3 , Table 4 , Table 5 , Table 6 and Table 7 .

In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health.

1. Introduction

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines energy drinks (EDs) as “a class of products in liquid form that typically contains caffeine, with or without other added ingredients.” They typically contain large amounts of caffeine, added sugars, other additives, and legal stimulants such as guarana, taurine, and L-carnitine. These legal stimulants can increase alertness, attention, and energy, as well as increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. These products are marketed as enhancers of mental acuity and physical performance [ 1 , 2 ]. Prominent examples of energy drinks include Red Bull, Monster, NOS, Rockstar, Lucozade, Eastroc Super Drink, Bang Energy, and 5 Hour Energy [ 3 , 4 ], as described in Table 1 . Adolescents gravitate towards these beverages to swiftly boost energy levels, enhance alertness, and increase scholastic or athletic performance.

Consequences of this consumption pattern have led to a rising incidence of young individuals seeking medical attention in emergency departments due to an array of adverse health outcomes, as documented in results section. Reports underscore that energy drinks have deleterious effects on a broad spectrum of bodily organs, culminating in mild adversities such as anxiety, gastrointestinal disturbances, dehydration, nervousness, and tachycardia, along with more severe outcomes like rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury (AKI), ventricular fibrillation, seizures, acute mania, and stroke. Furthermore, instances linking energy drink consumption to fatalities have been documented.

The rise of the energy drink market, particularly within the younger demographic, has caused a 70% escalation in caffeine ingestion among caffeine-consuming children and adolescents from 1977 to 2009 [ 1 ]. Data sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spotlight an average caffeine intake of 61 mg daily for teenagers [ 5 ]. While youth caffeine consumption has receded in recent decades, the utilisation of energy drinks has concurrently surged [ 5 ].

These beverages substantially differ in both caffeine content (ranging from 50 to 505 mg per can or bottle) and caffeine concentration (ranging from 2.5 to 171 mg per 28 mL). By comparison, a 170 g cup of brewed coffee contains caffeine concentrations varying between 77 and 150 mg [ 3 ].

As shown in Table 1 , energy drinks are composed of a variety of ingredients, including taurine, ginseng, sugar, guarana, etc.

Most popular energy drinks and ingredients per 500 mL [ 3 , 4 , 6 ].

In particular, taurine and gluconolactone are claimed to be the main components responsible for the effects attributed to Red Bull. Taurine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, is found abundantly in cardiac and skeletal muscles [ 7 , 8 ]. Its engagement covers various physiological functions encompassing neuromodulation, cell membrane stabilisation, and the regulation of intracellular calcium levels [ 9 ]. Acknowledged for its anti-arrhythmic attributes, taurine’s capacity for cation transport regulation contributes to its effect [ 10 ]. It is instrumental in modulating the inwardly rectifying K+ current and action potential duration in cardiac muscles [ 11 ], along with inhibiting the fast Na+ current, thereby evoking class I antiarrhythmic activity [ 12 ]. Its presence in significant concentrations within the brain underscores its pivotal role in neuroprotection and neurotransmission enhancement [ 13 ]. The prospect of taurine in tandem with caffeine bolstering concentration, reaction time, and emotional state has sparked investigation, although conclusive evidence on combinatorial cognitive effects remains elusive. Seidl et al. conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial administering caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone to the experimental group, yielding shorter motor reaction times and higher emotional well-being scores [ 14 ]. While the study implied a positive cognitive impact, GABAergic, glycinergic, cholinergic, and adrenergic neurotransmitter system interactions were posited, acknowledging the caffeine factor [ 15 ].

Gluconolactone, an outcome of hepatic glucose metabolism, stands as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis. In the 1960s, Japanese researchers [ 16 ] directed attention toward its performance-amplifying attributes. A study demonstrated enhanced swimming endurance in laboratory rats following the direct intestinal injection of glucuronolactone, glucose, glycogen, and other agents, with the former group outperforming in two of three instances. The findings suggest that the equivalent human dose could range from 1 to 2 g of glucuronolactone, compared to 600 mg in a Red Bull can. Detoxifying potential may contribute to these results, as glucuronolactone supplementation may fortify the body’s natural defences against carcinogens and tumour promoters [ 8 ].

Among the additional ingredients commonly found within energy drinks, carnitine, guarana, and the vitamin B complex should be mentioned.

Carnitine, comprising several compounds, including L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine [ 17 ], emerges as a derivative of an amino acid. It occurs naturally in numerous foods, particularly animal-derived foods, and is available in dietary supplement form. Carnitine synthesis transpires endogenously within the liver, kidneys, and brain from the amino acids, lysine and methionine [ 18 , 19 ]. This compound plays a pivotal role in energy production, serving as an indispensable cofactor that facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation, leading to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy generation [ 20 , 21 ].

Guarana ( Paullinia cupana ), a climbing plant native to the Amazon, has historically served as a stimulant and traditional medicine among Brazil’s indigenous peoples [ 22 ]. Guarana seeds notably surpass coffee beans in caffeine content, containing additional xanthine alkaloids such as theobromine and theophylline [ 23 ]. This botanical additive enhances the caffeine content and stimulatory attributes of energy drinks (EDs), with its caffeine content being unlisted on product labels due to its status as an herbal supplement [ 24 ].

Comprising eight B vitamins, the vitamin B complex includes thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine hydrochloride (B6), biotin (B7), inositol (B8), and cyanocobalamin (B12). These vitamins act as coenzymes that are integral to proper cellular function, particularly in mitochondrial activity and energy production. Hence, there is some conjecture that B vitamins might increase energy expenditure [ 25 ].

The aim of this review is to summarise all evidence on the adverse effects of energy drink consumption.

2. Materials and Methods

This systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) standards [ 26 ] ( Figure 1 ). In the context of specific events, such as acute intoxication or preliminary reports of legal substances, we believe that case reports/studies and case series involving human subjects with medical reports can provide valuable evidence for systematic reviews. Therefore, descriptive observational study designs, including case series, individual case reports, and descriptive cross-sectional studies, were considered for inclusion in this review. We conducted a comprehensive literature search and critically appraised the collected studies. An electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar and EBSCO search engines to identify peer-reviewed articles published between 5 January 2009 and 30 April 2023, using the search terms ‘energy drink’, ‘Red Bull’, ‘Monster’, ‘taurine’, ‘adverse effects’, ‘arrhythmia’, ‘renal failure’, ‘death’, ‘gastrointestinal’ in the title, abstract and keywords. Internet search engines such as Google were also used to find relevant information. In addition, the reference lists of all retrieved papers were reviewed and cross-referenced to identify additional relevant literature. Only English-language papers were included in this study. Data on each case were extracted, including age and sex of the case, brand of energy drink consumed (some brands were unknown), main pathologies, type of event and onset. Two or more independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts against the inclusion criteria for the review. The results of the search and study inclusion process were reported in detail in the final systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In addition, case–control studies using animal models were included in the review to compare data from human case reports. The above search identified 458 articles, which were screened to exclude duplicates. The resulting reference lists were then screened for titles and abstracts, leaving 442 articles for further consideration. Non-English articles were excluded. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) original research articles and (2) case reports/series. These publications were carefully assessed, taking into account the main objectives of the review. Reviews and mini-reviews were not included in the qualitative synthesis but were used to check for missing articles. After this evaluation, 96 scientific papers remained.

Our review strategy following PRISMA standards.

The papers in our study were divided in seven groups: cardiac effects (35 papers), gastrointestinal effects (12 papers), neurologic effects (18 papers), renal effects (7), gynaecological effects (2 papers), autoimmune and skin effects (2 papers). Table 1 , Table 2 , Table 3 , Table 4 , Table 5 , Table 6 and Table 7 show brief descriptions of these seven groups of studies, respectively. Furthermore, we incorporated case–control studies utilizing animal models (20 papers).

The results of our review on cardiac side effects.

The results of our review on gastrointestinal side effects.

The results of our review on neurological side effects.

The results of our review on renal side effects.

The results of our review on gynaecological side effects.

The results of our review on autoimmune and skin side effects.

We evaluated a total of 86 cases ( Figure 2 ). Most of the patients were young (median age, 30 years; range, 8 to 62 years). Slightly more men (66 patients, 76.7%) than women experienced an acute reaction and 35 of them (40.7%) had pathological remote anamnesis positive.

Different outcomes in our review.

Of the entire study population, 41 patients (47.7%) had cardiac outcomes, 12 patients (13.9%) had gastrointestinal outcomes, 22 (25.7%) had neurological outcomes, 7 patients (8.1%) had renal outcomes, 2 patients (2.3%) had gynaecological outcomes, and 2 patients (2.3%) had dermatological outcomes.

