what is research article and its types

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Guide to Scholarly Articles

• What is a Scholarly Article?
• Scholarly vs. Popular vs. Trade Articles

Types of Scholarly Articles

Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods articles, why does this matter.

• Anatomy of Scholarly Articles
• Tips for Reading Scholarly Articles

Scholarly articles come in many different formats each with their own function in the scholarly conversation. The following are a few of the major types of scholarly articles you are likely to encounter as you become a part of the conversation. Identifying the different types of scholarly articles and knowing their function will help you become a better researcher.

Original/Empirical Studies

• Note: Empirical studies can be subdivided into qualitative studies, quantitative studies, or mixed methods studies. See below for more information  
• Usefulness for research:  Empirical studies are useful because they provide current original research on a topic which may contain a hypothesis or interpretation to advance or to disprove. 

Literature Reviews

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Literature reviews survey and analyze a clearly delaminated body of scholarly literature.  
• Usefulness for research: Literature reviews are useful as a way to quickly get up to date on a particular topic of research.

Theoretical Articles

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Theoretical articles draw on existing scholarship to improve upon or offer a new theoretical perspective on a given topic.
• Usefulness for research:  Theoretical articles are useful because they provide a theoretical framework you can apply to your own research.

Methodological Articles

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Methodological articles draw on existing scholarship to improve or offer new methodologies for exploring a given topic.
• Usefulness for research:  Methodological articles are useful because they provide a methodologies you can apply to your own research.

Case Studies

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Case studies focus on individual examples or instances of a phenomenon to illustrate a research problem or a a solution to a research problem.
• Usefulness for research:  Case studies are useful because they provide information about a research problem or data for analysis.

Book Reviews

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Book reviews provide summaries and evaluations of individual books.
• Usefulness for research:  Book reviews are useful because they provide summaries and evaluations of individual books relevant to your research.

Adapted from the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association : the official guide to APA style. (Sixth edition.). (2013). American Psychological Association.

Qualitative articles  ask "why" questions where as  quantitative  articles  ask "how many/how much?" questions. These approaches are are not mutually exclusive. In fact, many articles combine the two in a  mixed-methods  approach. 

We can think of these different kinds of scholarly articles as different tools designed for different tasks. What research task do you need to accomplish? Do you need to get up to date on a give topic? Find a literature review. Do you need to find a hypothesis to test or to extend? Find an empirical study. Do you need to explore methodologies? Find a methodological article.

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• Last Updated: Aug 23, 2023 8:53 AM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/scholarly-articles

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Types of journal articles

It is helpful to familiarise yourself with the different types of articles published by journals. Although it may appear there are a large number of types of articles published due to the wide variety of names they are published under, most articles published are one of the following types; Original Research, Review Articles, Short reports or Letters, Case Studies, Methodologies.

Original Research:

This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an  Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just  Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies. It includes full Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections.

Short reports or Letters:

These papers communicate brief reports of data from original research that editors believe will be interesting to many researchers, and that will likely stimulate further research in the field. As they are relatively short the format is useful for scientists with results that are time sensitive (for example, those in highly competitive or quickly-changing disciplines). This format often has strict length limits, so some experimental details may not be published until the authors write a full Original Research manuscript. These papers are also sometimes called Brief communications .

Review Articles:

Review Articles provide a comprehensive summary of research on a certain topic, and a perspective on the state of the field and where it is heading. They are often written by leaders in a particular discipline after invitation from the editors of a journal. Reviews are often widely read (for example, by researchers looking for a full introduction to a field) and highly cited. Reviews commonly cite approximately 100 primary research articles.

TIP: If you would like to write a Review but have not been invited by a journal, be sure to check the journal website as some journals to not consider unsolicited Reviews. If the website does not mention whether Reviews are commissioned it is wise to send a pre-submission enquiry letter to the journal editor to propose your Review manuscript before you spend time writing it.  

Case Studies:

These articles report specific instances of interesting phenomena. A goal of Case Studies is to make other researchers aware of the possibility that a specific phenomenon might occur. This type of study is often used in medicine to report the occurrence of previously unknown or emerging pathologies.

Methodologies or Methods

These articles present a new experimental method, test or procedure. The method described may either be completely new, or may offer a better version of an existing method. The article should describe a demonstrable advance on what is currently available.

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Evaluating Resources: Research Articles

Research articles.

A research article is a journal article in which the authors report on the research they did. Research articles are always primary sources. Whether or not a research article is peer reviewed depends on the journal that publishes it.

Published research articles follow a predictable pattern and will contain most, if not all, of the sections listed below. However, the names for these sections may vary.

• Title & Author(s)
• Introduction
• Methodology

To learn about the different parts of a research article, please view this tutorial:

Short video: How to Read Scholarly Articles

Learn some tips on how to efficiently read scholarly articles.

Video: How to Read a Scholarly Article

(4 min 16 sec) Recorded August 2019 Transcript 

More information

The Academic Skills Center and the Writing Center both have helpful resources on critical and academic reading that can further help you understand and evaluate research articles.

• Academic Skills Center Guide: Developing Your Reading Skills
• Academic Skills Center Webinar Archive: Savvy Strategies for Academic Reading
• Writing Center Podcast: WriteCast Episode 5: Five Strategies for Critical Reading

If you'd like to learn how to find research articles in the Library, you can view this Quick Answer.

• Quick Answer: How do I find research articles?
• Previous Page: Primary & Secondary Sources
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ANSC 5220 : Types of Articles

Types of articles.

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This page provides a brief overview of different types of articles. For more complete information on criteria that can be used to evaluate journals, news sources and magazines consult the library guide on Distinguishing Scholarly from Non-Scholarly Periodicals  created by Michael Engle, a research librarian at Olin Library on Cornell's campus.

High Impact Journals

Here are just a few (of the thousands) scholarly journals in animal science and life sciences -- all of them available online through Cornell. Browsing the issues in journals in your field is just one more way to find articles -- just not a very efficient approach if you are looking for a very specific topic! 

Journal of Dairy Science

Journal of Mammalogy

PLoS Biology

Biological Reviews

Quarterly Review of Biology

Scholarly journals are also called academic, peer-reviewed, or refereed journals . Strictly speaking, peer-reviewed (also called refereed) journals refer only to those scholarly journals that submit articles to several other scholars, experts, or academics (peers) in the field for review and comment. These reviewers must agree that the article represents properly conducted original research or writing before it can be published.

