rural development in india essay hindi

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गांव का विकास देश का विकास निबंध। Essay on rural development in hindi

गांव का विकास देश का विकास निबंध। Essay on rural development in hindi : भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है। भारत की तीन चौथाई जनसंख्या गांवों में रहती है। ग्रामीण भारत ही वास्तव में भारत की शक्ति एवं समृद्धि का निर्धारण करता है किंतु दुर्भाग्य से हमारे गांवों ने शताब्दियों की उपेक्षा सहन की है। नतीजा यह है कि हमारे गांवों की साधारण दशा संतोषजनक नहीं है। 70 वर्ष बाद भी हम ग्रामीण और शहरी जीवन के अंतर को कम करने में सफल नहीं हुए हैं। गांव की जनसंख्या के प्रति व्यक्ति आय शहरी जनसंख्या के प्रति व्यक्ति आय से कहीं कम है।

गांव का विकास देश का विकास निबंध। E ssay on rural development in hindi

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Essay on Rural Development

ग्रामीण विकास क्या है? ग्रामीण विकास से तात्पर्य ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रहने वाले लोगों की जीवन स्थितियों में सुधार या उत्थान की प्रक्रिया से है।

ग्रामीण विकास का महत्व: भारत के लोग ज्यादातर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों (गांवों) में रहते हैं। इसलिए, यह गांवों के दिल में है कि राष्ट्र रहता है। वास्तव में, “भारत की आत्मा ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों के परिश्रम में है”। भारत का कल्याण गांवों की समृद्धि पर निर्भर करता है।

ग्रामीण विकास के तरीके और साधन: हमारी आजादी के बाद गांवों की स्थिति में सुधार हुआ है। हमारे गांवों की समस्याएं कई और विविध हैं। उनके समाधान के लिए सरकार और जनता दोनों के बुद्धिमान मार्गदर्शन की जरूरत है।

ग्रामीण विकास के तरीके और साधन:

जनता की शिक्षा
वयस्कों के लिए रात्रि विद्यालयों की स्थापना
स्वच्छता में सुधार
सस्ती चिकित्सा सहायता के प्रावधान
अच्छी सड़कों का निर्माण
सहकारी ऋण समितियों की स्थापना

पढ़े-लिखे लोगों को गांवों में जाकर वहीं बसना चाहिए। ग्रामीणों की अज्ञानता को दूर करने के लिए सामूहिक शिक्षा की शुरुआत की जानी चाहिए। इसे अनिवार्य और मुफ्त दोनों बनाया जाना चाहिए। वयस्कों को प्राथमिक स्वच्छता और खेती के वैज्ञानिक तरीके सिखाने के लिए नाइट स्कूल स्थापित किए जाने चाहिए।

स्वच्छता में सुधार के लिए जंगलों को काटा जाना चाहिए। शुद्ध पेयजल की व्यापक स्तर पर आपूर्ति की व्यवस्था की जाए। नलकूपों को डूबो देना चाहिए, नये कुँए और तालाब खोदने चाहिए। ग्रामीणों को उचित चिकित्सा सहायता प्रदान करने के लिए प्रत्येक गांव में एक अस्पताल और एक धर्मार्थ औषधालय होना चाहिए।

ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में सड़कों और संचार के अन्य साधनों में सुधार किया जाना चाहिए। सरकार को चाहिए कि वह किसानों को खेती के वैज्ञानिक तरीके सिखाए और उन्हें कृषि के उपकरण उपलब्ध कराए।

किसानों को अग्रिम ऋण देने के लिए सहकारी साख समितियों की स्थापना की जानी चाहिए। मध्यस्थता बोर्डों को विवादों और मतभेदों को सुलझाना चाहिए। कुटीर उद्योगों को प्रोत्साहन मिलना चाहिए। शैक्षिक फिल्मों का प्रदर्शन किया जाना चाहिए।

हर गांव में अच्छे पुस्तकालय उपलब्ध कराए जाने चाहिए। इस तरह प्रत्येक गांव को एक आत्मनिर्भर इकाई के रूप में विकसित किया जाना चाहिए। यह सुखद संकेत है कि हमारी सरकार ग्रामीण उत्थान की विभिन्न योजनाओं के माध्यम से गांवों की स्थिति में सुधार के लिए हर संभव प्रयास कर रही है। यह अब तक की गई प्रगति निशान तक नहीं है।

ग्रामीण विकास के लिए स्कूल और कॉलेज के छात्र बहुत काम कर सकते हैं।

Essay on Developing of India in Hindi | Development of India | Rural | Agriculture | Skill | Technology

Essay on Developing of India in Hindi: भारत इस वक़्त एक उभरती हुई अर्थव्यवस्था है और वैश्विक मंच पर आज भारत की साख काफी बढ़ चुकी है। आगे आने वाले वक़्त भारत दुनियाँ की एक बड़ी ताकत बनकर उभरेगी।

आज हम Eassy on Development of India in hindi के जरिए जानेंगे भारत की विकास यात्रा के बारे में।

किस तरह से हमारा देश गुलामी की बेड़ियों से निकलकर अपना विकास किया है और आज हमारा देश कहा खड़ा है।

Students, Development of India in hindi Language में लिखे इस निबंध का उपयोग अपनी परीक्षाओं में कर सकते हैं। इसे बहुत ही आसान शब्दों में लिखा गया और सभी जरूरी जानकरी को समाहित करते हुए।

प्रस्तावना.

कई बड़ें और जानकर लोगो के जरिए हम यह काफी पहले से सुनते आए हैं कि 21 वी सदी एशिया की सदी होने वाली है। आज से कुछ वक्त पहले तक इस बात पर इतना यकीन नही होता था , लेकिन वर्तमान हालात को देखते हुए कह सकते हैं ऊपर कही गई बात अक्षरशः सच है।

यह सदी एशिया की सदी इस वजह से बनने वाली है क्योंकि भारत अब खड़ा हो चुका है। दुनियाँ का सबसे बड़ा लोकतंत्र अब अपनी हुंकार भर रहा है और धीरे धीरे दुनियाँ भारत की ताकत को सलाम कर रही है।

21 वी सदी एशिया की सदी तभी हो सकती है जब यह सदी भारत ही होगी। बिना भारत के विकास के इस सदी को एशिया की सदी कहना बेमानी होगी।

हमे यह होता दिख रहा है कि भारत आगे बढ़ रहा है। भारत के आगे बढ़ने से पड़ोसी देशों का भी विकास हो रहा है। भारत के संबंध खाड़ी देशों से भी बहुत बेहतर है।

वो भी इस उम्मीद से भारत की तरफ देख रहे हैं कि भारत उन्हें खेती करना सिखाये जिससे कि खाड़ी देशों की अर्थव्यवस्था तेल से हटकर बाकी चीजों पर भी निर्भर हो सके।

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Developing India in Hindi Language निरंतर विकास करता भारत.

भारत दक्षिण एशिया का एक ऐसा देश है जो बहुत तेजी से विकास कर रहा है। भारत दुनियाँ का सबसे बड़ा लोकतंत्र होने के साथ साथ सबसे तेजी से विकास करने वाली अर्थव्यवस्था भी है।

भारत इस वक़्त दुनियाँ का सातवां सबसे अमीर देश है लेकिन उम्मीद है कि 2025 तक भारत दुनियाँ की तीसरी सबसे बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्था बन जायेगा। इसके ऊपर सिर्फ अमेरिका और चीन रहेगा।

भारत की जनसंख्या 130 करोड़ से भी ज्यादा है। आगे आने वालों में यह चीन की जनसंख्या को भी पार कर जाएगा। इतनी विशाल जनसंख्या के साथ लगातार विकास पथ पर आगे बढ़ते रहना एक चुनौती भरा काम है लेकिन भारत कई वर्षों से इसे करता आ रहा है।

ग्रामीण भारत का विकास Rural Development of India in hindi.

महात्मा गाँधी ने एक बार कहा था कि भारत की जान गाँव मे बसती है। इसलिए जबतक भारत के गाँवों का विकास नही होगा तब तक देश का विकास होना असंभव है।

7 दशक पहले गाँधी जी की यह बात पूरी तरह से सही है। आज हम देखते हैं कि भारत सर्विस सेक्टर में तो काफी मजबूत बन चुका है जबकि मैन्युफैक्चरिंग में आज भी काफी पीछे है।

यह इस वजह से हुआ क्योंकि हमने देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों को महत्व नही दिया। ग्रामीण विकास का मतलब है देश ले गाँव मे रह रहे लोगों की आमदनी बढ़ाना और उनके जीवन स्तर को ऊँचा करना।

2011 की जनगणना में देश को यह पता चला था कि 68.84% जनसंख्या तो गाँवों में रहती है। ऐसे हालात में गाँवों का विकास न होना चिंताजनक बात है।

2011 की ही जनगणना में यह बात सामने आई थी कि देश की 61.5% जनसंख्या आज भी कृषि पर निर्भर है। फर्क बस इतना है कि बड़े किसान खेती में तकनीकी का उपयोग कर रहे हैं जबकि छोटे किसान परंपरागत तरीके से खेती कर रहे हैं।

1970 के आसपास गाँव के विकास के संबंध में जो सोच थी और अब की सोच है उसमें काफी अंतर आया है। 1970 से पहले तक यह सोचा जाता था कि गाँव का विकास यानी खेती की पैदावार बढ़ानी है। लेकिन धीरे धीरे यह सोच बदलने लगी।

आज गाँव के विकास की परिभाषा ही बदल गई है। आज गाँव के विकास को तीन अलग अलग दृष्टि से देखा जाता है-

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सामाजिक दृष्टि
राजनीतिक दृष्टि से

आर्थिक दृष्टि से यहां पर मतलब है सभी ग्रामीण लोगो को रोजगार के समान अवसर मिल सकें। गाँव के सबसे गरीब लोगो के पास भी रोजगार के विकल्प मौजूद हो जिससे कि वो अपना जीवन यापन कर सकें।

सामाजिक दृष्टि से विकास का मतलब है गाँव का ऐसा विकास जहाँ जातिगत भेदभाव न हो। गाँव की महिलाओं को समान अधिकार मिले और वह सशक्त हों। साथ सभी लोगो को सामाजिक सुरक्षा मिल सकें। किसी के साथ समाज मे किसी भी तरह का भेदभाव न हो।

राजनीतिक दृष्टि से विकास का मतलब है गाँव के सबसे पिछड़े व्यक्ति को सरकारी योजनाओं का पूरा लाभ मिल सके। साथ ही जो व्यक्ति रोजगार हासिल करने में सक्षम नही है सरकार किसी न किसी प्रकार से उनकी मदद कर सकें।

यदि इन तीन पैमाने के आधार पर विकास को मापे तो गाँवों में विकास पिछले कुछ दशकों में तेजी से हुआ है। आज देश के लगभग हर गाँव मुख्य सड़क मार्ग से जुड़ चुके हैं।

गाँव के घरों घरों में बिजली की सुविधा भी पहुँचाई जा चुकी है। सामाजिक स्तर पर देखे तो गरीब और पिछड़े लोगो को आरक्षण दिया जा रहा है।

ऐसे लोगो के लिए सरकारें भी अलग से योजनाएं निकालती है। रोजगार से साधन भी अब बढ़ गए हैं। गांव के लोगो के लिए सरकार नरेगा जैसी योजना चला रही है, जिसमें साल में 100 दिनों का रोजगार मिलना तय है।

Agricultural Development of india in Hindi भारत मे कृषि का विकास.

भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है, ऐसे में यह बहुत जरूरी है कि देश मे कृषि की स्थिति अच्छी हो। आज भी देश की कुल जीडीपी में कृषि का एक बड़ा योगदान रहता है। ऐसे में कृषि को नजरअंदाज नही किया जा सकता है।

देश मे कृषि और कृषक दोनों की हालत को सुधारने के सरकारें लगातार कोशिश कर रही है। सरकार अब इस बात को सुनिश्चित कर रही है कि देश के किसानों को उनकी फसल का उचित दाम मिले।

हर किसान जब खेती करें तो उसी इस बात का भय न हो प्राकृतिक आपदा के चलते उसकी फसल खराब हो गई तो क्या होगा।

ऐसी परिस्थिति से बचने के लिए सरकार कई तरह की बीमा योजना शुरू कर चुकी है, जिन्हें बहुत ही कम कीमत में लिया जा सकता है।

देश मे लगातार कृषि में सुधार भी किया जा रहा है। आज का जमाना तकनीकी है। ऐसे में यदि किसानी में नई तकनीकी का उपगोग नही होगा तो हमें फायदा नही मिलेगा।

इसलिए आज खेती करने की नई नई तकनीकें किसानों को सिखाई जा रही है। कृषि से नए उपकरण उपयोग करने के लिए किसानों को प्रोत्साहित किया जा रहा है।

फसल की उपज बढ़ सकें इसके लिए भारत 1970 से फर्टिलाइजर का उपयोग करता आ रहा है लेकिन अब भारत किसानी को वैज्ञानिक तरीके से करने की तरफ कदम बढ़ा रहा है।

आज खेती में फर्टिलाइजर, पेस्टीसाइड, सिंचाई की नई तकनीकी, और हाइब्रिड बीजो का काफी ज्यादा चलन बढ़ा है। वैज्ञानिक लगातार इस खोज में लगे रहते हैं कि एक अच्छा बीज कैसे बनायें।

सरकार किसानों को यह सब उपलब्ध करवा रही है। किसानी के नए तरीकों की जानकारी दे रही है। साथ किसान हेल्प लाइन जैसी सुविधाएं शुरू की गई हैं जहाँ किसान कभी भी अपनी समस्या का समाधान पा सकता है।

किस जमीन के हिसाब से क्या फसल अच्छी रहेगी यह जानकारी हर किसान को दी जाती है। साइल कार्ड की सुविधा भी शुरू की गई है, जिसकी मदद से किसान यब जान सकता है कि उसकी मिट्टी की खास बात क्या और उसमे किस चीज़ की कमी है।

Skill development in india in Hindi भारत मे कौशल विकास की स्थिति.

आजादी के बाद से भारत ने इस बात पर इतना ध्यान नही दिया था लेकिन आज देश इस बात को समझ रहा है देश तभी आगे बढ़ सकता है जब लोग कुशल हो।

इसलिए आज सरकारें कई तरह की योजनाएं देश मे चला रही है जिससे कि काम करने वालों में कौशल विकास हो सकें।

हमारे देश में मजदूरी बहुत कम है, लेकिन फिर भी दुनियाँ की बड़ी बड़ी कंपनी भारत में काम करने से घबराती हैं, इसका एक कारण है कुशल लोगो का उपलब्ध न होना।

लेकिन अब कौशल विकास के लिए कई तरह के प्रोग्राम चलाए जा रहे हैं। लेकिन यदि स्थिति को गौर से देखें तो यह पता चलता है कि देश के सामने मुख्य रूप से 3 चुनौतियाँ है, जिससे कौशल विकास प्रभावित होता है-

प्राइवेट सेक्टर की कम भागीदारी.

हमारे देश का प्राइवेट सेक्टर कौशल विकास में उतना रूचि नही दिखाता जितना दिखाना चाहिए। इसका कारण यह हो सकता है कि प्राइवेट सेक्टर और पब्लिक सेक्टर के बीच उतना सामंजस्य नही है।

यदि हमें मजदूरों को कुशल मजदूर बनाना है तो यह जिम्मेदारी प्राइवेट सेक्टर को भी देनी होगी। क्योंकि प्राइवेट सेक्टर कम समय मे ज्यादा दूर तक अपनी पहुँच बना सकता है।

शिक्षा व्यवस्था में खामियां.

हमारे देश की शिक्षा व्यवस्था में कौशल विकास का कोई स्थान ही नही है। यही शिक्षा व्यवस्था की सबसे बड़ी कमी है। एक रिपोर्ट में यह बताया गया था कि देश मे हर वर्ष पास होने वाले ग्रेजुएट में से सिर्फ 7% काम करने लायक होते हैं।

लेकिन इसमे जितना दोष उन विद्यार्थियों का है उतना ही दोष शिक्षा व्यवस्था का भी है। हालांकि काफी वर्षों बाद अब शिक्षा व्यवस्था में बदलाव किया गया है।

अब नई शिक्षा नीति में इस बात पर भी जोर दिया गया है कि पढ़ाई के दौरान ही विद्यार्थियों का कौशल विकास भी हो।

महिलाओं की कम भागीदारी.

हमारे देश 395.2 मिलियन लोग काम करते हैं जिसमे महिलाओं की संख्या सिर्फ 91.6 मिलियन है। हमारा देश बहुत विशाल है। ऐसे में यह बहुत जरूरी है कि महिलाओं की भागीदारी भी बढाई जाए।

हालांकि यह एक बड़ी चुनौती है कि किस तरह से महिलाओं की भागीदारी को बढ़ाया जाए और उन्हें ऐसे कामों में कुशल बनाया जाए जो महिलाओं के लिए सहज हो।

हमारे देश की महिलाओं को कुशल जल्दी बनाया जा सकता है, खासकर यह देखते हुए की महिलाओं में पहले से घर संभालने की एक जिम्मेदारी होती है जो वो बहुत अच्छे से निभाती हैं।

यदि इन तीन सेक्टर में सुधार कर लिया जाता है तो आगे आने वाले कुछ वर्षों में भारत मे भी कुशल कामगारों की कमी नही होगी।

Technology development of India in Hindi भारत का तकनीकी विकास.

प्राचीनकाल से ही भारत खोज के क्षेत्र मव काफी आगे रहा है। आजादी मिलने के बाद स्थिति कुछ नाजुक जरूर थी लेकिन धीरे धीरे देश अब इस क्षेत्र में भी सशक्त बन रहा है।

आज पूरे देश में 200 से भी ज्यादा रिसर्च लेबोर मौजूद है जो देश के अलग अलग हिस्सों में फैली हुई है। देश की स्पेस ऐजेंसी ISRO का बोलबाला पूरी दुनियाँ में हो रहा है।

भारत दुनियाँ का पहला देश है जो पहली की कोशिश में मंगल ग्रह के मिशन को सफल बना पाया है। भारत ने अपना पहला चाँद मिशन चंद्रयान इतना सस्ता बनाया था कि उससे मंहगी तो हॉलीवुड की फिल्में बन जाती है।

यदि कंप्यूटर और सॉफ्टवेयर के क्षेत्र की बात की जाए तो इसमे भी भारत का लोहा पूरी दुनियाँ मानती है। हालांकि यह बात भी सच है कि हम रिसर्च और डेवलपमेंट में ज्यादा खर्च नही करते हैं।

लेकिन संभावनाओं का असीम भंडार भारत के सामने है। देश को अब अपने रिसर्च में ज्यादा ध्यान देने की जरूरत है, ताकि हमें अपनी जरूरतों के लिए किसी दूसरे देश पर निर्भर न रहना पड़े।

How to develop India in Hindi भारत का विकास कैसे करें.

भारत के बहुत विशाल देश है, जिसका विकास तेजी से करना इतना आसान नही है। लेकिन यदि पूरा देश मिलकर संकल्प लें तो अगले आने वाले 10-15 सालों में देश का स्थिति को बदल सकते हैं।

भारत की सबसे बड़ी ताकत है यहां के युवा। यदि युवा शक्ति का सही दिशा में उपयोग किया जाए तो देश के विकास में काफी अहम रोल निभा सकते हैं।

देश के विकास के लिए जरूरी है कि हम आत्मनिर्भर बने। हमारा देश रोजगार देने वाला देश बने। इसके लिए जरूरी है कि एक योजनाबद्ध तरीके से देश के नए उद्योग धंधों को शुरू करवाया जाए।

देश मे कुशल कामगारों की कमी के कारण कई बड़ी विदेशी कंपनियां देश मे निर्माण कार्य शुरू नही करती है। इसलिए जरूरी है कि कामगारों को कुशल बनाया जाए।

हमारे देश मे नया बिज़नेस खोलना आज भी बहुत मुश्किल माना जाता है। इसलिए बिज़नेस खोलने के नियमों को थोड़ा आसान बनाया जाए।

हमारे देश का सबसे बड़ी ताकत यहां के मध्यवर्गीय परिवार है। सबसे ज्यादा कामगार इन्ही परिवारों से आते हैं। इसलिए इनकी शिक्षा पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए।

देश का विकास महिलाओं के योगदान के बिना बहुत मुश्किल है। इसलिए महिलाओं का शिक्षित होना और अपने पैरों पर खड़ा होना बहुत आवश्यक है।

इस बात में कोई संशय नही है कि आगे आने वाला वक़्त भारत है। लेकिन अभी भी कई तरह की खामियां मौजूद है, जिनकी वजह से देश के विकास में काफी रुकावट आ रही है।

हमारा देश एक लोकतांत्रिक देश है, जहाँ हमें सभी की आवाज सुननी है लेकिन देश के विकास के समझौता नही होना चाहिए क्योंकि देश है तो हम है।

Essay on rules of Cleanliness and Legal Matter in Hindi

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Essay on Environment in Hindi | पर्यावरण पर निबंध हिंदी में

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विकास पथ पर भारत निबंध – Development Of India Essay In Hindi

विकास पथ पर भारत निबंध – (essay on development of india in hindi).

