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Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Biography - A journey of Struggle, Sacrifice and Victory

Jawahar Lal Nehru was an Indian independence fighter and the first prime minister of India. He was considered as a central warrior in Indian Politics before independence as well as after independence. He was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad and served the nation from 1947 until his death in 1964. The birthplace of Jawahar Lal Nehru is Prayagraj which is in Allahabad. Due to his association with the Kashmiri Pandit community, he was also known as Pandit Nehru, while the Indian kids referred to them as Chacha Nehru. Jawahar Lal Nehru’s birthday is widely celebrated as Children’s day. His father’s name is Motilal Nehru who served as Indian Prime minister in 1919 and 1928. His mother’s name is Swarup Rani Thussu and she was the second wife of Motilal. Jawahar Lal Nehru had 2 sisters and he was the eldest among all. Vijay Laxmi was the eldest sister who later became the President of the United Nations General Assembly. And the youngest sister Krishna Hutheesing was a noted writer and authored several books on her brother. Jawahar Lal Nehru was married to Kamala Nehru who was born in 1899.

Childhood and Early Age:

He grew up in a privileged atmosphere in a rich home. His father trained him by private governesses and tutors. Nehru became interested in science and theosophy under the influence of Ferdinand T. Brooks' tutelage. At the age of thirteen, family friend Annie Besant subsequently introduced him to the Theosophical Society. For nearly three years Brooks was with me and in some ways, he influenced me greatly.

Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Education:

In October 1907, Nehru visited Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated with an honours degree in science in 1910. He also studied politics, economics, history, and literature with little interest during this time. Most of his political and financial philosophy was molded by the writings of Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, John Maynard Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson, and Meredith Townsend.

After completing his degree in 1910, Nehru moved to London and studied law at the Inner Temple Inn. During this period, including Beatrice Webb, he continued researching the Fabian Society scholars. He was called to the Bar in 1912.

Early Struggle for Independence (1912 - 1938)

During his time in Britain as a student and a barrister, Nehru developed an interest in Indian politics. Nehru attended an annual session of the Indian National Congress in Patna within months of his return to India in 1912. In 1912, Congress was the party of progressives and elites, and he was disconcerted by what he saw as "very much an English-knowing upper-class affair." Nehru had reservations about Congress' efficacy but decided to work for the party to support the Indian civil rights movement led in South Africa by Mahatma Gandhi, raising funds for the movement in 1913. Later, in the British colonies, he protested against indentured labour and other such injustice faced by Indians.

Non-Cooperation Movement:

Nehru's first significant national participation came at the beginning of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. Nehru was arrested in 1921 on charges of anti-government activities Nehru remained loyal to Gandhi in the rift that developed within the Congress following the sudden closure of the Non-Cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident and did not join the Swaraj Party formed by his father Motilal Nehru and CR Das.

Salt Satyagraha Success:

The Salt Satyagraha succeeded in attracting the world's attention. Increasingly, Indian, British, and world views started to accept the validity of the Congress party's independence claims. Nehru found the high-water mark of his involvement with Gandhi to be the salt satyagraha and thought that its enduring significance was in transforming Indian attitudes.

Jawahar Lal Nehru The First Prime Minister of India:

Nehru served for 18 years as prime minister, first as temporary prime minister, and then as prime minister of the Republic of India from 1950.

In the 1946 elections Congress captured a majority of seats in the assembly and, with Nehru as the prime minister, led the provisional government. On 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Free India. On 15 August, he took office because the Prime Minister of India and gave his inaugural entitled "Tryst with Destiny".