Specifically, the cases ( n = 41) with a cardiac adverse event ( Figure 3 ) were as follows: 17 (41.5%) arrhythmias, 3 (7.3%) deaths, 6 (14.7%) resuscitated cardiac arrests, 1 (2.4%) aneurysm, 5 (12.2%) arterial dissections (aortic or coronary), 2 (4.9%) cardiomyopathies, 5 (12.2%) cases of acute coronary syndrome, 1 (2.4%) case of hypertension, and 1 (2.4%) case of syncope. The median age of patients with cardiological outcomes was 27.7 years. Only in 13 cases (31.7%) was a major pathology found (such as idiopathic QT prolongation, obesity, hypertension, bicuspid aortic valve, dilatation of the ascending aorta, and tetralogy of Fallot). Only nine (21.9%) women had a cardiological outcome.

Cardiac outcomes in our review.

A further 22 cases had neurological outcomes ( Figure 4 ): 6 (27.3%) had clonic seizures, 9 (40.9%) experienced a psychotic event, 2 (9.1%) had manifest retinopathies, 1 (4.5%) had cerebral ischaemia, 1 (4.5%) had aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, 1 (4.5%) had agitation and anxiety, 1 (4.5%) had Rolandic epilepsy, 1 (4.5%) had hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome with diabetic ketoacidosis. Only 4 cases (18.2%) were women. In 11 cases (50%) there were pre-existing major pathologies (such as schizophrenia, migraine, obesity, hypertension, substance abuse).

Neurologic outcomes in our review.

There were 12 cases of gastrointestinal problems ( Figure 5 ): 4 (33.5%) had pancreatitis, 5 (41.6%) had hepatitis, 1 (8.3%) had toxic triad syndrome (gastritis, hepatitis and pancreatitis), 1 (8.3%) had hypercobalaminaemia and 1 (8.3%) had atrophic gastritis (AG) and gastrointestinal metaplasia (GIM). Seven cases (58.3%) had major pathologies (such as diabetes mellitus, small-cell left lung carcinoma, serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) gene mutation, and acute alcoholic pancreatitis). Only 3 (25%) of the 12 cases were female.

Gastrointestinal outcomes in our review.

We found seven cases that developed renal disease ( Figure 6 ): four had AKI (57.1%), two (28.6%) had rhabdomyolysis, one (14.3%) had hyponatraemia followed by a coma. Three of these cases (42.8%) had major comorbidities (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, alcohol abuse, PTSD, psychiatric history), and only one of the seven cases (14.3%) was female.

Renal outcomes in our review.

We also had two cases with gynaecological findings; in one case (50%), we found macrosomia and in the other (50%) severe menorrhagia. None of them had major pathologies.

In addition, two cases of erythema have been reported in the scientific literature. One was in a man and the other in a woman. Neither had major pathologies.

There were at least two cases of death. In one case, there was sudden cardiac arrest and in the other case death due to ventricular fibrillation. One was a man and the other was a woman. Only one of them had a major pathology such as mitral valve prolapse.

Nine out of eight-six patients (10%) drank energy drinks with alcohol, one with cannabis, one (1%) with diet pills, one (1%) with another caffeinated drink, and five (6%) took several energy drinks.

In total, 23 patients (27%) drank Red Bull ED, 9 (10%) drank Monster ED, 4 (5%) drank an energy drink with ginseng, 5 (6%) drank Rockstar ED, 1 (1%) drank Lucozade ED, 1 (1%) drank Sting ED, 1 (1%) drank Neon volt ED, 1 (1%) drank Demon Shot ED, 1 (1%) drank Magnus Omnilife, and 1 (1%) drank GNC Speed Shot and Mountain Dew. Forty patients (46%) drank a generic energy drink ( Figure 7 ).

The different types of energy drinks used in our review.

4. Discussion

Consumption of energy drinks has increased in recent years for several reasons [ 2 ]. One of the main factors is the aggressive marketing and promotion of energy drinks by beverage companies, primarily targeting young adults and adolescents [ 101 ]. This marketing often focuses on the energizing and stimulating effects of energy drinks and their association with extreme sports and other high-energy activities. Another reason for the increasing consumption of energy drinks is the belief that they can improve cognitive and physical performance. Many people consume energy drinks to boost their energy levels, improve focus and concentration, and enhance athletic performance. However, while energy drinks may provide some short-term benefits in these areas, their long-term effects on health and performance remain unclear [ 102 ]. Finally, the increasing availability of energy drinks in grocery stores, petrol stations, and other retail outlets has also contributed to their increased consumption. Energy drinks are often promoted as a convenient and portable source of energy and stimulation, making them a popular choice for people who travel a lot or have busy lifestyles. However, the easy availability of energy drinks also means that they are more likely to be consumed in excess, which can increase the risk of negative side effects.

The main psychoactive substance in an energy drink is caffeine. They also contain other ingredients that are thought to increase energy and mental alertness, such as taurine, guarana, ginseng, vitamins, and others [ 101 ].

The effects of these drinks on the human body are not fully understood, which is why research into their negative effects has increased.

4.1. Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Effects on the cardiovascular system appear to be the most studied of all the side effects of these substances, due to their potentially fatal properties. The European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS) has undertaken a critical review of the reported data on energy drinks, in particular on cardiovascular events and their possible cause–effect relationship, in order to provide recommendations on the safer use of these drinks [ 103 ]. High consumption of these energy drinks is associated with an acute haemodynamic and adrenergic state [ 104 ], which increases glucose and norepinephrine levels. Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, coronary vasospasm, ischaemia/myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, syncope, aortic dissection, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, and sudden cardiac death have been reported in young and otherwise healthy patients [ 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ] ( Figure 8 ). We have found that the risk of cardiovascular outcomes is increased in individuals with pre-existing structural or inherited heart disease. In addition, the consumption of these beverages may lead to the diagnosis of heart disease of which the subjects were previously unaware. Adverse cardiovascular effects have also been found with the use of other substances, such as alcohol. Caffeine [ 109 ] has direct chronotropic and positive inotropic effects on the heart. At low concentrations, these effects appear to be due to increased release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) as a result of antagonism of presynaptic receptors for adenosine. At higher concentrations (>10 µM), caffeine can directly increase calcium uptake by increasing cyclic AMP due to inhibition of phosphodiesterase. At very high concentrations (>100 µM) it reduces calcium sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. At high doses, it induces vascular smooth muscle contraction, except in cerebral vessels. Habitual coffee consumption generally increases peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure slightly, probably through the release of catecholamines. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases by 0.8 mmHg and 0.5 mmHg, respectively, per 100 mg of caffeine. In particularly sensitive individuals, the consumption of a few cups of coffee may cause cardiac arrhythmias, but in most people, parenteral administration of high doses of coffee causes only tachycardia. The stimulation of cardiac RgR2 ryanodine receptors and concomitant inhibition of phosphodiesterase cause a cardio-stimulatory effect, but at high doses, this can cause arrhythmias, tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. The ability of caffeine to induce arrhythmias in individuals with atrioventricular conduction disorders or ectopic foci has not been conclusively demonstrated [ 110 ]. The inotropic effect of caffeine is enhanced by the positive chronotropic effect of guarana, which contains caffeine, theobromine, and teofiline.

Pathological effects of energy drinks on cardiac tissue.

As mentioned above, nine cases of cardiac arrest associated with the consumption of high doses of these stimulants have been reported in literature. The primary triggering mechanism is the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation or the unmasking of previously unrecognised channelopathies. Of the nine cases mentioned above, six required intensive cardiopulmonary resuscitation and no cardiac abnormalities were found in these patients during follow-up visits in the following months, while the other three individuals died (sudden cardiac arrest, STEMI, ventricular fibrillation), but we couldn’t find any available information on their autopsy data in the literature.

4.2. Effects on the Neurological System

The consumption of energy drinks containing caffeine and other substances may also have effects on the central nervous system, such as seizures, cerebral vasculopathy and manic psychosis. Studies have shown that these ingredients overstimulate the adrenergic system, leading to hyperglycaemia, hypokalemia, leukocytosis, and metabolic acidosis. The psychostimulant effects of caffeine are evident at low doses.

Caffeine enhances dopamine-related behaviour by inhibiting adenosine A2A receptors and increasing transmission via dopamine D2 receptors. Lorist and Tops [ 111 ] used an echoencephalograph (EEG) to highlight the alpha wavelength of the brain (alpha power). They found that caffeine intake increased left frontal activation compared to the right, suggesting that dopamine function may be linked to fatigue, with caffeine reducing fatigue. Doses of less than 500 mg result in increased alertness, increased speed of thoughts and speech, decreased fatigue and reduced sleep. Higher doses may cause restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, tremors, and, in cases of acute toxicity, seizures that do not respond to antiepileptic drugs [ 112 ] ( Figure 9 ). The ingestion of caffeine at very high (pharmacological) doses has been associated with the possible occurrence of seizures. In animal models, intraperitoneal administration of caffeine produces convulsions associated with electroencephalography. In humans, seizures have been reported after the overdose or ingestion of drug preparations. The consumption of energy drinks has been associated with the occurrence of seizures, both in patients with known epilepsy and in those without a history of epilepsy [ 113 ]. This may be due to the high caffeine content of energy drinks.

Pathological effects of energy drinks on cerebral tissues.

