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A Physicist Explains Why Parallel Universes May Exist

The supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. Smithsonian Institute/via Flickr hide caption

The supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.

Our universe might be really, really big — but finite. Or it might be infinitely big.

Both cases, says physicist Brian Greene, are possibilities, but if the latter is true, so is another posit: There are only so many ways matter can arrange itself within that infinite universe. Eventually, matter has to repeat itself and arrange itself in similar ways. So if the universe is infinitely large, it is also home to infinite parallel universes.

Does that sound confusing? Try this:

Think of the universe like a deck of cards.

"Now, if you shuffle that deck, there's just so many orderings that can happen," Greene says. "If you shuffle that deck enough times, the orders will have to repeat. Similarly, with an infinite universe and only a finite number of complexions of matter, the way in which matter arranges itself has to repeat."

Greene, the author of The Elegant Universe and The Fabric of the Cosmos , tackles the existence of multiple universes in his latest book, The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos .

Recent discoveries in physics and astronomy, he says, point to the idea that our universe may be one of many universes populating a grander multiverse.

"You almost can't avoid having some version of the multiverse in your studies if you push deeply enough in the mathematical descriptions of the physical universe," he says. "There are many of us thinking of one version of parallel universe theory or another. If it's all a lot of nonsense, then it's a lot of wasted effort going into this far-out idea. But if this idea is correct, it is a fantastic upheaval in our understanding."

How Quantum Mechanics And General Relativity Play A Part

Greene thinks the key to understanding these multiverses comes from string theory, the area of physics he has studied for the past 25 years.

In a nutshell, string theory attempts to reconcile a mathematical conflict between two already accepted ideas in physics: quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.

"Einstein's theory of relativity does a fantastic job for explaining big things," Greene says. "Quantum mechanics is fantastic for the other end of the spectrum — for small things. The big problem is that each theory is great for each realm, but when they confront each other, they are ferocious antagonists, and the mathematics falls apart."

The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos By Brian Greene Hardcover, 384 pages Knopf List price: $29.95

Read An Excerpt

String theory smooths out the mathematical inconsistencies that currently exist between quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. It posits that the entire universe can be explained in terms of really, really small strings that vibrate in 10 or 11 dimensions — meaning dimensions we can't see. If it exists, it could explain literally everything in the universe — from subatomic particles to the laws of speed and gravity.

So what does this have to do with the possibility that a multiverse exists?

"There are a couple of multiverses that come out of our study of string theory," Greene says. "Within string theory, the strings that we're talking about are not the only entities that this theory allows. It also allows objects that look like large flying carpets, or membranes, which are two dimensional surfaces. And what that means, within string theory, is that we may be living on one of those gigantic surfaces, and there can be other surfaces floating out there in space."

That theory, he says, might be testable in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

"If we are living on one of these giant membranes, then the following can happen: When you slam particles together — which is what happens at the LHC — some debris from those collisions can be ejected off of our membrane and be ejected into the greater cosmos in which our membrane floats," he says. "If that happens, that debris will take away some energy. So if we measure the amount of energy just before the protons collide and compare it with the amount of energy just after they collide, if there's a little less after — and it's less in just the right way — it would indicate that some had flown off, indicating that this membrane picture is correct."

Greene explains that when he began studying string theory and parallel universes, it wasn't because he could one day measure energy at CERN or develop new mathematical equations. He simply liked the idea, he says, of studying something on such a large scale.

"We're trying to talk about not just the universe but perhaps other universes — but all within a logical framework that allows us to make some definitive statements," he says. "To me, that's enormously exciting, to step outside the everyday and really look at the universe, within these mathematical terms, on its grandest scales."

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The Hidden Reality

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Excerpt: 'The Hidden Reality'

Do parallel universes exist? We might live in a multiverse.

Sci-fi loves parallel universes. But could we really be in one?