Hindu Marriage Law and Role of Jawahar Lal Nehru:

Several laws passed such as the Hindu Code law in the 1950s that sought to codify and amend Hindu personal law in India. After India's independence in 1947, this codification and change, a process initiated by the British Raj, was completed by the Indian National Congress government headed by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The object of the Hindu Code Bill was to provide a civil code instead of a body of personal Hindu law, which had been amended only to a limited extent by the British authorities. On 9 April 1948, the bill was submitted to the Constituent Assembly, but it created a lot of uproars and was subsequently broken down to three more specialized bills that came before the 1952-7 term of the Lok Sabha. The Hindu Marriage Bill abolished polygamy and included restrictions on inter-caste marriages and divorce procedures; the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Bill had the adoption of girls as its main thrust, which had been little practiced until then; the Hindu Succession Bill put daughters on the same footing as widows and sons when it came to family property inheritance.

1952 Elections and Jawahar Lal Nehru:

Following the constitution's ratification on 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly, before new elections, proceeded to serve as the provisional parliament. The interim cabinet of Nehru was composed of 15 representatives from different communities and parties. Different cabinet members resigned from their positions and formed their parties to contest the elections. Nehru was also elected the president of Congress for 1951 and 1952 while being the PM. In the election, the Congress party under the leadership of Nehru won significant majorities at both state and national level, despite a large number of parties competing.

Death of Jawahar Lal Nehru:

After 1962, Nehru's health started to decline slowly, and he spent months recovering in Kashmir until 1963. He felt very relaxed after his return from Dehradun on 26 May 1964 and went to bed, as usual, he had a restful night after he returned from the bathroom, Nehru complained of back pain. He talked to the doctors who were attending him for a short time, and Nehru collapsed almost instantly. Before he died, he remained unconscious. His death was registered to Lok Sabha on 27 May 1964 (the same day) the cause of death is suspected to be a heart attack. The body of Jawaharlal Nehru was put for public viewing on the Indian national Tri-colour flag. Nehru was cremated on 28 May at Shantivan on the banks of the Yamuna by Hindu rituals, witnessed by 1.5 million mourners flocking to the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds.

FAQs on Jawaharlal Nehru Biography

Q1. Why do we Celebrate Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Birthday as a Children’s Day?

Ans. Every year, 14th November is celebrated as children’s day. Jawahar Lal Nehru also remembered as Chacha Nehru was the first-ever Prime Minister of India. Children’s day is celebrated for the awareness of child rights, child care, and education for all children. According to him, children were the real assets and strength of society. Cultural activities for children are held across the world on this day, in different schools, colleges, and other educational institutions. There are some programs and events, which also see the involvement of students. Kids also dress up as Jawaharlal Nehru with a red rose pinned to their 'Nehru' jacket collar.

Q2. What was Nehru’s Contribution Towards India?

Ans. After achieving independence, Jawaharlal Nehru was India's first Prime Minister. He was previously one of the influential leaders of the Indian National Congress, having pulled the intellectuals and youth of the country into the movement's mainstream. His descendants were also influential Indian politicians, including Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, and Rahul Gandhi. Nehru played a leading role in the growth of the Indian independence struggle's internationalist perspective. He found foreign allies for India and forged relations with independence and democracy movements around the world. He brought moderate socialist economic reforms into practice and dedicated India to an industrialization policy. Also, Nehru acted as India's foreign minister.

Q3. Explain the Education History of Jawahar Lal Nehru?

Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru had a Western childhood, in large part. He was homeschooled in India as a child, often by a series of governesses and tutors in English. In October 1907, Nehru went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1910 with an honors degree in natural science. He started his education in England, in London at Harrow School, and in Cambridge at Trinity College. He also studied politics, economics, history, and literature with little interest during this time. He spent seven years in England, but he was very confused and still felt neither in England nor in India that he was in a half-home. "I have become a queer mixture of East and West, out of place everywhere, at home now where" I have become a queer East-West combination, out of place anywhere, at home now, where.

Jawaharlal Nehru

(1889-1964)

Who Was Jawaharlal Nehru?

Nehru was born in Allahabad, India in 1889. His father was a renowned lawyer and one of Mahatma Gandhi's notable lieutenants. A series of English governesses and tutors educated Nehru at home until he was 16. He continued his education in England, first at the Harrow School and then at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he earned an honors degree in natural science. He later studied law at the Inner Temple in London before returning home to India in 1912 and practicing law for several years. Four years later, Nehru married Kamala Kaul; their only child, Indira Priyadarshini, was born in 1917. Like her father, Indira would later serve as prime minister of India under her married name: Indira Gandhi . A family of high achievers, one of Nehru's sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, later became the first woman president of the UN General Assembly.