To check if a journal is peer-reviewed/refereed, search the journal by title in Ulrich's Periodical Directory --look for the referee jersey icon. More on peer-reviewed journals from the University of Texas .

Trade journals are publications focused on a narrow subject, industry or profession. Trade publications can give you the perspective of a specific group of stakeholders. Articles tend to be brief and trade journals include color photographs and ads. Although some trade publications have the word "journal" in the title, they are not considered scholarly publications. Just a few examples of trade publications: Livestock ,  Advertising Age , Farm Journal , The Grocer .

Substantive News and General Interest publications vary in their format focus on providing information, in a general manner, to a broad, educated audience.  Some cite sources, most most do not. Articles may be written by a member of the editorial staff, a scholar or a free lance writer. In news sources, the author is listed as a byline. Authors of articles in this category are held accountable for their reporting.

Popular magazines come in many formats , although often slick and attractive in appearance with lots of color graphics (photographs, drawings, etc.). These publications do not cite sources in a bibliography. Information published in popular periodicals is often second or third hand and the original source is rarely mentioned. Articles are usually very short and written in simple language. The main purpose of popular periodicals is to entertain the reader, to sell products (their own or their advertisers), or to promote a viewpoint.

Article/publication types

In your research, there are many publication types that you will come across, each with different value in the research process.  

• Review - An article type that looks at other research in the field and summarizes that research for the reader.  High quality reviews will be systematic in nature in an effort to remove bias from the article selection process.  Look here for more details on different types of Review Articles:  https://guides.library.cornell.edu/evidence-synthesis/types 
• Original Research - A research study usually designed by the articles author(s).  Original Research articles will often have a methodology, results, and discussion sections to explain the study in detail.  They can be difficult to read at times because they will assume a base level of knowledge (including "jargon") in the field of study covered by the article. 
• Technical Reports - Technical Reports can vary widely, but often they offer a real world application to the research discussed in Reviews and Original Research articles.
• Trade Publications - Articles written for practitioners of a specific trade.  Trade publications are usually designed to quickly report on topics of importance in that field.  They are not usually as intensely researched or reviewed as most of the above publication types.
• Popular Publications - Articles written for the general public.  These articles are generally much easier to read than the above publication types. 
• Non-traditional publications  - For example, Blogs, social media posts or websites.  These are generally intended as a form of communication with minimal (if any) editorial processes.  While these can serve as a nice medium for communication of ideas and conversation, particularly if the author is an expert in the field, they generally will not be used in formal research-based practices and publications.
• Event Reporting - Simply reporting the facts of an event that has happened or is happening.  By far the least biased type of news content.
• Analysis - Using context to add some explanation for why events may be happening.
• Opinion/Editorial - Journalists/reporters offering their opinions about why events may be happening and what the significance may be of those events.  Opinions/Editorials are notoriously very biased, and should be used particularly cautiously. 
• Other/Features -  For example, profiles, interviews, press releases, investigative journalism. These are usually either primary in nature, or involve substantially more research than Analysis or Opinion/Editorials.  That said, these can still be very biased because authors can be very selective in what type of content they gather and use.

Primary vs. Secondary Research Articles

You've been asked to find at least one primary research article s. Primary sources in this case:

• are original scientific reports of new research findings
• usually include the following sections: Introduction , Methods , Results , Discussion, References
• are peer-reviewed (examined by expert(s) in the field before publication).

You may also choose to use some secondary sources (summaries or interpretations of original research) such as books (consult the E-Books section) or review articles (articles which organize and critically analyze the research of others on a topic).

These secondary sources are often useful and easier-to-read summaries of research in an area. Additionally, you can use the listed references to find useful primary research articles. See the E-Book tab in this ANSC guide to get more information on reference books that are useful for background information on a topic.

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• Last Updated: Oct 20, 2023 11:17 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.cornell.edu/ANSC5220

• Footnotes or endnotes
• Bilbliography or list of references

Articles in academic (peer-reviewed) journals are the primary forum for scholarly communication, where scholars introduce and debate new ideas and research. They're usually not written for laymen, and assume familiarity with other recent work in the field. Journal articles also tend to be narrowly focused, concentrating on analysis of one or two creative works or studies, though they may also contain review articles or literature reviews which summarize recent published work in a field.

In addition to regular articles, academic journals often include book reviews (of scholarly books ) and letters from readers commenting on recent articles.

Clues that you're reading a non -academic article

• Decorative photos
• Advertisements

Unlike scholarly journals, magazines are written for a mainstream audience and are not peer-reviewed. A handful of academic journals (like Science and Nature ) blur the line between these two categories; they publish peer-reviewed articles, but combine them with news, opinions, and full-color photos in a magazine-style presentation.

Trade journals are targeted toward a specific profession or industry. Despite the name, they are usually not peer-reviewed. However, they sometimes represent a gray area between popular magazines and scholarly journals. When in doubt, ask your professor or TA whether a specific source is acceptable.

Newspapers as Primary Sources

Though usually written by journalists who were not direct witnesses to events, newspapers and news broadcasts may include quotes or interviews from people who were. In the absence of first-person accounts, contemporary news reports may be the closest thing to a primary source available.

Of all the content types listed here, newspapers are the fastest to publish. Use newspaper articles to find information about recent events and contemporary reports of/reactions to historic events.

• News by UCLA Library Last Updated May 7, 2024 6339 views this year

Reviews are a type of article that can appear in any of the categories above. The type of publication will usually determine the type of review. Newspapers and magazines review movies, plays, general interest books, and consumer products. Academic journals review scholarly books.

Note that a review is not the same as scholarly analysis and criticism! Book reviews, even in scholarly journals, are usually not peer-reviewed.

Conference papers aren't always published and can be tricky to find . Recent conference papers are often online, along with the PowerPoint files or other materials used in the actual presentation. However, access may be limited to conference participants and/or members of the academic organization which sponsored the conference.

In paper formats, all of the papers from a certain conference may be re-printed in the conference proceedings . Search for Proceedings of the [name of conference] to find what's available, or ask for help from a librarian. But be aware that published proceedings may only include abstracts or even just the name of the presenter and the title of the presentation. This is especially true of poster presentations , which really are large graphic posters (which don't translate well to either printed books or computer monitors).

As the name implies, most technical reports are about research in the physical sciences or engineering. However, there are also technical reports produced in the life and social sciences,

Like conference papers , some technical reports are eventually transformed into academic journal articles , but they may also be released after a journal article to provide supplementary data that didn't fit within the article. Also like conference papers, technical reports can be hard to find , especially older reports which may only be available in microfiche . Ask for help from a librarian!