• Eternal inflation & the Big Bang theory
• Quantum mechanics
• Infinite space

The mirror-image universe

• Multiverse: For and against

Parallel universes in fiction

Parallel universes are no longer just a feature of a good sci-fi story. There are now some scientific theories that support the idea of parallel universes beyond our own. However, the multiverse theory remains one of the most controversial theories in science. 

Our universe is unimaginably big. Hundreds of billions, if not trillions, of galaxies spin through space, each containing billions or trillions of stars . Some researchers studying models of the universe speculate that the universe's diameter could be 7 billion light-years across. Others think it could be infinite.

But is it all that's out there? Science fiction loves the idea of a parallel universe, and the thought that we might be living just one of an infinite number of possible lives. Multiverses aren't reserved for "Star Trek," "Spiderman" and "Doctor Who," though. Real scientific theory explores, and in some cases supports, the case for universes outside, parallel to, or distant from but mirroring our own. 

Multiverses and parallel worlds are often argued in the context of other major scientific concepts like the Big Bang , string theory and quantum mechanics . 

Related: How big is the universe?

Eternal inflation, the Big Bang theory and parallel universes

Around 13.7 billion years ago, everything we know of was an infinitesimal singularity. Then, according to the Big Bang theory, it burst into action, inflating faster than the speed of light in all directions for a tiny fraction of a second. Before 10^-32 seconds had passed, the universe had exploded outward to 10^26 times its original size in a process called cosmic inflation . And that's all before the actual expansion of matter that we usually think of as the Big Bang itself, which was a consequence of all this inflation: As the inflation slowed, a flood of matter and radiation appeared, creating the classic Big Bang fireball, and began to form the atoms, molecules, stars and galaxies that populate the vastness of space that surrounds us. 

Related: How an inflating universe could create a multiverse  

That mysterious process of inflation and the Big Bang have convinced some researchers that multiple universes are possible, or even very likely. According to theoretical physicist Alexander Vilenkin of Tufts University in Massachusetts, inflation didn't end everywhere at the same time. While it ended for everything that we can detect from Earth 13.8 billion years ago, cosmic inflation in fact continues in other places. This is called the theory of eternal inflation. And as inflation ends in a particular place, a new bubble universe forms, Vilenkin wrote for Scientific American in 2011. 

Those bubble universes can't contact each other because they continue to expand indefinitely. If we were to set off for the edge of our bubble, where it might butt up against the next bubble universe over, we'd never reach it because the edge is zipping away from us faster than the speed of light, and faster than we could ever travel.

Related: How many stars are in the universe?  

But even if we could reach the next bubble, according to eternal inflation (combined with string theory), our familiar universe with its physical constants and habitable conditions could be totally different from the hypothetical bubble universe next to our own. 

"This picture of the universe, or multiverse, as it is called, explains the long-standing mystery of why the constants of nature appear to be fine-tuned for the emergence of life," Vilenkin wrote. "The reason is that intelligent observers exist only in those rare bubbles in which, by pure chance, the constants happen to be just right for life to evolve. The rest of the multiverse remains barren, but no one is there to complain about that."

Vilenkin's explanation implies that in some of the infinite bubble universes outside our own, there could be other intelligent observers. But in every instant that passes, we get farther away from them, and we will never intersect.

Quantum mechanics and parallel universes

Some researchers base their ideas of parallel universes on quantum mechanics, the mathematical description of subatomic particles. In quantum mechanics, multiple states of existence for tiny particles are all possible at the same time — a "wave function" encapsulates all of those possibilities. However, when we actually look, we only ever observe one of the possibilities. According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics as described by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , we observe an outcome when the wave function "collapses" into a single reality. 

But the many-worlds theory proposes instead that every time one state, or outcome, is observed, there is another "world" in which a different quantum outcome becomes reality. This is a branching arrangement, in which instant by instant, our perceived universe branches into near-infinite alternatives. Those alternate universes are completely separate and unable to intersect, so while there may be uncountable versions of you living a life that's slightly — or wildly — different from your life in this world, you'd never know it. 