Entering Politics

In 1919, while traveling on a train, Nehru overheard British Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer gloating over the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The massacre, also known as the Massacre of Amritsar, was an incident in which 379 people were killed and at least 1,200 wounded when the British military stationed there continuously fired for ten minutes on a crowd of unarmed Indians. Upon hearing Dyer’s words, Nehru vowed to fight the British. The incident changed the course of his life.

This period in Indian history was marked by a wave of nationalist activity and governmental repression. Nehru joined the Indian National Congress, one of India's two major political parties. Nehru was deeply influenced by the party's leader, Gandhi. It was Gandhi's insistence on action to bring about change and greater autonomy from the British that sparked Nehru's interest the most.

The British didn't give in easily to Indian demands for freedom, and in late 1921, the Congress Party's central leaders and workers were banned from operating in some provinces. Nehru went to prison for the first time as the ban took effect; over the next 24 years, he was to serve a total of nine sentences, adding up to more than nine years in jail. Always leaning to the left politically, Nehru studied Marxism while imprisoned. Though he found himself interested in the philosophy but repelled by some of its methods, from then on the backdrop of Nehru's economic thinking was Marxist, adjusted as necessary to Indian conditions.

Marching Toward Indian Independence

In 1928, after years of struggle on behalf of Indian emancipation, Nehru was named president of the Indian National Congress. (In fact, hoping that Nehru would attract India's youth to the party, Gandhi had engineered Nehru's rise.) The next year, Nehru led the historic session at Lahore that proclaimed complete independence as India's political goal. November 1930 saw the start of the Round Table Conferences, which convened in London and hosted British and Indian officials working toward a plan of eventual independence.

After his father's death in 1931, Nehru became more embedded in the workings of the Congress Party and became closer to Gandhi, attending the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin pact. Signed in March 1931 by Gandhi and the British viceroy Lord Irwin, the pact declared a truce between the British and India's independence movement. The British agreed to free all political prisoners and Gandhi agreed to end the civil disobedience movement he had been coordinating for years.

Unfortunately, the pact did not instantly usher in a peaceful climate in British-controlled India, and both Nehru and Gandhi were jailed in early 1932 on charges of attempting to mount another civil disobedience movement. Neither man attended the third Round Table Conference. (Gandhi was jailed soon after his return as the sole Indian representative attending the second Round Table Conference.) The third and final conference did, however, result in the Government of India Act of 1935, giving the Indian provinces a system of autonomous government in which elections would be held to name provincial leaders. By the time the 1935 act was signed into law, Indians began to see Nehru as the natural heir to Gandhi, who didn’t designate Nehru as his political successor until the early 1940s. Gandhi said in January 1941, "[Jawaharlal Nehru and I] had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that ... Jawaharlal will be my successor."

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, British viceroy Lord Linlithgow committed India to the war effort without consulting the now-autonomous provincial ministries. In response, the Congress Party withdrew its representatives from the provinces and Gandhi staged a limited civil disobedience movement in which he and Nehru were jailed yet again.

Nehru spent a little over a year in jail and was released with other Congress prisoners three days before Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese. When Japanese troops soon moved near the borders of India in the spring of 1942, the British government decided to enlist India to combat this new threat, but Gandhi, who still essentially had the reins of the movement, would accept nothing less than independence and called on the British to leave India. Nehru reluctantly joined Gandhi in his hardline stance and the pair were again arrested and jailed, this time for nearly three years.