At normal average doses of caffeine in humans, caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist with equal affinity for A1 and A2A receptors. When administered acutely, caffeine acts dominantly on A1 receptors (as ambient adenosine activates them). The chronic use of caffeine leads to the tolerance of A1 receptors. Caffeine then has negligible effects on the A1 receptor and dominant effects on A2A receptors. The endocannabinoids, endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptors, are synthesised as needed in response to increased neuronal excitation and activate the presynaptic CB1 receptor, reduce the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) released and decrease neurotransmitter release. Caffeine increases neurotransmitter release by removing the inhibitory control of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, regulating the opening of potassium channels mediated by A1 receptors and increasing the firing rate of A2A receptors in the striatum dendritic spines of neurons. This inhibits glutamatergic thalamocortical neurons by inducing cell activation and stimulating the adenylate cyclase pathway. Caffeine blocks A2A receptors and reduces the stimulatory effects of adenosine on cAMP. Caffeine can reduce the inhibition on striatal dopamine transmission by reducing the activity of striatal neurons and causing the disinhibition of thalamo-cortical projection neurons. The activation of A2A receptors leads to cAMP production, and the activation of D2 receptors reduces cAMP production and causes an inverse regulation of the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) [ 114 ]. As caffeine mimics the effect of dopamine on striatopallidal neurons, it causes a progressive sensitisation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, which control GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) [ 115 ]. The caffeine blockade of A2A receptors reduces the activation of cAMP-PKA pathways, resulting in increased glutamate release, the activation of mGlu5 metabotropic receptors, and endocannabinoid release. The blockade of adenosine A2A receptors in the striatum has been linked to the psychoactive properties of caffeine. There is also evidence that a specific genetic polymorphism of the adenosine A2A receptor influences habitual caffeine consumption in humans [ 116 ].

Richard and Smith [ 117 ] recently reviewed the literature on the chronic mental health effects of energy drinks. They concluded that while the acute effects of energy drinks on mood appear to be positive, chronic consumption is associated with stress, anxiety, and depression. Taurine is a molecule that crosses the blood–brain barrier and binds to GABA receptors. It can mimic the effects of GABA and glycine, resulting in an anticonvulsant effect that has a stabilising effect on membranes inside and outside the cell.

4.3. Effects on the Gastrointestinal and Renal System

These drinks can also lead to the development of gastrointestinal and renal disorders. Some authors describe cases of acute hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, and renal failure with acute kidney injury (AKI). As mentioned above, all energy drinks contain high doses of caffeine, taurine, sugar, and vitamins. A megadose of vitamin B3 (niacin) is associated with hepatotoxicity. Niacin hepatotoxicity is thought to be a dose-dependent, directly toxic response. Vitamin B3 is associated with cellular metabolism and flushing and hepatotoxicity at pharmacological doses. Hepatotoxicity manifests as a mild elevation of liver enzymes (ALT/AST), hepatic steatosis, hepatic necrosis, and, in rare cases, liver failure. The lowest dose of vitamin B3 known to cause hepatotoxicity, as reported in the literature, is 1 g/day [ 31 ] ( Figure 10 ). However, the main cause of AKI was most likely taurine, which is used as a dietary supplement by athletes to enhance performance.

Pathological effects of Energy Drinks on gastrointestinal tissues.

Caffeine promotes digestion by stimulating salivation and gastric juice production due to the presence of synergistic substances acting on H2 receptors. Caffeine is also known to relax the gastroesophageal sphincter, which prevents the stomach contents from rising into the oesophagus. In addition to its renal effects, caffeine is a weak diuretic. This effect may be associated with an increase in glomerular filtration and a decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption ( Figure 11 ). There are also GABA receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. These are located in the peripheral autonomic nervous system and are involved in acid secretion and the protection of the gastric mucosa from injury and motility. In the stomach, taurine accumulates in the parietal cells of the gastric glands. Taurine-containing cells are found in the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system. The taurinergic neurons in the muscle layer of the gastrointestinal tract and the gastrointestinal tract may be involved in gastrointestinal motility and endocrine cell functions [ 118 ].

Pathological effects of energy drinks on renal tissue.

4.4. Other Effects

Finally, there are rare cases of obstetric, dermatological, and autoimmune complications that are difficult to explain or whose association with energy drinks does not seem to be reliable and well explained. Regarding autoimmune and skin complications, some authors are convinced that there are underlying mechanisms of hypersensitivity to synthetic taurine, which may be slightly different from natural taurine [ 119 ]. Although the authors have not been able to elucidate the mechanism of anaphylaxis, they suggest that the additives used to stabilise the amino acids, such as sulphites, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and olysorbate emulsifier, may be the cause of the symptoms [ 120 ]. There is also no clear association with energy drinks in obstetric complications. We reported two cases of such complications. In the first case, we had neonatal hyperinsulinism due to isolated high maternal sugar intake, an event that has never been reported in the literature. In the second case, we had menorrhagia due to secondary VKD (acquired vitamin K deficiency) after consumption of high-energy drinks. There is no evidence in the literature of ingredients in energy drinks that might correlate with the development of VKD.

4.5. Experimental Studies on Animal Models

The adverse health effects have also been studied by various research groups using animals as an experimental model. The summarised results of these studies, outlined below, have shown effects similar to those observed in humans, with alterations affecting various organs or systems.

Salih et al. [ 121 ] used rabbits as an animal model to observe the histopathological effects of energy drinks (EDs) on various organs, including the brain, liver, kidneys, and heart. Their findings suggest a direct correlation between tissue damage and the dose administered. At higher doses, they observed renal vascular congestion, the bleeding of interstitial tissue, focal atrophy, and the degeneration of the lining epithelium of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Nieradko Iwanicka and colleagues [ 122 ] studied the effects of the ad libitum consumption of energy drinks in mice on memory, body weight and laboratory parameters. After 30 days of the experiment, the researchers observed weight gain in male mice, an increase in serum transaminases and cholesterol concentration, but no memory-related changes. Similar results were found by Sadowska [ 123 ], who studied the effects of energy drink consumption in 30 mice and highlighted three main consequences: reduced body weight gain despite increased energy expenditure, suggesting an increased catabolic rate in the animals studied; reduced peri-intestinal fat deposition and increased accumulation of peri-cardiac adipose tissue, which may act as a source of chemokines and cytokines with pro-inflammatory properties. Finally, energy drink consumption led to an increase in blood glucose concentration, most likely due to metabolic changes leading to increased lipolysis and the development of insulin resistance.

Rasheed and colleagues [ 124 ] investigated the effects of energy drinks on renal tubules using albino rats as an experimental animal model. Their research showed histopathological changes in renal tubular cells, such as increased tubular vacuolisation, in rats exposed to energy drinks. According to the researchers, this adverse effect is due to inhibition of the A2A adenosine receptor, resulting in increased oxidative stress and production of inflammatory stimuli.

Abonar et al. [ 125 ], Rehman et al. [ 126 ], and Haroun et al. [ 127 ] investigated the effect of energy drinks on the pancreas of adult male albino rats. They performed histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical studies that revealed alterations in pancreatic cytoarchitecture. Specifically, damage to the pancreatic acini and islets of Langerhans was observed, accompanied by an increase in collagen deposition in the pancreatic parenchyma, a decrease in serum insulin levels, and an increase in blood glucose levels. There was also an increase in TNF-a, NO, and malondialdehyde levels, indicating a global negative effect on both exocrine and endocrine functions of the gland. Kassab et al. [ 128 ] also studied the effects of energy drinks on the salivary glands of thirty adult albino rats and observed parenchymal changes, including cytoplasmic vacuolisation, pyknotic nuclei and abundant collagen fibre deposition, resulting in the displacement of striated muscle fibres. However, these pathological changes in the glands were found to be transient upon cessation of the substance.