प्रस्तावना,
विकास के विभिन्न सोपान,
विकास में बाधक तत्त्व,

साथ ही, कक्षा 1 से 10 तक के छात्र उदाहरणों के साथ इस पृष्ठ से विभिन्न हिंदी निबंध विषय पा सकते हैं।

विकास पथ पर भारत निबंध – Vikaas Path Par Bhaarat Nibandh

प्रस्तावना– 15 अगस्त 1947 को सैकड़ों वर्षों के दमन, अत्याचार, शोषण और पराधीनता के. कुत्सित पंक से एक पंकज प्रस्फुटित हुआ था–’स्वतन्त्र–भारत’; स्वतन्त्र और स्वाभिमान से गर्वोन्नत भारत, विश्वभर के स्वाधीनता संग्रामों की आशाओं का आकाश–दीप भारत। तब से आज तक हमारा भारत निरन्तर विकास के पथ पर अग्रसर हो रहा है। आज हमारे राजनेता भारत को शीघ्र ही महाशक्ति बनाने का सपना देखने लगे हैं।

विकास के विभिन्न सोपान–देश के विकास के विभिन्न सोपानों को निम्नलिखित रूप में प्रस्तुत किया जा सकता है-

भोजन, वस्त्र और आवास के क्षेत्र में– कभी देश को बाहर से अन्न का आयात करना पड़ता था, आज हरित क्रान्ति के बल पर हम अनाज निर्यात करने की स्थिति में आ गये हैं। वस्त्रों का निर्यात भी हो रहा है। भवन–निर्माण की सामग्री देश में उपलब्ध है। कॉलोनियों का अबाध विस्तार हो रहा है।

चिकित्सा के क्षेत्र में स्वास्थ्य और चिकित्सा के क्षेत्र में भी देश ने उल्लेखनीय प्रगति की है। स्वास्थ्य केन्द्र तथा चिकित्सालयों की संख्या में अभूतपूर्व वृद्धि हुई है। अनेक जटिल तथा असाध्य रोगों की चिकित्सा अब देश में उपलब्ध है।

अफ्रीका और अरब देशों के नागरिक अब यूरोप के स्थान पर भारत आकर चिकित्सा कराना उचित समझते हैं।

शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में– अशिक्षा के कलंक को मिटाने का भी देश में अथक प्रयास हुआ है। प्राथमिक शिक्षा अनिवार्य कर दी गई है। प्रौढ़–शिक्षा जैसे आन्दोलन भी चलते रहे हैं। शिक्षा को मौलिक अधिकार बनाने का कानून पारित हो चुका है।

विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी के क्षेत्र में हमारा भारत वैज्ञानिक और प्रौद्योगिकी दृष्टि से भी विश्व के अनेक विकसित देशों की श्रेणी में आ गया है। साइकिल से लेकर अन्तरिक्ष यान तक देश में बन रहे हैं। परमाणु विज्ञान, धातु विज्ञान, अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान, सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी, संचार, शस्य विज्ञान आदि पर निरन्तर अनुसन्धान हो रहे हैं। सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी में तो भारत ने सारे विश्व में अपनी धाक जमा ली है।

हमारी अनेक कम्पनियाँ विदेशों में नामी कम्पनियों का अधिग्रहण कर रही हैं। टाटा स्टील द्वारा कोरस का अधिग्रहण इस दिशा में उल्लेखनीय है। सॉफ्टवेयर व्यवसाय में तो भारत की धूम मची हुई है। निर्यात व्यापार में भी उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हो रही है। विदेशी मुद्रा भण्डार निरन्तर बढ़ता जा रहा है।

सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में भी भारत अब किसी से पीछे नहीं है। परम्परागत तथा नवीनतम अस्त्र–शस्त्रों का निर्माण देश में हो रहा है। टैंक, रडार, मिसाइल, लड़ाकू यान, ‘पृथ्वी’, ‘त्रिशूल’, ‘अग्नि’ आदि प्रक्षेपास्त्रों का विकास देश को सुरक्षा के प्रति आश्वस्त बना रहा है। हम विश्व की परमाणु शक्ति बन चुके हैं। अमेरिका से हुआ परमाणु–समझौता उल्लेखनीय है। अग्नि 5 मिसाइल का सफल परीक्षण भारत की बढ़ती सुरक्षा व्यवस्था का प्रमाण है।

आर्थिक क्षेत्र में देश का शेयर बाजार आत्मविश्वास से परिपूर्ण है। गत वर्षों में आर्थिक प्रगति 8 से 10 प्रतिशत रही है। विदेशी पूँजी का निवेश निरन्तर बढ़ रहा है। ये सारे मानदण्ड देश के विकास को प्रमाणित करते हैं। जब अमेरिका और यूरोपीय देशों में मंदी तथा बेरोजगारी बढ़ रही है, भारत में विकास दर ठीक बनी रहने की उम्मीद है।

विकास में बाधक तत्व– विकास की उपर्युक्त छवि बड़ी मनमोहिनी है। किन्तु विकास का यह प्रकाश अभी देश के लाखों गाँवों तक पूरी तरह नहीं पहुँचा है। विकास के मार्ग में अनेक ऐसे बाधक तत्त्व हैं जो विकास की धारा को जन–जन तक नहीं पहुँचने देते। भ्रष्टाचार, जनसंख्या की वृद्धि, राष्ट्रीय भावना का क्षरण, जीवन–मूल्यों के प्रति अनादर, विदेशी षड्यन्त्र, बेरोजगारी, जातिवाद, साम्प्रदायिकता आदि कारक हैं, जो देश की प्रगति में बाधक बने हुए हैं।

उपसंहार– अन्त में यही कहा जा सकता है कि देश ने हर दिशा में विकास किया है। विश्व में भारत की विश्वसनीयता बढ़ी है, किन्तु अभी मंजिल दूर है। अर्थशास्त्रियों ने देश को विकसित राष्ट्र बनाने के लिये कुछ मूलमन्त्र सुझाए हैं किन्तु आज की कुटिल राजनीति, सत्ता–लोलुपता और जनता का दिग्भ्रमित रूप इसे साकार होने देंगे, इसमें सन्देह है।

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Rural Development Course in Hindi क्या हैं और कैसे करें?

Updated on
मार्च 22, 2023

रूरल डेवलपमेंट ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रहने वाले लोगों के जीवन की क्वालिटी और इकनोमिक वेलफेयर में सुधार की प्रक्रिया है। रूरल डेवलपमेंट में कृषि, जलवायु, वातावरण व अन्य प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के सुधार व उनके बचाव पर केंद्रित है। जो लोग ग्रामीण क्षेत्र में सुधार और विकास की नीतियों पर काम करना चाहते हैं और ग्रामीण क्षेत्र के लोगों के विकास में योगदान देना चाहते हैं, वह रूलर डेवलपमेंट का कोर्स कर अपना करियर बना सकते हैं। इस ब्लाॅग rural development course in hindi में हम रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स क्या हैं और कैसे करें के बारे में विस्तृत जानेंगे।

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स क्या हैं?

रूरल डेवलपमेंट एक ऐसा कोर्स है जो हमारे ग्रामीण वर्ग की अर्थव्यवस्था और मैनेजमेंट पर नाॅलेज प्रदान करता है। गांव के लोगों के लिए जाॅब और रोजगार के बेहतर साधन उपलब्ध कराने के अतिरिक्त ग्रामीण क्षेत्र में आर्थिक स्तर पर डेवलपमेंट की सुविधाएं दिलाना आदि काम रूरल मैनेजमेंट और डेवलपमेंट के तहत आते हैं। Rural development course in hindi में रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्सेज की लिस्ट नीचे दी गई है-

BA in Rural Development
Bachelors of Rural Technology and Management
Bachelor in International Rural Innovation and Development
BSc (Hons) Wildlife Conservation
Master of Rural Development
MA Rural Development
MBA in Rural Management
PG Diploma in Rural Management
PG Diploma in Rural Development
M.Agric Rural Development
M.Agric Extension and Rural Development
Masters in Rural Development & Natural Resources
MSc Conservation and Rural Development
MSc Master of Management of Development.

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स क्यों करें?

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स से आपको ग्रामीण क्षेत्र के विकास और उससे जुड़े प्रोजेक्ट्स के बारे में जानकारी करनी होती है, साथ ही कार्यों के लिए रिसर्च भी करनी होती है। Rural development course in hindi में नीचे बताया गया है कि रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स क्यों करें और इसके क्या लाभ हैं-

रूरल मैनेजमेंट में जाॅब्स के कई मौके हैं।
प्राइवेट और गवर्मेंट फील्ड में काफी स्कोप है।
कई सरकारी और प्राइवेट फील्ड में मैनेजर, कंसल्टेंट या रिसर्चर के तौर पर आसानी से जाॅब पा सकते हैं।
विदेशी कंपनियों और एजेंसीज में जाॅब्स के ढेरों अवसर हैं।
रूरल कॉपरेटिव सेक्टर, एग्रीकल्चर, फूड एंड एग्रीकल्चर मार्केटिंग में अच्छा स्कोप है।
नेशनल और इंटरनेशनल एनजीओ में भी नौकरी के अच्छे मौके मिल सकते हैं।

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए स्किल्स की आवश्यकताएं

Rural development course in hindi में रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए आवश्यक स्किल्स नीचे बताई गई हैं-

सेवा-भावना या सेवा की विचारधारा का होना
रिटेन और कम्युनिकेशन स्किल
ग्रामीण क्षेत्र की जानकारी होना
रिसर्च स्किल
किसी भी माहौल में रहकर काम करना
धैर्य, लगन और परिश्रम के साथ कार्य करना
टीम के साथ कार्य करने की क्षमता और टीम भावना सर्वोपरि
चुनौतीपूर्ण माहौल में काम करना
मैनेजमेंट स्किल
टीमवर्क और स्वतंत्र रूप से भी काम करने की क्षमता
टेक्नोलाॅजी फ्रैंडली
डिजाइनिंग स्किल

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए स्टेप बाय स्टेप गाइड जानिए

Rural development course करने के लिए स्टेप बाय स्टेप गाइड नीचे दी गई है-

स्टेप 1-12वीं की पढ़ाई पूरी करें- कम से कम 50 प्रतिशत अंकों से किसी भी स्ट्रीम से 12वीं पास करें।
स्टेप 2-एंट्रेस एग्जाम दें- कई विश्वविद्यालय और कॉलेज प्रवेश प्रदान करने के लिए प्रवेश परीक्षा आयोजित करते हैं। छात्रों को संबंधित कॉलेजों और विश्वविद्यालयों में प्रवेश पाने के लिए प्रवेश परीक्षाओं में शामिल होना आवश्यक है। प्रवेश परीक्षा में छात्रों के प्रदर्शन के मूल्यांकन के आधार पर प्रवेश दिया जाता है।
स्टेप 3-डिग्री प्राप्त करें- 12वीं के बाद आपको अपनी ग्रेजुएशन डिग्री या फिर डिप्लोमा कोर्स पूरा करें।
स्टेप 4-नेटवर्क बनाएं- डिग्री या कोर्स कंप्लीट होने के बाद इंडस्ट्री में कॉन्टैक्ट्स का एक नेटवर्क बनाएं।
स्टेप5- ग्रामीण क्षेत्र की स्टडी- डिग्री या कोर्स कंप्लीट होने के बाद ग्रामीण क्षेत्र के लोगों को समझने और उनके जीवन व ग्रामीण विकास की जरूरतों को समझने के लिए बुक्स या फिर किसी में गांव में रुक कर स्टडी करें।
स्टेप 6-विशेषज्ञता हासिल करें- एनजीओ या फिर अन्य किसी टीम का हिस्सा बनने के लिए विशेषज्ञता हासिल करें। रूरल डेवलपमेंट से जुड़े डिपार्टमेंट और एजेंसीज में प्रैक्टिस कर एक्सपर्ट बनें।

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए विदेश की टॉप यूनिवर्सिटीज की लिस्ट

Rural development course in hindi में रूरल डेवलमेंट के कोर्सेज करने के लिए विदेश की टाॅप यूनिवर्सिटीज की लिस्ट नीचे दी गई है-

यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ हाइलैंड्स और द्वीप
यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ प्रिटोरिया
स्वीडिश कृषि विज्ञान यूनिवर्सिटी
VHL यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ एप्लाइड साइंसेज
यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ गुएल्फ़
यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ ईस्ट एंग्लिया
यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ केंट

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए भारत की टॉप यूनिवर्सिटीज की लिस्ट

Rural development course in Hindi में रूरल डेवलमेंट के कोर्सेज करने के लिए भारत की टाॅप यूनिवर्सिटीज की लिस्ट नीचे दी गई है-

क्राइस्ट यूनिवर्सिटी, बैंगलोर
रामजस कॉलेज, नई दिल्ली
प्रेसीडेंसी यूनिवर्सिटी, कोलकाता
जीबी पंत सामाजिक विज्ञान संस्थान, इलाहाबाद
कलिंग स्कूल ऑफ रूरल मैनेजमेंट, भुवनेश्वर
भारतीय ग्रामीण प्रबंधन संस्थान (आईआईआरएम), नई दिल्ली
जय हिंद कॉलेज, मुंबई
श्री वेंकटेश्वर कॉलेज, नई दिल्ली
टाटा सामाजिक सेवा संस्थान (TISS), मुंबई
मैसूर यूनिवर्सिटी
टाटा सामाजिक विज्ञान संस्थान
मुंबई यूनिवर्सिटी
बंगलौर यूनिवर्सिटी
श्री वेंकटेश्वर तिरुपति यूनिवर्सिटी
रांची यूनिवर्सिटी
कल्याणी यूनिवर्सिटी
अन्नामलाई यूनिवर्सिटी
महात्मा गांधी काशी विद्यापीठ
आचार्य नागार्जुन यूनिवर्सिटी

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए योग्यता क्या होती हैं?

Rural development course in hindi में रूरल डेवलमेंट के कोर्सेज करने के लिए जरूरी योग्यता नीचे बताई गई है-

डिप्लोमा/बैचलर कोर्स के लिए- कैंडिडेट्स को मान्यता प्राप्त बोर्ड से 12वीं पास होना जरूरी है।
मास्टर्स के लिए- रूरल डेवलपमेंट में ग्रेजुएशन की तरह यूजी डिग्री या न्यूनतम आवश्यक जीपीए के साथ कोई अन्य डिग्री।
विदेश में कुछ यूनिवर्सिटीज में एडमिशन लेने के लिए SAT or ACT एग्जाम भी पास करना होगा।
इंग्लिश लैंग्वेज की दक्षता के लिए TOEFL / IELTS / PTE / Duolingo English test स्कोर।
कोर्स के अनुसार एंट्रेंस एग्जाम के अंक।

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए आवेदन प्रक्रिया जानिए

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्सेज में एडमिशन के लिए आपको आवेदन प्रक्रिया को सही से समझना होगा, भारत और अन्य देशों के काॅलेज और यूनिवर्सिटीज में आवदेन प्रक्रिया अलग-अलग है।

विदेशी यूनिवर्सिटीज में आवेदन प्रक्रिया इस प्रकार है:

आपकी आवेदन प्रक्रिया का फर्स्ट स्टेप सही कोर्स चुनना है, जिसके लिए आप AI Course Finder की सहायता लेकर अपने पसंदीदा कोर्सेज को शॉर्टलिस्ट कर सकते हैं।
एक्सपर्ट्स से कॉन्टैक्ट के बाद वे कॉमन डैशबोर्ड प्लेटफॉर्म के माध्यम से कई यूनिवर्सिटीज की आपकी आवेदन प्रक्रिया शुरू करेंगे।
अगला कदम अपने सभी दस्तावेजों जैसे SOP , निबंध (essay), सर्टिफिकेट्स और LOR और आवश्यक टेस्ट स्कोर जैसे- IELTS , TOEFL , SAT , ACT आदि को इकट्ठा करना और सुव्यवस्थित करना है।
यदि आपने अभी तक अपनी IELTS , TOEFL , PTE , GMAT , GRE आदि परीक्षा के लिए तैयारी नहीं की है, जो निश्चित रूप से विदेश में अध्ययन करने का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारक है, तो आप Leverage Live कक्षाओं में शामिल हो सकते हैं। ये कक्षाएं आपको अपने टेस्ट में उच्च स्कोर प्राप्त करने का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण कारक साबित हो सकती हैं।
आपका एप्लीकेशन और सभी आवश्यक दस्तावेज जमा करने के बाद, एक्सपर्ट्स आवास, छात्र वीजा और छात्रवृत्ति / छात्र लोन के लिए आवेदन प्रक्रिया शुरू करेंगे।
अब आपके प्रस्ताव पत्र की प्रतीक्षा करने का समय है जिसमें लगभग 4-6 सप्ताह या उससे अधिक समय लग सकता है। ऑफर लेटर आने के बाद उसे स्वीकार करके आवश्यक सेमेस्टर शुल्क का भुगतान करना आपकी आवेदन प्रक्रिया का अंतिम चरण है।

भारतीय यूनिवर्सिटीज या काॅलेजों में आवेदन प्रक्रिया इस प्रकार है:

अपनी चुनी हुई यूनिवर्सिटी की ऑफिशियल वेबसाइट पर जाकर रजिस्ट्रेशन करें।
यूनिवर्सिटी की वेबसाइट में रजिस्ट्रेशन के बाद आपको एक यूजर नेम और पासवर्ड प्राप्त होगा।
फिर वेबसाइट में साइन इन के बाद अपने चुने हुए कोर्स का चयन करें जिसे आप करना चाहते हैं।
अब शैक्षिक योग्यता, वर्ग आदि के साथ आवेदन फॉर्म भरें।
इसके बाद आवेदन फॉर्म जमा करें और आवश्यक आवेदन शुल्क का भुगतान करें।
यदि एडमिशन, प्रवेश परीक्षा पर आधारित है तो पहले प्रवेश परीक्षा के लिए रजिस्ट्रेशन करें और फिर रिजल्ट के बाद काउंसलिंग की प्रतीक्षा करें। प्रवेश परीक्षा के अंको के आधार पर आपका चयन किया जाएगा और लिस्ट जारी की जाएगी।

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए आवश्यक दस्तावेजों की लिस्ट

एडमिशन लेने या आवेदन करने से पहले आपको कुछ जरूरी दस्तावेजों के बारे में नीचे बताया गया है-

आधिकारिक शैक्षणिक ट्रांसक्रिप्ट
स्कैन पासपोर्ट की कॉपी
IELTS या TOEFL , आवश्यक टेस्ट स्कोर
प्रोफेशनल/एकेडमिक LORs
निबंध (यदि आवश्यक हो)
पोर्टफोलियो (यदि आवश्यक हो)
अपडेट किया गया सीवी/रिज्यूमे
एक पासपोर्ट और छात्र वीजा
बैंक विवरण

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स के लिए प्रवेश परीक्षाओं की लिस्ट

Rural development course in hindi में रूरल डेवलमेंट के कोर्सेज में कुछ काॅलेज और यूनिवर्सिटीज मेरिट के आधार पर और कुछ एंट्रेस एग्जाम के आधार पर एडमिशन देते हैं। नीचे कुछ एंट्रेस एग्जाम के बारे में बताया गया है-

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के लिए बेस्ट बुक्स कौन सी हैं?