Anthologies are a cross-over example. They're books that contain articles (chapters). Anthologies may be collections of articles by a single author, or collections of articles on a theme from different authors chosen by an editor. Many anthologies reprint articles already published elsewhere, but some contain original works.

Anthologies are rarely peer-reviewed, but they still may be considered scholarly works, depending on the reputation of the authors and editors. Use the same criteria listed for scholarly books .

Of course, reprints of articles originally published in peer-reviewed journals retain their "scholarly" status. (Note that most style manuals have special rules for citing reprinted works.)

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• URL: https://guides.library.ucla.edu/content-types

What is Research?: Parts of a Research Article

• The Truth about Research
• Research Steps
• Evaluating Sources
• Parts of a Research Article

While each article is different, here are some common pieces you'll see in many of them...

• The title of the article should give you some clues as to the topic it addresses.
• The abstract allows readers to quickly review the overall content of the article. It should give you an idea of the topic of the article, while also providing any key details--such as the questions address in the article and the general results of the studies conducted.
• The introduction introduces the general topic and provides some background information, eventually narrowing it down to the specific issues addressed in the article.
• The literature review describes past research on the topic and relates it to the specific topic covered by the article.  Not all articles will have a literature review.
• The methods section addresses the research design and methodology used by the author to come to the conclusions they have in this article.  This gives others the ability to replicate the study.  Not all articles will have this, since there will be many articles that don't involve an actual study.
• The results section presents the results of any studies or analysis that has been conducted.  Not all articles will have this, either.
• The discussion/conclusion addresses the implications or future of the field.  It may also address where future research is needed.
• The list references or bibliography is the alphabetized list of resources used for the article.  The format of the citations is often determined by what that field's preferred format is.  Common citations formats include APA, Chicago, and MLA.  This is a necessity in an article--and it helps you identify more possible resources for your own paper.
• Components of a Research Paper Useful site that goes more in depth on these sections.
• Parts of a Citation A really wonderful site by the Nash Community College Library.
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• Last Updated: Jul 20, 2017 9:23 PM
• URL: https://libguides.uno.edu/whatisresearch

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The world of literature is constantly evolving. Every day, innovative academics, scholars, students and hobbyists are pushing the boundaries of literary theory into fresh, exciting areas. It is the opportunity for new, alternative interpretations that turns English literature from a study of the past into a living, breathing reflection of our modern day. 

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But how do new literary theories come to fruition? For our ideas to be considered, we require an accepted mode of communication that allows us to coherently and concisely express our thoughts. One way we can accomplish this is through the use of the research article. Let's look in detail at the different types of research articles, some examples, and the typical research article format.

Research article meaning

Research articles are often confused with other types of articles that feature in larger publications. Before we get started, let's define what a r esearch article is:

A research article is a report that details the results of an author's original research. It typically aims to contribute to existing academic material within a given field.

A research article could take a unique stance on an existing debate, offer a solution to an unanswered question, or propose a new idea entirely. The main goal of any research article is to present your research in a convincing, accessible and justifiable way. After writing their research article, the author will submit their work to an academic journal.

An academic journal (also known as a scholarly journal) is a publication that showcases a collection of peer-reviewed research articles related to a particular field.

After submission to the academic journal, any research articles that pass the preliminary stage will undergo a rigorous peer-review process. The journal's editor can choose any outside scholars to review the article, most of whom will remain anonymous. This process typically takes several months, with the reviewers offering criticism and the author making several amendments.

Typically, research articles were created by experts for experts. However, thanks to the internet, the freedom to access, study and utilise research articles is more apparent than ever; many research articles are now only published electronically!

This accessibility means that a quality research article can benefit many people. All authors are required to cite their work, and any argument considered subjective will not be accepted. This means that research articles are highly credible, making them a reputable source ideal for essays.

You want to reference that perfect research article but can't gain access to the academic journal? Many academics self-archive their work and release a free download on their personal website. If in doubt, contact the author, as many scholars love to see interest in their work and would happily provide a copy.

To better understand how a research article is critiqued, let's look in more detail at the peer-review process.

Different types of research articles

Remember , a research article is always a primary source. Although articles that review other works of literature are often featured in academic journals, by the strictest definition, they are not research articles because they do not offer an original standpoint on a topic.

Original research article

The most common article found in academic journals is the original research article. This detailed study proposes new concepts or ideas within a specific field. The article will present a hypothesis before answering it with justifiable, citable evidence, which will then be extensively peer-reviewed.

Methodology article

Rather than an author proposing an original idea within an existing framework, authors of methodology articles propose a new framework entirely. Articles will offer a new procedure, format or method for carrying out future research. To be considered, authors should propose a significant change to the existing methodology and will justify their ideas with evidence.

While these articles are prevalent in the medical field, a literature methodology article could recommend new research processes, ethical considerations, or more efficient ways to structure an article.

Observation reports

An observation report involves documenting the results of observational research. The primary goal of this report is to take extensive data taken over a lengthy period and transform it into an accessible summary.

One common variant of the research article is a thesis:

A thesis is an extended writing piece involving original research written for a doctorate.

PhD theses contain original work and follow a similar layout to a typical research article. The critical difference between the thesis and research article is the length; a research article is usually 4000-6000 words long, whereas a thesis is typically 80,000-100,000 words!

Research article format

Although different types of research articles can feature subtle differences in formatting, most follow a simple, linear structure. The most common research article structure is: abstract, introduction, literature review , body, and conclusion. Let's look at each section in more detail.

Most research articles will begin with some form of abstract:

An abstract is a concise summary of the contents of a research article.

Think of the abstract as the overview that briefly informs the reader what to expect from a research article. It should show the reader why the article is important and get them interested in the ideas that will be proposed.

It's important to remember that an abstract is not an extract from another section of the article; it is a unique, brief overview entirely separate from the main body of work!

Introduction

A research article's introduction will summarise the author's main arguments and narrow down the scope of the investigation. It will usually conclude with the central hypothesis of the research article.

Literature review

The literature review allows the author to review existing academic work in their chosen field. They can evaluate the work of other scholars and identify the gap in knowledge that their work aims to bridge.

The literature review is one of the most critical sections of a research article because it lets the author shows how their work contributes to the broader academic landscape.

The body often breaks down the main argument into multiple sub-points, with a separate paragraph/section for each. The author will present their original research and back up their statements with cited evidence. They will then relate each statement back to their main argument to prove why their hypothesis is justified.