Possible adverse effects of caffeine and taurine on cardiac electrophysiology were investigated using twenty-five rabbits as an animal model [ 129 ]. The hearts of animals perfused with caffeine and taurine showed shortened repolarisation times and refractory periods on the ECG trace, followed by ventricular arrhythmias, confirming the potential arrhythmogenic effect of these substances. In another study, Demirel et al. [ 130 ] investigated the effects of the combined consumption of energy drinks and alcohol on the myocardium and skeletal muscle system. In particular, the study highlighted damage to the cardiac and endothelial cytoarchitecture, as well as an increased tendency towards anaerobic cellular respiration in skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in increased lactate formation. Diaz et al. [ 131 ] also investigated the effects of these two substances in combination. In their experimental study of rats exposed to the substances for 90 days, changes in the temporal cortex and hippocampus were analysed. The results show an inflammatory response associated with oxidative stress, local gliosis, and increased levels of IL-1, TNF-1, iNOS, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide. In addition, at the neurological level, Ulenius [ 132 ] and colleagues demonstrated that the combination of caffeine and taurine enhances the stimulant properties of ethanol on the locomotor system, a phenomenon previously associated with substance dependence and associated with increased dopamine levels and reward circuits. Ugwuja [ 133 ] conducted experiments to assess the biochemical effects of energy drinks alone or in combination with alcohol on albino rats. The study showed changes in total white blood cell count, plasma potassium, calcium, renal function, liver enzymes, and plasma triglycerides. Krahe et al. [ 134 ] also analysed the effects of combined energy drink and alcohol consumption. Overall, animals treated with alcohol and energy drinks showed increased locomotor activity and increased anxiety levels in the open field test. They also showed an early loss of the righting reflex and poorer motor coordination in the rotarod test. These effects on righting reflex and motor coordination were associated with the over-activation of cerebellar GABAA receptors. The data also show that exposure to alcohol in combination with energy drinks prolongs the duration of motor impairment and ataxia in adolescent mice. This ability to prolong the effects of alcohol may explain why this group performed worse in the righting reflex loss test after cumulative administration of alcohol and energy drinks compared to animals receiving alcohol alone. Reis et al. [ 135 ] investigated the effects of 14 days of energy drink consumption alone or in combination with ethanol on oxidative stress parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in 40-day “adolescent” mice. The ethanol-treated group showed a significant increase in SOD and GSH-Px activity in brain tissue compared with the control group. The elevated MDA levels observed in rats co-exposed to energy drinks and ethanol, as well as those exposed to energy drinks alone, may be a consequence of increased free radical formation and altered cellular antioxidant defence status. Liver histopathology results show that energy drinks may induce liver damage, and the combined effect of ethanol and energy drinks may cause more significant damage than either substance alone, as indicated by increased MDA levels. A histopathological examination of brain tissue did not show any treatment-related abnormalities, possibly due to the short duration of the experiment.

Nasi and colleagues [ 136 ] investigated the possible negative effect of energy drinks on the gastrointestinal tract by administering different substances to rats for five consecutive days. They did not observe any acute lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, but they did observe an eosinophilic infiltration in the intestinal mucosa. This histopathological change was also observed in rats treated with caffeine alone, suggesting that this inflammatory effect is a direct consequence of this substance, which is also present in energy drinks.

Elçi et al. [ 137 ] investigated the effects of eight weeks of energy drink consumption on the female reproductive system, specifically analysing follicular ovarian reserve and anti-Müllerian hormone levels in the blood. They found a significant decrease in both parameters. Instead, Oyelowo et al. [ 138 ] focused on the biochemical effects of both natural and artificial energy drinks on testicular tissue after 28 consecutive days of consumption in pubertal male rats. Their results showed negative effects of energy drink consumption, whether natural or artificial, on male reproductive functions, including decreased testosterone steroidogenesis in Leydig cells, changes in gonadotropin synthesis, and disruption of sperm homeostasis.

Al-Basher et al. [ 139 ] conducted a study on the effects of perinatal exposure to caffeine-based energy drinks on the liver, kidneys, brain, locomotor activity, and anxiety in newborn mice. Pregnant mice received 2.5 or 5 mL of energy drinks from the first day of pregnancy until 15 days after birth. Perinatal exposure to energy drinks resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and a decrease in antioxidant defences in the liver, kidneys, brain, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata of newborn mice on days 21 and 35 after birth. Energy drinks also induced various histological alterations, including vacuolation and lipid infiltration of hepatocytes, developing degenerated glomeruli and dilated interstitial spaces in the renal cortex, pyknosis and chromatolysis of cerebral and medullary neurons, and degenerated and abnormal Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. In addition, energy drinks increased locomotor activity and induced anxiety-like behaviour in newborn mice.

Posokhov et al. [ 140 ] investigated the effects of two months of energy drink consumption on red blood cell membranes. They used the fluorescent probe O1O (2-(2′-OH-phenyl)-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazole), which localises to the area of glycerol backbones, carbonyl groups of phospholipids, and hydrocarbon chains of phospholipids (near carbonyl groups) in the bilayer. The consumption of energy drinks was associated with increased fluorescence intensity in erythrocyte suspensions compared to control animals. The observed change in probe fluorescence is attributed to an increase in the viscosity of the probe environment within the membrane. Using the fluorescent probe O1O, it was shown that the long-term oral administration of caffeine-based energy drinks to rats caused an increase in membrane viscosity (resulting in reduced fluidity) in red blood cells.

5. Conclusions

This extensive literature review includes a large number of research studies on the potentially fatal health effects of both acute and chronic abuse of these substances. These consequences include cardiac arrhythmias, neurological and behavioural changes, acute organ inflammation (including the liver, stomach, pancreas, and kidneys) and even cases of rare dermatitis or autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, although based on a limited case pool, it is noteworthy that there is a marked disparity in the literature between cases of cardiac arrest requiring intensive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (nine cases) and documented deaths (three cases) resulting from energy drink abuse. These statistics suggest a plausible under-reporting of deaths associated with these substances, particularly among frequent users such as adolescents and athletes. Consequently, in the investigation of sudden cardiac death in young people, the role of the pathologist in meticulously collecting anamnestic and circumstantial data from the deceased, recognising the potential involvement of non-illicit substances such as energy drinks, becomes crucial [ 141 ].

The results of experimental studies in animal models echo the findings of the review, demonstrating acute and chronic effects consistent with observations in humans.

Although individual components have been shown to be safe [ 142 ], excessive consumption, especially among adolescents, often leads to potential adverse effects on human health. As shown in this review, these effects can vary, particularly regarding the cardiovascular and cerebral systems. It would therefore be important to consider the introduction of precise limits on the consumption of these drinks. As caffeine is the most representative ingredient in terms of composition, it is first necessary to consider the upper limits of safe caffeine intake. Most cans of energy drinks (250 mL) contain 50 to 150 mg of caffeine, while the EFSA upper safe intake limit for adults is up to 400 mg per day (about 5.7 mg/kg bw per day for a 70 kg adult), with a single dose not exceeding 200 mg [ 143 ]. In fact, no health concerns regarding acute toxicity, bone status, cardiovascular health, cancer risk, or male fertility have been raised by other agencies in previous assessments at this level of habitual caffeine consumption. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) estimates that toxic effects, such as seizures, may be observed following the rapid consumption of about 1200 mg of caffeine, or about 0.15 tablespoons of pure caffeine [ 144 ]. For pregnant or breastfeeding women, the safe daily intake of caffeine is halved from 400 mg to 200 mg, or about half a can. Finally, for children and adolescents, it is important to accentuate that neither EFSA nor the FDA have indicated a safe limit, suggesting that these substances should be avoided altogether, as further emphasised by the American Academy of Pediatrics due to possible long-term negative effects on behavioural disorders.

Therefore, based on our observations and those found in the literature, we suggest that the daily intake of energy drinks should not only not exceed the safety limits for caffeine established by European and American regulatory authorities, but should be even lower. Indeed, these drinks also contain other neurostimulants, the effects of which are not fully understood. Furthermore, as this review points out, there are cases in the literature of people with no known medical conditions who have suffered acute cardiac events after consuming just a few 250 mL cans of these drinks. Given that the concentration of caffeine in these drinks is between 50 and 150 mg per can (250 mL), we recommend no more than one can at a time and two cans per day to remain within an acceptable safety limit. We also believe that it is necessary to clearly state the daily intake limit for products containing high levels of caffeine (such as ‘Demon Energy Shot’, which contains 200 mg of caffeine in 60 mL of product), given the potential risk of acute caffeine intoxication [ 145 ].

In addition, the sale and consumption of these drinks in minors should be regulated as, although they are legal substances, their long-term effects are not yet known and may lead to psychiatric pathologies or the aggravation of cardiac conduction disorders. Increased public education on the potential risks associated with the misuse of energy drinks is warranted to enable individuals to make informed decisions regarding consumption.

Furthermore, extensive research is needed to elucidate the long-term effects of energy drink consumption on human health.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, A.M. and A.C.; methodology, V.F.; validation, P.F. and E.T.; formal analysis, J.L.; investigation, C.C.; writing—original draft preparation, A.C.; writing—review and editing, A.M.; supervision, V.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Energy Drinks

Plain water is the best hydrating beverage for most people, but sports and energy drinks are advertised to appeal to those who exercise or need a boost of energy to get through the day.

Though sometimes confused with sports beverages , energy drinks are a different product entirely. They are marketed to increase alertness and energy levels, containing significant amounts of caffeine and as much or more sugar as in soda. Many energy drinks pack about 200 mg of caffeine, the amount in two cups of brewed coffee. Other substances purported to increase energy may be added, like B vitamins and herbs such as ginseng and guarana. Most concerning is a lack of regulation about the safety of these drinks, as well as aggressive marketing tactics geared toward adolescents. [1] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that in 2007, 1,145 adolescents ages 12 to 17 went to the emergency room for an energy drink-related emergency. In 2011 that number climbed to 1,499. [2]

After water, sugar is the main ingredient in energy drinks. A nutritional comparison shows that a 12-ounce cola drink contains about 39 grams of sugar, 41 grams of sugar in an energy drink. Research has found that consuming high-sugar drinks of any kind can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and gout.

Because of the amount of sugar and stimulant ingredients, there is concern that these beverages may not be helpful, and even worse, harmful to adolescents and people with certain health conditions.  