Related: Black holes, aliens, multiverse & Mars: Space TED talks you need to watch  

The many-worlds theory is the most "courageous" take on the quandary of quantum mechanics, physicist Sean Carroll wrote in his book, " Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime " (Dutton, 2019). He also argued that it is the most straightforward theory, although not without wrinkles. 

One of those wrinkles is that the many-worlds idea is not really falsifiable. This is an important component of scientific thought and is the way the scientific community develops ideas that can be explored with observation and experimentation. If there's no opportunity to find evidence against a theory, that's bad for science as a whole, science journalist John Horgan argued in a blog post for Scientific American .

Infinite space, infinite universes?

Some physicists believe in a flatter version of multiple universes. That is, if the universe that we live in goes on forever, there are only so many ways that the building blocks of matter can arrange themselves as they assemble across infinite space. Eventually, any finite number of particle types must repeat a particular arrangement. Hypothetically, in a big enough space, those particles must repeat arrangements as large as entire solar systems and galaxies.

So, your entire life might be repeated elsewhere in the universe, down to what you ate for breakfast yesterday. At least, that's the theory.

But if the universe began at a finite point, as nearly every physicist agrees that it did, an alternate version of you likely doesn't exist, according to astrophysicist Ethan Siegel's 2015 Medium article. 

According to Siegel, "the number of possible outcomes from particles in any Universe interacting with one another tends towards infinity faster than the number of possible Universes increases due to inflation." 

"So what does this mean for you?" Siegel wrote. "It means it's up to you to make this Universe count."

In a relatively recent addition to the pantheon of multiverse theories, researchers from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, have proposed that the universe began at the Big Bang — and on the opposite side of the Big Bang timeline, stretching backwards in time, a universe once existed that was the exact mirror image of our own. 

"Instead of saying there was a different universe before the bang, we're saying that the universe before the bang is actually, in some sense, an image of the universe after the bang," Neil Turok, a Perimeter Institute researcher, told Space.com sister site Live Science .

That means everything — protons, electrons, even actions like cracking an egg — would be reversed. Antiprotons and positively charged electrons would make up atoms, while eggs would un-crack and make their way back inside chickens. Eventually, that universe would shrink down, presumably to a singularity, before expanding out into our own universe.

Seen another way, both universes were created at the Big Bang and exploded simultaneously backward and forward in time.

Multiverse: Arguments for and against

Arguments for the multiverse theory.

Cosmic inflation 

Our universe grew exponentially in the first moments of its existence, but was this expansion uniform? If not, it suggests different regions of space grew at different rates — and may be isolated from one another.

Mathematical constants 

How are the laws of the universe so exact? Some propose that this happened only by chance — we are the one universe out of many that happened to get the numbers right. 

The observable universe

What is beyond the edge of the observable space around us? No one knows for sure, and until we do (which could be never), the thought that ou universe extends indefinitely is an interesting one. 

Arguments against the multiverse theory

Falsifiability 

There is no way for us to ever test theories of the multiverse. We will never see beyond the observable universe, so if there is no way to disprove the theories, should they even be given credence? 

Occam's razor 

Sometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. Some physicists argue that we don't need the multiverse theory at all. It doesn't solve any paradoxes, and only creates complications. 

No evidence 

Not only can we not disprove any multiverse theory, we can't prove them either. We currently have no evidence that multiverses exists, and everything we can see suggests there is just one universe — our own. 

Countless works of myth and fiction draw from ideas of parallel universes and the multiverse. Overlapping worlds make appearances in Norse mythology as well as Buddhist and Hindu cosmology. The idea of multiple universes coming into contact showed up in print as early as Edwin A. Abbott's novella "Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions" (Seeley & Co., 1884), and can still be seen in recent movies such as the 2016 Marvel film "Doctor Strange." An entire genre of Japanese graphic novels, called isekai, deals with characters transported to parallel worlds, as described by the New York Public Library . 