By 1947, within two years of Nehru's release, simmering animosity had reached a fever pitch between the Congress Party and the Muslim League, who had always wanted more power in a free India. The last British viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, was charged with finalizing the British roadmap for withdrawal with a plan for a unified India. Despite his reservations, Nehru acquiesced to Mountbatten and the Muslim League's plan to divide India, and in August 1947, Pakistan was created—the new country Muslim and India predominantly Hindu. The British withdrew and Nehru became independent India’s first prime minister.

The First Prime Minister of Independent India

Domestic policy.

The importance of Nehru in the context of Indian history can be distilled to the following points: he imparted modern values and thought, stressed secularism, insisted upon the basic unity of India, and, in the face of ethnic and religious diversity, carried India into the modern age of scientific innovation and technological progress. He also prompted social concern for the marginalized and poor and respect for democratic values.

Nehru was especially proud to reform the antiquated Hindu civil code. Finally, Hindu widows could enjoy equality with men in matters of inheritance and property. Nehru also changed Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination.

Nehru's administration established many Indian institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology, and the National Institutes of Technology, and guaranteed in his five-year plans free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children.

National Security and International Policy

The Kashmir region—which was claimed by both India and Pakistan—was a perennial problem throughout Nehru's leadership, and his cautious efforts to settle the dispute ultimately failed, resulting in Pakistan making an unsuccessful attempt to seize Kashmir by force in 1948. The region has remained in dispute into the 21st century.

Internationally, starting in the late 1940s, both the United States and the U.S.S.R. began seeking out India as an ally in the Cold War, but Nehru led efforts toward a "nonalignment policy," by which India and other nations wouldn’t feel the need to tie themselves to either dueling country to thrive. To this end, Nehru co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality.

Recognizing the People's Republic of China soon after its founding, and as a strong supporter of the United Nations, Nehru argued for China’s inclusion in the UN and sought to establish warm and friendly relations with the neighboring country. His pacifist and inclusive policies with respect to China came undone when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962, which ended when China declared a ceasefire on November 20, 1962, and announced its withdrawal from the disputed area in the Himalayas.

Nehru's four pillars of domestic policies were democracy, socialism, unity, and secularism, and he largely succeeded in maintaining a strong foundation of all four during his tenure as president. While serving his country, he enjoyed iconic status and was widely admired internationally for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, November 14, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas ("Children's Day") in recognition of his lifelong passion and work on behalf of children and young people.

Nehru's only child, Indira, served as India's prime minister from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 to 1984 when she was assassinated. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, was prime minister from 1984 to 1989, when he was also assassinated.

QUICK FACTS

• Name: Jawaharlal Nehru
• Birth Year: 1889
• Birth date: November 14, 1889
• Birth City: Allahabad
• Birth Country: India
• Gender: Male
• Best Known For: Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi’s father, was a leader of India’s nationalist movement and became India’s first prime minister after its independence.
• Civil Rights
• World Politics
• War and Militaries
• Astrological Sign: Scorpio
• Trinity College
• Nacionalities
• Death Year: 1964
• Death date: May 27, 1964
• Death City: New Delhi
• Death Country: India

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CITATION INFORMATION

• Article Title: Jawaharlal Nehru Biography
• Author: Biography.com Editors
• Website Name: The Biography.com website
• Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figure/jawaharlal-nehru
• Access Date:
• Publisher: A&E; Television Networks
• Last Updated: April 20, 2021
• Original Published Date: April 3, 2014

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Jawaharlal Nehru Biography

Nehru was born in Allabhad and was educated in England, going to school at Harrow and later studying law at Trinity College, Cambridge.

On returning to India in 1912, he practised law and got married to Kamala Kaul. They had one daughter – Indira Gandhi (who would later succeed her father as Prime Minister of India).

In 1919, in the wake of the Amritsar massacre and growing calls for Indian independence, Nehru joined the Indian National Congress. He was a supporter of complete independence for India.

In 1927, Nehru was an influential voice in advocating the call for complete independence from the British Empire. Gandhi was initially reluctant but came to accept Nehru’s leadership. After the British rejected dominion status, Nehru became leader of Congress and in December 1929 issued India’s declaration of Independence.

“We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it.”