Energy Drinks and Health

Sipping a beverage that offers quick energy may appeal to people who feel fatigued or who believe the caffeine can provide an edge when exercising or playing competitive sports. Although statements on the websites of energy drinks warn that these beverages may not be suitable for children, youth are among their largest consumers. An energy drink may be used by adolescents or college students cramming for exams through the night, or by a young athlete before an important game. While it is true that some controlled trials have shown temporary improved alertness and reversal of fatigue after taking energy drinks, as well as enhanced physical performance in young athletes, the majority of studies show an association with negative health effects. These include increased stress, aggressive behaviors like fighting, alcohol/cigarette abuse, increased blood pressure, increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes, poor sleep quality, and stomach irritation. [1]

A typical energy drink may contain the following: carbonated water, around 40 grams of sugar (from sucrose and/or glucose), 160 mg or more of caffeine, artificial sweetener , and herbs/substances associated with mental alertness and performance but that lack scientific evidence with controlled trials (taurine, panax ginseng root extract, L-carnitine, L-tartarate, guarana seed extract, B vitamins).

Special concerns with energy drinks:

• Amplified negative health effects in adolescents. Children and teens may experience heightened effects from the high amounts of caffeine, added sugars including high fructose corn syrup, low-calorie sweeteners , and herbal stimulants, partly due to their smaller body size. [3]
• Marketing tactics towards youth. Estimates show more than a 240% increase in U.S. and worldwide sales of energy drinks. It is a $21 billion industry, with marketing campaigns targeting youth and being sold in places that are easily accessed by this age group. [1,4] Youth are exposed to energy drink advertising on children’s websites, computer games, television, supermarkets, and sporting events. [5] Research has shown that adolescents lack maturity in key areas of the brain and are more likely to engage in risk-taking behavior, making them vulnerable to risky behaviors sometimes portrayed in energy drink marketing. Youth are attracted to energy drinks due to effective marketing, influence from peers, and lack of knowledge about their potential harmful effects. [4]
• Negative health outcomes. Emerging evidence has linked energy drink consumption with negative health consequences in youth like risk-seeking behaviors, poor mental health, adverse cardiovascular effects, and metabolic, renal, or dental problems. [1]
• Excessive caffeine. Too much caffeine from any beverage, particularly when several are taken in one day in sensitive individuals, can lead to anxiety, insomnia, heart problems like irregular heartbeat and elevated blood pressure, and in rare cases seizures or cardiac arrest. Some energy drinks may contain as much as 500 mg per can (the amount in 14 cans of cola). [4.6]
• High sugar content. Because of the excessive sugar content in some energy drinks, they carry the same health risks associated with other sugar-sweetened beverages. See Sugary Drinks .
• Dangers with alcohol. A greater danger is introduced if energy drinks are combined with alcohol, a trend largely seen in underage drinkers and associated with binge drinking. Studies suggest that drinking this type of cocktail leads to a greater alcohol intake than if just drinking alcohol alone. This may be because energy drinks increase alertness that masks the signs of inebriation, leading one to believe they can consume even more alcohol. [1] In case reports, high consumption of energy drinks—especially when mixed with alcohol—has been linked to adverse cardiovascular, psychological, and neurologic events, including fatal events. [2]
• Lack of regulation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate energy drinks but enforces a caffeine limit of 71 mg per 12 ounces of soda; energy drinks typically contain about 120 mg per 12 ounces. However, energy drink manufacturers may choose to classify their product as a supplement to sidestep the caffeine limit. For companies that classify their energy drinks as beverages, the American Beverage Association published voluntary guidelines that advise accurate listings of caffeine content, restriction of marketing to children, and reporting of adverse events to the FDA. However, compliance to these guidelines has been found to be low. [1]
• The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) issued a position statement on energy drinks after analyzing their safety and efficacy. (8) They concluded that consuming energy drinks 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and endurance in adults, largely through the effects of caffeine. However, other ingredients in these drinks require more study to demonstrate their safety and effects on performance. ISSN cautioned that higher-calorie energy drinks can lead to weight gain, and that their high glycemic load could negatively affect blood glucose and insulin levels. They discouraged use of energy drinks for children and adolescents unless under careful parental monitoring, and for people with diabetes or cardiovascular disease who could be negatively affected by the stimulant ingredients.
• The American Academy of Pediatrics’ Committee on Nutrition and the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness encourage pediatric health care providers to discourage the use of and discuss potential health risks of stimulant ingredients in energy drinks with youth and parents, and to limit or avoid sugar-sweetened beverages of any kind in youth due to risk of excessive calorie intake and weight gain, as well as dental erosion. [7]  

Bottom Line

Water that is calorie-free and accessible without cost to most people is the beverage of choice taken with and between meals. Energy drinks are a source of caffeine that people may choose as an alternative to coffee or tea. However, they also contain high amounts of sugar, vitamins, and herbs that may not be necessary for the average person. Energy drinks can pose a health risk in vulnerable groups including children, teenagers, pregnant women, and those with medical conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adults who choose to consume energy drinks should check the label for caffeine content and avoid high consumption (over 200 mg of caffeine per drink); consumption in combination with alcohol should be avoided. [9] Pediatricians should discuss the use of energy drinks with their young patients and parents to ensure that all are aware of the health risks, and if used, are monitored carefully. [7]  

Sugary Drinks Sports Drinks

• Al-Shaar L, Vercammen K, Lu C, Richardson S, Tamez M, Mattei J. Health Effects and Public Health Concerns of Energy Drink Consumption in the United States: A Mini-Review. Front Public Health . 2017;5:225.
• Ehlers A, Marakis G, Lampen A, Hirsch-Ernst KI. Risk assessment of energy drinks with focus on cardiovascular parameters and energy drink consumption in Europe. Food and Chemical Toxicology . 2019 Aug 1;130:109-21.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Buzz on Energy Drinks.  https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/nutrition/energy.htm Accessed 8/21/19.
• Pound CM, Blair B; Canadian Paediatric Society, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Committee, Ottawa, Ontario. Energy and sports drinks in children and adolescents. Paediatr Child Health . 2017 Oct;22(7):406-410.
• De Sanctis V, Soliman N, Soliman AT, Elsedfy H, Di Maio S, El Kholy M, Fiscina B. Caffeinated energy drink consumption among adolescents and potential health consequences associated with their use: a significant public health hazard. Acta Biomed . 2017 Aug 23;88(2):222-231.
• Wiggers D, Asbridge M, Baskerville NB, Reid JL, Hammond D. Exposure to Caffeinated Energy Drink Marketing and Educational Messages among Youth and Young Adults in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2019 Feb 21;16(4).
• Schneider MB, Benjamin HJ. Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: Are they appropriate? Pediatrics . 2011;127(6):1182–9.
• Campbell B, Wilborn C, La Bounty P, Taylor L, Nelson MT, Greenwood M, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Schmitz S, Collins R, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Kreider RB. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks. J Int Soc Sports Nutr . 2013 Jan 3;10(1):1.
• van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health.  NEJM .  2020 Jul 23; 383:369-378

Last reviewed July 2020

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Jamie Pronschinske, RDN, CD

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The buzz on energy drinks

• Get healthy recipes and tips

About 90% of all adults consume caffeine every day, making it the most common stimulant in the world. Coffee, tea, soft drinks, energy drinks or "energy shots," and over-the-counter supplements are widely available sources of caffeine.

Total energy drink sales globally reached $57 billion in 2020. Energy drinks are the second most popular dietary supplement among U.S. teens and young adults behind multivitamins.

Most energy drinks contain 100–300 milligrams of caffeine per serving, although amounts can vary. Up to 400 milligrams of caffeine per day is considered safe for most adults.

People who are pregnant or breastfeeding should limit their intake to 200 milligrams or less per day. The Food and Drug Administration has not set a safe level for children, but the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages the consumption of caffeine and other stimulants by children and adolescents.

Caffeine's health effects vary from person to person and depend on the dose. Caffeine has been shown to improve vigilance, reaction time, alertness and ability to concentrate. It can help alleviate the adverse effects of sleep deprivation. Its intake is associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, alcoholic cirrhosis and gout.

However, caffeine intake also is associated with nervousness, insomnia, irritability and panic attacks. Those with preexisting anxiety disorders may be more susceptible to these effects.

Excessive caffeine intake, such as more than 400 milligrams per day, can cause palpitations, tremors, agitation and gastrointestinal upset. Heavy caffeine use also is associated with an increased risk of other addictive behaviors, like smoking and alcohol abuse. People who routinely consume caffeine may develop physical and psychological dependence and may experience withdrawal symptoms if intake is abruptly stopped. Energy drinks can contain significant amounts of added sugar or other sweeteners.

Because high intake of added sugar can contribute to health problems, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends limiting intake of added sugars to no more than 10% of total daily calories. For example, in a 2,000-calorie diet, no more than 200 calories should come from added sugars. This is about 12 teaspoons a day.

One 16-ounce can of Monster Energy Juice Pacific Punch supplies 210 calories and 47 grams of added sugar, which is equal to roughly 12 teaspoons. This is an entire day's worth of added sugar.