Nearly every "Star Trek" series incorporates some form of mirror universe, and the 2009 reboot film starring Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto took subsequent "Star Trek" movies into an entirely new timeline that explicitly branches off from the original series.

And comics, as well as their corresponding movies, delve deeply into the idea of parallel worlds. Recent Marvel Comics' storylines (both film and in print), DC's Flashpoint arc and 2018's "Into the Spider-Verse" all explore multiple universes and the intersections between them.

This is an incomplete list of some appearances of multiverses, split-timeline universes and parallel universes in fiction:

• Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
• Terminator Genisys (2015) 
• Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the Second Dimension (2011) 
• Star Trek (2009) 
• Donnie Darko (2001) 
• Run Lola Run (1998) 
• Sliding Doors (1998) 
• Back to the Future 1-3 (1985, 1989, 1990) 
• The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension (1984)
• Star Trek: Discovery, multiple episodes 
• Star Trek: Enterprise, multiple episodes 
• Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, multiple episodes 
• Star Trek: The Next Generation, "Parallels" (Episode 11, Season 7) (1993) 
• Star Trek: The Original Series, "Mirror, Mirror", (Episode 4, Season 2) (1967) 
• Doctor Who, multiple episodes  
• Sliders, entire series 
• Community, "Remedial Chaos Theory" (Episode 4, Season 3) (2011) 
• Rick and Morty, multiple episodes 
• Futurama, multiple episodes 
• Eureka, multiple episodes 
• Agents of Shield, multiple episodes
• "The Chronicles of Narnia" series (Geoffrey Bles, 1950-56) by C. S. Lewis
• "His Dark Materials" series (Scholastic, 1995-2000) by Phillip Pullman
• The "Discworld" series (HarperCollins, 1983-2015) by Terry Pratchett
• "Men Like Gods" (Macmillan, 1923) by H. G. Wells
• "The Dark Tower" series (Donald M. Grant, 1982-2012) by Stephen King

Video games

• BioShock Infinite, 2013
• Kingdom Hearts, 2002-2020
• Chrono Cross, 1999
• Half-Life, 1998-2020
• Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, 2004
• Zero Escape, 2009-2016

This article was adapted in part from previous work by Space.com contributor Elizabeth Howell. 

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The science behind parallel universes explained.

August 16, 2016 | Kelly Tatera

MinutePhysics breaks down some of the most popular multiverse theories. 

If parallel universes exist, there could be another version of yourself living a completely different life on some otherworldly planet. Unfortunately, we’re not at the point where scientists can confidently say there’s any solid evidence that confirms these parallel universes truly exist, but there are some compelling multiverse theories.

MinutePhysics delves into some of the most popular multiverse theories, including Bubble “universes” and the Many Worlds hypothesis, explaining them in simplified terms — all in under five minutes.

Check out their video below and prepare for your mind to be blown.

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The Big Ideas: What Is Reality?

In a Parallel Universe, Another You

As they probe the secrets of the cosmos, scientists question whether our reality is but one in a multiverse.

By Michio Kaku

Dr. Kaku is a physicist.

This essay is part of a series called The Big Ideas, in which writers respond to a single question: What is reality? You can read more by visiting The Big Ideas series page .

When I was 8 years old, a revelation forever changed my life.

The year was 1955, and newspaper headlines announced the death of a renowned scientist. A photo accompanied one article, showing his office desk strewn with papers and books. As I recall, the photo caption noted that among the stacks of material was an unfinished manuscript.

I was captivated by this discovery. What could be so challenging that this man, often hailed as one of the greatest scientists of all time, could not complete this work? I had to find out, and over the years I visited libraries to learn more about him.

His name was Albert Einstein. His unfinished work explored what would be known as the theory of everything, an equation, perhaps no more than an inch long, that would allow us to unify all the laws of physics. It would, as Einstein had hoped, give us a glimpse into the mind of God. “I want to know his thoughts,” he famously said. I was hooked.