During the 1920s and 1930s, he actively participated in the civil disobedience campaigns and was jailed on several occasions. He was one of the rising stars of the Indian independence movement and became seen as the natural successor to  Mahatma Gandhi . As Gandhi took a more backseat role in political affairs and concentrated more on spiritual matters, Nehru became the defacto leader of the Indian independence movement.

In the 1930s, Nehru was working with Subhas Chandra Bose but split with Bose when he sought Axis help to drive the British from India.

In 1942, Nehru followed Gandhi’s ‘Quit India Movement’. Nehru had misgivings as he supported the British War effort against Nazi Germany, but was torn as he also wanted the British to leave India. In 1942, he was arrested for protesting and was put in jail until 1945.

On release from jail, Nehru found the Muslim league of Jinnah were much stronger and although opposed to partition, under pressure from Lord Mountbatten he came to view it as an inevitability. Nehru was initially opposed to the plan to separate India into two. However, under pressure from Mountbatten (the last British Viceroy), Nehru reluctantly agreed.

On gaining independence on August 15th, 1947, Nehru became India’s first Prime Minister. On the eve of India’s independence, Nehru gave a speech to Congress and the nation – known as “Tryst with Destiny”

“Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.” – Nehru, Tryst with Destiny

However, his joy at India’s independence was overshadowed by the wave of sectarian killing and conflict over Kashmir which continues to this day.

As Prime Minister, Nehru played a crucial role in cementing the newly independent Republic of India as a democratic state committed to liberal democracy. Importantly, Nehru limited the power of Indian princes and princely states – Nehru was wary of the ‘divine right of kings’ after being imprisoned in the princely state of Nabha. In 1950, Nehru signed the Indian constitution which enshrined in law – universal rights and democratic principles. A year after Gandhi’s assassination, he wrote an anonymous article about himself –

“He must be checked, we want no Caesars.”

On the domestic front, Nehru was in the tradition of Fabian socialism – seeking to use state intervention to redistribute resources throughout society. He was sympathetic to aspects of Marxism, though critical of how it was implemented in countries like the Soviet Union. His government set up a system of universal education for children. This considerable achievement is marked annually on his birthdate (14 Nov) with a special anniversary –  Bal Divas ‘Children’s day’

Nehru was a lifelong liberal and pursued policies to improve the welfare of the ‘untouchable class’ and Indian Women. Nehru was committed to secular ideas – once described as a Hindu agnostic. He was proud of India’s Hindu heritage but also feared religion could become ossified and hold back India’s development.

In foreign policy, Nehru was one of the leading figures in the non-aligned movement. Nehru sought to keep India out of the Cold war; he didn’t want India to rely on foreign states – be it Russia or America.

“Peace is not only an absolute necessity for us in India in order to progress and develop but also of paramount importance to the world.” Speech at Columbia University (1949)

As a statesman, Nehru was appreciated for his calm temperament and willingness to seek understanding between nations and conflicting parties. He carried himself with a degree of humility and willingness to seek a peaceful solution.

“We must constantly remind ourselves that whatever our religion or creed, we are all one people.”  (Radio broadcast. 1 December 1947)

In 1962, India was involved in a conflict with China over a border dispute. Militarily India was defeated and this took a heavy toll on Nehru. Nehru died in 1964. Two years later his daughter Indira Gandhi took office.

Nehru married Kamala Kaul in 1916 – they had one daughter Indira Gandhi. In 1942, Indira married Feroze Gandhi with whom they had two sons – Rajiv (b. 1944) and Sanjay (b. 1946).

Citation:  Pettinger, Tejvan . “Biography of Jawaharlal Nehru” Oxford,  www.biographyonline.net  12th Jan. 2011. Updated 12th Jan 2018.

An Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru  – A Contemporary’s Estimate at Amazon.com

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Jawaharlal Nehru

By: History.com Editors

Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: November 9, 2009

An influential leader in the Indian independence movement and political heir of Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister in 1947. Although faced with the challenge of uniting a vast population diverse in culture, language and religion, he successfully established various economic, social and educational reforms that earned him the respect and admiration of millions of Indians. His policies of non-alignment and Panchscheel—principles of peaceful coexistence—guided India’s international relations until the outbreak of the Sino-Indian War in 1962, which contributed to his declining health and subsequent death in 1964, ending his 17-years in office. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, later served as prime ministers.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Early Life and Family

Jawaharlal Nehru was born into an affluent Kashmiri Brahman family in Allahabad on November 14, 1889. Tutored at home until the age of 15, Nehru subsequently attended Harrow in England and, later, Trinity College, Cambridge. After studying law at London’s Inner Temple, he returned to India at the age of 22 where he practiced law with his father and prominent barrister, Motilal Nehru.

Did you know? In 1949, after zookeepers had killed most of Tokyo’s wild animals to prevent them from escaping during World War II air raids, Nehru delighted Japanese children by presenting Ueno Zoo with an Indian elephant.

In 1916, four years after his parents had made the suitable arrangement, Nehru married 17-year-old Kamala Kaul. The following year, their only child, Indira Priyadarshini, was born.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Political Awakening

Upon learning of esteemed theosophist Annie Besant’s arrest in 1917, Nehru was moved to join the All India Home Rule League, an organization devoted to obtaining self-government within the British Empire. In April 1919, British troops opened fire on thousands of unarmed civilians who had been protesting recently passed legislation that permitted the detainment of suspected political foes without trial. The Massacre of Amritsar, in which 379 Indians were killed and more than a thousand others were wounded, outraged Nehru and further solidified his resolve to win India’s independence.

During the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) led by Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was imprisoned for the first time for activities against the British government and, over the course of the next two and a half decades, spent a total of nine years in jail.

In 1929, Jawaharlal was elected president of the Indian National Congress—his first leadership role in politics—whereby he promoted the goal of complete independence from Britain as opposed to dominion status. In response to Britain’s declaration of India’s participation in the war against Germany at the onset of World War II without consulting Indian leaders, members of Congress passed the Quit India resolution on August 8, 1942, demanding political freedom from Britain in exchange for support in the war effort. The following day, the British government arrested all Congress leaders, including Nehru and Gandhi.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Challenges and Legacy as Prime Minister

On August 15, 1947, India finally gained its independence and Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister. Amid the celebration of newly acquired freedom, there was also considerable turmoil. The mass displacement that followed partition into the separate nations of Pakistan and India, along with disputes over control of Kashmir, resulted in the loss of property and lives for several hundred thousand Muslims and Hindus.

Throughout his 17-year leadership, Nehru advocated democratic socialism and secularism and encouraged India’s industrialization beginning with the implementation of the first of his five-year plans in 1951, which emphasized the importance of increasing agricultural production. He also promoted scientific and technological advancements through the establishment of higher learning, and instituted various social reforms such as free public education and meals for Indian children, legal rights for women—including the ability to inherit property and divorce their husbands—and laws to prohibit discrimination based on caste.

During the Cold War , Nehru adopted a policy of non-alignment in which he professed neutrality, but was criticized when he refused to condemn the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 and later requested foreign aid after China invaded India’s northern border in 1962. The conflict, known as the Sino-Indian War, had a deleterious effect on Nehru’s health, resulting in a severe stroke in January of 1964 and his death a few months later on May 27.

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Shri Jawaharlal Nehru

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was born in Allabahad on November 14, 1889. He received his early education at home under private tutors. At the age of fifteen, he went to England and after two years at Harrow, joined Cambridge University where he took his tripos in Natural Sciences. He was later called to the Bar from Inner Temple. He returned to India in 1912 and plunged straight into politics. Even as a student, he had been interested in the struggle of all nations who suffered under foreign domination. He took keen interest in the Sinn Fein Movement in Ireland. In India, he was inevitably drawn into the struggle for independence.