Energy drinks may contain vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Some may contain herbal supplements, such as ginseng and guarana, which may be used to increase energy and mental alertness. Use caution with these substances, as research on safety and effectiveness is limited. Also, some herbal supplements can interact with prescriptions, so seek input from your health care professional before consuming.

If you'd like a new way to get your caffeine fix, try one of these recipes:

Peach iced tea.

Servings: 10

2 ripe peaches, pitted and cut into chunks ½ cup loosely packed fresh mint leaves, plus more for garnish 6 black tea bags 6 cups boiling water Ice for serving

Place peaches and mint in the bottom of a large heatproof pitcher. Muddle with a wooden spoon until the peaches are pulpy and broken down. Hang tea bags in the pitcher and pour in boiling water. Let steep for at least 20 minutes. Remove the tea bags. Refrigerate the tea until cold. Fill glasses generously with ice. Strain the tea and pour over the ice. Garnish with mint if desired.

Nutrition information per serving: 14 calories; 0 g fat (0 g saturated fat); 6 mg sodium; 3 g carbohydrate; 1 g fiber; 1 g protein; 47 mg caffeine.

FROZEN MOCHACCINO

Servings: 2

1 cup double-strength coffee or espresso (See tip below.) 1 cup low-fat milk 2 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder, not Dutch-processed 2–3 tablespoons pure maple syrup ⅛ teaspoon vanilla extract 1–2 ice cubes, if needed

Freeze coffee in an ice cube tray until firm, at least 4 hours or overnight. Combine the frozen coffee cubes, milk, cocoa, maple syrup and vanilla in a blender. Pulse until smooth, adding plain ice cubes if you want it thicker. Divide between 2 glasses. Dust with a little cocoa powder, if desired. Serve immediately.

Tip: Double-strength coffee or espresso gives you the best coffee flavor when making blended or iced coffee drinks. To brew double-strength coffee, use twice the amount of grounds as you normally would for a regular cup of coffee. Espresso is strong enough when brewed regularly.

Nutrition information per serving: 127 calories; 2 g fat (1 g saturated fat); 74 mg sodium; 25 g carbohydrate; 2 g fiber; 5 g protein; 250 mg caffeine

Jamie Pronschinske , is a dietitian in La Crosse , Wisconsin.

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4 reasons why energy drinks are bad for you - and healthier ways to boost your energy

Erin heger,samantha cassetty   .

• Energy drinks are bad for your health because the high caffeine content can increase your risk for serious heart issues.
• Energy drink use was associated with 20,000 emergency room visits in the US in 2011.
• Healthy alternatives to energy drinks include eating a snack with proteins and carbohydrates, grabbing a piece of dark chocolate, or exercising.

Energy drinks are meant to improve concentration and help you focus, but the ingredients in these beverages can cause adverse health effects. Here is what you need to know about energy drinks and how they can affect your health.

What are energy drinks?

Energy drinks are beverages intended to increase alertness, concentration, attention, and energy, says Lauren Popeck , a registered dietitian with Orlando Health , a not-for-profit healthcare organization in Florida.

According to Popeck, some common ingredients found in energy drinks include:

• Herbs, like ginseng and ginger , for flavor
• Amino acid derivatives, like L-carnitine and taurine

Popular energy drink products include:

• 5-hour Energy

These beverages can boost energy and concentration, but they can also cause adverse health effects like a rapid heart rate and increased blood pressure, Popeck says.

Yes, energy drinks are bad for you

Excessive or regular consumption of energy drinks can lead to heart arrhythmias, headaches , high blood pressure , and anxiety , Popeck says.

In the US, more than 20,000 emergency room visits in 2011 were associated with energy drink use. A small 2014 review found that out of 11 patients with serious heart problems, including cardiac arrest, five reported heavy energy drink consumption.

1. Energy drinks are bad for your heart

Caffeine is the main ingredient found in energy drinks thanks to its ability to increase alertness. When consumed in large quantities of more than 400 milligrams per day, caffeine can cause:

• Heart palpitations
• Increased blood pressure
• Increased heart rate
• Heart rhythm disturbances

Most energy drinks contain between 70 and 240mg of caffeine per serving, while a cup of coffee contains about 100mg of caffeine. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , the safe limit of caffeine for adults is up to 400mg per day. The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages the consumption of caffeine in children under the age of 12 and recommends those 12 to 18 consume 100 mg or less a day.

A small 2016 study in healthy individuals revealed that after consuming a 32oz energy drink for three days in a row, cardiac QT interval increased, which is associated with sudden death. Greater risk occurs when consuming multiple energy drinks in a short period of time, Popeck says.

Another 2018 analysis found energy drinks can cause problems with heart rate and increase systolic blood pressure.

"These drinks are generally stimulants and can put a demand on the heart," says Mohamad Moussa , MD, an associate professor in the University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science. "If someone already has heart disease, which is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States, energy drinks could have a negative effect on the body."

2. Energy drinks are loaded with sugar

Most energy drinks pack about 27 to 31 grams of sugar per eight ounces . The American Heart Association recommends no more than 25 grams of sugar, or six teaspoons per day for women, and 36 grams of sugar, or nine teaspoons, a day for men. By that measure, a 24-ounce energy drink has triple the amount of sugar recommended in a day.

Excessive sugar intake can cause inflammation , which has been linked to a number of chronic conditions, including cancer, diabetes , and heart disease , Popeck says. Consumption of added sugars can also increase the risk of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

3. Energy drinks should not be mixed with alcohol

Energy drinks are often mixed with alcohol, especially among young adults. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), about 25% of college students consume alcohol with energy drinks.

When combined with alcohol, energy drinks can alter your intoxication levels, making you feel less intoxicated and energized while still experiencing signs of alcohol impairment, like slurred speech, poor coordination, and memory impairment.

The combination also increases the risks of binge drinking because the stimulating effects of energy drinks can mask the depressive effects of alcohol, causing you to drink more. Drinkers ages 15 to 23 who mix alcohol with energy drinks are four times more likely to binge drink.

Binge drinking is defined as consuming five or more drinks for men and four or more drinks for women in two hours. Binge drinking is associated with several health problems including:

• Chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, stroke , heart disease , and liver disease
• Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon
• Memory and learning problems
• Alcohol use disorders

4. Energy drinks are harmful for teens

Energy drinks are especially harmful to adolescents who are still growing and developing, and cannot handle the side effects of energy drinks, Moussa says.

According to the NCCIH energy drinks increase the risk of several health conditions for teens and young adults, including:

• Cardiovascular nervous system anomalies
• Cognitive under-development
• Increased risk of depression and other mental health illnesses
• Sleep disorders

Despite their adverse health effects, energy drinks are heavily marketed to young people.

Are energy drinks okay in moderation?

Energy drinks are unhealthy in nature. They can be safe if consumed in moderation by people without underlying health conditions, Popeck says, though there are better ways to get an energy boost.

Both Popeck and Moussa recommend limiting your consumption of energy drinks and instead increase energy and concentration with healthier alternatives, like:

• Eating a snack with protein and carbohydrates , like an apple and string cheese. The combination of protein and carbs can increase energy and help you focus.
• Grabbing a piece of dark chocolate , which contains antioxidants , flavonoids, and caffeine that can boost brain function.
• Sleeping seven to eight hours a night
• Exercising regularly

Insider's takeaway

Energy drinks are intended to give you a jolt of energy and increase focus and concentration, but they are loaded with caffeine and sugar, which can cause negative health effects when consumed excessively. Limit your intake of energy drinks and focus instead on eating a nutritious diet and getting adequate sleep to improve concentration and energy levels.

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Home » Daily » Nutrition » Are Energy Drinks Bad for You? 3 Things You Need to Know About Energy Drinks

Are Energy Drinks Bad for You? 3 Things You Need to Know About Energy Drinks

Are energy drinks bad for you considering they offer no health benefits—and a long list of dangers—the answer is a resounding yes., university health news editorial standards.

University Health News content is medically reviewed or checked to ensure that it is as accurate as possible. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please contact us through the feedback form on this page.

A growing number of studies are finding that products like Monster, Red Bull, and 5-Hour Energy offer a variety of health dangers with no unique benefits.

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Before you reach for a Monster energy drink, consider this: Are energy drinks bad for you? A growing number of studies are finding that products like Monster, Red Bull, and 5-Hour Energy can result in a variety of health dangers without offering any unique benefits.

The extreme acidity, high caffeine, and added stimulant content of these beverages can cause rapid heartbeat , high blood pressure , dehydration , vomiting , cardiac arrhythmias , seizures , headaches , insomnia , and have been linked to several deaths. [1,2,3,15]

Why Are Energy Drinks Bad For You?

A typical energy shooter can contain as much as 171 mg of caffeine per can, which is 38 times the concentration of a can of cola soft drink and seven times the concentration of a cup of coffee. [5] Monster ingredients include 160mg of caffeine in a 16oz can, while Red Bull ingredients include about 113mg of caffeine in a 12oz can.