The conclusion of a research article will reiterate its key points and emphasise how the original hypothesis is satisfied. Depending on the type of research article, the author may emphasise what they are proposing, why change is necessary and what needs to be done in the future.

Research article critique

Closely related to the research article is the research article critique:

A research article critique analyses and evaluates the work of another article.

The critique will summarise the key points of a research article, analyse whether it has been successful, and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. A critique writer will often systematically assess the literature to fully understand the author's intentions, taking into consideration the target audience, whether the author's argument is justified, and whether they have fully satisfied their hypothesis.

Remember that in order to be a primary source, the research presented must be original. As the critique is analysing the pre-existing content of the research analysis, this makes it an example of a secondary source.

Example of literature review in research article

The literature review is one of the most important aspects of any research article because it places the article in context. Let's look at an example of how Jonathan Coe (1961-) accomplishes this by looking at an excerpt from his thesis Satire and sympathy: some consequences of intrusive narration in Tom Jones and other comic novels (1986) 1

I shall start with the so-called 'intrusive' narrator. The standard text for any investigation into this topic is Wayne Booth's 'The Rhetoric of Fiction' • Much of what he said about Fielding still holds true, but I think there's scope for enlargement and further specification. My argument about Tom Jones is going to be that it is marked by a deep divide between satiric hostility towards and sympathetic insight into its characters.

Coe begins by referencing an important text relevant to the subject of his research article. This contextualises his work within the existing body of literature and establishes his point of view in relation to previous arguments on his chosen subject. He then states how his interpretation will differ from previous scholars, showing the gap in research that he intends to cover and therefore proves the originality of his stance on the debate.

Part of Booth's problem is his failure to discriminate between different kinds of intrusion. There are two basic kinds: either a coming-clean about the fact that the author exists, that s/he is responsible for the words on the page and that, if there were no author, there would be no story (because no-one to record it), or, more gravely, an outright admission that the story is in fact

being made up by the author.

Here Coe elaborates on the flaws in the arguments of his predecessors. This is essential to the literature review, as it proves why the study being conducted is of vital importance to the literary landscape as a whole. Coe is also highly specific about issues he sees and introduces the key topics that he will address in the main body of his work.

Research Article - Key takeaways

A research article is a report that details the results of an author's original research.

.A research article could take a unique stance on an existing debate, offer a solution to an unanswered question, or propose a new idea entirely.

The main types of research article are original research articles, methodology articles, observation reports and theses.

Research articles usually consist of an abstract, introduction, literature review, body and conclusion.

Scholars frequently critique research articles. These critiques analyse and evaluate the work to detail its strengths and weaknesses.

• Coe, Jonathan (1986) Satire and sympathy : some consequences of intrusive narration in Tom Jones and other comic novels. PhD thesis, University of Warwick.

Flashcards inResearch Article 10

What is a research article?

A research article   is a report that details the results of an author's   original   research. It typically aims to contribute to the existing body of academic material within a given field.

What is an academic journal?

Why are research articles considered highly credible?

This is because, a fter submission to the academic journal, articles will need to pass the preliminary stage. After this, they will be put through a rigorous peer-review process,  with the reviewers offering criticism and the author making several amendments.

What is a methodology article?

Rather than an author proposing an original idea within an existing framework, authors of methodology articles propose a new framework entirely. Articles will offer a new procedure, format or method for which to carry out future research.

In which field are methodology articles most common?

Psychology.

What is an observation report?

An observation report involves documenting the results of observational research.

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Frequently Asked Questions about Research Article

How to critique a research article? 

The critique should summarise the key points of a research article, analyse whether it has been successful, and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. 

What is a research article and its types? 

A research article is a report that details the results of an author's original research. It’s different types are original research article, methodology article, observation reports and theses. 

How to write a research article?

The most common structure of a research article contains an abstract, introduction, literature review, body and conclusion. 

How do you find a research article? 

Many universities, public websites and academic journals offer research articles that can be downloaded for free online.

How to critically analyse a research article?

A critical analysis of a research article will often contain a systematic evaluation of the literature to fully understand the author's intentions, taking into consideration the target audience, whether the author's argument is justified, and whether they have fully satisfied their hypothesis. 

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Article Types: What's the Difference Between Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals?

• Definitions

What Does it Mean?

• Choosing What's Best
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Trade Magazine/Journal Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Newsletter Articles

Article : Much shorter than a book, an article can be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as several dozen pages. Articles can address any topic that the author decides to explore and can reflect opinion, news, research, reviews, instruction, nearly any focus. Articles appear in newspapers, magazines, trade publication, journals, and even in books. Because of their relative brevity, articles typically are used to provide up-to-date information on a wide variety of topics.

Book Review : A usually brief article that provides an evaluation and appreciation of a book. A review might assess the importance of a book's contributions to a particular field of study or might make recommendations to potential readers of the book. Reviews of fiction will usually comment on originality, style, and readability. While an important tool for helping a researcher assess the value of a book to his or her research topic, a book review, by itself, is usually not sufficient for use as a source in a research project.

Issue : A single, regular publication of a journal, magazine, newspaper, newsletter, or trade publication. A magazine or journal that publishes monthly will have twelve issues in a year. News magazines like Time and Newsweek publish weekly and will have 52 issues in a year. Newspapers might publish daily or weekly. A daily will have 365 issues in a year. Issues are usually numbered, so a journal that publishes twelve issues in a year starting with January will number each issue sequentially (issue 1, January; issue 2, February; issue 3, March; etc.).

Journal : A regularly published collection of articles that focus on topics specific to a particular academic discipline or profession. Journals might be published monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or even annually. Probably the most common publication frequency is monthly and quarterly. Journal articles are typically of substantial length (often more than 10 pages) and usually reflect research, whether it be surveys of existing research or discussions of original research. Most journal articles will be prefaced with an abstract and will include extensive documentation within the article or at the end of the article. Most research begins with a survey of existing literature on a topic and proceeds with the development of new ideas or new research into a topic. Articles are usually written by experts in their fields, although journals might also publish letters from their readership commenting on articles that have been published in previous issues. Journals might also include opinion articles or editorials. Examples of journals include Journal of the American Medical Association, American Sociological Review, Psychological Reports, Publications of the Modern Language Association, Educational Research Quarterly, and Evolutionary Biology.

Literature Review : An important part of nearly any research project, a literature review consists of a survey of previously published or non-published materials that focus on a particular subject under investigation. For example, a researcher looking into whether there is a relationship between musical aptitude and academic achievement in elementary age students would begin by looking for articles, books, and other materials that reflected previous research into this topic. The function of the review is to identify what is already known about the topic and to provide a knowledge foundation for the current study.