ग्रामीण लोगों के बारे में समझना, रूरल डेवलपमेंट से जुड़े टाॅपिक्स समझने के लिए इन बुक्स को पढ़ना चाहिए-

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के बाद करियर स्कोप

रूरल डेवलपमेंट के कोर्स करने के बाद सरकारी और प्राइवेट दोनों फील्ड में जाॅब्स के अवसर तलाश सकते हैं, जो कि इस प्रकार हैं-

नेचुरल रिसोर्स मैनेजमेंट कंपनियों में
चाईल्ड डेवलपमेंट
एनजीओ के क्षेत्रों में जॉब
वेलफेयर मिनिस्ट्री
प्राइवेट कंपनियों और एजेंसियों में

रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के बाद जॉब प्रोफाइल्स और सैलरी

भारत जैसे देश में रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के बाद नौकरी की व्यापक संभावनाएं हैं। रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स करने के बाद सालाना INR 2-8 लाख तक आसानी से मिल जाते हैं। नीचे कुछ जॉब प्रोफाइल दी गई हैं, जिनमें से आप चुन सकते हैं:

ग्राम विकास अधिकारी
ग्रामीण प्रबंधक
कृषि विशेषज्ञ
ग्रामीण समन्वयक
रूरल रिक्रूटर
ग्रामीण विकास विशेषज्ञ

रूरल डेवलपमेंट ऑफिसर बनने के लिए मैनेजमेंट लेवल तक डिग्री प्राप्त करनी होगी।

इंडियन इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ रूरल मैनेजमेंट, जयपुर, महात्मा गांधी काशी विद्यापीठ, बनारस, इंदिरा गांधी नेशनल ओपन यूनिवर्सिटी, नई दिल्ली, टाटा इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ सोशनल साइंसेज, मुंबई आदि बेस्ट यूनिवर्सिटीज हैं।

12वीं के बाद रूरल डेवलपमेंट में डिप्लोमा, सर्टिफिकेट या बीए कर सकते हैं।

उत्तर- MA Rural Development 2 साल का कोर्स है।

हम उम्मीद करते हैं कि इस ब्लॉग Rural development course in hindi से आपको रूरल डेवलपमेंट कोर्सेज और पढ़ाई के बारे में पूरी जानकारी मिल गई होगी। यदि आप रूरल डेवलपमेंट से जुड़े कोर्सेज की पढ़ाई विदेश से करने के लिए इच्छुक हैं तो बेहतरीन मार्गदर्शन के लिए आज ही 1800 572 000 पर कॉल करें और Leverage Edu एक्सपर्ट्स के साथ 30 मिनट का फ्री सेशन बुक कीजिए।

स्टडी अब्राॅड प्लेटफाॅर्म Leverage Edu में सीखने की प्रक्रिया जारी है। शुभम को 4 वर्षों का अनुभव है, वह पूर्व में Dainik Jagran और News Nib News Website में कंटेंट डेवलपर रहे चुके हैं। न्यूज, एग्जाम अपडेट्स और UPSC में करंट अफेयर्स लगातार लिख रहे हैं। पत्रकारिता में स्नातक करने के बाद शुभम ने एजुकेशन के अलावा स्पोर्ट्स और बिजनेस बीट पर भी काम किया है। उन्हें लिखने और रिसर्च बेस्ड स्टोरीज पर फोकस करने के अलावा क्रिकेट खेलना और देखना पसंद है।

प्रातिक्रिया दे जवाब रद्द करें

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ग्रामीण जीवन पर निबंध (गाँव का जीवन) Essay on Village Life in Hindi

इस लेख मे हमने ग्रामीण जीवन पर निबंध (गाँव का जीवन) Essay on Village Life in Hindi हिन्दी मे लिखा है। इसमे आप ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों मे शिक्षा, घर, जीवन शैली, स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं, लोग और परंपराओं के विषय मे पूरी जानकारी दी है। यह निबंध स्कूल और कॉलेज के छात्रों के लिए 1200 शब्दों मे लिखा गया है।

आईए शुरू करते हैं – गाँव के जीवन या ग्रामीण जीवन पर निबंध (Essay on Village in Hindi)

Table of Content

प्रस्तावना Introduction (ग्रामीण जीवन पर निबंध-1200 Words)

गाँव का जीवन या लोगों का ग्रामीण जीवन उनका माना जाता है जो शहरों से दूर रहते हैं और शहरों की तरह उन्हें सभी प्रकार की सुविधाएँ नहीं मिल पाते हैं। शहरी लोगों के तुलना में गाँव के लोगों का जीवन बहुत अलग होता है।

आज की इस लेख में हम ग्रामीण – गांव में रहने वाले लोग कैसे अपना जीवन व्यतीत करते हैं उनके रहन-सहन का तरीका और साथ ही वहां के सुंदर वातावरण के विषय में आपको बताएंगे।

भारत मे गाँव Villages in India

आज भारत एक विकासशील देश है। तब भी आज शहरों के मुकाबले भारत में बहुत अधिक गाँव है। रिपोर्ट के अनुसार लगभग 75 प्रतिशत से ज्यादा भारतीय जनसंख्या गाँव में रहते हैं। गाँव का जीवन शांत, हरियाली और प्रदूषण मुक्त होता है।

गाँव के खेतों की सुंदरता और हरियाली देखने का मज़ा कुछ और ही होता है। गाँव में सभी बड़े निर्णय पंचायत ऑफिस के अधिकारी और सरपंच के माध्यम से पारित होते हैं।

ग्रामीण शिक्षा Education in Rural areas

आज भी इस आधुनिक युग में गाँव का जीवन शहरों से बहुत अलग है। गाँव में पूर्ण रूप से शिक्षा की सुविधाएँ आज भी उपलब्ध नहीं हो पाए हैं। आज भी ज्यादातर गाँव में मात्र प्राइमरी स्कूलों की सुविधा है और कुछ बड़े गाँव में मात्र हाई स्कूल की सुविधा है।

कॉलेज या उच्च शिक्षा के लिए आज भी गाँव के बच्चों को बड़े शहरों में जाना पड़ता है। ऐसे में जिन लोगों के घर में अपने बच्चों को शहर भेजने के लिए पैसे नहीं होते हैं वह उनकी शिक्षा वही रोक देते हैं। इस प्रकार ज्यादातर लोग गाँव में अशिक्षित रह जाते हैं।

गाँव के घर और जीवन शैली House & Lifestyle in Villages

पहले भारत के सभी गाँव में बांस और भूसे से बने चाट हुआ करते थे और घर भी मिट्टी के होते थे परन्तु अब प्रधानमंत्री आवास योजना की मदद से गाँव में गरीब लोगों को मुफ्त में पक्के घर मिल रहे हैं।

लगभग सभी गाँव के लोग खेती-किसानी करते हैं और अपने घरों में मुर्गियां , गाय-भैंस, बैल, और बकरियां पालते हैं। साथ ही गाँव के लोग शहरी लोगों की तरह सब्जी-मंडी में सब्ज़ियाँ खरीदने नहीं जाते हैं। हर कोई अपने खेतों और बगीचों में सब्ज़ियाँ लगाते हैं और खुद के घर की सब्ज़ियाँ खाते हैं।

गाँव के लोगों का मुख्य कार्य खेती होता है। आज भी शहरों में जिन अनाजों को लोग खाते हैं सभी गाँव के खेतों से ही आता है। आज भी इस 21वीं सदी में कई ऐसे गाँव हैं जहाँ तक पहुँचने के लिए अच्छी सड़क तक नहीं हैं।

हाला की प्रधानमंत्री ग्रामीण सड़क योजना के अनुसार ज्यादातर गाँव को अब पक्की सड़कों से जोड़ा जा चूका है परन्तु फिर भी कुछ ऐसे गाँव हैं जहाँ पर सड़क ना होने के कारण वहां जाना तक बहुत मुश्किल होता है। उन जगहों पर सड़क ना होने के कारण बारिश के महीने में कीचड़ भर जाता है, गड्ढों के कारन जाना मुश्किल हो जाता है।

शहर के मुकाबले गाँव में बहुत कम लोग रहते हैं। गाँव में लोगों के घर के आस-पास बहुत खुली जगह होती है और हर किसी व्यक्ति के पास मोटरसाइकिल या कार नहीं होता है। गाँव में ज्यादातर लोगों के पास वाहन के रूप में बैल गाड़ी होता है। परन्तु कुछ जगहों में अब गाँव में भी लोगों के पास गाडी-मोटर की सुविधाएँ हैं।

स्वास्थ्य से जुड़ी सुविधाएँ Health care facilities in villages

अब गाँव के पास भी सरकार की और से प्राथमिक चिकित्सा केंद्र जगह-जगह खोले जा चुके हैं जिससे गाँव के लोगों को भी चिकित्सा के क्षेत्र में सुविधाएँ मिल रही है। इमरजेंसी के समय के लिए सरकार ने अब ज्यादातर प्राथमिक चिकित्सा केंद्रों में मुफ्त 108 एम्बुलेंस सर्विस प्रदान की है जो बहुत मददगार साबित हुए हैं।

गाँव के लोग साप्ताहिक छोटे बाज़ार लगते हैं जहाँ लोग कपड़े, खाने का समान, बिजली आ समान और अन्य ज़रूरी समान खरीदने जाते हैं। अगर उन्हें कुछ बड़ी चीजें खरीदना होता है तो वह पास के शहर जाते हैं।

गाँव में मौसम बहुत ही सुहाना और वातावरण बहुत स्वच्छ होता है। आज शहरी इलाकों में प्रदूषण के कारण सांस लेना तक मुश्किल हो गया है। परन्तु गाँव में ऐसा नहीं है। गाँव में कम वाहन चलने के कारण प्रदूषण ना के बराबर होता है और इसलिए वातावरण भी स्वच्छ होता है।

परन्तु जिन ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पानी की कमी होती है वहां के जल संपदा बहुत अस्वच्छ होते हैं क्योंकि ज्यादातर गाँव में लोग जिस तालाब के पानी में कपड़े धोते हैं, गाय-भैंस को नहलाते हैं उसी में स्वयं नहाते हैं और उस पानी को खाने-पीने के काम में भी लेते हैं।

आज भी ज्यादातर गाँव में लोग बाहर शौच करते हैं जिसके कारण कई प्रकार की बीमारियाँ – जैसे टाइफाइड, डायरिया आदि से भी भुगतना पड़ता है। आज सरकार के कई अभियान जैसे – स्वच्छ भारत अभियान के द्वारा लोगों को स्वच्छता के विषय में जागरूक करने की मुहीम शुरू की जा चुकी है परन्तु इस प्राचीन काल से आये हुए अन्धविश्वास और अस्वच्छ भारत की आदतों को सुधारने में हमें बहुत समय लगेगा।

गाँव के लोग People of Village

जिन क्षेत्रों में कुछ प्राकृतिक कारणों से खेती किसानी सही प्रकार से नहीं हो पा रही है उन क्षेत्रों के गाँव में ज्यादातर लोग गरीबी रेखा (BPL-Below poverty line) के नीचे होते हैं। उनके पास खेत ना होने या खेतों में पानी की सुविधा सही प्रकार से ना हो पाने के कारण उनके पास एक वक्त का खाना खाने के लिए भी अनाज नहीं होता है।

ज्यादातर राज्यों की सरकार के इन गरीबी रेखा के लोगों के लिए जन धन योजना बैंक अकाउंट प्रदान किया है और साथ ही परिवार के अनुसार 2 रुपए वाला चावल प्रदान किया जा रहा है और साथ ही प्रधानमंत्री उज्ज्वला योजना के अनुसार घर-घर LPG गैस दिए जा रहे हैं।

पहले कुछ वर्ष पहले गाँव का जीवन रात होते ही अंधकार में डूब जाता था क्योंकि ज्यादातर गाँव में बिजली की सुविधा नहीं थी। आज लगभग ज्यादातर गाँव में बिजली की सुविधा पहुँच चुकी है। अब गाँव के बच्चे भी मेहनत कर रहे हैं और शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में बहुत सफलताएँ प्राप्त कर रहे हैं।

पारंपरिक त्यौहार और संस्कृति Traditional Festivals and Culture

आज भले ही शहरी क्षेत्रों में लोग भारत के संस्कृति और परंपरा को कई हद तक भुला चुके हैं वहीँ आज भी ग्रामीण लोगों के दिल में हमारे देश की परंपरा और संस्कृती कूट-कूट कर भरी हुई है। गाँव के त्यौहार में शहरों के जितना आतिशबाजी और रौशनी तो नहीं होता है परन्तु उसमें सही नियम, और लोग मिलझूल कर त्यौहार का आनंद उठाते हैं।

निष्कर्ष Conclusion

भले ही गाँव का जीवन देखने मे बहुत ही कष्टदायी दिखता हो परंतु होता बहुत ही सुंदर और मनमोहक है। आज इंटरनेट और अच्छे रोड रास्तों के कारण भारत का ग्रामीण जीवन भी बहुत आगे निकाल चुका है।

आशा करते हैं आपको गाँव के जीवन या ग्रामीण जीवन पर निबंध अच्छा लगा होगा। अगर आपको यह निबंध अच्छा लगा हो तो इस आर्टिकल को अपने सोशल मीडिया पर ज़रूर शेयर करें।

नमस्कार रीडर्स, मैं बिजय कुमार, 1Hindi का फाउंडर हूँ। मैं एक प्रोफेशनल Blogger हूँ। मैं अपने इस Hindi Website पर Motivational, Self Development और Online Technology, Health से जुड़े अपने Knowledge को Share करता हूँ।

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11 Comments

Very nice but it is too long to write

pls send an essay on rural Family.

Very helpful. Thank you

Dear sir, There have been lot of changes in the villagers. They get more benefits. Now there are four wheeler, motorcycle, you can found in many villages. I agree they have simple life but young generation have been changed. I love villages, beautiful environment, pure air.

Yes I am agree to you, I am also from village

You are write I also agree with you I also live in a village but we have car, motor-cycle, scooty tractor and much more appliances there is every benefit which a city have.

good article

Very helpful it helps me to do my Hindi project

Thanks Helped a lot

सतत विकास पर निबंध | Essay on Sustainable Development in Hindi

सतत विकास पर निबंध! Here is an essay on ‘Sustainable Development’ in Hindi language.

विश्व के सभी देशों में आज विकास के पथ पर एक-दूसरे से आगे निकल जाने की होड़-सी मची है और इसके लिए औद्योगीकरण से लेकर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के दोहन तक के हर सम्भव उपाय किए जा रहे हैं । बिकास की इस होड़ में हम यह भूल गए है कि हम इसे किस मूल्य पर हासिल करना चाहते हैं ।

इसमें दोराय नहीं है कि बिकास के लिए हम पूर्णतः प्रकृति पर निर्भर है, क्योंकि इसके लिए आवश्यक तेल से लेकर कोयला एवं जल भी हमें प्रकृति से ही प्राप्त होता है और ये सभी प्राकृतिक संसाधन पृथ्वी पर सीमित मात्रा में विद्यमान है ।

जिस तरह से विश्व की जनसंख्या बढ़ रही है, उससे यह अनुमान लगाया जा रहा है कि वर्ष तक यह बढ़कर 8 अरब से भी अधिक हो जाएगी और जिस तरह से प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग किया जा रहा है, उसका दुष्परिणाम यह होगा कि आने वाली मानव पीढ़ियों के लिए आवश्यक प्राकृतिक संसाधन पृथ्वी पर उपलब्ध ही नहीं होंगे ।

हमारे पूर्व राष्ट्रपति डॉ. एपीजे अब्दुल कलाम ने कहा है- ”हमें विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी के अनुप्रयोग के माध्यम से पानी, ऊर्जा, निवास स्थान, कचरा प्रबन्धन एवं पर्यावरण के क्षेत्रों में पृथ्वी द्वारा झेली जाने वाली समस्याओं को दूर करने के लिए कार्य करना होगा ।”

अर्थशास्त्रियों, पर्यावरणविदों एवं वैज्ञानिकों ने इस समस्या का हल यह बताया है कि हम अपने विकास के लिए उपलब्ध प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग करते समय इस बात का भी ध्यान रखे कि आने वाली पीढ़ियों के लिए भी ये संसाधन बचे रहें ।

भावी पीढ़ी के लिए संसाधनों के बचाव के मद्‌देनजर ही सतत विकास (सस्टेनेबल डेबलपमेण्ट) की अवधारणा का बिकास हुआ । हमारे रिजर्व बैंक के गबर्नर श्री रघुराम राजन का कहना है- ”हमें यह निश्चित करके चलना चाहिए कि पूरे विश्व में वृद्धि के वास्तविक एवं सतत स्रोत हो ।”

सतत बिकास एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है, जिसमें वर्तमान आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए उपलब्ध संसाधनों का उपयोग करते समय इस बात का ध्यान रखा जाता है कि भावी पीढ़ी की आवश्यकताओं में भी कटौती न हो ।

यही कारण है कि सतत विकास अपने शाब्दिक अर्थ के अनुरूप निरन्तर चलता रहता है सतत विकास में सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक विकास के साथ-साथ इस बात का ध्यान रखा जाता है कि पर्यावरण भी सुरक्षित रहे । हमारे पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री श्री लालबहादुर शास्त्री का कहना था- ”हमें देश के संसाधनों का प्रयोग मानवता के लाभ के लिए करना चाहिए ।”

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सतत विकास की आवश्यकता निम्नलिखित बातों से स्पष्ट हो जाती है:

1. औद्योगीकरण के कारण वैश्विक स्तर पर तापमान में वृद्धि हुई है, फलस्वरूप विश्व की जलवायु में प्रतिकूल परिवर्तन हुआ है, साथ ही समुद्र का जल स्तर बद जाने के कारण आने बाले वर्षों में कई देशों एवं शहरों के समुद्र में जलमग्न हो जाने की आशंका है ।

2. जल प्रदूषण, वायु प्रदूषण, भूमि प्रदूषण एवं ध्वनि प्रदूषण में भी निरन्तर वृद्धि हो रही है । यदि इन्हें नियन्त्रित नहीं किया गया, तो परिणाम अत्यन्त मयकर होंगे ।

3. इनवायरन्‌मेण्टल डाटा सर्विसेज की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, लोगों एवं राष्ट्रों की सुरक्षा, भोजन ऊर्जा, पानी एवं जलवायु, इन चार स्तम्भों पर निर्भर है । ये चारों एक-दूसरे से घनिष्ठ रूप से सम्बन्धित हैं और ये सभी खतरे की सीमा को पार करने की कगार पर हैं ।

4. अपने आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक विकास के लिए मानव विश्व के संसाधनों का इतनी तीव्रता से दोहन कर रहा है कि पृथ्वी की जीवन को पोषित करने की क्षमता तेजी से कम हो रही है ।

5. वर्ष 2030 तक विश्व की जनसंख्या के 8.3 अरब से अधिक हो जाने का अनुमान है, जिसके कारण उस समय भोजन एवं ऊर्जा की माँग 50% अधिक तथा स्वच्छ जल की माँग 30% अधिक हो जाएगी । भोजन, ऊर्जा एवं जल की इस बड़ी हुई माँग के फलस्वरूप उत्पन्न सकट के दुष्परिणाम भयंकर हो सकते हैं ।

विश्व में आई औद्योगिक क्रान्ति के बाद से ही प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का दोहन शुरू हो गया था, जो उन्नीसवीं एवं बीसवीं शताब्दी में अपनी चरम सीमा को पार कर गया । दुष्परिणामस्वरूप विश्व की जलवायु पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पड़ा एवं प्रदूषण का स्तर इतना अधिक बढ़ गया कि यह अनेक जानलेवा बीमारियों का कारक बन गया, इसलिए बीसवीं शताब्दी में संयुक्त राष्ट्र एवं अन्य वैश्विक संगठनों ने पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा पर बल देना शुरू किया, साथ ही ओजोन परत के संरक्षण के लिए वर्ष 1985 में वियना सम्मेलन हुआ एवं इसकी नीतियों को विश्व के अधिकतर देशों ने वर्ष 1988 में लागू भी किया । वर्ष 1987 में ओजोन परत मॉण्ट्रियल समझौता हुआ । आज विश्व के 197 राष्ट्रों के साथ-साथ भारत भी इस समझौते को ईमानदारीपूर्वक निभा रहा है ।

अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय समझौते का पूर्णरूपेण पालन किए जाने पर वर्ष 2060 तक ओजोन परत के ठीक हो जाने की सम्भावना जताई जा रही है । इस विषय से सम्बन्धित कई और समझौते एवं सम्मेलन विश्व के कई अन्य शहरों में भी किए गए ।

वर्ष 1997 में जापान में क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल में तय किया गया कि विकसित देश पृथ्वी के बढ़ते तापमान से दुनिया को बचाने के लिए अपने यहाँ ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन में कमी लाएंगे । दिसम्बर, 2009 में सम्पन्न कोपेनहेगन सम्मेलन का उद्‌देश्य भी पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा ही था ।

वर्ष 2014 में संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावरण कार्यक्रम (यूएनईपी) द्वारा जारी की गई रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, परिवहन, इमारत एवं औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों में ऊर्जा दक्षता के उपाय अपनाकर प्रतिवर्ष भारत सहित अमेरिका, चीन, ब्राजील, यूरोपीय सब एवं मैक्सिको में वायु प्रदूषण से होने बाली एक लाख मौतों पर वर्ष 2030 तक रोक लगाई जा सकती है । संयुक्त राष्ट्र के जनरल असेम्बली के 69वें सत्र (2014) में गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा को सतत विकास की पूंजी कहा गया ।

संयुक्त राष्ट्र के महासचिव बान की-मून ने इस सत्र में कहा था- ”शिक्षा मौलिक अधिकार होने के साथ-साथ प्रत्येक राष्ट्र की समृद्धि का आधार है । माता-पिता को स्वास्थ्य एवं आहार के बारे में जानकारी होनी चाहिए यदि वे चाहते हैं कि उनके बच्चे एक अच्छी शुरूआत करें, जिसके वे अधिकारी है । उन्नत राष्ट्र कुशल एवं शिक्षित कर्मचारियों पर निर्भर रहता है । गरीबी दूर करने की चुनौतियाँ स्वीकारने एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन को रोकने तथा आने वाले दशकों में उचित सतत विकास हेतु हमें मिल-जुलकर काम करना होगा ।”

भारत सरकार द्वारा भी इस दिशा में कई महत्वपूर्ण कदम उठाए गए हैं, जिनमें वनारोपण एवं सामाजिक वानिकी, मृदा संरक्षण, परती भूमि विकास, वाटर शेड प्रबन्धन, शुष्क कृषि विकास की अवधारणाएँ प्रमुख हैं ।

भारत सरकार के केन्द्रीय मन्त्रिमण्डल ने 16 जनवरी, 2001 को आयोजित बैठक में इम्फाल (मणिपुर) में जैव-प्रौद्योगिकी विभाग, भारत सरकार के एक स्वायत्तशासी संस्थान की स्थापना को अनुमोदित किया, जिसे वर्ष 2001 में मणिपुर सोसाईटी पंजीकरण अधिनियम, 1989 के अधीन पंजीकृत कराया गया ।