Large quantities of caffeine can cause elevated blood pressure and heart rate, vomiting, seizures, and death. [1,2] Caffeine overconsumption can also lead to severe dehydration by causing the body to eliminate water, salt, and nutrients. [4]

• A 14-year-old boy with no medical history was taken to a doctor after drinking Red Bull before running a race. His heart rate was 130 beats per minute, double that of a normal resting heart rate. Further tests showed atrial fibrillation and fluttering. In a later examination—after he had stopped using energy drinks—the boy’s heart patterns returned to normal. [6]
• A man’s heart stopped during a motocross event as a result of drinking eight cans of Red Bull . [16]
• A student experienced heart palpitations after mixing Red Bull with alcohol. [16]

With those points in mind, let’s showcase three things about energy drinks you need to know to answer the question, “Are energy drinks bad for you?”

1. Energy Drinks Are Strong Acids

Energy drinks can have pH values as low as 1.5, which is stronger than sulfuric acid and nearly as strong as battery acid. [7] In one laboratory study, the acidity of Red Bull caused deeper tooth erosion than Coke, 100% apple juice, Diet Coke, and Gatorade, [8]. An additional study found that energy drinks erode teeth twice as much as sports drinks. [9]

Acid intake is also potentially harmful to bone, muscle, and brain health. More than 25 studies have established that the body moves calcium away from cells and into the bloodstream to compensate for excess acidity. [10] Although it is difficult to associate this with a specific disease such as osteoporosis , the cells that rely the most on calcium exist in the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.

2. Energy Drinks Do Not Improve Athletic Performance

Energy drinks are often marketed and sold in stores under the same category as sports drinks, but studies indicate that they do not enhance or promote athletic ability.

Two studies on Red Bull demonstrate that it does not extend the time it takes for runners to become exhausted and that it does not improve strength, weight volume, or 1-rep max in weight lifters. [11,12]

Furthermore, energy drinks contain far more carbohydrates than are recommended for active people, which can cause gastrointestinal distress by restricting the movement of fluid into the bloodstream. [3]

3. You Can Boost Energy Without Risking the Dangers of Energy Drinks

Research shows that caffeine offers some mental benefits— such as better focus and sustained attention, faster reaction speed, and enhanced memory. But you don’t need to use energy drinks to obtain these benefits. [13]

One study suggests that three to four cups of coffee per day can provide caffeine benefits as well as the antioxidant and anticancer benefits of coffee . [14]

But it’s important to remember that your body’s source of energy is food, not caffeine. There are other foods , such as green tea and wheatgrass, that provide long sustaining and healthy energy reserves. Another way to improve your energy level is by using vitamin and mineral supplements .

The American Heart Association recommends avoiding energy drinks if you have high blood pressure or a heart condition.  If you continue using energy drinks, keep in mind that you’re doing so for their taste and not for any type of specific health benefit. Most manufacturers recommend that you consume them slowly and that you do not use more than two in a 24-hour period.

Make better choices when looking for energy in your food and drink, try these energy-boosting combos:

Originally published in 2014, this post is regularly updated.

[1] Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012 Apr;24(2):243-51. [2] Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008 May-Jun;48(3):e55-63; quiz e64-7. [3] Mayo Clin Proc. Nov 2010; 85(11): 1033–1041. [4] Amino Acids. 2006 Jul;31(1):81-3. Epub 2006 Jun 1. [5] JAMA. Jan 25, 2011; 305(6): 600–601. [6] Journal of Medical Case Reports 2011, 5:1. [7] Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010 Oct;11(5):253-5. [8] Nutr Res. 2008; 28(5): 299–303./a> [9] Gen Dent. 2012 May-Jun;60(3):190-7; quiz 198-9. [10] Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Oct;88(4):1159-66. [11] Strength Cond Res. 2009 Jul;23(4):1271-5. [12] J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Aug;27(8):2248-54. [13] Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2008;50(5):273-81. [14] Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008 May;48(5):464-86. [15] Pharmacotherapy. 2013 Aug;33(8):779-86. [16] Drug Alcohol Depend. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jan 1, 2010.

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Are energy drinks bad for you? Know this about your favorite boost beverages

C ramming the night before a big test. Getting through that mid-morning meeting after the baby kept you up all night . The day you try and beat your best mile time. We all have those moments where we want an extra “boost” – and sometimes, we reach for an energy drink . 

If you’ve ever wondered what’s inside those energy drinks , we’ve got you covered. To find out everything you need to know about energy drinks, we spoke with Kelly Morrow, MS, RDN, FAND, a registered dietitian and clinical affiliate of the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of Washington, and Clara Di Vincenzo, RD, LD, a registered dietitian for the Digestive Health Institute at UT Health Austin.

What are some of the common ingredients in energy drinks and what do they do?

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The main sources of that energy boost: sugar and caffeine . They can give you that energy boost, but it comes at a cost. “Both can give you short-term energy but in the long run, they will make you feel more tired ,” says Morrow. 

For some, caffeine can provide increased energy and more focused concentration. But for others, it can cause detrimental side effects, especially in the high doses commonly found in energy drinks.

“Caffeine acts like adrenaline in the body and when it wears off, it can leave you feeling more tired, especially if you drink it without food,” explains Morrow.

How harmful are energy drinks?

“Everyone breaks down the caffeine in their body at different rates. Those who drink a lot or break it down slowly may have trouble sleeping and may feel anxious . Depending on how much caffeine (energy drinks) contain – some people have had a dangerous irregular heart rhythm after drinking energy drinks. I would not recommend caffeinated energy drinks to anyone with heart disease, high blood pressure , insomnia, anxiety, depression or other mental health problems,” adds Morrow.

The same goes for sugar. Sugar , or carbohydrates, are essential for our cells to function. But excess amounts can be damaging. “With the high amounts of sugar and caffeine seen in energy drinks, we can see a blood sugar spike – which will temporarily increase energy levels, but then we’ll see a crash a couple of hours after,” says Di Vincenzo. “Not to mention some of the long-term effects of excess sugar like insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes,” she adds. 

Another key player in energy drinks: artificial sweeteners . “They (energy drinks) can also have an excess amount of artificial sweeteners,” says Di Vincenzo. “When I say excess amounts of artificial sweeteners we are looking at sorbitol, xylitol and sucralose – these are the most common ones,” explains Di Vincenzo. “These artificial sweeteners are known to worsen IBS (irritable bowel disease) symptoms like bloating, gas and diarrhea.” 

What are other ways to increase energy? 

Both Morrow and Di Vincenzo agreed that there may be better ways to get more energy. They suggest: 

• Staying hydrated
• A good night's sleep
• Eating regular, balanced meals (not skipping meals)
• Getting regular exercise
• Practicing stress reduction techniques like meditation
• Trying more “natural” caffeinated beverages like coffee or tea

Are energy drinks OK in moderation?

Like anything else, the experts agree that with energy drinks moderation is key. But while they may be OK in moderation and on occasion, there are alternatives that may be more beneficial and less harmful than energy drinks. 

Read more about diet, supplements here:

Be careful: Which supplements are most likely to land you in the ER?

More: Energy drinks are not the best summer beverage choice

How much caffeine is dangerous? Here's what to know before having that next cup.

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: Are energy drinks bad for you? Know this about your favorite boost beverages

Sugar-Free Energy Drinks: Examining their Health Effects

The boom of energy drinks in our daily lives is noticeable everywhere, from convenience store shelves to gym lockers. While these energy-packed cans promise us heightened alertness and vigor, there's also a rising concern about their health impact. 

Enter sugar-free energy drinks, the new wave of fizzy elixirs aiming to give us that pep without the sugar crash. But are sugar-free energy drinks good for you? And what are some alternatives you can try? Let's dive into this!

A Brief History of Energy Drinks

During the electric days of the 80s and 90s, energy drinks burst onto the scene as the ultimate sidekick for those burning the midnight oil, pulling all-nighters, or just seeking an adrenaline rush. 

As their popularity soared, they quickly found a dedicated spot next to sodas in our daily routines. But, as with many things we adore, there came a realization. That sugar rush we craved? Well, it came with a hefty price. Not just for our waistlines but our overall health, too. 

The spotlight uncovered the high sugar content in many of these beverages, and folks began seeking alternatives. This was the starting bell for the sugar-free variants we see today.

What Are Sugar-Free Energy Drinks?

Simply put, sugar-free energy drinks are beverages designed to boost your energy and mental alertness without the added sugars. Instead, they're often sweetened with artificial or natural sugar alternatives to keep the taste we love without the calories.

The evolution in our taste buds and health awareness ushered in a new era of sweetening agents. You've probably heard names like stevia, aspartame, or sucralose whispered between the aisles. 

Stevia, derived from the leaves of a plant, has become a darling in the health community for its natural origins. On the other side, aspartame and sucralose are lab-created wonders designed to give that sugary sweetness without the actual sugar. Each has its own unique taste profile, but all aim for the same goal: to satisfy our sweet cravings in a healthier manner.