Today, many of the world’s top physicists are embarking on this cosmic quest, whose far-reaching reverberations span our understanding of reality and the meaning of existence. It would be the crowning achievement of thousands of years of scientific investigation, since ancient civilizations also wondered how the universe was created and what it is made of. The ultimate goal of the theory of everything is to combine Einstein’s theory of relativity with the bizarre world of quantum theory.

In essence, the theory of relativity delves into the cosmos’s most massive phenomena: things like black holes and the birth of the universe. The domain of relativity is nothing less than the entire cosmos. Quantum theory, on the other hand, explores the behavior of matter on the most minuscule level. Its domain encompasses the tiniest particles of nature, those hidden deep inside the atom.

Unifying these two spheres of thought into a single and coherent theory is an ambitious undertaking, one that builds on and adds to the work that Einstein began. But to do this, scientists must first determine a crucial truth: where the universe came from.

This is where our two spheres of thought pointedly diverge.

If we subscribe to Einstein’s relativity theory, the universe is a bubble of some sort that is expanding. We live on the skin of this bubble, and it exploded 13.8 billion years ago, giving us the Big Bang. This birthed the singular cosmos as we know it.

Quantum theory is based on a radically different picture — one of multiplicity. Subatomic particles, you see, can exist simultaneously in multiple states. Take the electron, a subatomic particle that carries a negative charge. Wondrous devices in our lives, such as transistors, computers and lasers, are all possible because the electron, in some sense, can be in several places at the same time. Its behavior defies our conventional understanding of reality.

Here is the key: In the same way that quantum theory forces us to introduce multiple electrons simultaneously, applying that theory to the entire universe makes us have to introduce multiple universes — a multiverse of universes. By that logic, the solitary bubble introduced by Einstein now becomes a bubble bath of parallel universes, constantly splitting in two or bumping into other bubbles. In this scenario, a Big Bang could perpetually happen in distant regions, representing the collision or merging of these bubble universes.

In physics, the concept of a multiverse is a key element of a leading area of study based on the theory of everything. It’s called string theory, which is the focus of my research. In this picture, subatomic particles are just different notes on a tiny, vibrating string, which explains why we have so many of them. Each string vibration, or resonance, corresponds to a distinct particle. The harmonies of the string correspond to the laws of physics. The melodies of the string explain chemistry.

By this thinking, the universe is a symphony of strings. String theory, in turn, posits an infinite number of parallel universes , of which our universe is just one.

A conversation I once had with the theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg illustrates this. Imagine sitting in your living room, he told me, listening to the radio. In the room are the waves from hundreds of different radio stations, but your radio is tuned to just one frequency. You can hear only the station that is coherent to your radio; in other words, it vibrates in unison with your transistors.

Now, imagine your living room is filled with the waves of all the electrons and atoms vibrating in that space. These waves might hint at alternate realities — ones with, say, dinosaurs or aliens — right there in your living room. But it’s difficult to interact with them, because you don’t vibrate coherently with them. We have unfastened ourselves from these alternate realities.

There’s an exercise my colleagues and I sometimes present to our Ph.D. students in theoretical physics. We ask them to solve a problem by calculating the probability that one will wake up on Mars tomorrow. Quantum theory is based on what is known as Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, allowing for a small probability that we can exist even on distant places like Mars. So there’s a tiny but calculable likelihood that our quantum wave will tunnel its way through space-time and wind up there.

But when you do the calculation, you find that for this to happen you’d have to wait longer than the lifetime of the universe. That is, most likely you’ll wake up in your bed tomorrow, not on Mars. To paraphrase the great British geneticist J.B.S. Haldane, reality is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose.

It’s been more than six decades since Einstein’s death, yet I keep going back to that photo of his desk that I saw as an 8-year-old, the work he left unfinished and its profound implications. In the quest to meld two opposing perspectives of the universe, we’re left with a host of deeply unsettling questions. Might we also exist in multiple states? What might we be doing if we had chosen a different career? Married someone else? What if we could somehow change important episodes in our past? As Einstein once wrote, “The distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.”