इसे संक्षिप्त रूप में आईबीएसडी कहा जाता है । इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास हेतु जैव-प्रौद्योगिकी हस्तक्षेपों के माध्यम से जैव-संसाधनों का विकास तथा उनका सतत प्रयोग करना है । भारत में सतत बिकास के लिए अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग एवं बहुपक्षीय पर्यावरणीय करारी के लिए भारत सरकार के केन्द्रीय अभिकरण की भूमिका पर्यावरण एवं बन मन्त्रालय निभाता है । इसने जलवायु परिवर्तन एवं ओजोन परत संरक्षण से लेकर सतत बिकास से सम्बन्धित विश्वभर में आयोजित कई सम्मेलनों एवं समझौतों में अपनी सक्रिय भागीदारी एवं भूमिका निभाई है ।

वर्ष 1972 में स्टॉकहोम में हुए मानव पर्यावरण पर संयुक्त राष्ट्र सम्मेलन के दौरान हमारी पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री श्रीमती इन्दिरा गाँधी ने कहा था- ”गरीबी दूर करना संसार के लिए पर्यावरण नीति के लक्ष्य का एक अभिन्न हिस्सा है ।”

साझा ग्रह, वैश्विक नागरिकता एवं अन्तरिक्षयान पृथ्वी की अन्त सम्बद्ध अवधारणाएँ मात्र पर्यावरण मुद्दे तक सीमित न होकर तब पूर्ण होती है, जब पृथ्वी के सभी लोग पर्यावरणीय सुरक्षा और मानव बिकास की साझा एवं अन्त सम्बन्धित जिम्मेदारियों को एक साथ समान रूप से निभाएं ।

भारत में सतत विकास के लिए कृत-संकल्प अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ख्याति प्राप्त संस्थान ‘द एनर्जी एण्ड रिसोर्स इंस्टीट्यूट’ द्वारा आयोजित ‘दिल्ली सस्टेनेबल डेबलपमेण्ट समिट’ (DSDS) की विश्व स्तर पर पहचान बन चुकी है । फरवरी, 2011 में आयोजित दिल्ली सतत बिकास सम्मेलन (डीएसडीएस) की विषय-वस्तु ‘टैपिंग लोकल इनीशिएटिव्स एण्ड टैकलिंग इनर्शिया’ थी ।

इस विश्वस्तरीय सम्मेलन में भाग लेने हेतु कोलम्बिया विश्वविद्यालय के प्रोफेसर एवं नोबल पुरस्कार विजेता जोसेफ स्टिग्लिट्‌ज व विश्व के अन्य जाने-माने बिद्वानों के अलावा अफगानिस्तान के राष्ट्रपति हामिद करजई, डॉमिनिकन के राष्ट्रपति लियोनेल फर्नांडीज रेना और सेशल्स के राष्ट्रपति री जेम्स एलिक्स माइकल ने भाग लिया ।

इस सम्मेलन का उद्‌घाटन हमारे तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री श्री मनमोहन सिंह ने किया था । वर्ष 2012 में इस सम्मेलन की विषय-वस्तु ग्रोटेक्तिग द ग्लोबल कॉमंस : 20 इयर्स पोस्ट रियो थी । नई दिल्ली में आयोजित इस सम्मेलन में भी राष्ट्राध्यक्षों, मन्त्रियों सहित विश्वस्तरीय शिक्षाविद् शामिल हुए थे ।

टेरी द्वारा आयोजित वर्ष 2014 सम्मेलन की विषय-वस्तु थी- ”सबको भोजन, पानी व ऊर्जा, सुरक्षा उपलब्ध कराना ।” नई दिल्ली में 6 से 8 फरवरी तक चले इस सम्मेलन में संयुक्त राष्ट्र के पूर्व महासचिव के अन्नान, सेशल्स के राष्ट्रपति जेए माइकल, गुयाना के पूर्व राष्ट्रपति भारत जगदेव आदि अन्य विशिष्ट लोगों ने भाग लिया ।

इस दौरान कैलिफार्निया एयर रिसोर्सेज बोर्ड (CARB) के चेयरमैन मेरी निकोल्स ने कहा कि वर्ष 1991 में भारत में 20 मिलियन वाहन थे, वर्ष 2011 में वाहनों की संख्या बढ़कर 140 मिलियन हो गई और वर्ष 2030 तक इनकी संख्या 400 मिलियन तक हो जाने की सम्भावना है ।

इस सम्मेलन में वाहनों एवं अन्य स्रोतों से धुएँ के रूप में उत्सर्जित होने बाले प्रदूषित पदार्थों के कारण भारत के शहरों में प्रदूषण की मात्रा में अप्रत्याशित वृद्धि पर चिन्ता जताई गई । टेरी की इस रिपोर्ट को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत के विख्यात पर्यावरणविद् एवं टेरी के महानिदेशक श्री आरके पचौरी ने भारत सरकार को कैरोसिन तेल पर सब्सिडी न देकर सौर लालटेन पर सप्सिडी दिएजाने का सुझाव दिया है ।

रिपोर्ट में सुझाए गए प्रस्तावों पर केन्द्र सरकार ने सकारात्मक रवैया अपनाते हुए पाँच वर्षों में देश में 26 सौर पार्क निर्माण करने की योजना बनाई है । इन सोलर पार्क के द्वारा 22,100 मेगावाट ऊर्जा का उत्पादन किया जा सकेगा ।

केन्द्र सरकार के इस प्रस्ताव पर 12 राज्यों द्वारा स्वीकृति भी दे दी गई है । इसके साथ ही सरकार पेट्रोल चालित दुपहिये वाहनों की जगह साइकिल के प्रयोग को बढ़ावा देने हेतु साइकिल की खरीद पर कर में छूट देने पर भी विचार कर रही है । सरकार ‘सबका साथ, सबका बिकास’ की योजना को अमल में ला रही है ।

सतत बिकास के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों पर ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है:

1. इसके लिए सबसे पहले तो हमें जनसंख्या को स्थिर बनाए रखने की आवश्यकता है, क्योंकि जनसंख्या में वृद्धि होने से स्वाभाविक रूप से जीवन के लिए अधिक प्राकृतिक संसाधनों की आवश्यकता पड़ती है ।

2. शिक्षा प्रणाली में सुधार एवं विकास किए बिना हम सतत बिकास की अवधारणा से लोगों को न तो अवगत करा सकते हैं और न ही इसे लागू कर सकते हैं ।

3. यदि हम चाहते है कि प्रदूषण कम हो एवं पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा के साथ-साथ सन्तुलित विकास भी हो, तो इसके लिए हमें नवीन प्रौद्योगिकी का प्रयोग करना होगा ।

4. प्राकृतिक संसाधनों की सुरक्षा तब ही सम्भव है, जब हम इनका उपयुक्त प्रयोग करें ।

5. उपभोक्तावादी संस्कृति पर नियन्त्रण किए बिना हम सतत बिकास की अवधारणा के अनुरूप कार्य नहीं कर सकते ।

6. हमें प्रत्येक कार्य करते समय प्रदूषण नियन्त्रण की बात को नहीं भूलना चाहिए ।

7. हमें आम लोगों की प्रवृत्ति में परिवहन लाते हुए उन्हें समझाना होगा कि जब आवश्यक हो तब ही बिजली खर्च करें तथा ऊर्जा के अन्य संसाधनों का दुरुपयोग न करें ।

बिकास एवं पर्यावरण एक-दूसरे के विरोधी नहीं है, अपितु एक-दूसरे के पूरक है । सन्तुलित एवं शुद्ध पर्यावरण के बिना मानव का जीवन कष्टमय हो जाएगा । हमारा अस्तित्व एवं जीवविकास हमारे लिए आवश्यक है और इसके लिए प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग करना भी आवश्यक है, किन्तु ऐसा करते समय हमें सतत बिकास की अवधारणा को अपनाने पर जोर देना चाहिए ।

सतत विकास में आर्थिक समानता, लैंगिक समानता एवं सामाजिक समानता के साथ-साथ पर्यावरण सन्तुलन भी निहित है, इसलिए कहा जाता है कि मानव का वास्तविक कल्याण सतत बिकास द्वारा ही सम्भव है । महात्मा गाँधी ने कहा था- ”हमारे उद्योग मानव प्रधान होने चाहिए न कि मशीन प्रधान ।” सतत बिकास के सन्दर्भ में उनकी यह बात हमें बहुत कुछ सिखाती है ।

छोटे राज्य एवं विकास की बागडोर पर निबंध | Essay on Development of Small States in Hindi
असंतुलित विकास की त्रासदी पर निबंध | Essay on Tragedy of Unbalanced Development in Hindi
शहरी विकास की गंवई हकीकत पर निबंध | Essay on Reality of Urban Development in Hindi
ग्रामीण विकास में बैंकों की भूमिका पर निबन्ध | Essay on The Role of Banks in Rural development in Hindi

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Home > Books > Rural Development - Education, Sustainability, Multifunctionality

Dynamics of Rural Development in India

Submitted: 01 December 2020 Reviewed: 11 August 2021 Published: 11 September 2021

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99887

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India is the second largest populous country in the world and more than half of its population lives in rural areas. This leads to widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skills and malnutrition in the country. In the developing countries especially like India, rural development is always been an important issue related to country’s economic progress. The rural development programmes are the key devices for the development of the rural areas in the country. As we know that, the people of rural area have seen difficulties from the time immemorial, the time has come to give them their deserving rights. India cannot shine without the shinning of the Rural India. National Development is almost synonymous with the Rural Development. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in India and would be dealing with the changing life of the vulnerable people. The study reveals that the target number of houses to be constructed by the year 2021–2022, is 2.95 crore. The target set is to be achieved in phases and in the 1st phase 1 crore houses have been taken up for construction and in the 2nd phase 1.95 crore houses are being taken up for construction. 35.27 lakh houses have been constructed during 2020–2021 under Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (PMAY-G) scheme. The pace of construction of PMGSY roads a nine years high of 135 kms per day in 2018–2019 as against an average of 73 kms during the period 2011 to 2014. Hence, the pace of construction has increased by 93%. Under PMGSY about 6, 26,910 Km road length completed where as 41000 Km road length constructed by using green technology and 14312 Km road length constructed by using plastic waste. MGNREGA has provided employment to 6.9 crore households by generating more than 305.71 crore person-days of wage employment covering 74.74 lakh works during financial year 2020–2021 and 5 crore works completed since inception. During COVID-19 pandemic, migrant workers were allowed to work under the scheme by being applying for job card. Approximately 1.44 crore Job Cards have been issued in FY 2020–2021. Total person-days generated in FY 2020–2021 have been 305.71 crore against approved LB for FY 2020–2021 of 333.09 crore. There has been 47% increase in person-days generated in comparison to FY 2019–2020. Further, the paper will give an idea how it will be beneficial for our country and how this little effort to rebuild the rural life and livelihood will make our country from developing to the developed country.

Rural development
unemployment
Vulnerable Life

Author Information

Kazma khan *.

Scholar Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

1. Introduction

“Just as the whole universe is contained in the self, so is India contained in the villages.”

Mahatma Gandhi

Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas. It aims at improving the well being and self realization of people living outside the urbanized areas through collective process. According to Agarwal (1989), rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of rural poor [ 1 ]. Rural Development has been receiving increasing attention of the governments across the world. In the Indian context, rural development assumes special significance for two important reasons. First, about two-thirds of India’s population still lives in villages and there cannot be any progress so long as rural areas remain backward. Second, the backwardness of the rural sector would be a major impediment to the overall progress of the economy.

The all India Rural Credit Review Committee in its report warned “If the fruits of development continue to be denied to the large sections of rural community, while prosperity accrues to some, the tensions social and economic may not only upset the process of orderly and peaceful change in the rural economy but even frustrate the national efforts to set up agricultural production.” Report of the All India Rural Credit Committee, New Delhi, 2003 has rightly pointed out that a purely agricultural country remains backward even in respect of agriculture.

Today, Inclusive rural development is more specific concept than the concept of rural development of earlier, in broader terms, inclusive rural development is about improving the quality of life of all rural people. More specifically, inclusive rural development covers three different but interrelated dimensions: Economic dimension, Social dimension and Political dimension. Economic dimension encompasses providing both capacity and opportunities for the poor and low-income households in particular, benefit from the economic growth. Social dimension supports social development of poor and low- income households, promotes gender equality and women’s empowerment and provides social safety nets for vulnerable groups. Political dimension improves the opportunities for the poor and low income people in rural areas to effectively and equally participate the political processes at the village level [ 2 ].

Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. In order to provide the rural people with better prospects for economic development, increased participation of people in the rural development programmes, decentralization of planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater access to credit are needed. This article provides complete information on initiatives taken by the government for bridging the urban–rural divide by upgrading the standard of living of people in rural areas.

2. Objectives

The main objective of the study is to understand the role of rural development schemes in India.

The secondary objective includes, presenting the growth of number houses completed under PMAY-G Scheme, to study the increase of road length completed under PMGSY Scheme and to evaluate employment provided to households and individuals under MGNREGA Scheme etc. and key achievements of various schemes with special response given by the Government of India during Covid-19.

3. Scope of the study

The Government of India has been launched the various schemes for the development of rural areas. The present study confine to mainly few schemes like Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G) scheme is to provide houses, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) to build roads and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to provide employment to rural population and Deendayal Atyodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) to access gainful self-employment opportunities.

4. Methodology

The present study is based on the secondary sources of data. Data have been collected from various rural development institutions, annual reports, published books and research papers. In order to formulate the study meaningful and empirical tables were used. Various Development Programmes are used for appraising real performance of rural development in India.

5. Rural development in India preindependence

Rural development in India before independence can be analysed under two main heads:

It was the famine of 1899 which forced the British Government to think about the people of India who were dying of hunger [ 3 ].

Removal of Barter system: The traditional barter system received a severe setback during the British period. British government introduced cash economy, which enabled the peasants to adopt commercial crops. In this way agricultural subsistence gave rise to commercial crops.

Efforts made by voluntary organizations:

Sriniketan Experiment: Shri, Rabindranath Tagor in 1908 establish youth organization in the kaligram Progana of his Zamindari [ 4 ]. This was a very comprehensive programme combining culture, health, education and economic aspects of village life together [ 5 ].

The Martandam Experiment: The aim of this project was to bring more abundant life to the rural people. It was intended to symbolize the three-fold development, not only spiritual, mental and physical but also economic and social [ 6 ]. The essential technique of the centre was ‘Self-help with intimate expert counsel’. From the demonstration centre at Martandam, about a hundred villages were covered through Y.M.C.A. centres in villages.

The Gurgaon Experiment: It was started by Mr. F.L. Brayne, Deputy Commissioner in the Gurgaon district of Punjab State as he was prompted by the backwardness, poverty and misery of the people. Introduction of this programme has improved seeds, implements, the methods of cultivation, etc.

Gandhian Constructive Programme/ Sewagram: The dream of the Gandhiji was to see the village as self - contained and self sufficient. Therefore, for the betterment of people Gandhiji formulated 18 programmes, which includes the promotion of village industries, basic and adult education in rural areas, upliftment of backward tribes, upliftment of women, education in public health and hygiene, propagation of natural language, love for the mother tongue, economic equality, organization of kisans, labour and students and so on.

Rural Reconstruction Programmes in Baroda: The Maharaja of Baroda was started the Baroda experiment in 1932. This programme aimed at developing “will to liv e better” and a capacity for the self-help and self-reliance.

The Firka Development scheme: The Firka Development scheme of Madras was a Government sponsored scheme in 1946. This programme aimed at organizing the villages for a happier, more prosperous and fuller life in which the individual villagers had the opportunity to develop both as an individual and as a unit of a well- integrated society.

6. Programmemes launched by the government of India after independance

As Gandhiji has quoted that, “If villages prosper the country will prosper, if villages, sink the country will sink” , emphasizing on this line, for the development of India, village has to be developed. Department of Rural Development has implemented a number of programmes in the rural areas through the State Governments for the poverty reduction, employment generation, rural infrastructure habitant development, provision of basic minimum services [ 7 ]. The policy makers have realized the importance of rural development and have been implementing a host of programmes as shown in Table 1 .

List of Rural Development Programme after Independence in India.

Source: Ministry of Rural Development: rural.nic.in [ 8 ].

The Ministry of Rural Development has been given the mandate for undertaking interventions for integrated and sustainable rural development with the main focus on skilling of rural youth, increasing livelihood opportunities, empowering rural women and expanding livelihood opportunities, providing social safety net and infrastructure development.

The aim is to alleviating rural poverty, generating employment and removing hunger and malnourishment accompanied to improvement of the quality of human life. The basic goals are Connecting the unconnected habitations through good quality all weather roads, consolidation and up-gradation of existing rural road network adopting green technologies, Pucca houses with basic amenities to rural houseless/households living in Kuccha houses, Promotion of sustainable practices in Agriculture (Climate change resilient Agro Ecological Practices) NTFP, Livestock and other farm-based activities, Engaging with SHGs for higher order economic activities, Skill training for self and wage employment for remunerative jobs, Extend universal coverage to all the deprived sections, including small and marginal farmers and unorganized workers and Developing growth clusters & Gram Panchayats as hubs of economic activity through convergence of Government Schemes. While the government has been giving top priority to rural development and spending thousands of crores through various schemes. Government of India has made a provision of Rs 131519.08 Crore for Rural Development in its Budget for 2021–2022. With an aim to achieve poverty free Gram Panchayat, rural development expenditure has been substantially enhanced from Rs. 52,000 crore in 2012–2013 to Rs. 1,97,376.5 crore in 2020–2021, an increase of 279% as shown in Figure 1 . Further, the Ministry of Rural Development targets an expenditure of Rs. 1, 31,519 crore during 2021–2022. In 2012–2013 the fund for NRLM-Aajeevika was Rs. 2600 crore which reaches around Rs.13677.6 for the FY 2021–2022. An allocation of Rs 19500 Crore has been made for Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana -Grameen and Rs 15000 Crore for Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna. Around Rs. 9200 Crore has been allocated for NSA Programme in 21–22 budget as shown in Table 2 .

Year-Wise Expenditure in Rural Development Schemes in India (in crores). Source: Annual Reports (2012–2013 to 2020–2021), Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.

Rural Development Programmes in India.

Source: Annual Reports (2012–2013 to 2020–2021), Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India [ 9 ].

6.1 Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee scheme (MGNREGS)

Mahatma Gandhi NREGA was notified on September 7, 2005. The Scheme aims at enhancing livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to take up unskilled manual work. The scheme came into force initially in 200 districts with effect from 2nd February 2006, and was extended gradually to other areas notified by the Central Government. Now the scheme covers the entire country except for districts that have a 100% urban population. The Mahatma Gandhi NREGA is a powerful instrument for ensuring inclusive growth in rural India through its impact on social protection, livelihood security and democratic empowerment.

The Rural Development department has been able to generate unprecedented employment opportunities for unorganized labourers in rural areas through its schemes. The government’s commitment to ensure effective implementation of Scheme is reflected by the continuous increase in budget allocation. Total Budget allocation in the financial year 2020–2021 was 61,500 crore and a provision of Rs 73,000 Crore for F.Y 2021–2022 which is highest since inception as compared to the previous financial years. The total expenditure in the financial year 2020–2021is about Rs 82,425 crore which is highest ever since inception as shown in Figure 2 . In the F.Y 2020–21, 6.9 crore households have been provided employment and in the process 305.71 crore person-days of employment have been generated. Women have accounted for an average of 52.6% of the total person-days generated in MGNREGA, while SC/ST households have contributed to a total of 38%. To strengthen the livelihood resources base of the rural poor, the focus of the scheme is on creation of productive assets of prescribed quality and durability under the scheme.

Progress of Total Expenditure under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA. Source: Annual Reports 2020–2021, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India

During COVID-19 pandemic, migrant workers were allowed to work under the scheme by being applying for job card. Approximately 1.44 crore Job Cards have been issued in Financial Year 2020–2021. Total persons-days generated in FY 2020–2021 have been 305.71 crore against approved LB for FY 2020–2021 of 333.09 crore. There has been 47% increase in person-days generated in comparison to FY 2019–2020.

6.2 Garib kalyan rojgar abhiyaan (GKRA)

Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA) was launched on 20th June, 2020 for a period of 125 days to boost employment and livelihood opportunities for migrant workers returning to villages and similarly affected citizens in rural area. The key objectives of this Abhiyaan were to provide immediate employment opportunities to returnee migrants and similarly affected citizen in rural areas, to saturate villages with public infrastructure and assets, to set Stage for enhancing long-term livelihood opportunities. The Scheme has helped in empowering villagers with livelihood opportunities in the selected 116 districts of 6 states namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Madha Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. During the Abhiyaan, 50.78 crore person-days were generated with a total expenditure of Rs.39, 293 crore.

6.3 Deendayal atyodaya yojana- national rural livelihoods mission (DAY-NRLM)

The Hindi word ‘antyodaya’ is a combination of two words- ant meaning end or bottom level and udaya meaning development. Thus, as a whole, it implies the development or welfare of a person standing at the end of that queue (lowest level), that is, the poorest of the poor.