Magazine : A regularly published collection of articles that might focus on any topic in general or on topics of interest to a specific group, such as sports fans or music fans or home decorators. Magazines might be published weekly, monthly, semi-monthly or only several times a year. More commonly, magazines are published weekly or monthly. Articles in magazines are typically written for the general reading public and don't reflect in-depth research (an exception might be an investigative report written in a news magazine that involved weeks or months of research and interviews to complete). Most magazine articles do not list references and are written by the magazine's own staff writers. In general, magazine articles are easy to read, are fairly brief in length, and may include illustrations or photographs. Magazines also rely heavily on advertisements targeted to consumers as a source of revenue. Examples of magazines include Time, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, Popular Mechanics, Car and Driver, Interview, Good Housekeeping, Elle, GQ, and Sports Illustrated.

Newsletter : A regularly published collection of brief news articles of interest to members of a particular community. Professional associations might issue newsletters to keep their membership up to date. Businesses and schools might issue newsletters to keep their constituents up to date. Nearly any type of organization or society might have its own newsletter. Articles in newsletters are typically brief, and the entire newsletter itself might be only half a dozen pages in length. These are usually internal publications that have interest mainly to people who participate in the activities of the issuing body. They are frequently used to inform members of an organization of upcoming events. Examples of newsletters include 401(k) Advisor, Adult Day Services Letter, Black History News & Notes, Credit Card Weekly, Education Business Weekly, Music Critics Association Newsletter, and Student Aid News.

Newspaper : A regularly published collection of fairly brief articles that provide updates on current events and interests. Newspapers are generally published daily, weekly, and bi-weekly, although they may have less regular publication schedules. Most major newspapers publish daily, with expanded coverage on the weekends. Newspapers can be national or international in focus or might be targeted strictly to a particular community or locality. Newspaper articles are written largely by newspaper staff and editors and often do not provide authors' names. Many of the articles appearing in national, international, and regional papers are written by various wire service writers and are nationally or internationally syndicated. Examples of wire services are Reuters and the Associated Press. Newspapers rely on advertising for a part of their income and might also include photographs and even full color illustrations of photos. A common feature of most newspapers is its editorial page, where the editors express opinions on timely topics and invite their readers to submit their opinions. Examples of newspapers include New York Times, Times of London, Florida Times-Union, Tampa Tribune, Denver Post, Guardian, and USA Today.

Peer Reviewed/Refereed Journal : Most academic/scholarly journals use subject experts or "peers" to review articles being considered for publication. Reviewers will carefully examine articles to ensure that they meet journal criteria for subject matter and style. The process ensures that articles are appropriate to a particular journal and that they are of the highest quality.

Trade Journal : A regularly published collection of articles that address topics of interest to members of a particular profession, such as law enforcement or advertising or banking. Articles tend to be brief and often report on developments and news within a field and might summarize current research being done in a particular area. Trade journals might also include editorials, letters to the editor, photo essays, and advertisements that target members of the profession. While trade journal articles might include references, the reference lists tend to be brief and don't reflect thorough reviews of the literature. Articles are usually written with the particular profession in mind, but are generally pretty accessible so that a person wishing to learn more about the profession would still be able to understand the articles. Examples of trade journals include Police Chief, Education Digest, Energy Weekly News, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Engineering News Record, Design News, and Traffic World.

Volume : Most journals and many magazines, newsletters, newspapers, and trade publications assign volume numbers to a year's worth or half a year's worth of issues. For example, a journal that publishes four times a year (quarterly) might assign each yearly collection of four issues a volume number to help identify which issues of the journal were published during a particular year. Publications that publish more frequently than monthly might also assign volume numbers, but they might change volume numbers mid year, so that there may be two volumes in any one publishing year.

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Breeder Ordered to Pay $35 Million for Mistreating Beagles

Inotiv, whose subsidiaries pleaded guilty to two criminal counts, agreed to pay the record-setting amount. More than 4,000 beagles were rescued in 2022 from its facility in Virginia, where many were ill and injured.

By Jesus Jiménez

A medical research company that bred dogs agreed on Monday to pay $35 million as part of a plea agreement for the mistreatment of more than 4,000 beagles that had to be rescued from its breeding facility in 2022 in Virginia, federal prosecutors said. The fine was the largest amount in an animal welfare case.

As part of the deal, Inotiv, which controls Envigo RMS LLC and Envigo Global Services, must continue to not breed dogs and will be on probation for up to five years, according to prosecutors and the company.

Envigo RMS LLC pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court in Charlottesville, Va., on Monday to conspiring to knowingly violate the Animal Welfare Act, and Envigo Global Services pleaded guilty to a felony of conspiring to knowingly violate the Clean Water Act.

A formal sentencing is scheduled for Oct. 7.

Inotiv ceased operations at its facility in Cumberland County, Va., in September 2022 to resolve a separate civil lawsuit, according to the company. The federal government filed the suit against Envigo in May 2022, claiming that it had failed to humanely care for thousands of beagles at the facility. A multiday search of the facility that month found that more than 100 dogs and puppies were in “acute distress.” Others were dehydrated, underfed, injured or living in poor conditions, including one building that did not have air conditioning.

Prosecutors said that Envigo Global Services also did not properly run its wastewater treatment plan at the Cumberland facility, which led to “massive” illegal discharges that entered the local waterway.

Inotiv will pay $11 million for each of the two violations to which it pleaded guilty. It will also pay about $1.1 million to the Virginia Animal Fighting Task Force, $1.9 million to the Humane Society of the United States, and $3.5 million to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, prosecutors said. The company’s entities must also pay spend at least $7 million to improve their facilities.

Christopher R. Kavanaugh, the U.S. attorney for the Western District of Virginia, said in a statement on Monday that “Envigo promoted a business culture that prioritized profit and convenience over following the law.”

“This callous approach led to dire consequences: the inhumane treatment of animals and the contamination of our waterway,” he said.

At a news conference on Monday, Mr. Kavanaugh said that from 2019 to May 2022, Envigo sold more than 15,000 beagles from the Cumberland facility, generating $16 million in revenue. The company has about 20 locations across North America and Europe, he said.

In a statement of contrition on Monday, Inotiv said that “we fell short of our standards for animal and environmental welfare and apologize to the public for the harm caused by our conduct.”

“In resolving this matter, we renew our commitment to maintaining the highest standards of animal care, as well as to the communities and environments in which we operate,” the company said.