Maybe there are copies of us living entirely different lives. If this theory of everything is correct, then perhaps there is a parallel universe where we are billionaires plotting our next escapade, or where we subsist as vagrants desperately searching for our next meal. Who knows? A simple quantum fork in the road might have made all the difference.

Michio Kaku is a professor of physics at the City University of New York and the author of “The God Equation.”

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Dante Lauretta, the planetary scientist who led the OSIRIS-REx mission to retrieve a handful of space dust , discusses his next final frontier.

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The Real Science of the Multiverse

Explaining some of the mind-bending science behind the popular science fiction trope.

The Marvel Cinematic Universe is immense—and with the addition of the “multiverse,” it’s growing even bigger. It’s a classic science fiction trope, allowing characters to jump between timelines and realities and even encounter alternative versions of themselves. Marvel’s latest Spider-man film showcases a rogues gallery from across parallel universes. And as fantastical as it sounds, Marvel’s web of timey-wimey weirdness may not be that far off from reality.

“ The notion of parallel universes leapt out of the pages of fiction into scientific journals in the 1990s ,” writes cosmologist George Ellis in Scientific American . “Many scientists claim that mega-millions of other universes, each with its own laws of physics, lie out there, beyond our visual horizon. They are collectively known as the multiverse.”

Real-life multiverse theories include everything from branching timelines to exact copies of our world . Physicist Max Tegmark has arranged four distinct “levels” of multiverse into a hierarchy , where each type of universe grows progressively different from our own.

The most straightforward multiverse scenario is the Level I Multiverse. First, we must assume that space is infinite, stretching out in all directions, forever. However, the observable universe (everything we can see) is not infinite. Parallel worlds lie beyond this cosmic horizon. Basically, space is so mind-blowingly big that, eventually, it has to repeat itself. This includes the existence of perfect doppelgängers (Tegmark uses probability to estimate that your nearest duplicate is 10^118 meters away). According to Ellis, “Nearly all cosmologists today (including me) accept this type of multiverse.” In a Level I multiverse, Tom Holland’s Spider-man could certainly exist alongside Andrew Garfield’s and Toby Maguire’s Spider-men.

The Level II multiverse is trippier. According to Tegmark, it is comprised of “an infinite set of distinct Level I multiverses, some perhaps with different spacetime dimensionality and different physical constants.” As the vacuum of space continues to expand and spawn other universes, “some regions of space stop stretching and form distinct bubbles, like gas pockets in a loaf of rising bread,” explains Tegmark. When Dr. Strange travels to an unfamiliar, psychedelic dimension, he may have popped into one of the Level II multiverse bubbles.

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At Level III, we find the multiverse scenario has “drawn the most fire in the past decades,” writes Tegmark. Unlike the other models, this theory doesn’t add qualitatively new universes. Instead, the multiverse forms around you, as random events cause the timeline to split. Imagine rolling a die, and instead of landing on a single number, it lands on all values at once. We can “conclude that the die lands on different values in different universes,” writes Tegmark. Voila ! Six new branches of reality are formed. This mind-bending model is called the “many-worlds interpretation.” It may seem familiar if you’ve watched the Marvel show Loki , where time-traveling agents work to prune the branching timeline, and avert random events that could cause it to split out of control.

Once you reach the final level, Level IV, all bets are off. It is comprised of multiverse models that don’t obey even the most fundamental laws of nature. Tegmark calls it “the ultimate type of parallel universe.” This models “opens up the full realm of possibility,” he continues. “Universes can differ not just in location, cosmological properties or quantum state but also in the laws of physics. Existing outside of space and time, they are almost impossible to visualize; the best one can do is to think of them abstractly, as static sculptures that represent the mathematical structure of the physical laws that govern them.” Perhaps we’ll get to see this type of multiverse in Marvel’s next project?