DAY-NRLM is a centrally sponsored programme which was launched in June 2011 with the aim to reduce poverty through promotion of diversified and gainful self employment and skilled wage employment opportunities resulting in appreciable increase in the incomes of rural poor on sustainable basis. NRLM continued to register significant progress in all components during 2020–2021. Intensive activities of the Mission were initiated in 229 new blocks, taking the cumulative footprint to 6321 blocks. Cumulatively up to December, 2020, the Mission has mobilized about 7.26 crore households into 66.03 lakh Self Help Groups (SHGs). The total number of promoted VO is 3.78 lakh, while the number of Cluster Level Federations (CLFs) stood at 323,201. Cumulatively total capitalization support of Rs.12195.13 crore was provided to the community institutions. Further SHGs have leveraged a loan of 3.47 lakh crore from the banks since 2013-14.

This Mission has been strengthening livelihoods by intervention in agro-ecological practices, improved livestock rearing and sustainable Non-timber forest products collection and value addition. 38.05 lakhs farmers have been covered under Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) till December, 2020. A total of 84 MKSP projects spread over across 24 States, 238 districts, 1319 blocks and 30,900 villages are currently being implemented. The total outlay of the projects is Rs. 1290 Crores covering around 38.05 lakh Mahila Kisans.

In order to support rural youth to take up local entrepreneurship, Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP) was launched as a sub-scheme of DAY-NRLM in 2014. SVEP is expected to support creation and strengthening of about 2.00 lakh village enterprises in 153 blocks across 23 States. Till 31st December 2020, a total of 1,25,595 enterprises have been supported in these states [ 10 ].

6.4 Aajeevika grameen express yojana (AGEY)

Launched in April 2017 aims to provide safe, affordable and community monitored rural transport services to connect remote rural villages, a total of 1357 vehicles were operational in 23 States till December 2020.

The mission is working on the development of transaction system for SHGs and their Federations to track the member level savings, inter-lending, borrowings and repayments etc. It is expected that this system will enable both the Mission and the banks to monitor the health of the SGHs and their federations better.

6.5 Pradhan mantri gram sadak yojana (PMGSY)

launched on 25th December, 2000 for providing connectivity by way of all weather road to the eligible unconnected habitations as per core-network with a population of 500 persons in plain areas. As rural roads are vital for the economic growth and measure for poverty alleviation in the village, Government has launched a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme called the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. The programme seeks to provide connectivity to all unconnected habitations in the rural areas with a population of more than 500 persons through good All-weather roads by the end of the Tenth Plan Period. The rural connectivity is a key factor in ensuring sustainable poverty reduction and integration of rural areas into the mainstream economic growth and development. Figure 3 presents the road length completed during last more than one decade from 2009 to 2010 to 2020–2021.

Length of Road Completed (in Km). Source: Annual Reports of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana- 2020-2021, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.

98.45% of eligible and feasible habitations provided with all-weather road connectivity.

100% sanction of PMGSY-II; 35,072 Km (70.39%) completed.

Under Road Connectivity Project for Left Wing Extremism Affected Areas (RCPLWEA) 9,338 Km sanctioned; 1,877 Km completed.

Phase-III of PMGSY launched for consolidation of 1, 25,000 Km through Routes and Major Rural Links connecting habitations, inter-alia, to Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs), Higher Secondary Schools and Hospitals.

Total 6, 26,910 Km road length constructed.

41,000 Km road length constructed using green technology.

14,312 Km road length constructed using plastic waste.

7. Pradhan mantri awaas yojana gramin (PMAY-G)

To realise the government’s commitment towards ensuring “Housing for All” by 2022, the erstwhile rural housing scheme of Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) has been restructured into Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G) with effect from 1st April, 2016. To ensure saturation, the target number of houses to be constructed by the year 2021–2022, is 2.95 crore. The target set is to be achieved in phases and in the 1st phase 1 crore houses have been taken up for construction over a period of 3 years i.e. 2016–2017 to 2018–2019. In the 2nd phase 1.95 crore houses are being taken up for construction over 3 years from 2019 to 2020 to 2021–2022. Under PMAY-G, assistance of Rs. 1, 20,000/− in plains and Rs. 1, 30,000 in hilly states, difficult areas and IAP districts is provided for construction of the house.

The above data indicates that, the number of houses completed has increased from 10, 78,065 during 2012–2013 to 35, 27,176 in 2020–2021 in almost last one decade. Highest number of houses completed in the year 2018–2019 as shown in Figure 4 .

Number of houses Completed. Source: PMAY-G Cumulative Progress report 2020-2021, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India [ 11 ].

As far as achievement under Rural Mason Training is concerned, as on 8th January 2021 a total of 1,79,489 candidates have been enrolled for mason training out of which 1,43,250 have been assessed and 1,01,644 have been certified under Rural Mason Training (RTM0 Programme. In addition, at the national level, 60% of the target is to be earmarked for SC/ST households. To maintain this, 60% of the target allocated to each State/UT should be earmarked for SC/ST subject of availability of eligible PMAY –G beneficiaries in the Permanent Wait List (PWL). As of 21st January 2021, out of the total 1, 87, 96,844 houses sanctioned, 41, 54,073 houses were sanctioned for SCs and 41, 58,987 sanctioned for STs across the country. Further, out of total 1, 26, 25,294 houses completed, 30, 45, 06 houses were completed for SCs and 30, 72,647 completed for STs across the country. Further, as far as possible, 15% of the total fund would be earmarked for minorities at the National Level, as on 21st January 2021, out of the total houses sanctioned, 23,14,739 houses were sanctioned for Minorities and 14,96,183 got completed across the country since the inception of this scheme. In addition, the state to the extent possible may ensure that 5% of beneficiaries at the State Level from among persons with disabilities. On 21st January 2021, a total of 29,144 houses have been sanctioned for the physically and mentally disabled and out of which 22,211 houses have been completed (Annual Report, 2020–2021, GOI).

8. Response to Covid-19

PRADHAN MANTRI GARIB KALYAN YOJANA

Cash transfers to women PMJDY A/c holders: A total of 20.65 crore PMJDY women account-holders would be given an ex-gratia of Rs. 500 per month for entailing three months. Total expenditure is Rs. 31,000 Crores.

Support for senior citizens, widows and divyang: Rs.1000/− each to 2.82 crore aged widows and people in Divyang category. Total expenditure- Rs. 2,815 crore.

Increase limit of collateral free loan for SHGs from current limit of Rs. 10 lakh to Rs. 20 lakh.

MGNREGA wages increased from Rs.182 to Rs.202/− w.e.f. 1st April 2020. MGNREGA allocation enhanced from Rs. 61,500 to Rs. 1, 01,500 crore through additional provision of Rs. 40,000 crore.

DEENDAYAL ANTYODAYA YOJANA NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOODS MISSION (DAY-NRLM)

SHG members as Covid warriors: More than 2.87 lakh SHG members have come together to produce 17.70 crore facemasks; manufactured 4.16 lakh liters of sanitizer; 1.00 lakh liters of hand wash.

Over 6,491 community kitchens run by SHG members have served nearly 4.63 lakh persons on 19th June (no. of persons served at community kitchens are for that one particular day).

5300+ BC Sakhi conducted 43.02 lakh transactions amounting to Rs.799.13 Crore at door steps of the rural poor.

Women Collectives Platform utilized for awareness generation - Around 16.66 lakhs SHGs have involved in generation of awareness on COVID-19 and 2.35 Cr. community members have been oriented on preventive measures to be taken to combat COVID-19.

Provision of dry ration: Dry ration was provided to 34, 92,907 vulnerable households.

Addressing migrants’ problems through Vulnerability Reduction Fund: The State Missions have been advised to utilise Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF) for helping rural poor through small grants and interest free loans.

MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (MGNREGS)

All the States/UTs been advised to provide job cards to willing job seekers including migrant labourers and open jobs on demand following the health advisories issued from time to time.

Advisory issued on Nutri-garden for further strengthening livelihoods and wage employments of eligible rural poor.

The average number of persons to whom work has been offered in May 2020 so far is.

2.51 crore per day, which is 73% higher than the average number of 1.45 crore person-days during the same period last year.

Works have been offered (on 28 May 2020) in 1.94 lakhs GPs.

5.54 crore of wage seekers has been offered work (till 28th May 2020).

A total of Rs. 31,545 crore has already been released to the States/UTs.

Wage rate increased from Rs. 180 to Rs. 202/− with effect from 1.4.2020.

60 crore person-days created till June 2020.

9. Conclusion

Since independence the country has formulated various rural development programmes and has restructured and revamped them envisaging their wider outreach and acceptability. At present, rural people look up to the government for each and everything. This dependency syndrome needs to be dispelled. People’s participation in the development sphere is crucial. People must be made fully aware of the opportunities available and how to take advantage of them. Government of India has announced Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G) scheme is to provide houses, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) to build roads and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to provide employment to rural people as well as Deendayal Antodaya Yojana National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) aim to reduce poverty through promotion of diversified and gainful self employment and skilled wage employment opportunities resulting in appreciable increase in the incomes of rural poor on sustainable basis. These schemes are playing main role in rural development of India. The study reveals that the target number of houses to be constructed by the year 2021–2022, is 2.95 crore. The target set is to be achieved in phases and in the 1st phase 1 crore houses have been taken up for construction over a period of 3 years from 2016 to 2017 to 2018–2019. In the 2nd phase 1.95 crore houses are being taken up for construction over 3 years from 2019 to 2020 to 2021–2022. 35.27 lakh houses have been constructed during 2020–2021 under Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (PMAY-G) scheme. The pace of construction of PMGSY roads a nine years high of 135 kms per day in 2018–2019 as against an average of 73 kms during the period 2011 to 2014. Hence, the pace of construction has increased by 93%. Under PMGSY about 6, 26,910 Km road length completed where as 41000 Km road length constructed by using green technology and 14312 Km road length constructed by using plastic waste. MGNREGA has provided employment to 6.9 crore households by generating more than 305.71 crore person days of wage employment covering 74.74 lakh works during financial year 2020–2021 and 5 crore works completed since inception. During COVID-19 pandemic, migrant workers were allowed to work under the scheme by being applying for job card. Approximately 1.44 crore Job Cards have been issued in FY 2020–2021. Total person-days generated in FY 2020–2021 have been 305.71 crore against approved LB for FY 2020–2021 of 333.09 crore. There has been 47% increase in persondays generated in comparison to FY 2019–2020. DAY-NRLM continued to show progress in all components during 2020–2021, the Mission has mobilised about 7.26 crore households into 66.03 lakh SHGs. Till December,2020 cumulatively total capitalization support of Rs 12195.13 crore was provided to the community institutions. Further SGHs have leveraged a loan of Rs. 3.47 Lakh crore from the banks since 2013–2014. Keeping the wheels of welfare activities running during the pandemic, Minsitry of Rural Development geared up to combat COVID-19 with various special initiatives and measures for the well being of the rural population. The measures included from providing livelihood to the villages, production and distribution of masks and other essentials by the SHG women to rolling out communication campaigns for creating awareness about COVID-19 appropriate behaviour. Following are the welfare initiatives introduced through the schemes of rural development like Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan, MGNREGA and DAY-NRLM etc. The need of the hour is the convergence of all development interventions at the grass-root level so as to enhance necessary infrastructure in the backward regions and ensure capacity building and skill up-gradation. Together with the government, the people living in rural area are also needed to contribute, without their contribution the development is not at all possible. Both have to take the initiative, this initiative will surely make our country developed country.

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© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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AGRICULTURE SECTOR AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

The present research paper has focused on the role of the agriculture sector in rural development of India. The secondary data were used and it was obtained from various sources like annual reports of agriculture and farmers welfare department, ministry of rural development, census reports, and NSSO data. Agriculture sector significantly contributes to the positive improvement of the economy generally and rural development particularly. India is an agricultural country with 195 million hectares is gross cropped area, 141 million hectares of land as net sown area, the highest percentage of land under cultivation in the world. The country accounts for 17.7 percent of the world's population and ranks in the second largest populated country. The country has about 68.8 percent of the population living in its rural areas and the only source of their livelihood is agriculture and allied activities. The total production of food grains was increased from 259.29 million tonnes in 2011-12 to 284.95 million tonnes in 2018-19. The contribution of agriculture in gross value added at basic prices has continuously fallen in India from 17.72 percent in 2012-13 to 14.09 percent in 2019-20. The share of agriculture in employment declined from about 69.7 percent in 1951 to about 54.6 percent by 2011. The amount of agricultural credits are very much insufficient and the private non-institutional sources still remained a significant contribution in supplying credit to the farmers and rural peoples. To achieve sustainable rural International Research Journal of Human Resource and Social Sciences ISSN(O): (2349-4085) ISSN(P): (2394-4218) Impact Factor 5. development through agricultural practices, it needed the more than four percent growth rate in agriculture, provision of quality and adequate quantum of inputs such as quality seeds, fertilisers, and their timely supply besides electricity, socioeconomic inclusion policy and participation of the rural people in development strategies are the key concerns of the policy.

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Rural Development in India

Rural development usually refers to the method of enhancing the quality of life and financial well-being of individuals, specifically living in populated and remote areas.

Traditionally, rural development was centred on the misuse of land-intensive natural resources such as forestry and agriculture. However today, the increasing urbanisation and the change in global production networks have transformed the nature of rural areas.

Rural development still remains the core of the overall development of the country. More than two-third of the country’s people are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, and one-third of rural India is still below the poverty line. Therefore, it is important for the government to be productive and provide enough facilities to upgrade their standard of living.

Rural development is a term that concentrates on the actions taken for the development of rural areas to improve the economy. However, few areas that demand more focused attention and new initiatives are:

Public health and Sanitation
Women empowerment
Infrastructure development (electricity, irrigation, etc.)
Facilities for agriculture extension and research
Availability of credit
Employment opportunities

Importance of Rural Development

Rural development is important not only for the majority of the population residing in rural areas, but also for the overall economic expansion of the nation.

Rural development is considered to be of noticeable importance in the country today than in the olden days in the process of the evolution of the nation. It is a strategy that tries to obtain an improved and productivity, higher socio-economic equality and ambition, and stability in social and economic development.

The primary task is to decrease the famine that exists in roughly about 70 percent of the rural population, and to make sufficient and healthy food available.

The secondary task is to ensure the availability of clothing and footwear, a clean environment and house, medical attention, recreational provision, education, transport, and communication.

Objectives of Rural Development

The objectives composed by the government in the sixth five-year plan for rural development are:

To improve productivity and wages of rural people
To guarantee increased and quick employment possibilities
To demolish unemployment and bring a notable decline in underemployment
To guarantee an increase in the standard of living of the underprivileged population
To provide the basic needs: elementary education, healthcare, clean drinking water, rural roads, etc.

Solved Questions.

1. Explain rural development and its importance.

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Essay on rural development in india.

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Read this essay to learn about Rural Development in India. After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Introduction to Rural Development 2. Activities and Experiments Undertaken for Rural Development 3. The Rural Development Programmes 4. Institutions 5. Observations and Problems 6. Suggestions.

Essay Contents:

Essay on the Suggestions for Rural Development in India

1. Essay on the Introduction to Rural Development:

The definition of Rural is residuary become all over the world that is defined as an urban area and whatever is not urban known as rural.

In India a settlement is defined as urban if it fulfils either of the following conditions, were adopted in the 1991 census:

(i) All statutory towns, i.e.; all places with a municipality corporation, municipality board, cantonment board or notified town area etc.

(ii) A minimum population of 5,000.

(iii) At least 75 per cent of the Male working population engaged in non-agricultural and allied activity,

(iv) A density of population of at least 400 persons per square kilometres.

Thus, the term ‘Rural’ essentially means an area, which is characterised as non-urban style of life, occupational structure and settlement pattern.

‘Development’ in general refers to the process of a general improvement in levels of living together, decreasing inequality in incomes and the capacity to sustain continuous improvements overtime. Thus the term Rural Development is viewed as an activity of a series of activities or a process, which either improves the immediate living conditions-economic, social, political, cultural and environmental or increases the potential for future living or both of the rural people.

The Royal commission on Agriculture defined Rural Development as:

“We cannot too strongly state our conviction that the directorship of agriculture is one of the key posts in Rural Development and that agricultural advance must in a very great degree depend upon the stability of the officer.”

The taskforce appointed by the Planning Commission on Integrated Rural Development in 1972 defined Rural Development as:

“After a careful consideration we have belatedly decided to take what might be considered a rather restricted view of the expression. ‘Rural Development’ we have chose to equate it with agricultural development in the widest sense so as to embrace besides crop husbandry, all the allied activities.”

According to the view of World Bank “Rural Development as a strategy design to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people – The rural (people) poor. It involves extending the benefits of development to the poorer among those who seek a livelihood in rural areas. The group includes small-scale farmers, tenants and the landless.”

Rural Development means a strategy to improve the economic and social life of the rural poor and the rural weak in the overall spectrum of development and growth. It is not only important to raise the agricultural productivity and the rate of overall economic growth in the rural areas, but also it is to ensure that the poor and weaker sections share the benefit.

“Rural Development as a process in complex and involves the interaction of economic, social, political, technological and other situational factors. These have to be integrated with Government policies and plans with the objective of improving the quality of life of the people in the villages”.

Rural Development encompasses:

(i) Improvement in levels of living, including employment, education, health and nutrition housing and a variety of social services

(ii) Decreasing inequality in distribution of rural incomes and in rural-urban balances in incomes and economic opportunities and

(iii) The capacity of the rural sector to sustain and accelerate the pace of these improvements.

The critical element in the Rural Development is improvement living standards of the poor through opportunities for better utilisation of their physical and human resources in the absence of this utilisation of rural resources has no functional significance. Making the process of rural development self-sustaining of capital and use of technology for the benefit of the poor but their active involvement in the building up of institutions as well as functioning of these.

There are a number of definitions of rural development. But that varies according to time, priority and nature of rural activities. Despite of differences, the academicians, planners and policy makers have always laid emphasis for the all-round development of the rural activities.

However, Rural Development as a concept and as series of experiments in alternative methods of organising production, welfare and exchange in rural activities has a long history and is not the monopoly of any single system or country. Its recent popularity however is mainly symptomatic of the failure of technocratic and growth strategies pursued by most developing countries in the 1950s and 1960s.

Academics, nationals and international policy makers are carrying out the search for solution to the twin problems of rural poverty and unemployment. The noted Western economists like, Kuznets, Gerschenkron, Floud and Mccloskey provide useful insights into the history of economic development of the present day developed countries.

The growth of output and productivity in these countries during last 10 to 15 decades has been qualitatively different from that observed in earlier periods. Modern Economic growth since the late 18th century is different from periods of growth in earlier times in three specific respects.

Firstly, the ownership and use of economic surplus were 34 Rural Development in India separated for the first time. Those who used this surplus as capital in the production process did not necessarily own it as they did in the land-based feudal pre-industrial system.

Secondly, extensive use of an acceptable unit of exchange called money helped in expansion of market, which made specialization and mobility possible.

Lastly, mobility of both capital and labour in pursuit of higher gains to urban areas and distant lands occurred on an unprecedented scale. The consequent increase in output and productivity were substantial and sustained over a long period of time. These impressive increases were also accompanied by growth of population and large-scale migration from not only rural to urban areas but from nation to nation and from continent to continent.

Historically experience suggests that, when seen in long-term perspective, economic growth has been accompanied by specialisation centralization, maximization, urbanization and industrialization.

History shows that, poverty has been diminished by the growth of labour increased productivity in the agricultural sector and migration of labour to urban non-agricultural activities. The population movement occurred mainly because industry could offer the incentive of higher wages and better employment opportunities.

The role of the State has been changing significantly since the Eighteenth Century. Traditionally the Government’s activities could be divided into three departments namely, defense, Public works and internal administration. A healthy balance among the three ensured stable regimes with the advent of modern economic development; the “Public works” component has been an expanding area of State activity.

Modern development policy makers while, recognising the importance of infrastructure have been rather ambiguous about the contents of infrastructure is one of the very few illuminating contributions on the subject. Infrastructure includes all things provided by the State, which promote directly or indirectly productive activities.

Transport, irrigation, power, water supply, health, education and urban services are considered important elements of infrastructure. In a mixed economy, with a relatively important public sector, provision of infrastructure has to be carefully planned and provided by the State.

The State playing an important role in development. Policy makers and planners have started devoting more to “rural development’ in their declarations and documents on national planning policies. In various ways and for various motives they have attempted to relate to the problems of their own rural poor.

Despite, substantial and impressive increase in growth of agricultural and food outputs in some regions of a number of developing countries the plight of small and marginal farmers, agricultural and landless labourers, artisans and small retailers has not been improved significantly.

In India the term ‘Rural Development’ is not a very old phenomenon. Early in the century their exist the British rule. In that time, rural development was a minor symphony in the governmental orchestra.

The functions of the Government were limited and even the spread of each function was narrowly restricted. Thus, Development cannot but be of minor meaning and significance in the structure of the priorities of colonialism, which was also reflected in the rural areas.

The decade 1920-30 was very significant from the view of early pioneering efforts at rural development in India. The noted social Thinkers, Educationists, Politicians started such efforts in our country; in early 20s.

2. Essay on the Activities and Experiments Undertaken for Rural Development:

Programmes and projects in pre-independence periods:.