Inspections at the Cumberland facility dating back to July 2021 documented a long history of mistreatment to the beagles, where they often lived surrounded by feces and food waste, according to court records. More than 300 dogs had died at the facility of “unknown causes” over the years, court records show.

Many of the animals that Inotiv had in its breeding operation were going to be used for research and testing. After news spread of the poor conditions the dogs were living in and calls from lawmakers, a federal judge approved a plan in July 2022 to secure the dogs.

More than 4,000 beagles were rescued from the Cumberland facility in summer 2022. That’s when dozens of volunteers and workers at animal shelters across the country mobilized to care for them and nurse them back to health before they could be adopted by families across the country .

Jesus Jiménez covers breaking news, online trends and other subjects. He is based in New York City. More about Jesus Jiménez

A Closer Look at Man’s Best Friend

Dogs are more than just pets, they’re our companions..

How exactly did dogs take over our world? A writer spent a week in the world of luxury dog “hotels”  to find out.

Small dogs with prominent noses live longer than bigger, flat-faced canines,  a new study suggests.

Longevity drugs for our canine companions are moving closer to reality. Here is what to know .

Can your dog make you sick? While dog lovers cherish their pets’ affection, their licks and nips can potentially spread harmful germs .

How do you handle an aggressive dog? Trainers weighed in on how owners can help pets keep their cool .

DogTV, a pay-TV service designed for dogs who are stuck at home alone, hopes to tap into a huge new audience of pandemic puppies  — plus their owners.

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Company that bred beagles for research pleads guilty to neglect, ordered to pay record $35M fine

A company that bred beagles for medical research has agreed to pay a record $35 million and admitted it neglected thousands of dogs at its facility in rural Virginia. Four thousand beagles were rescued from the facility in 2022 and sent out for adoption all over the United States.

IMAGE DISTRIBUTED FOR THE HSUS - FILE - An HSUS Animal Rescue Team member carries a beagle into the organization’s care and rehabilitation center in Maryland on July 21, 2022, after the organization removed the first 201 beagles as part of a transfer plan from Envigo RMS LLC facility in Cumberland, Va. (Kevin Wolf/AP Images for the HSUS)

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A company that bred beagles for medical research agreed Monday to pay a record $35 million as part of a criminal plea admitting it neglected thousands of dogs at its breeding facility in rural Virginia.

Prosecutors said the penalties amount to the largest ever levied in an animal-welfare case.

The plea deal also bars the company that operated the facility, Envigo RMS, as well as parent company Inotiv, from breeding or selling dogs in the future.

The federal investigation of Envigo drew national attention in May 2022 when federal authorities conducted a search of the breeding facility in Cumberland County, Virginia, and found nearly 450 animals in acute distress.

The company later agreed to relinquish all 4,000 beagles at the facility, which were sent around the country for adoption.

U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia Christopher Kavanaugh, whose office prosecuted the case, said Monday after a plea hearing at federal court in Charlottesville that Envigo and Inotiv “prioritized profits and convenience over following the law.”

He said the company generated $16 million in revenue between 2019 and May 2022, when the search occurred, through the sale of 15,000 beagles over that time.

But he said the company refused to make the investments necessary to provide for the animals’ basic care. Cages were cleaned twice a month rather than every day as required. Animals were euthanized, including by direct injections to their heart, without sedation, he said. Dogs were routinely injured by getting their paws caught in flooring composed of metal grates that left space for paws to easily fall through. Food and water were lacking and unclean

Court records show that 300 puppies died over a seven-month stretch around 2021 for what was described as “unknown causes.”

He said the company continued to employ a veterinarian who had botched surgeries and oversaw numerous violations because executives believed it would be too difficult to find a replacement.

Todd Kim, assistant attorney general for the environment and natural resources division of the Justice Department, said Envigo “unlawfully enriched itself by failing to spend the necessary money for upgrades and by failing to hire enough trained and competent staff.”

The Cumberland facility, which employed nearly 40 people, has been shuttered. Kavanaugh said it was woefully understaffed to care for thousands of dogs.

The plea deal calls for an $11 million fine for violating the Animal Welfare Act and an $11 million fine for violating the Clean Water Act. The deal also requires Inotiv to spend $7 million over the next three years to improve its facilities and meet standards in excess of the Animal Welfare Act requirements.

The plea deal includes an admission that Envigo violated the Clean Water Act by discharging hundreds of thousands of gallons of improperly treated wastewater.

It also includes a $3.5 million for environmental repairs in Cumberland County and requires the company to pay the cost of a compliance monitor while it’s on probation, which will run for a period of three to five years.

The plea agreement also requires the companies to pay roughly $1.9 million to the Humane Society of the United States for assistance it provided to the investigation.

Prosecutors also said their investigation is ongoing and that criminal cases against individual employees remain possible.

West Lafayette, Indiana-based Inotiv issued what it called a “statement of contrition” Monday after the plea hearing.

“In committing the crimes identified in the charging document, and by not making the necessary infrastructure upgrades and hiring the requisite staff, we fell short of our standards for animal and environmental welfare and apologize to the public for the harm caused by our conduct, the company said. “In resolving this matter, we renew our commitment to maintaining the highest standards of animal care.”

Money blog: British Airways launching 'Amazon-style' app

British Airways wants to style its website on the "three clicks and you can check out" approach of Amazon. Read this and the rest of today's consumer and personal finance news below - and leave your thoughts in the comments box.

Tuesday 4 June 2024 07:10, UK

• Glitch that delayed 500,000 benefit payments 'fixed', HMRC says
• HSBC announces mortgage rate increases
• British Airways to allow passengers to book flights in just a few clicks with Amazon-style app
• London could be set for second biggest listing in its history

Essential reads

• The five different types of shopping addict
• How much are student loans, when do you start paying back and what is the interest?
• Your rights when deliveries or returns don't arrive - and why leaving instructions could jeopardise them
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Ask a question or make a comment

Yesterday we talked about the dopamine hit you get when shopping - and spoke to a psychologist about how you might learn to control it.

But what if it's gone too far? That's what we're discussing in the second of this four-part series this week.

A  piece by the Royal College of Psychiatrists , published by Cambridge University Press in 2012, said shopping addiction, often referred to as compulsive buying disorder (CBD), "was first described by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin almost a century ago".

He called the disorder "oniomania" (from the Greek onios, meaning "for sale", and mania, meaning "insanity").