Creating a sugar-free energy drink that tastes just as delightful as its sugary predecessor is no small feat. Brands invest heaps of time in their labs, working with flavor experts to find that magic balance where sweetness meets satisfaction without compromising on the energizing experience. 

How Popular Are Sugar-Free Energy Drinks?

As more people become health-conscious and look to cut back on sugar, these drinks are soaring in popularity. Walk into any store, and you'll spot them proudly labeled "sugar-free" or "zero sugar."

In recent years, the global market for sugar-free energy drinks has seen an impressive uptick . With an annual growth rate surpassing many of their sugary counterparts, it's clear that consumers are voting with their wallets. Reports even indicate that by 2025, sugar-free versions could dominate a significant chunk of the energy drink market share.

There are several heavy-hitters in the sugar-free energy drink arena. Names like Monster's Ultra series, Red Bull's Sugarfree, and Rockstar's Pure Zero have become household names, loved for their refreshing taste and energy kick. Their marketing strategies resonate with audiences who are increasingly keen on making healthier choices, and their market reception has been nothing short of phenomenal.

Which Ingredients Are Found in Sugar-Free Energy Drinks?

While eliminating sugars, these drinks bank on a handful of potent ingredients to deliver that burst of vitality we often seek. Here's a detailed breakdown.

This naturally occurring stimulant is an essential part of energy drinks. While many of us are familiar with its role in our morning brew of coffee , its use extends far beyond that level in energy drinks. 

Caffeine acts as the central ingredient and powerhouse of energy drinks. It targets the central nervous system, awakening our senses, mitigating fatigue, and enhancing focus. Whether you're pulling an all-nighter or powering through a midday slump, caffeine is the unsung hero, ensuring you stay on your toes.

Beyond just the rush of caffeine, energy drinks often rely on B vitamins for a deeper, more sustained energy output. These vitamins are key when it comes to our metabolic processes . They assist in breaking down food, translating it into energy, and ensuring our cells have the fuel they need. 

By incorporating B vitamins, energy drinks provide not just a momentary spike but support for prolonged vitality.

Amino Acids

While amino acids form the building blocks of proteins in our diet, specific ones like taurine have garnered attention in the world of energy drinks. 

Taurine, both synthesized and found in meat and fish, is infused in these drinks owing to its potential benefits . These range from bolstering metabolic processes to supporting neurological development to even enhancing physical performance in some contexts.

Herbal Extracts

Blending modern science with ancient wisdom, several sugar-free energy drinks weave in herbal extracts. 

Ginseng stands out, often touted for its adaptogenic properties — it might help the body resist stressors. Meanwhile, Ginkgo biloba is sometimes added with the belief it can sharpen mental faculties , promoting alertness and cognitive agility.

What Are the Potential Health Effects of Sugar-Free Energy Drinks?

The main reason sugar-free energy drinks have recently soared in popularity is because they promise more than just satiating your thirst. Packed with a cocktail of ingredients tailored to invigorate, these beverages are making waves in various facets of our daily lives. But what precisely do they bring to the table?

Boost Energy Levels

It's a common experience: the mid-afternoon slump hits , transforming even the simplest tasks into Herculean challenges. Sugar-free energy drinks have strategically positioned themselves as the solution to this ubiquitous problem. 

The potent combination of caffeine and B vitamins acts as an energy catalyst, reigniting your zest and fervor. It's like a turbocharge for your daily routines, allowing you to stay charged and dynamic.

Support Mental Performance

Beyond just physical energy, our cognitive faculties can also take a hit during prolonged tasks, extended drives, or marathon study sessions. Thankfully, sugar-free energy drinks are not just about muscles but minds, too. 

These beverages can significantly cut through mental inertia, sharpening your focus, elongating your attention bandwidth, and, yes, even refining your reflexes. Think of it as a cerebral stimulant, priming your brain to confront and conquer cognitive challenges with newfound vitality.

Weight Management

In the modern quest for health, calorie counting has become almost second nature for many. And in this context, sugar-free energy drinks emerge as a game-changer. 

Gone are the times when seeking an energy uplift meant grappling with the accompanying baggage of added sugars and calories. These revamped beverages provide the vim and vigor without the calorific pitfalls. 

For those threading the path of weight consciousness, these drinks encapsulate the essence of “having your cake and eating it too.” They offer the desired boost while seamlessly aligning with your nutritional goals.

Exercise Performance

For the fitness enthusiasts and athletes among us, there's an added layer of allure. These drinks are not just about mental and day-to-day energy; they can also be integral to workout regimens. Given the caffeine core of these beverages, they have the potential to bolster endurance, making those prolonged workouts feel less exhausting. 

Moreover, there's emerging evidence suggesting caffeine's role in enhancing muscle strength and power. Whether it's weightlifting, cardio sessions, or even rhythmic aerobics, having a sugar-free energy drink by your side is like having an invisible trainer pushing you just that bit further.

What Are the Drawbacks of Sugarfree Energy Drinks?

While sugar-free energy drinks present a promising alternative for those watching their sugar intake, it's essential to be well-informed about their potential drawbacks. A holistic understanding will equip you to make balanced and informed choices.

Heart Health

Sugar-free energy drinks might present a tantalizing option, especially when the afternoon slog hits, but over-reliance can be detrimental. Excessive consumption can potentially lead to increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure . This is especially concerning for those with existing heart conditions or a family history of cardiovascular diseases. 

Tachycardia, or an abnormally fast heartbeat, can be alarming and is often associated with palpitations, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Those predisposed to heart ailments should be particularly careful with their intake. It's crucial to remember that just because it's sugar-free doesn't mean it's risk-free.

Sleep Disruption

Energy drinks, by design, are meant to revitalize and rejuvenate. They're excellent for those moments when alertness is paramount. However, consuming them later in the day can inadvertently play havoc with your sleep patterns. 

The high caffeine content can interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep. Prolonged sleep disturbances can, over time, result in chronic sleep deprivation, which has its own set of health concerns, including impaired cognitive function and a weakened immune system. 

Individual Sensitivity

Every individual's metabolism and tolerance to stimulants are distinct. While many can enjoy an energy drink without a second thought, others might experience adverse reactions . Some individuals have reported jitteriness, an overwhelming surge of energy followed by a rapid crash, or even migraine-like headaches after consuming energy drinks. 

Such heightened sensitivities can be attributed to genetic predispositions or underlying health conditions. If you're new to the world of energy drinks, it's a good idea to start with smaller quantities, monitor your body's response, and adjust your intake accordingly.

Nutrient Interactions

Lastly, an often-overlooked aspect is the potential interaction between the ingredients of energy drinks and medications. For instance, the caffeine in energy drinks can potentially interfere with certain medications . 

And for those managing specific health conditions like diabetes or hormonal imbalances, the ingredients, even if sugar-free, could have unforeseen repercussions. 

This is why consulting with a healthcare provider is key before integrating these drinks into your daily regimen. It’s a proactive step to ensure that the vitality you seek doesn't come at the expense of your overall health.

How Do L’Evate You Products Compare to Sugar-Free Energy Drinks?

Diving deeper into the essence of energy, let's shine a light on the concept of mitochondrial health . The easiest way to define the mitochondria (without getting too sciency) is to think of it as the battery of a cell. 

A battery that’s broken, old, and neglected isn’t going to operate as efficiently as a brand-new one that’s being properly taken care of. The same concept applies to the mitochondria in your cells. 

Here at L’Evate You, we recognize the importance of mitochondria and have created formulas specifically designed to support them. For example, our exclusive M-Charge Complex is designed to properly fuel the mitochondria and ensure that you’re charged from the inside out. 

Our products aren’t interested in the quick jolt of energy associated with sugar and caffeine. At L’Evate You, it’s all about sustained energy to keep you running for longer with no energy crash looming. 

The Bottom Line

The world of energy drinks is vast and varied. On one end, you have the sugar-free delights offering a punch of pep, and on the other, revolutionary products like L'Evate You redefine what it means to be energized. 

It's not just about the buzz; it's about ensuring that buzz is rooted in genuine health benefits.

As you stand at the crossroads of energy choices, consider this: Do you want a temporary spark or a sustained glow? Next time you reach out for that can of energy, pause and ponder. Maybe it's time to swap it for a sip that supports not just energy but also well-being. 

Energy Drink Consumption: Beneficial and Adverse Health Effects | PMC

Facts About Sugar and Sugar Substitutes | Johns Hopkins Medicine

Energy Drinks Are Surging. So Are Their Caffeine Levels | The New York Times

Global Sugar Free Beverages Market - 2023-2030 | Market Research

B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

Review: Taurine: A “Very Essential” Amino Acid | PMC

The Memory Enhancing Effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng Combination in Healthy Middle-Aged Volunteers | NCBI Bookshelf

Counting Calories: Get Back to Weight-Loss Basics | Mayo Clinic

Effects of Caffeine Intake on Muscle Strength and Power: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PMC

Energy Drink-Associated Cardiomyopathy after Excessive Consumption: A Case Report | PMC

Interaction of Energy Drinks with Prescription Medication and Drugs of Abuse | PMC