The important activities and experiments undertaken for rural development in Pre-Independence periods are:

(i) Sriniketan Experiments:

This programme was pioneered by noted scholar of the country Rabindranath Tagore. The important objective of the experiment was Economic and Moral rehabilitation of the rural community.

(ii) Martandum Project:

One Rural Reconstruction Programme was initiated by Spancer Hatch at Martandum (South Travancore) in 1921. Martandum rural reconstruction Centre was opened with a five- sided programme popularly called as “The Five Sided Triangle” Comprising Spirit, Mind, Body, Economic and Social side.

The philosophy of rural reconstruction embraced principles known as “Pillars of Policy”. The principle of ‘Self Help’ was maintained. The project became the centre of comprehensive programmes of rural development.

(iii) The Gurugaon Experiment:

The important village uplift movement was initiated by I.L.Brayne the Deputy Commissioner of Gurugaon district in 1920. This village development programme called as the “Gurugaon Scheme”. The Gurugaon Scheme claimed to deal with the whole life and the activity of the peasant and his family and to present a complete remedy from the terrible conditions in with they lived.

(iv) Rural Reconstruction Movement in Baroda:

The important rural reconstruction centre was set up in 1932 and the work commenced in a group of villages round Kosamba (Navasri district). The movement aimed at improvement in all aspect of rural life, changing the outlook of the agriculturists, the attainment of higher standard of living.

(v) Sarvodaya Scheme of Bombay:

This scheme was based on the Gandhiji’s idea of Sarvodaya. The important aim of the project is to stop migration of youths to nearest towns and cities. The supply of food for all, adequate medical facilities, free education, local self-Government, self-employment through cottage industries were highlighted in the programme.

(vi) Firka Development Scheme:

The Firka Development Scheme aimed at the attainment of the Gandhian ideal of “Village Swaraj” by brining about not only the education, economic, sanitary and other improvements of village along with the revitalisation of the spirit if people and to make them self-confident and self-reliant.

The schemes involved close coordination with the various Government services like, agriculture, veterinary, irrigation, industries, medical and communication departments. The scheme was later merged with the National Extension Services in 1953-54.

Programmes and Projects in Post-Independence Period:

Programmes and projects were also launched in post-independence and pre-planning periods.

The important among them are:

(1) The Pilot Development Project of Etawah:

The Project began under the sponsorships of the provincial Governments of Uttar Pradesh in late 1948.

The important objectives of the project were to increase the degree of productivity, social improvements, promotion of self-confidence and cooperation.

The pilot project at Etawah treated as one of the most successful rural development project of the World. The project also exhibited the exemplary Cooperation and Coordination of Government, volunteers and others.

(2) The Nilokheri Experiment :

India divided in 1947. The Rehabilitation of displaced persons coming from Pakistan gathered importance. In order to provide them gainful employment a new township was developed at Nilokheri in 1948 with the efforts of Sri S.K.Dey.

Sri Dey evolved a faith were to activate and support a triple charter of rights such as:

(i) Right to live,

(ii) Right to work for living and

(iii) Right to receive what is earned.

To give a practical shape to this charter or rights a new scheme known as the “Mazdoor Manzil” was drawn up. The basic concept of the Mazdoor Manzil was to stop the one-way traffic of labour, material, skill and culture from villages to town.

The township was intended to include institutions for medical relief and sanitation, Higher Education, Technical and Vocational Training, Veterinary aid and agricultural extension embracing agriculture, horticulture, poultry, piggery, fishery, sheep breeding and other forms of animal husbandry. The project was highly appreciated by the then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

The Planning for Rural Development have been received utmost attention by the planners and policy makers along with the National Plan for Economic Development. The rural development strategies were also adopted by planners as per the methods and strategies adopted for the economic development of the country. India adopted both the centralised and decentralised planning models in the process of its planned economic development.

The First Five Year Plan (1950-51 to 1955-56) adopted the Harrod-Domar model of capital accumulation and saving mobilisation as its methodological approach towards planning. Under this approach, the process of economic development must start from the villages.

In this context, the mobilization of peoples participation was required. In order to implement this ideology the Community Development Programme (CDP) was conceived. The Block administration was created as a centre of Rural Development activities.

This programme failed as blocks were quite big and left the weaker section untouched. The programme was also implemented in Orissa. The State planning machinery followed the objectives and guidelines fixed by Central Government.

The Second Five Year Plan (1955-56 to 1960-61) based on Feldman-Mahalnobis model of sectoral growth. This strategy emphasised investment in heavy industry to achieve industrialization, which was assumed to be the basic condition for rapid economic development.

A good deal of reliance was placed on cottage and small industries with the aim of reducing rural under employment, unemployment. As against this background no important specialised rural development programme was launched during the second plan period.

However, steps were taken to strengthen the ongoing community development programme. In this respect the, need for viable institutional base was felt and the Panchayati Raj System was introduced during the plan period.

Besides, specialised rural economic development programmes like, Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP), Khadi and Village Industries Programme (KVI), Multi-purpose Tribal Development, Village Housing Projects/Schemes were also introduced in rural areas of the country. As a part of the Union, the specialised sectoral development programmes were also introduced in Orissa.

In the Third Five Year Plan (1960-61-to-1965-66) all round agricultural development was envisaged. Increased agricultural production in the farm sector and activities allied to agriculture received topmost priority during the plan period.

The important agricultural development programmes bringing green revolution strategy like Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) and High Yield Varieties Programme (HYVP) were implemented in the country. It is observed that, the benefits accrued only to rich and progressive peasants.

Once again, landless and agricultural labourers were left untouched. Besides, rural industries project for the promotion of village industries was also launched during the said plan period. Health and Nutrition is regarded as important inputs required for improvement in the quality of life. To ensure appropriate and adequate nutrition to the children, for their growth Applied Nutrition Programme was introduced during the Third Five Year Plan.

The Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) in the name of “Growth with social justice” initiated efforts towards uplifting the vulnerable sections of rural society. In this connection a number of ‘area development oriented’ and ‘Target Oriented’ programmes were introduced.

Programmes such as Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA), Small Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFAL), Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Tribal Area Development Programme (TADP) were introduced as the important rural development programmes. These rural development programmes did succeed, but only in limited areas and numbers.

This plan paved the path for a number of rural development and poverty alleviation programmes in the country. These programmes were implemented through the existing administrative apparatus at block and village levels.

Employment generation programmes like, Crash Scheme for Rural Employment and Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme were also launched during the plan period. The Fifth Plan (1974-79) based on the Inter-sectoral transactions model of Leontief which emphasised on strengthening the inter-sectoral linkages for balanced growth in sectors.

The most important objectives of the Fifth Plan Period was:

(i) Removal of poverty and

(ii) Achievement of self-reliance.

In order to attain these objectives. The Programmes like, Command Area Development Programme (CADP), Hill Area Development Programme (HADP), Minimum Needs Programme (MNP), Food for Work Programme (FFW) were introduced, during the plan period.

Besides, in order to promote small-scale, village and cottage industries the District Industries Centres (DICs) were set up in all districts of the country. The 20-point Economic Programme was also introduced during the said plan period.

The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) aimed at the removal of poverty, growth, modernisation, self-reliance and social justice. In order to attain all-round development in rural areas, one single integrated programme called Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was conceived. IRDP is regarded as a multi-level, multi-sector and multi-section concept of rural development.

As a multi-level concept it encompasses rural development at various levels such as viable cluster of village communities, districts and blocks. As a multi- sector concept, it embraces development in various sectors and sub-sectors of the rural areas such as agriculture, industry, education, health and transportation etc.

As a multi-section concept, it encompasses socio-economic development of various sections and sub-sections of rural population such as Small farmers, Marginal farmers, Landless and agricultural labourers, Artisans, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Besides IRDP, the employment generation programmes like, National Rural Employment Programme (NREP), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), Economic Rehabilitation or Rural Poor (ERRP), Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM), Self Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youths (SEEUY). Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) etc. were also introduced during the said plan period.

The important objectives of the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) were; building an independent self-reliant economy, establishment of social system based on equity and justice, reduction of regional imbalance and adoption of advanced technologies. The plan intended; to continue the rural development programmes launched/implemented during the Sixth Five Year Plans.

Besides, some rural infrastructural development programmes like, Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Integrated Rural Energy Planning Programme (IREP), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Million Wells Scheme (MWS), etc. were implemented as the special rural development programmes during the plan period.

The Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) aimed at generation of adequate employment opportunities, Universalisation of elementary education, provision of safe drinking water and primary health care facilities, and strengthening the infrastructure. The special rural development and poverty alleviation programmes implemented in earlier plans were also intended to continue during the Eighth Five Year Plan.

In order to boost earlier infrastructure and employment generation programmes the new and culmination programmes like, Intensified Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (IJRY), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), Operation Black Board (OBB), and District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) were introduced.

The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) aimed at generating employment opportunities in the secondary sector, all-round development of agricultural sector, strengthening the rural economy through development of agro-based industries, small- scale village and cottage industries and elimination of poverty.

As against these objectives, the programmes for self- employment, and supplementary wage employment and other programmes intended to continue during the Ninth Plan with some modifications. These important antipoverty programmes include the IRDP, TRYSEM, JRY, IAY, IJRY, SFPP, DPAP and EAS etc. The IRDP, DWCRA, TRYSEM, MWS were in operation till the end of 1998-99.

It was felt that; this fragmented approach with a multiplicity of schemes was not able to focus on the needs of the rural poor in a coherent manner. Hence these schemes were amalgamated by Government of India and merged into a single new scheme called Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) with effect from 1.4.1999. In order to create adequate infrastructural development the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) was also implemented on the same date.

All the plan strategies for rural development based on various approaches like, growth-based approach in first Three Five Year Plans (First Five Year Plan, Second Five Year Plan, Third Five Year Plan), which was popularly known as trickle down approach.

The Fourth Five Year Plan based on Target group approach. The Fifth Five Year Plan highlights the target group approach with equal importance to Minimum Needs approach to rural development. The Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Five Year Plan in our country adopt the target group approach for rural development.

The important elements of rural development strategies are:

(1) Appropriate Institutional Arrangements.

(2) Labour – Intensive agriculture and Minor development works.

(3) A hierarchy of development centres to bridge the wide gap between rural and urban areas and self- reliance.

(4) An active policy for social development, and

(5) Appropriate Organisational arrangements.

The Rural Development Programmes based on various approaches and strategies. These are varies according to plan and the Nature of the programme. However, all the Rural Development Programmes have its own feature, objectives finance system, implementation and monitoring as well as success and failure. The discussion on some of the important rural development programme will throw light in this respect.

3. Essay on the Rural Development Programmes in India:

India started her planned economic development through Five Year Plans in the year 1950-51. The economy of the Country has been dominated by the rural and traditional economic sectors. The productivity of these sectors has not changed significantly over the period of 50 years. The existence of massive unemployment and poverty is the common feature of Indian economy in general and rural economy in particular.

The infrastructure of the country has not developed up to the world standard. It is proper to mention here that, we have achieved little over the period of 50 years of planned economic development. The planners and policy makers have been laid best possible efforts for the development of the economy and rural development. Due to a number of factors, desired success has not been achieved so far.

However, we would like to discuss some of the important rural development programmes implemented in our country as well as the states and Union Territories from time to time. The aims and objectives of these programmes are national in nature and the progress and achievements are based on the secondary data available. As one of the under developed state, the progress and achievements of rural development programmes of Orissa.

Some comparative analysis of the R.D. Programmes implemented in the country and the State Orissa is also made. Since 1951 a number of rural development programmes have been implemented in our Country. Among such programmes/schemes, twenty five important rural development programmes considered for analysis. These programmes covers all plan periods i.e.; First Five Year Plan (1950-51 to 1955-56) to Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97).

(i) Community Development Programme (CDP):

India as an independent Country started its planned economic development process in the year 1950-51. The First Five Year Plan 1950-51 to 1955-56 based on methodical approach. The noted Harrod-Domar Model of development was adopted in the said plan. The model emphasised on capital accumulation and saving.

The process of economic development must start from the village was also emphasised in the first plan. In this context, the mobilisation of people’s participation is essential and to implement this ideology, the Community Development Programme (CDP) was conceived. The Community Development Programme was launched on 2nd October 1952.

A general village community in India can be divided into six main groups as follows:

(i) The owners of land and those who have hereditary rights of tenancy.

(ii) The sub-tenants or tenants at will.

(iii) Landless Agricultural labourers.

(iv) Village Artisans.

(v) Money lenders and Shopkeepers.

(vi) Persons in the professions or in personal services, e.g. doctors, lawyers, barbers, village officials.

Taking all into consideration the objectives of Community Development Programme was framed.

The important objective of Community Development Programme is to create an urge among the rural people for a better life and to show the way to satisfying this urge predominantly by means of self-help. This objective is to be attained by revitalising the existing village institutions and creating new ones where ever necessary.

The programme emphasized to give effects to an intensive and comprehensive programme covering all aspects of rural life; i.e.; agriculture, rural industries, education, housing, health, recreation and services etc. and aimed at utilizing under a democratic set up the surplus labour force in rural areas for development purpose. It also aims at the largest possible extension of the principle of cooperation and every effort to made to make rural families credit worthy.

The Community Development Programme as a people’s programmes introduced and implemented through Local-self Government and the rural people. The Local Self Government get further boost after the recommendation of Balwantrai Mehta’s formulation of Democratic decentralisation in the forms of village Panchayats, Panchayat Samities and Zilla Parishads.

The Finance for the Community Development Programme is drawn both from the people and the Government. Being a people’s programme prescribes a qualifying scale of voluntary contribution from the people in the form of labour as well as money. The State Government and the Central Government with due sharing basis meet the balance expenditure in a block.

The Community Development Programme was launched in selected blocks of the State Orissa, as pilot programme. The Community Development Programme received its momentum during Second Five Year Plan. The total expenditure of Rs. 822.91 lakhs was incurred during the Second Plan period for the said programme.

By the end of the Third Five Year Plan (1965-66) period there were 147 Stage I blocks, 139 Stage II blocks bringing the total number of blocks to 314. Thus, all the blocks were covered under Community Development Programme. The total expenditure under this programme was Rs 1767 lakhs.

The Community Development Programme has attained its pick during the Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974). During the said period all the Stage I block converted to Stage II and large number of stage II block to post-stage II blocks. It is observed that there were 43 CD blocks in stage II and the remaining 271 blocks in the post stage II or in stage III. Total Fund of Rs 850 lakhs were earmarked for the programme.

Besides, special development schemes on irrigation, Agriculture extension, animal husbandry, horticulture, drinking water and communication were also implemented in seven backward districts of the State. In this respect a total sum of Rs 225 lakh has been earmarked.

The contribution of Community Development Programme to the rural development are:

(1) The setting up of a network of community development blocks covering the length and breadth of the country, thus enabling the government to reach the rural population in almost any aspect of their life,

(2) The transfer of powers and functions for implementing the programme to the elected representatives at the village, block and district levels, thereby paving the way for democratic decentralisation through a three-tier Panchayati Raj System.

The National Institute of Community Development conducted a survey to assess the impact of CDP They concluded that “the process of modernisation has reached all strata, and going to do so at a faster pace in future, but this has not resulted in any violent reaction on the part of the lower classes”.

The ideology of people’s participation through Panchayati Raj System, in absence of proper education and discipline resulted in conspicuous alienation of the weaker sections of the rural communities by the privileged classes.

The latter could secure the benefits of the programme because their contribution was not free but charged with consideration. It is observed that the whole programme suffered from lack of vitality, and was tending to generate only into a number of material benefits for a limited few.

The official agencies responsibility for implementation of development activities lacked in understanding the new climate because they were manned by those officials who were trained in the particular framework. Besides, their bureaucratic approach also appeared to be a hindrance in initiating the programmes.

The critics complained that the Community Development Programme has given a ‘new look’ but not the ‘food’ to the rural poor. It is no denying a fact that the expenditure on building the institutions for social change was larger than the expenditure incurred on productive purposes. Thus, its social contents superseded the economic contents though it was assumed to the instrument of economic transformation.

(ii) Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP):

The Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) as a package programme was very strongly recommended by Agricultural Production Team of the Ford Foundation (USA) on 1959. This programme was put into action during 1960-61.

The important objective of the programme was to improve the agricultural production in a integrated and intensified manner. This programme was introduced in selected districts of the country.

The selection of these districts was made on the basis of:

(a) The district should as far as possible have assured water supply

(b) It should have a minimum of natural hazards,

(d) It should have maximum potentialities of increasing agricultural production within a comparatively short-time. Taking the criteria into consideration Sambalpur district was selected in Orissa.

It was decided to implement for the development of Rabi Crops in 1962-63. This programme was introduced in all the 29 blocks of the district. In the second phase of the programme main thrust was given on the increase of higher yielding paddy in the Khariff extending the area under various commercial and horticulture crops and on promoting efficient soil and water management practices.

Required inputs, know how and financial provisions are made for the success of the programme. Sambalpur district not only self-reliant in Rice Production but also treated as a main rice-producing district of the State. The IADP has been a ‘Path finder’ for successful programme.

(iii) Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP):

The Third Five Year Plan (1960-65) aimed to achieve self- sufficiency in food grains and increase agricultural production to meet the requirements of industry and exports.

Besides, the mid-term appraisal of the Third Five Year Plan observed that “Much greater emphasis should be given to the development of scientific and progressive agriculture in an intensive manner in areas where a high agricultural production potentialities”.

The Government of India formulated the Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) with a view to cover at least 20 per cent to 25 per cent of the cultivated area of the country and this area should be selected for the intensive development of import crops such as wheat, paddy, millets, cotton, sugarcane, potato, pulses etc. The programme was launched in 1964-65.

The aim of IAAP was to bring about a progressive increase in the production of main crops in selected areas by an intensive package approach i.e.; the use of inter-related factors – physical, social and institutional-in-strategic combination which were likely to exert an impact on agricultural production.

It was decided to implement such programme in the selected blocks of the country as well as the state. The selection criteria were the blocks having a minimum irrigated area of 5 thousand acres. In Orissa a total of 86 blocks were covered under the Intensive Agricultural Area Programme during the period of Fourth Five Year Plan an additional 46 blocks were brought under the programme, taking total coverage of blocks up to 132.

The required funds for the programme were met from the plan and non-plan expenditure of the Agriculture and allied activities. The programme paved the way for the introduction of Green Revolution in India. The Introduction of High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) reduced the importance of IAA Programme in the State as well in the country.

(iv) High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP):

The High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) was launched in the country from the kharif seasons of 1966-67 as a major plank of new agricultural strategy under the economic planning system.

The important objective of the programme was to attain self-sufficiency in food by the end of 1970-71. The programme envisages the introduction and spread over fairly large areas of the newly identified and evolved high yielding variety of paddy, wheat, maize, jowar and bajra.

The HYVP proposes to make a technological break-through in Indian agriculture which consists of the introduction of new and high-yielding varieties of improved seeds, increased application of the right amount of fertilizers and extension of the use of pesticides so that the crop produced is not destroyed by insects.

To enable the farmers to undertake this agricultural practice, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) agreed to relax the usual terms and conditions in respect of Central Cooperative Banks (CCBs) for the purpose of financing such cultivators.

During the Fourth Five Year Plan about 742.6 thousand hectares of land was brought under the HYV programme in Orissa. This has increased to about 1860 thousand hectares of land during Fifth Five Year Plan with an investment of about Rs. 2 Crores.

This programme mainly confined to good land and to those farmers who have the resources and the adaptability to embrace the progress of technology. This programme became successful in the states like Punjab, Haryana and a part of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in general and Punjab, and Haryana in particular, where wheat is the main food crop.

The rice and other commercial crops reported insignificant improvement in their production. Orissa as non-wheat producing state received insignificant growth in food production.

(v) Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA):

The Reserve Bank of India appointed All-India Rural Credit Review Committee on 1969, under the Chairmanship of Sri B.Venkatappiah. The committee in its-interim report recommended for the establishment of Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) in following words:

“The special efforts proposed are to be restricted to those cultivators who can be developed into surplus farmers if they adopt improved techniques on the basis of support in terms of supplies, irrigation, services of machinery etc. Appropriate schemes have to be drawn up by technical experts with reference to local resources and requirements, so that such cultivators can undertake specific lines of investment (e.g. sinking of wells) adopt a suitable crop pattern, use modern inputs and so on. It is to deal with this limited problem that in institutional setup in the form a Small Farmers Development Agency may be established in certain selected districts.”

The important functions of the Agency was to:

(i) Investigate and identify the problems of small farmers and endeavour to see that the provision of various services and supplies to small farmers is ensured,

(ii) Help small farmer to secure loans from co-operative banks and other assistance like obtain improved seeds, fertilizers and other inputs,

(iii) The agency is to provide various services such as spraying of insecticides, hiring out of tractors and land leveling to small farmers through the agro-industries corporations or other appropriate bodies and institutions including cooperatives and local authorities such as Zilla Parishad and extension services,

(iv) To draw up plans for investment and production activities to be undertaken by the cultivators participating in the programme,

(v) To explore the possibility of adding to the income of the small farmers by assisting them in taking up animal husbandry activities such as dairy and poultry,

(vi) It should endeavour to promote the flow of short-term, medium- term and long-term co-operative credit to small cultivators for appropriate purposes from the Agricultural Credit Societies and Central Cooperative banks on the one hand and the land development banks on the other. The scheme was included in the Fourth Five Year Plan. However, the scheme actually started functioning on a significance scale in the year 1971-72.