A hundred years on, the World Health Organisation doesn't classify shopping addiction as a mental illness, unlike gambling, video game addiction, pyromania and kleptomania - but psychologists are taking note of the subject.

According to a 2021 paper in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions, potential  symptoms  of a compulsive shopping disorder include:

• Preoccupation with shopping (an irresistible urge to buy a product);
• Reduced control over buying behaviours;
• Buying products but not using them for the purposes they were intended to serve;
• Using shopping to regulate mood;
• Negative consequences afterwards such as guilt, shame, debt, relationship problems;
• Negative mood and cognitive symptoms if attempting to stop.

Donald W Black, a prominent American psychiatrist, has written extensively on the subject. He says the "disorder has a lifetime prevalence of 5.8% in the US general population".

There has been much debate about whether CBD is a valid mental illness - amid concerns of over medicalising. However, a growing number of rehab clinics are offering treatment.

The Priory's website says: "If you are addicted to spending money, and are finding that it is affecting your finances, relationships, health and quality of life, this is just as serious as any other addiction."

The Abbey Care Foundation says signs you may have a shopping addition include juggling multiple credit cards, hiding extravagant spending from your family, hoarding things you don't use and getting angry at anyone who tries to get in the way of your spending.

The foundation even breaks down different types of shopping addict:

• Bargain-seekers:  These people have a shopping habit of actively seeking items on sale. When they spot items for less than their perceived value, they purchase them. This behaviour makes them feel like they are winning and relieves shopping addiction. 
• Collectors:  This shopping addiction entails seeking out different versions of a particular item. The desire to collect or complete a set of similar items drives this addiction. 
• Show-offs:  The compulsive behaviour is driven by the desire to buy high-value items. In some cases, the individual's self-worth or self-esteem is attached to making such purchases. 
• Trophy-hunters:  The shopping addiction is for rare, expensive items. The individual intentionally looks for the most expensive or rarest items and gains satisfaction in buying them. 
• Shopping bulimics:  This shopping addiction is like the eating disorder known as bulimia nervosa. Individuals categorised as shopping bulimics make large, frequent purchases only to request later refunds. They do so to cushion themselves from the financial consequences of making such large purchases. 

Join us tomorrow as we speak to a woman for who this used to be all too real - leading her into £40,000 of debt.

Passengers will soon be able to book British Airways flights in a few clicks as part of a major revamp by the airline. 

The company told The Telegraph it wanted to style its website on the "three clicks and you can check out" approach of Amazon. 

British Airways said it was spending £7bn on a revamp, which would see the company's app and website relaunched. 

Other changes will include new planes, revamped seats and refurbished airport lounges. 

Customers will also be able to rebook, claim a refund and cancel flights online. 

The new website is currently being trialled by people flying from London Gatwick to Montpellier in France, Antalya in Turkey and Bari, Cagliari and Catania in Italy. 

Basically, student finance is a government-financed loan that covers university students' tuition fees and living costs for the duration of their study. 

There are two main types of loan, tuition and maintenance - we'll take each in turn. 

Tuition fees 

Undergraduate courses in England generally cost students about £9,250 a year.

That's a lot for a young person (or their family) to cover, so the government offers to pay that outright, direct to the university, on their behalf. 

This is known as your tuition loan - we'll come to how this is repaid later. 

Maintenance loans

These help students cover day-to-day costs, such as rent and food, while studying.

For the 2024-25 academic year, students can borrow anywhere between £4,327 and £13,348 for each year of study - depending on where you live, where you're going to study and your family's financial situation. 

See how much you could be entitled to by clicking here .

The various plans 

Here's where it gets more complicated. What plan you may be on is listed below... 

Why no Plan 3? The repayment plan for postgraduate loans in England and Wales is actually Plan 3.

In the UK, you pay nothing up front, and the amount you pay back each month is determined by how much you earn. 

You'll repay a percentage of your income over the threshold for your type of loan, depending on how often you get paid - see the table below for the thresholds. 

With those thresholds in mind, you'll repay either:

• 9% of your income over the threshold if you're on Plan 1, 2, 4 or 5
• 6% of your income over the threshold if you're on a postgraduate loan (Plan 3)

If you're on multiple plans, the rules are slightly different.

If you don't have a postgraduate loan, you'll repay 9% of your income over the lowest threshold out of the plan types you have.

In this scenario, you'll only have a single repayment taken each time you get paid, even if you're on more than one plan type.

But if you do have a postgraduate loan, you'll repay 6% of your income over the postgraduate loan threshold  and 9% of your income over the lowest threshold for any other plan types you have.

You don't need to worry about paying it off each month yourself if you're employed - the money will be deducted from your earnings before it hits your account, like income tax. 

Interest rates

Like any loan, you'll be paying back what you owe plus a little bit on the top - known as interest. 

With student loans, that extra on the top isn't so little right now, as it is linked to retail price rises.

• 6.25% if you're on Plan 1
• 7.8% if you're on Plan 2
• 6.25% if you're on Plan 4
• 7.8% if you're on Plan 5
• 7.8% if you're on a postgraduate loan plan (Plan 3)

Read other entries in our Basically... series...

Royal Mail's incoming owner has refused to rule out stamp price hikes under his leadership. 

In fact, Czech billionaire Daniel Kretinsky seemed to suggest there might be more increases to come. 

"I can't make unconditional commitments," he told The Times when questioned on the topic. 

"[If] your circulation is 50% of what it was … you either need to go home, or you need to increase the unit price and hope that people will pay for it. Because if not, you are making losses.

"You can be loss-making for a year or two, but you can't be in a loss for 20 years. It's simple maths. There's no mystery to it." 

First class stamp prices have more than doubled since 2018 from 67p to £1.35. 

The businessman, nicknamed the Czech Sphinx, had his £3.6bn offer accepted by the postal service's parent company, International Distribution Services, last week. 

It said the agreement included a series of "contractual commitments" to protect public service aspects of the Royal Mail - such as its universal service obligation to "one-price-goes-anywhere" first-class post six days a week.

Many were shocked by the deal, with Royal Mail reporting losses of £1m a day in recent years. 

You can read more about the Czech Sphinx below...

A major error that meant 500,000 families did not receive their scheduled child benefit today has been "fixed", HMRC has said.

In a post on X, HMRC said affected families would get the money on Wednesday morning, two days after the payments were due...

Multiple readers have got in touch to say they had been affected by the problem, which meant almost a third of payments scheduled for today were not made.

Reader Susan1984 said: "When should we expect to receive the missing payment? This has left not just me but so many more families with kids completely stuck for food and fuel this morning."