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Parallel Universe Theory- Explained

Jun 14, 2022

Quinton Pacheco

Description

In this video, I go over the reasoning behind the parallel universe theory in a simplistic manner. Briefly mentioning the science behind it, Hollywood's portrayal, and literature benefits of this topic. I hope you all enjoy!

Hello everyone. I'd like to start off by addressing a theme. I came up with. The theme of this video would be that while each one of us have the ability to make our own rightful decisions theoretically there are many more of ourselves making other decisions. Travel University theory was believed in by Stephen Hawking after advancements in quantum mechanics towards the end of his life. Many others now are coming out to pursue his theory of coexisting parallel universes due to the Big Bang, creating alternate dimensions and ultimately multiple universes rather than just our one, It is debated that our universe should be expanding much, much faster than what it already is meaning in other universes. They have different expansion rates and even different laws of physics. The universes aren't connected to one another and ultimately live their own parallel life. If we were to discover evidence of the collision between two universes as a pattern of light called CMB cosmic microwave background. That leads us to believe the parallel universe theory exists eventually. This will help us understand the laws of physics more so and why our universe's expansion rate is so small. Throughout Hollywood we have seen this theory being brought to mind with common movies like Doctor Strange, Spiderman, Interstellar and many more. This theory is a very interesting topic for me and I believe it is something that we should keep on the lookout for. However, there are always more pressing matters for scientists to adhere what this means for writing. Writing and literature is go crazy with it. It's a great concept that can make amazing novels. Thank you for listening to me.

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Parallel Universes Template

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Parallel Universes

Jul 29, 2014

170 likes | 658 Views

Parallel Universes. Parallel. Parallel. Dr Susan Cartwright Dept of Physics and Astronomy University of Sheffield. Parallel Universes. Are you unique? Could there be another “you” differing only in what you had for breakfast this morning?

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• very difficult
• unreasonable effectiveness
• second world war
• effective laws

Presentation Transcript

Parallel Universes Parallel Parallel Dr Susan Cartwright Dept of Physics and Astronomy University of Sheffield

Parallel Universes • Are you unique? • Could there be another “you” differing only in what you had for breakfast this morning? • Could there be another Europe in which Germany won the second world war? • Could there be another Earth which wasn’t hit by a comet 65 million years ago, and on which dinosaurs are still the dominant group? • Could there be another Universe, in which not just history but all of physics is different? • All of these questions come under the heading of “parallel universes”

Parallel Universes • Consequences of an infinite universe • that which is not forbidden is compulsory • Consequences of cosmology • Chaotic inflation • Braneworlds • Consequences of quantum mechanics • Many Worlds • Consequences of mathematics • Mathematics as reality

An infinite universe a very, very long way! Our Hubble volume An exactly identical Hubble volume Same physical laws, different initial conditions

Cosmology: inflation Same “fundamental” (high energy) physical laws, different effective laws Some cosmologists see this as a good way of explaining “unexpectedly helpful” values of physical constants

Cosmology: braneworlds Same “fundamental” (high energy) physical laws, different effective laws May communicate with our universe via gravity

The “Many Worlds” of Quantum Mechanics Every possible outcome of a quantum event happens. Same fundamental physical laws, possibly different effective laws.

“The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics” [Eugene Wigner, 1960] Mathematical structures do an unexpectedly good job of describing the universe Is the universe a mathematical structure? Are all sufficiently complicated mathematical structures universes?

Summary • If the universe is infinite (our best current guess) then “parallel Earths” are inevitable because they are possible • but they’re a VERY long way away • If chaotic inflation and/or braneworlds are right, then there are entire other universes • probably with quite different local physics • If the “many worlds” interpretation of quantum mechanics is right, multiple “parallel universes” must coexist right here • but we only perceive one • If some abstract mathematicians are right, any sufficiently complex mathematical structure could be experienced as a universe • very difficult to visualise or test!