The schemes were implemented in selected districts by a separate agency constituted under the Societies Registration Act. The scheme was financed by the State and Central Government on matching basis.

The provision of subsidy was also made by the agency at the rate of 25 per cent to non-tribal small farmers, 33.3 per cent to non-tribal marginal farmers and 50 per cent to Tribal farmers in capital investments and inputs subject to maximum of Rs 3000 and Rs 5000 respectively for any farmers.

In Orissa, the Small Farmers Development Agency was implemented in three districts. They were Bolangir, Dhenkanal and Ganjam. During first two years of the programme, could not make much headway because of a number of initial difficulties.

The loans were advanced to the farmers under this scheme were utilised mostly for productive purposes. Orissa stand second in utilisation of loans in all-India basis after Kerala. The State utilised about 83.6 per cent of the loans sanctioned under the scheme.

During the period between 1971-72 and 1980, about 272 lakh families in 115 blocks less than seven SFDA were benefitted. The total loans mobilised stood at Rs. 38.4 crores. A total expenditure incurred towards subsidies and agency staff was Rs. 14.8 crores.

The SFDA was the first rural development programme in the country where the Central Government, State Government and Financial Institutions maintained proper linkage for the success of the programme. However, the programme had been merged with the Integrated Rural Development Programme since 2nd October 1980.

(vi) Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFALDA):

The Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agencies were set up along with SFDA on the recommendation made by Rural Credit Review Committee (1969).

The principal objective of the programme is to assist the marginal farmers and agricultural labourers in maximum productive use of their small holding and skills by undertaking horticulture, animal husbandry and other economic activities, like rural industries etc.

The important functions of the programme were to:

(i) Identify eligible beneficiaries and their problems

(ii) To formulate economic programmes for providing gainful employment to the participants,

(iii) To promote infrastructural facilities for production, processing, storage and marketing of products

(iv) To promote rural industries.

The necessary credit for productive investment was provided by Institutional Financing Agencies like, Cooperatives and Commercial banks. Besides provision of matching subsidies were also provided to the beneficiaries.

The non-Tribal Marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers were eligible to receive subsidies worth 33.3 per cent on the capital investments and inputs, whereas this was 50 per cent for tribal beneficiaries, subject to maximum of Rs 3000/- and Rs 5000/- respectively.

The Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency was launched during the year 1971-72 in the districts of Cuttack and Keonjhar. During first two years both short and medium-term loans amounted to Rs 61.32 lakhs and Rs 45.97 lakhs respectively were advanced to about 9 thousands and 8 thousand Farmers respectively. A total sum of Rs 1.6 cores was earmarked in the year 1974-75.

This amount has increased to Rs 4.2 crores in the year 1975-76. Under the project 2.6 lakh Marginal farmers and 0.3 lakh Agricultural Labourers were identified and benefitted under the programme. Among them about 70 per cent of the beneficiaries were enrolled as members of cooperative societies.

(vii) Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP):

A Rural works programme was initiated in 1970-71 with the objective of providing development investment in drought prone areas. During the Fourth Five Year Plan the main emphasis of the programme was on labour intensive works such as medium and minor irrigation, road construction, afforestation, soil conservation and provision of drinking water. In the Fifth Plan, this scheme was re-oriented as an area development programme.

The strategy of this programme was to improve the economy of the areas covered, through a package of infrastructural and on-farm development activities with the objective of optimum utilisation of land, water, human and livestock resources. This programme was also targeted the weaker sections of the society like, Small and Marginal farmers, Agricultural Labourers and other rural poor, who have no assured source of income. Co-operative societies were organised to act accordingly.

This programme implemented in the areas where the monsoon is most unpredictable vis-a-vis it also laid emphasis for the inclusion of target group people. Thus, this programme was the first in its category, which included both the area approach and target group approach.

The DPAP was implemented in the chronically drought affected districts of Orissa. Considering the concentration of weaker sections as well as drought prone area the programme was implemented in 11 blocks of Kalahandi and 14 blocks of Phulbani district in Orissa.

During the Fourth Plan the scheme was fully financed by the Government of India. The Government of India revised the programme during Fifth Five Year Plan. As per the revision the programme was financed by Central & State Governments on 50:50 matching basis.

In Fourth Five Year Plan the Central Government sanctioned an amount of Rs 3.4 Crores to Orissa for the programme. During the years 1974-80 expenditure on the programme was stood at Rs 14.2 Crores on different schemes. The programme has been extended to 14 more blocks of Bolangir and Sambalpur districts (8 blocks in Bolangir and 6 blocks in Sambalpur) bringing total blocks to 39 in 4 districts of the State.

The State Plan allocation for the Sixth Plan was Rs 7 Crores against the anticipated expenditure of Rs 7.1 Crores. The total plan expenditure for DPA Programme during the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) was Rs 26.5 Crores. The launching of Eighth Plan was delayed by two years due to political instability in the country.

However the programme received Rs 12.7 Crores in 1990-91 and 1991-92. The Drought Prone Area Development Programme is being operated in 47 blocks (2 blocks each in Boudh, Sonepur, Dhenkanal, 12 blocks in Phulbani, 10 blocks in Kalahandi, 8 blocks in Bolangir, 6 blocks in Bargarh and 5 blocks in Nuapada districts) Spread over to 8 districts of the State during the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97).

The Total expenditure incurred under the plan was Rs 36.9 Crores. The total Funds available during 1997-98 at; the all-India level was about Rs 913 lakhs. The total Expenditure incurred during the year was Rs 436 lakhs. The expenditure was thus 47.8 per cent of the total funds available under the programme. The percentage share of total expenditure to total funds available was about 48.6 per cent.

(viii) Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA):

Next to Africa, India has the largest concentration of the tribal population in the World. Though all the states have tribal population in various degrees of concentration, majority of them is found in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and West Bengal. Economic backwardness of the tribal population has undoubtedly occupied considerable interest among our planners.

The First Five Year Plan laid down its priorities for tribal development in three broad categories namely education, economic uplift and health, housing and other schemes. Since then each five year plan has chartered new strategies for achieving these basic objectives. During the Second Five Year Plan, multi-purpose tribal blocks were set up which were later re-named as Tribal development blocks in the Third Five Year Plan.

Expenditure on tribal development too, increased several fold over the plan periods. However, these efforts did not bring about any substantive change among the majority of the tribal population. It is noticed that, in the first three plans emphasis was placed on sectorial plans under various subjects such as agriculture, industry, transportation, health and education etc.

Most of these were conceived at the National or at the State level. The Fourth Five Year Plan gave importance to planning at the district level and to experimental studies on growth centres for evolving a planning strategy at the grass-root level. In this context, the Government of India has sanctioned pilot projects for tribal development in the central agricultural sector.

Among the Six projects sanctioned in All-India level, Ganjam and Koraput districts were selected in Orissa. The outlay on each of these projects was Rs 2 Crores. Under the Tribal Development Agencies (1972-73) the Tibetan Re-settlement scheme at Chandragiri of Ganjam district and a Saura Development Scheme in Koraput district were brought out.

A new strategy has been evolved for planning the development of the tribal communities during the Fifth Plan period. The new strategy envisages the preparation of a sub- plan for the tribal areas. The first exercise in this regard is to demarcate the tribal areas based on the tribal population.

(i) Areas, where the tribal concentration of 50 per cent or above.

(ii) Areas of dispersed tribal population below 50 per cent.

(iii) Extremely backward and isolated little communities.

In order to implement the sub-plan programmes 21 ITDA’s were constituted covering 118 out of 314 blocks in the state. Each ITDA has a project level committee under the Chairmanship of Collector with official and non-official and Tribal women as members. They have to draw up the plan and programmes at ITDA level and review and monitor the developmental activities of different Department.

Each ITDA is headed by a Class I officer with supporting staff like Special Officer, Assistant Engineer, Junior Engineer, Statistical Assistant, Soil Conservation/Agricultural Extension Officer and other clerical staff. 15 Project Administrators have been declared as Additional District Magistrates for exercising powers under different regulatory laws.

There were about 47 thousand villages in Orissa; out of that 18.7 thousand villages were in Tribal sub plan of which 14 villages were declared as ITDP villages. They were spread over to about 98 blocks of the State up to 1977-78. A total financial outlay of Rs 189 crore was earmarked for the programme in 1979-80 with a view to cover about 2 thousand families. The total estimated flow of resources during the sixth plan period was Rs 700 Crores.

It is observed that 36 per cent of the total outlay of the State during Sixth Plan Period was earmarked for investment as against 23 per cent during fifth plan period. About 5.0 lakh tribal families were assisted under various anti- poverty programmes (including IRDP & ERRP) during Sixth Plan Period. During the Seventh Plan period, about 7.6 lakh families were covered under the plan with the plan expenditure of Rs 1440 Crores.

The plan allocation for the sub-plan during the year 1990-91 and 91-92 was estimated at Rs 391 crores and Rs 590 crores respectively. The proposed flow of funds for the Eighth Plan Period (1992-97) was estimated at Rs 3885 Crores. The Flow of funds during 1992-93 was of the order of Rs 459 Crores. This covered about 34 families.

The total funds for the year 1993-94 have increased to Rs 466 crores. Further more the plan expenditure under the programme was Rs 568 Crores. Under the plan 43 thousand families were benefitted in the year 1993-94. Where as this stood at 41 thousand during 1994-95. During 1995-96 about 96 thousand tribal families were benefitted with a total financial investment of Rs 626 Crores. The total plan out lay for the year 1996-97 and 1997-98 was Rs 862 Crores and Rs 749 Crores respectively.

(ix) Modified Area Development Approach (MADA):

Article 46 of the constitution enjoins up on the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections and in particular Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

The approach for development of Scheduled Tribes was first laid down by the first Prime Minister of India, Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in his “Tribal Panchseel” more particularly emphasised on the preservation of tribal culture. The Tribal Sub-plan approach was operated in mid seventies.

The objectives of the Tribal sub-plan strategy have basically remained two fold:

(i) Socio-Economic Development of S.Ts. and

(ii) Protection of tribals against exploitation.

Integrated Tribal Development Programmes in the form of Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (I T D A) were implemented in the areas where the concentration of tribal population is more than 50 per cent, and they live in extremely backward areas.

For the all-round development of the Tribals outside the Sub-plan areas a new programme called Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) was launched in 1978- 79. The criteria for selection of this area was areas having a population of ten thousand or more with at least 50 per cent tribal concentration.

The identified areas called as MADA Pockets. In these pockets individual family-oriented schemes as well as community benefit oriented programmes are to be implemented. There is a MADA level Advisory Committee for each MADA Sub-Collector concerned with officials and non- officials like peoples representatives as members. This Advisory Committee is responsible for drawn up programmes and overseas the implementation.

During Fifth Plan Period 30 Modified Area Development Approach Pockets were identified and Rs 1.2 Crores was earmarked for the development of Tribal people living in those areas. The number of pocket has increased to 37 during Six Plan period. A Total sum of Rs 5.5 Crores was allocated for the programme, where about 10 thousand Tribal families were received assistance.

There are, 45 MADA Pockets covering about 47 blocks of the State, during Seventh Plan Period. The total amount of Rs 7.2 Crores was earmarked for the implementation of different schemes. Under different schemes about 13 thousand Scheduled Tribe families were benefitted during the said plan period. In two annual plans i.e.; 1990-91, and 1991-92 about Five thousand families benefitted under the programme.

The total investment of Rs 2.2 crores and Rs 2.5 crores were made for the year 1990-91 and 1991-92 respectively. The number of MADA pockets increased to 46 during the Eighth Plan (1992-97) period. A total Fund of Rs 16.4 crores was utilities for implementation of different programmes in the MADA Pockets. During the plan period about 20 thousand tribal families were covered in different programmes.

(x) Command Area Development Programme (CADP):

The Command Area Development Programme was introduced in the Country in 1974-75 with a view to realising a fast and optimum utilisation of the irrigation potential created in the major irrigation projects. In Orissa, the programme was launched in 1976-77 covering 52 blocks in the districts of Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Sambalpur and Bolangir.

It was spread over to about 5.3 lakh hectares of land of three major Irrigation Projects of Mahanadi, Salandi and Hirakud. The basic concept of the Programme was to step up agricultural production by optimum utilisation of water by controlled irrigation and adoption of multi-cropping pattern on an extensive scale.

The components of C A D Project which are given highest priority in realising these objectives are:

(i) Construction of field channels

(ii) Warabandi i.e; regulated and assured water supply to the farmers

(iii) Consolidation and

(iv) Adoption of Multi-cropping pattern.

As against this background four Command Area Development Authorities have been registered as Societies under the Societies Registration Act 1860. Funds sanctioned for the various schemes by State and Central Government are placed at their disposal in shape of grant-in-aid.

A special loan account was also set up by the ARDC with 50% contribution from Central Government and 25% each by the State Government and ARDC to finance on-farm development works for the ineligible and unwilling beneficiaries.

During the Fifth Plan the major achievement was, conducting of a large number of multi-crop demonstrations to make the farmers aware of the needs for having three cropping patterns. Small and Marginal farmers were also involved themselves in the programme and became members of Cooperative Societies.

A modest beginning was also made in demonstration of proper water Management by Construction of field channels to serve about 3 thousand hectares of land. A total financial provision of Rs 12.5 Crores was made for the programme.

The principle components of the Command Area Development Programme during the Sixth Five Year Plan (SOBS) have been:

(i) Construction of field channels including field drains

(ii) Topographical Survey

(iii) Soil Conservation and Survey

(iv) Rotational water supply to the beneficiary farmers

(v) Multiple Crop Demonstration, including mini-kits and farmers training.

During the said plan period about 1.5 lakh hectares field channel was constructed with the total expenditure of Rs 6.9 Crores.

The Command Area Development Programme expanded to 58 blocks in the districts of Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Sambalpur, Bolangir and Koraput. An area of 2.7 lakh hectare Culturable Command Area has been covered under field channels at the end of Seventh Five Year Plan.

The Principal Component of CAD Programme during the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) was:

(i) Survey Planning and Design

(ii) Construction of field channels, drains and land leveling

(iii) Rotational water supply

(iv) Adaptive Trails

(v) Farmers participation

(vi) Training

(vii) Conjunctive use of surface and ground water

(viii) Marketing and Communication and

(ix) Monitoring and evaluation.

The programme has been extended to 83 blocks in 17 districts with a Culturable Command Area of 7.4 lakh hectares during Eighth Plan Period. A total sum of Rs 18.4 Crores was spending under the programme during said plan period.

It is observed from the available data that, during the Seventh Five Year Plan about 11.14 million hectares field channels were constructed. About 1.93 million hectare of land leveling activities and 4.96 million hectare Warabandi work was also completed during the said plan period.

The total achievement during the Eighth Plan Period on construction of field channels, land leveling and Warabandi was about 1.75 M.ha, 0.14 M.ha, and 2.75 M.ha respectively. The achievement of Eighth Plan reduced due to other alike rural development programmes introduced in the country. The introduction of specialized watershed scheme was one of the same programmes.

4. Essay on the Institutions for Rural Development:

The Rural Development in India is a very old phenomenon. Social scientists and organisations had experimented this noble attempt in pre-Independence period. Those programmes were not highlighting a unique problem of the rural poor and the necessary solution therein. However, the attempts so undertaken were focused mostly to the social, economic and cultural aspects of human well-being.

The noble attempts made by great and intellectual sons of the soil could not spread over to all part of the country due to lack of government attitude and patronage. The British Government had never felt the importance of rural development in the country. The rulers felt that, rural development was a part of social welfare, which is perhaps contradictory to the British ideology and policies.

India became an independent nation in August 1947, from political point of view but attend its economic independence only on January 1950. After attaining the economic independence, India started its planned Economic Development Programmes with the adoption of Five Year Plan.

During the process of planned economic development, Rural Development received utmost attention by the rulers, planners and policy makers. Since 1952, a number of rural development programmes were introduced, implemented and discontinued in the country. The programmes are varied in nature and approach. Some of the programmes proved to be successful and some failures.

The success and failure of the programmes governed by a number of factors important among them are:

(i) Nature of the programme,

(ii) Approach of the programme,

(iii) Finance for the programme,

(iv) Implementation of the programme.

Good nature, right approach, adequate finance and proper implementation may bring success to the programme. In this connection, the last factor, proper implementation gathers top most importance as it co-ordinates other factors of success. This can be achieved through good and right institutions.

As against this background, we would like to discuss the structure and functions of the institutions established exclusively for Rural Development from time to time.

These institutions can be classified into two such as:

(i) Main institutions and

(ii) Ancillary institutions.

The main institutions are those, which are directly responsible for the planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation of the rural development programmes and permanent statutory in nature. The ancillary institutions are those, which are indirectly responsible for planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation and temporary in nature.

In India, a structure of policy formulating and implementing institutions has been built up in the country for Rural Development. Some of them are at the national level, some are single purpose, some relate to a particular target groups, some relate to area, sector and commodity.

However, all these institutions aim at fulfilling the national objectives of economic development in general and rural development in particular. The administrative organs of Central and State Governments involved in the process of rural development are at the Centre of the Organisational Structure. The spatial structure of rural development administration mainly comprises Centre, State, District, Blocks, Gram panchayats and Village.

At the Centre, the Ministry of Rural Development is in charge of all rural development a programme including those relating to land reforms, village and cottage industries, town and country planning and rural roads etc. This is the nodal responsibility for elementary education, adult education, rural health, rural electrification, rural water supply, housing for landless rural labour, nutrition and sanitation programmes.

The ministry has also responsible for all aspects of rural reconstruction and development. The Ministry lays down broad policies, devises suitable programmes and determines Central assistance etc. In addition to the Ministry of Rural Development, the ministries of Agriculture, Commerce and Civil Supplies, Energy, Irrigation and Industry also perform functions related to rural development.

The Ministry of Agriculture is in charge of agricultural extension, Ministry of Commerce and Civil Supplies has within its purview the Development Commissioner of Handlooms, several Commodity Boards and the public distribution system. The Ministry of Energy and Irrigation deals with all matters pertaining to water resources development and irrigation and accordingly has important functions pertaining to rural development.

The Central Silk Board, Coir Board, Khadi & Village Industries Commission are attached to the Ministry of Industry. The Ministry of Rural Development, for rural development with proper co-operation and coordination from other ministries. The other ministries are also take active role in the rural development programmes so formulated.

Besides, the Ministries, the Reserve Bank of India in the past and NABARD at present play the catalytic role for the success of rural development. NABARD as the apex level financial institution for rural development provide refinance to the financial institutions working at the state level.

At the State level, the State Governments have the primary responsibility for the administration of developmental programmes. The Departments of agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, forests, education, public health and sanitation, industries, power. Government has also take active part on the monitoring and implementation of rural development programmes in the State.

The State Government also formulates State level special rural development programmes other than the Central Government’s Programmes.

However, The State Level Organisational Committee is headed by the Secretary for Rural Development, who is in the rank of Commissioner of rural development is assisted by one Deputy Commissioner three Assistant Commissioners and a number of technical officers and subject specialists.

Besides, a representative of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India is associated as a member of the Committee. There are a number of Statutory Corporations, Boards and other agencies providing infrastructural, promotional and supporting services for rural development.

Important among them are:

(i) Rural Electrification Corporation,

(ii) The Central Ground Water Board

(iii) Minor Irrigation and tube well Corporations

(iv) Central and State Warehousing Corporations

(v) Central and State Seed Corporations

(vi) Food Corporation of India

(vii) The Jute and the Cotton Corporation of India

(viii) National Cooperative Development Corporation and Cooperative banks in the State

(ix) National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation

(x) State Trading Corporations,

(xi) The Handicraft and Handloom Corporations

(xii) The Boards for Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Cardamom, Tobacco, Cashew and Coconut etc.

(xiii) The National Dairy Development Board

(xiv) The Khadi and Village Industries Commission

(xv) State Khadi and Village Industries Board

(xvi) The Central Silk Board

(xviii) The State Finance Corporation

(xix) The Agro-Industries Corporation

(xx) The Marketing Regulation Boards etc. The statutory corporations and Boards works for the implementation of various rural development programmes to their expertise.

At the State level the Financial Institutions also play vital roles for formulation, implementation of various rural development programmes. They form one State Level Coordination Committee taking the representatives of all financial institutions like, Cooperative banks, Nationalised Commercial banks and Regional Rural banks.

Besides, the representatives of various government departments are also participate in the formulation and Implementation strategy of the rural development programmes. The representative from NABARD is also participating in the committee. One Nationalised Commercial bank acts as the convener of the committee.

The Third Stage of Institutional Structure for Rural Development is the District Administration. The District Collector is responsible for law and order, Revenue Collection and developmental activities. In the past, the developmental programmes so formulated by the central and state governments were channelised through the District Administration, known as the District Development Coordination Committee.

This committee consisting of the Project Officer, the Managing Director of the Central Cooperative Societies, one/two representatives from Cooperative Societies and a Special Rural Credit Officer. Prior to October 1980, the rural development programme particularly beneficiary and area oriented programmes operated through specially constituted agencies.