Earlier, HMRC apologised and said it was working urgently to resolve the issue, which would not affected payments scheduled for tomorrow (see post at 14.41).

Child benefit is usually paid every four weeks on a Monday or a Tuesday at a rate of £25.60 for an eldest or only child and £16.95 for each additional child.

The bank has today announced wholesale rate hikes across its residential and buy-to-let mortgage product ranges. 

The new rates, which come into effect tomorrow, will be applied largely across its two, three and five-year fixed rates for purchase and remortgage. 

However, a number of rates available to existing HSBC customers looking to switch will also see increases. 

Brokers say more lenders could increase rates this week. 

This is thanks to an uptick in swap rates due to hopes fading for a cut to the base rate set by the Bank of England in June. 

Here is what some industry insiders told Newspage...

The dreaded 'higher for longer' scenario is no longer a mere notion: it's the harsh reality for many. It looks like these elevated rates are here to stay for the foreseeable future. Ranald Mitchell, director at Charwin Private Clients

We can now expect more awkward conversations with clients who have read that rates are coming down and inflation is under control. HSBC have been fairly competitive recently so the hope is that they just need to turn the tap off a little to catch up and this isn't an upward trend that will continue into the summer period. David Stirling, independent financial advisor at Mint Mortgages and Protection

HSBC is one of several lenders to already have announced changes this week. Even with the higher rates on offer, I would not suggest waiting in the hope of a drop any time soon. My advice to borrowers is take control of the situation and start the process of arranging a new deal as early as possible, secure a rate and, if a better one materialises, change to it. Simon Bridgland, broker/director at Release Freedom

Child benefit payments have not arrived on time for approximately half a million people.

Almost a third of payments scheduled for today were not made - and we've had multiple readers get in touch to say they've been impacted.

HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) has apologised and said it is working urgently to resolve the issue.

"We're sorry that some customers' child benefit payments have not arrived as scheduled and we are working urgently to resolve the issue," said an HMRC spokesperson.

"The issues that caused payment problems today will not impact payments scheduled for tomorrow."

Child benefit is usually paid every four weeks on a Monday or a Tuesday at a rate of £25.60 for an eldest or only child and £16.95 per additional child.

Some people may receive the benefit weekly, for example if they are a single parent or receiving certain other benefits, such as universal credit.

HMRC added on X that there was "no need for customers to call us" and it will provide updates on the social media platform.

As of August 2023, 6.91 million families were in receipt of child benefit payments.

Reader Sam E said: "No warning, complete denial, no update, just endless worry for those who rely on the benefit. The denial in particular is an insult. How long will it be until it's sorted?"

Last week, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill meaning local authorities can set an additional charge for overnight accommodation. 

For tourists heading to Scotland, that means an extra fee for staying hotels, bed and breakfasts and holiday lets.

According to Visitor Levy (Scotland) Bill, the fee will be a percentage of the cost of a hotel or other room.

For instance, a 1% levy on a £200 booking means a visitor would pay £2 in tourist tax.

We asked our followers in LinkedIn if the tourist tax would put them off visiting the country. 

The majority of them (59%) said it wouldn't stop them from taking a trip there - but 41% would think twice.

Any charges or levies are not expected to come into effect until spring 2026, as councils need to consult local businesses before carrying out an 18-month implementation period.

Those receiving disability benefits will not pay any charges, with children and young people also exempt.

Manchester, Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole already charge people to stay the night. 

Manchester's £1-a-night City Visitor Charge was introduced last April, and is estimated to have raised around £2.8m in its first year.

European hotspots like Barcelona and Venice also have tourist taxes, with the Spanish city charging visitors €3.25 if they're staying in official accommodation.

Your comments on LinkedIn :

"We love Scotland (I'm a Scot) but live close enough to drive up and do some shopping and stay over for a meal etc and we do so perhaps every six weeks or so. So I'm now classed as a 'tourist' even though I spend about £200 on a room - perhaps another £200 quid on a meal and drinks etc etc - not to mention the money we spend in the shops. And they want to charge us both £2.50 a night?" Paul Mclean

Many countries apply tourist taxes, so why should Scotland be any different?The big questions, for me, are how will the money be spent? Will it be spent directly benefiting the city or just vanish into government coffers? The other is who counts as a tourist. A foreign national visiting from a country outside of the UK would seem a sensible definition, but to charge domestic visitors would probably be shootings themselves in the foot somewhat. Scott Taylor-Barr

From my experience, Edinburgh is already one of the most expensive cities to visit. Greig Cahill

Hopefully the contributions are put towards the development of tourism, and/or will be used in the right ways. From my experience working in France, French nationals are very accepting of the tourist tax and in France, I see the logic in it. Let's hope it works... 🤞🏻 Jennifer Wightman

Virgin Atlantic has launched the first flight of its new service from Manchester to Las Vegas today. 

It makes Manchester Airport the only place outside of London to offer direct flights to America's west coast. 

Virgin Atlantic already has a daily connection to Sin City from London Heathrow, but launched the new route to support strong customer demand in the North West. 

It marks the airline's fourth service from Manchester to the US, building on established services of Orlando, New York and Atlanta. 

"Few places sum up the glitz and glamour of international travel like Las Vegas. Giving passengers in the North the opportunity to fly there directly and experience everything it has to offer is a real game-changer," Chris Woodroofe, managing director at Manchester Airport said. 

The launch has been marked with showgirls joining the flight's cabin crew and welcoming flyers at the check-in desk. 

Flight VS85 on an A350-1000 departed Manchester Airport at 9.50am. 

Rolex has increased the price of some of its watches in the UK after the cost of gold surged. 

The leading luxury watch manufacturer has hiked some prices by as much as 4%. 

One of its most famous pieces, the Daytona chronograph, will now cost you £38,700 - up from £37,200. 

The price of a yellow golf GMT Master II has also increased from £34,000 to £35,400. 

That's according to information on its UK website, which is tracked by Bloomberg. 

Typically, Rolex raises prices for its watches annually in January.

It increased prices in the UK by about 4% for some models at that time but left US prices unchanged.

It comes after the price of gold reached record highs earlier this year, coming in at £1,932.44 per ounce in April. 

Increased prices isn't the only thing that makes buying a Rolex difficult, though. 

Despite high prices, waiting lists for them have been rising, according to Watches of Switzerland. 

Some waiting lists can be years long, which is part of the reason they are so exclusive.

So even if you have a spare £35,000, you might still find it difficult to actually get your hands on one. 

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