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daniel.haxx.se

I survived curl up 2024

On Friday May 3, 2024 I had several of my curl friends over for dinner in my house. An unusually warm and sunny spring day with a temperature reaching twenty degrees centigrade.

The curl up 2024 weekend started excellently and the following morning we all squeezed ourselves into a conference room in downtown Stockholm. I had rented a room in a hotel in the city center for two days.

curl up is never a big meeting/conference but we have in the past sometimes been around twenty-five attendees. This year’s amount of fifteen was the smallest so far, but in this small set of people we have a set of long-term well-known curl contributors. It is not a big list of attendees that creates a good curl up.

We started by making sure every attendee got their needs of curl t-shirts, curl mugs, curl stickers and curl coasters satisfied. The t-shirts of the year are “forest green” with the curl logo in white on the front and the curl symbol slightly larger on the back.

I have spare t-shirts that I intend to distribute to people I meet over the coming year. Before you ask: no, there is no way to buy these.

I had tested my external microphone setup at home but it just refused to work when at the venue. We struggled for a while until we had to surrender and fall back to using the built-in microphone in the webcam that we used for recording the video. This is why the sound is low in all recordings we did. A little disappointing. Sorry for this.

I live-streamed the entire event over twitch. We had in total over 460 unique viewers over the days and at times at least we had over 30 concurrent sustained viewers. This made us at least sometimes have twice the size audience online as in the room. In spite of the sound issue.

I also noticed that my trusty old laptop was maybe a little weak for this purpose as it struggled to stream and save the recordings at high frame rates.

The state of curl 2024

Where are we, what did we do last year or so? Who did the work? How often? How much?

Apparently this is not a real word, but Stefan Eissing pushes for language development in this presentation where he talks about changes and improvements he worked on in curl over the last few years.

Fuzzing curl

James Fuller talks about his work on generating “fun” curl command lines in order to find those that might not be handled correctly.

Implementing parallel testing

Dan Fandrich talks about the journey from serial to fully parallel tests in curl.

curl containers

James is back and talks about where the curl containers are right now.

I talk about the security situation in curl as of right now and the last year.

End of day 1

We topped off this packed day with a twenty minute walk through a sunny Stockholm down to the water where we could sit outside and have a few drinks before we moved over to the restaurant where we ended the evening with a joint dinner. A great first day!

The nice weather was gone. The temperature dropped ten degrees and the rain poured down most of this day.

HTTP/1/2/3 Performance

Stefan Eissing warms up the day. About his work on HTTP refactors and related performance improvements.

This is the newcomer in the curl family and I talked a little about what it is and why it exists.

Apple Specialties

Christian has improved curl on Apple devices, which he talks about.

rust in curl

You can build curl to use third party components written in rust. This is where we are now and what might happen next. Or not.

Test clutch

Dan talks about his work on improving curl tests and their reliability.

We don’t know much about the future but there are some plans and there are at least some ideas…

End of curl up 2024

The rest of day two was mostly spent hanging out and talking about life, the universe and various things curl. People started leaving and by five o’clock we shut the door for the last time this time around. We had survived curl up 2024.

After all these talks, discussions, dinners, beers, coffees, challenging questions, brainstorms over 48 hours, I was exhausted and drained of energy. Apart from the recording problem, I think almost everything else in the event organization went as smoothly as we could have wished for. The venue, the food, the coffee etc worked perfectly for us.

Planning ahead for 2025

We will most certainly run another curl up event in 2025 in roughly the same frame of the year as we did now. The idea is then to visit another capital city in Europe. Stay tuned for coming announcements of date and location for that.

3 thoughts on “I survived curl up 2024”

I wouldn’t recommend Brussels. I went there this year and I was very disappointed.

Thanks for organizing it all, Daniel! It’s so much more work than people realize, but it was a great success!

One of the best conferences I ever attended. Thank you for organizing it!

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