They are, Small Farmers Development Agencies, (SFDA) Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agencies, Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP), etc. In 1980 the integrated rural development programme was launched. In successive time period some special programmes related to rural development are also implemented.

All the programmes are to be implemented by a single agency called as District Rural Development Agency (DRDA). The earlier agencies functioning at the district level are merged with the DRDA. The District Collector/Deputy Commissioner heads the DRDA.

Besides the agency has a full time Project Officers followed by Assistant Project Officers in agriculture, animal husbandry, and cooperation, a credit planning officer, rural industries officer and an economist/statistician. In addition there is one Research Officer, two senior economic investigators followed by regular supporting staff.

The peoples representatives like, the Chairman Zilla Parishad, Member of Parliament, the MLA and the representatives of Weaken Sections and women are also take active part in the planning process at the district level. The representatives of the lead bank, financial institutions also take active role with the DRDA to formulate District Credit Plans.

According to the Indian Constitution Amendment (74th) Act 1992 The State Governments constituted the District Planning and Development Board to provide necessary guidelines and direction to district planning units and to approve the district plans prepared by the planning units.

The board consists of a Chairman, a Vice-chairman and other members, viz.; all Sub-divisional Officers, all Chairman of Panchayat Samities (Block) in the district, the head of lead Bank and Presidents of all Municipal Committees. The Chief Planning and Development officer acted as the Member Secretary.

The district-planning unit comprised the Chief Planning and Development Officer, an economist, a Planning Officer, a Credit Planning Officer and other supporting staff. The position of the Chairman of DPB varies from state to state. In some State a Minister of State Government chairs it and the district Collector is the Chairman in some other.

The Block is the Fourth Important Institution for planning and implementation of rural development programmes. The overall resource situation, to identify human resource situation, particularly from the point of view of employment, to review the ongoing development activities to formulate a package of schemes/programmes to optimize production and augment employment and income, to identify gaps in infrastructure and to devise measures for filling these gaps. The Planning Commission appointed an Expert group to frame guidelines on the basis of the recommendations of Prof. M.L. Dantewala working group.

As per the guideline issued on 1978 the block level plan should have the following component:

(i) Production programmes for the target groups in the rural areas.

(ii) Manpower planning and skill development in relation to production programmes.

(iii) A supplementary works programme, where necessary to clear off the backlog of unemployment.

(iv) A programme for the self-employed in the trades and services sector.

(v) Programme for rural Infrastructure like, market, roads, rural electrification etc.

(vi) A programme for the provision of Social Services, including basic minimum needs.

(vii) A programme for Institutional support to the rural poor.

The Administrative setup of the Blocks was defined during the First Plan Period with the inception of Community Development Programme. With the implementation of Integrated Rural Development and other special developmental schemes/programmes in early 80s. The Administrative setups of the blocks were revised accordingly.

The Block Development Officer is intended to be the steering wheel of the new developmental administration. The BDO is to be assisted by extension officers from different fields like; agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation and works, cooperation, Panchayats, social education, public health, village industries and women and child welfare etc. Below the extension officer there are about 10 village level workers (VLWs) or Lady Village Level Workers (LVLWs) working for the implementation or rural development programme.

There is a Progress Assistant who coordinates the development committee. The people’s representatives like; Chairman Panchayat Samiti, MLA and representatives of Weaker Sections and women also participate in the Developmental Planning at the block level. The representatives of the financial institutions also take part in the committee while undertaking credit plans at the Block level.

Village Panchayat is the last recognised institution responsible for planning and implementation of rural development programmes. The village Panchayat as an executive body implements the policies and decisions of the Gram Sabha comprising the entire population of the village. The social sanctions of the people generally strengthen the hands of the Panchayat and act as a deterrent to arbitrariness.

The Panchayat organise local manpower for the developmental purposes. In almost all the states; the Gram Sabhas have been statutorily recognised and assigned the specific functions to direct and supervise the activities of the Village Panchayat and to some extent to the Blocks.

The important functions performed by the Panchayats are:

(i) Civic amenities

(ii) Social welfare activities and

(iii) Development works.

The broad functions of the Panchayat are:

The people’s representatives like Ward Members; Sarapanch also took part in decision-making and implementation of the programmes. The village level worker represents the block in village committee. Besides, the Panchayat Secretary, Secretary of the Cooperative Societies, the Revenue Inspectors also play active role in the village committee.

Thus village committee comprises of the:

(i) Village level worker

(ii) Panchayat Secretary

(iii) Secretary of the Cooperative Societies.

(iv) Revenue Inspector

(v) The Sarapanch

(vi) The ward members

(vii) The villagers are the General body members.

It is to conclude that, the planning and Implementation of the rural development begins from the root i.e.; village and flows upward to the national level. Experience shows that the rural development programme decisions in respect of formulation, strategy & approach are undertaken at the national level and that flowing downward to the village in a “Trickle down approach”.

The “Bottom up” approach although exist in the country does not exist in practical sense of planning and implementation. However, the institutions for rural development are closely connected with each other, whether there exists “Trickle down” or “Bottom up” approach of planning and implementation of the rural development programmes in our country as well as the state.

5. Essay on the Observations and Problems of Rural Development :

India is an economically underdeveloped country. The condition of rural economy is worse. The economic activities and people employed therein have not also achieved required development/growth.

In order to break the jinx of rural economic sector, Government through its different plans introduced a number of rural development programmes. The programmes are also varied in nature. They are of sector, area and target oriented programmes. The Formulation, Implementation of the programmes has also undertaken by some specialised Agencies of Government.

In addition the NGOs, the Panchayati Raj institutions, financial institutions involved themselves in the success of the programmes. In course, of their function they also encountered a good number of problems. The problems were also varied in nature.

As the book/based on the macro level information/data. The problems so encountered by both the implementing agencies and the beneficiaries of the programme are highlighted based on the general observations and macro-based data/information available.

The problems mainly highlights the problems encountered by the Government as the planning and implementing machinery the Associated/ancillary agencies inevitable for the fruitful implementation of such rural development programmes, they are the Rural Development agencies/institutions/Departments, Financial Institutions, Non-Governmental Organisations, working as intermediary agencies for the implementation of rural development programmes/schemes.

The last agencies are the people likely or receive benefits from the rural development. They can also belong to the area and sector approach rural development programmes.

Thus, we can classify the rural development agency into three as; Government, Intermediary/Ancillary agencies and the targeted people/beneficiaries. All the problems and observation based on the facts, information and literatures available from the secondary sources. These may not hold good in all respects.

(i) More Generalized Programme :

Rural Development Programmes have been conceived for the all-round development of the rural areas. However, the rural development programmes are launched in the context of general problems of the rural areas. It fails to give importance to some particular and area issues. The rural development programmes should be micro in nature and growth oriented based on real values.

(ii) Inadequate Coordination :

As per the Guidelines all the developmental programmes in the rural areas are to be planned/formulated by the DRDA in cooperation and coordination of other departments and financial institution, agencies of peoples representatives etc. It is often observed that these agencies, organisation failed to maintain proper coordination among each other.

All the agencies/organisations are trying their best to stick to their own principles and ideologies. In the process cooperation and coordination are not maintained. The Agencies responsible for the formulation, Implementation and evaluation of the Rural Development Programme is required to maintaining good coordination among them.

(iii) Based on Ruling Party Principles and Ideologies :

In India, the rural development programmes are conceived/launched as per the principles and ideologies of the ruling party. Besides, in the participation for planning, formulation and implementation through their representatives tried to maintain such principles and ideologies.

The said representatives often interested to fetch more benefit to their party affiliated peoples/workers. This does not cover the problems of all class people. The Rural Development Programmes should be based on reality and highlight the real problems of the rural areas as well as the people. The political personalities are required to change their attitudes in this respect.

(iv) Inadequate Funds :

The rural development programmes require more capital investment. The Economic Sectors of rural areas remain more or less traditional. These sectors also adopt traditional methods of production. In order to attain rural development the transformation of technologies is required. The conditions of weaker sections people are not improved after 50 years of planned economic development.

The upliftment of their socioeconomic condition also require high dose of investment. In our country, a fixed amount of funds are allocated for a particular rural development Programme. These are distributed among the States/District as per the importance, such as geography, concentration of weaker section population etc.

The share of the Fund to cope with the local problems seems to be inadequate. Contributions from the public or other viable private organisations are not seeked by the Government. Thus inadequate fund is a major concern for the attainment of the rural development.

(v) Land based Economy :

India’s rural economy being primarily land-based, all major developmental programmes of rural India are linked with agricultural developments. It is also evident that most of the available resources are controlled by few, this reinforces the hegemony of the few over many and the benefits do not tickle down to those who need them most.

Besides, the precarious land and man ratio suggests that by introducing radical land redistribution in rural India very limited egalitarian goals can be achieved and if done so, that will mean only sharing of poverty and no real development.

(vi) Authority Structure:

Rural development plan implementation is required to be accepted by the local level functionaries who attend the District consultative committee meetings and that they are in a position to mobilise financial and organisational resources to fulfil accepted commitments.

It is observed that the authority structure in the administration and the banks is such that those who attend such meetings are neither in a position to accept firm commitments on behalf of their departments, banks without reference to higher authorities not to act accordingly.

Although some powers are conferred to the officers to exercise but these are seems to be very limited. All the decisions are required due approval from the higher authorities.

(vii) Leakage of Benefits :

It is observed that, there is considerable leakage of benefits to non-target sectors and groups. Most of the rural development programmes are conceived to improve the Socio-Economic condition of the weaker sections like small, marginal farmers, agricultural and non-agricultural labourers, rural artisans, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and deprived women etc. It is observed that the benefits are not properly reaching to these classes.

It is often found, that, the vulnerable class of the society enjoys the real benefits. The subsidy components of the rural development programmes tend to allow to non-target groups, specially the programme implementing bureaucratic class, rather than including expansion of production base of the beneficiaries.

Due to illiteracy and ignorance the real benefits sometimes enjoyed by the Third party commonly speaking the middlemen and the village touts including the petty personnel having a little political affiliation.

(viii) Low Sustaining Impact :

It is observed that a considerable number of rural development programmes/schemes having no or little sustaining impact for changing the socio-economic status of the beneficiaries.

The assets created from the credit assistance of financial institutions and subsidies of the development/administrative agencies are short lived (Particularly in-case of livestock assets) failed to push the beneficiaries up on the scale of production and productivity. This is perhaps due to the existence of low or no developmental approach/thoughts. This factor again dominated by the lack of awareness about the programmes.

(ix) Dominance of Welfare over Productivity:

In India, most of the rural development programmes are based on the basic welfare principles. These schemes are backed by both credit and subsidy components. Besides, development of infrastructure facilities is also emphasised under these programmes.

It is also evident that provision of long-term credit and based on the principle of write off by political parties also have adverse effect on the productivity of economic sectors. It is observed that the subsidy component is often extending up to 100 per cent in some selected schemes and class of beneficiaries. This reduces the productive motive, attitude of the beneficiaries.

(x) Based on the Principles and Policies of Political Parties :

In our country most of the rural development programmes are either based on the principles of the political parties or biased by their ideologies. Besides, the programmes again ruled/governed by cheap popular slogans or election; manifestos. Due to these, causes the programmes failed to attain the expected success.

It is also observed that after the completion of one political party’s rule the next political party, which assumes power, hesitates to carry out the same. Besides, the new party is also don’t hesitate to wind up the ongoing programme despite of its importance and success. In India, due to these problems, the rural development has not attained after five decades of the planned economic development.

6. Essay on the Suggestions for Rural Development in India:

1. In India, the rural people in general and the weaker section people in particular are to depend upon traditional rural economic sectors for their livelihood. The rate of literacy in rural areas is very low in comparison to urban areas. Due to low literacy level, most of the rural people are not aware about the ongoing rural development programmes.

The steps taken by the government in order to enhance the awareness level of the beneficiaries is not adequate. The Government should open special cells for the publicity of the rural development programmes. The Government is required to adopt the publicity method, which is conducive to the nature and requirement of the rural people.

The people are to be provided with adequate instruments for enhancement of awareness level. The existing system of publicity about the rural development is required to be re-considered and should be based on rural realities prior to the Selection of the Scheme as well as the Beneficiaries, the implementing agencies should provide details of the programme to the rural people, who are likely to be benefitted serious endeavour is, therefore, needed to make the rural people aware about the resources earmarked for rural development in various Government departments.

2. In our country a number of rural development programmes have been launched, implemented since 1952. It is often said that, the rural development programmes failed to attain its desired goal due to improper identification of the programmes, schemes and the beneficiaries therein.

The Implementing Agencies attitude to implement the programme is target oriented. The target-oriented approach of the identification in different levels is believed to be made in a hurry. This approach forced the agencies for wrong identification of programmes, schemes and beneficiaries. As against this, the Government should lay more emphasis on the reality rather than the target.

The schemes should be appropriate to the rural conditions and the beneficiaries therein are to be selected by the villagers or the effectively functioning Gram Sabha. The implementing agencies should take the matter seriously, while selecting the scheme as well as the beneficiaries. The selection of the schemes is needed to be made by the beneficiaries. Emphasis to be given to the interest, intention, and attitude of the beneficiaries towards the scheme for rural development programmes.

It is to conclude that, A realistic programme on rural development with the potentiality of the successful implementation, can only be prepared if rural poor are taken into confidence and are assisted to draw the development programme, taking the village as unit. Outsiders, as technocrats, Economists etc. should only assist them as Friends to make their own decision.

3. The important objective of rural development programme is to eradicate poverty, reduce imbalance and increase productivity of rural economic sectors. Thus, the beneficiaries of rural development programmes are rural poor living below the poverty line. The poverty line in India determined by the relative standards.

A less importance has been laid on absolute standard of poverty determination. Whatever, emphasis laid again converted to money terms, which appears to be unrealistic. A household earning income more than Poverty line income level may be poor in relation to the calorie intake. Thus, the determination of poverty line required reconsidered. Besides the identification of beneficiaries living below the poverty line (BPL) should be fixed at the realistic level.

4. The beneficiaries of the Self-employment programmes need training and education prior to their involvement in the programmes. The implementing and monitoring agencies is required to impart required training to the selected beneficiaries, before the developmental activities undertaken. Besides, rural people should be provided with the scope of expressing their own felt needs and need to be provided with an opportunity to choose economic activities for their own development.

5. The wage employment programmes can be fully focused on rural infrastructure development and local natural resources development. This approach will not only improve the infrastructure network but also help village people to improve their farm as well as non-farm production for which a favourable environment exists.

6. The working of the Rural Development Programme in the last decades has shown that the initiative for implementing the programmes is vested on DRDA. The role of DRDA is more or less confined to the planning and release of subsidies for rural development programmes.

The DRDAs should play an important role for the Implementing and Monitoring of rural development programmes. Regular monitoring and evaluation of rural development programmes in real manner could solve the ongoing problems encountered therein and can also helpful to solve the problems. This will pave the path of success to the rural development programmes and attainment of rural development.

7. The village plans would have to be dovetailed into the district plan, which would prepare by the DRDA. Proper appraisal of the rural development schemes is needed. Besides, for the success of Rural Development Programmes it should be ensured that the Project Directors of the DRDA are given tenure of not less than three years so as to inculcate in them a sense of commitment to the programme. The other staff in the key posts should not be disturbed frequently

8. The various Government departments with specialised expertise and banks should work in close co-operation with the district planning unit in order to have a coordinated and scientific plan, the availability of local resources, the potential for alternative productive works and of viable schemes, to be looked into.

9. Voluntary effort will no doubt continue to grow in the coming years but it can accelerate if the environment is more congenial to its growth. Voluntary Organisations with professional and Managerial Capabilities can act as a catalyst and can organise beneficiaries, involve people in planning and development and provide the necessary support to make development a reality. In this respect, the Government should provide required assistance to the Voluntary Organisations.

10. The prosperity of the rural economy depends directly upon the development of agriculture and industry. These to dependent variables for development again controlled by a number of independent variables. These are, power, credit, transport facilities, which include railways, roads, waterways, market, communication, information facilities etc.

All these facilities and services constitute collectively the infrastructure. The development and expansion of these facilities are an essential pre-condition for attainment of economic development and rural development. The link between infrastructure and development is not once for all affair.

It is a continuous process and progress in development has to be preceded, accompanied and followed by progress in infrastructure, if we are to fulfill our declared objectives of a self-accelerating process of economic development. Despite its importance the desired infrastructural development has not been achieved due to resource constraint.

In view of the resource constraint, further expansion of facilities may be secured by a shift of priority from high cost technology to low cost technology, from public funding to private financing and from large-scale public management to small-scale private/cooperative/community management in appropriate areas required for rural development.

11. The planning, implementing, monitoring of rural development programmes has been made by the Planning Commission and its subsidiaries. In the process they have been facing a number of difficulties. Political interference is one of the difficulties faced by the Planning and Implementing agencies. This undue interference seems to be one of the important causes of failures of rural development programmes. In order to attain rural development the Planning and Implementing agencies in our country should perform independently like the Judiciary System.

Strategies for Rural Development in India
7 Major Rural Development Policies of India

India , Essay , Rural Development in India

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The government must prioritize education, nutrition, and health of children in their policies due to their critical role in fostering socio-economic development and ensuring future well-being. Discuss.

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health , Education , Human Resources

4. The government must prioritize education, nutrition, and health of children in their policies due to their critical role in fostering socio-economic development and ensuring future well-being. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question: Children form about 30% of India’s population, but they are invisible during elections. Key Demand of the question: To write about the need for prioritising education, nutrition, and health of children in its policies. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: In the first part, write about the importance of child education – enhances human capital, drives economic growth, and promotes social stability. Next, write about the importance of child nutrition – physical and cognitive development, leading to better educational outcomes and long-term health etc. Next, write about the importance of child health – boosts productivity, reduces healthcare costs, and improves quality of life. Mentions ways to achieve the above Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

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Rural Development Schemes India Hindi में MGNREGA, PMAY, PMGSY, DDU-GKY, योजनाओं के बारे में विस्तार से जानें। ... Accenture Previous Year Papers Placement Papers Download Subject Wise PDF Here. CISF Tradesman Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2021. IB Security Assistant Salary and Job ...
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विकास पथ पर भारत निबंध - (Essay On Development Of India In Hindi) रूपरेखा- प्रस्तावना, विकास के विभिन्न सोपान, विकास में बाधक तत्त्व, उपसंहार। साथ ही, कक्षा 1 से 10 तक के छात्र ...
Rural Development Course in Hindi क्या हैं और कैसे करें?
Rural Development in India: K. R. Gupta: यहां से खरीदें: MRD103 Rural Development Planning And Management: Gullybaba.com Panel: यहां से खरीदें: MRD-101 Rural Development: Indian Context: Gullybaba.com Panel: यहां से खरीदें: NEERAJ MRD-101 Rural Development:Indian Context ...
ग्रामीण जीवन पर निबंध (गाँव का जीवन) Essay on Village Life in Hindi
इस लेख मे हमने ग्रामीण जीवन पर निबंध (गाँव का जीवन) Essay on Village Life in Hindi हिन्दी मे लिखा है। इसमे आप ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों मे शिक्षा, घर, जीवन शैली, स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं ...
सतत विकास पर निबंध
सतत विकास पर निबंध! Here is an essay on 'Sustainable Development' in Hindi language. विश्व के सभी देशों में आज विकास के पथ पर एक-दूसरे से आगे निकल जाने की होड़-सी मची है और ...
सतत विकास पर निबंध
सतत विकास पर निबंध | Here is an essay on 'Sustainable Development' for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on 'Sustainable Development' especially written for school and college students in Hindi language. Essay # 1. सतत विकास का अर्थ (Meaning of Sustainable Development): शब्द 'सतत ...
PDF Rural Development in India: Issues and Challenges
1. To examine the issues and difficulties faced by rural economies in India. 2. Make suggestions as to how these issues could be alleviated. Some factors related to rural development: Poverty India is home to one-third of the world's poor. Rural poverty is a major problem in India. In rural areas, the
Dynamics of Rural Development in India
India is the second largest populous country in the world and more than half of its population lives in rural areas. This leads to widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skills and malnutrition in the country. In the developing countries especially like India, rural development is always been an important issue related to country's economic progress.
(Pdf) Agriculture Sector and Rural Development in India: an Empirical
The primacy of agriculture as central to rural development in the 1960s, to dwindling investment in the 1980s, and onward to its renewed presence on today's national development agendas. India has seen the high deviations in the conditions affecting agricultural and rural development since 1991, with new opportunities for farmers to economic ...
Rural Development in India- meaning, importance, objectives
1. Rural development means an action plan for the economic and social upliftment of rural areas. 2. It aims at improving the quality of life of people living in rural areas. 3. It focuses on the action for the development of areas that are lagging behind in the overall development of the rural economy. Rural development is important because of ...
Essay on Rural Development in India
3. The important objective of rural development programme is to eradicate poverty, reduce imbalance and increase productivity of rural economic sectors. Thus, the beneficiaries of rural development programmes are rural poor living below the poverty line. The poverty line in India determined by the relative standards.
The government must prioritize education, nutrition, and health of
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources. 4. The government must prioritize education, nutrition, and health of children in their policies due to their critical role in fostering socio-economic development and ensuring future well-being. Discuss. (250 words)
Rural Development In India Essay In Hindi
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