In 1912, he attended the Bankipore Congress as a delegate, and became Secretary of the Home Rule League, Allahabad in 1919. In 1916 he had his first meeting with Mahatma Gandhi and felt immensely inspired by him. He organised the first Kisan March in Pratapgarh District of Uttar Pradesh in 1920. He was twice imprisoned in connection with the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22.

Pt. Nehru became the General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee in September 1923. He toured Italy, Switzerland, England, Belgium, Germany and Russia in 1926. In Belgium, he attended the Congress of Oppressed Nationalities in Brussels as an official delegate of the Indian National Congress. He also attended the tenth anniversary celebrations of the October Socialist Revolution in Moscow in 1927. Earlier, in 1926, at the Madras Congress, Nehru had been instrumental in committing the Congress to the goal of Independence. While leading a procession against the Simon commission, he was lathi-charged in Lucknow in 1928. On August 29, 1928 he attended the All-Party Congress and was one of the signatories to the Nehru Report on Indian Constitutional Reform, named after his father Shri Motilal Nehru. The same year, he also founded the ‘Independence for India League’, which advocated complete severance of the British connection with India, and became its General Secretary.

In 1929, Pt. Nehru was elected President of the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress, where complete independence for the country was adopted as the goal. He was imprisoned several times during 1930-35 in connection with the Salt Satyagraha and other movements launched by the Congress. He completed his ‘Autobiography’ in Almora Jail on February 14, 1935. After release, he flew to Switzerland to see his ailing wife and visited London in February-March, 1936. He also visited Spain in July 1938, when the country was in the throws of Civil War. Just before the court-break of the Second World War, he visited China too.

On October 31, 1940 Pt. Nehru was arrested for offering individual Satyagraha to protest against India’s forced participation in war. He was released along with the other leaders in December 1941. On August 7, 1942 Pt. Nehru moved the historic ‘Quit India’ resolution at the A.I.C.C. session in Bombay. On August 8,1942 he was arrested along with other leaders and taken to Ahmednagar Fort. This was his longest and also his last detention. In all, he suffered imprisonment nine times. After his release in January 1945, he organized legal defence for those officers and men of the INA charged with treason. In March 1946, Pt. Nehru toured South East Asia. He was elected President of the Congress for the fourth time on July 6, 1946 and again for three more terms from 1951 to 1954.

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Jawaharlal Nehru Biography: Early Life, Family, Education and Political Journey

Jawaharlal nehru's birthday is celebrated as children's day in india. he was born on 14 november 1889 in allahabad, uttar pradesh. he was the first prime minister of independent india and a leader of india's nationalist movement. here, we are providing a short biography on jawaharlal nehru depicting his early life, family, education, political journey, and works.    .

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was a leading figure in the Indian Independence struggle. He was the first Prime Minister of Independent India. He had initiated socio-economic policies of the idealistic socialist kind. He was a prolific writer and authored books such as 'The Discovery of India' and 'Glimpses of the World History'.

Jawaharlal Nehru was the father of Indira Gandhi, the first woman Prime Minister of India. He established a parliamentary government and is known for his nonaligned or neutralist policies in foreign affairs. He participated in India's Independence movement and was a principle leader in the 1930s and 40s.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Quick Facts

Born on: 14 November, 1889

Place of Birth: Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Father's Name: Motilal Nehru

Mother's Name: Swarup Rani Nehru

Spouse: Kamala Nehru

Children: Indira Gandhi

Education: Harrow School, London; Trinity College, Cambridge; Inns of Court School of Law, London

Occupation: Barrister, Writer, and Politician

Political party: Indian National Congress

Political Ideology: Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy

Award: Bharat Ratna

Publications/Works: The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, Jawaharlal Nehru's Autobiography, Letters from a Father to his Daughter, etc.

Died: 27 May 1964

Place of Death: New Delhi

Cause of Death: Heart attack

Memorial: Shantivan, New Delhi

Jawaharlal Nehru: Early Life, Family, and Education

Jawaharlal Nehru was born in a Kashmiri Brahman family. His father Motilal Nehru was a renowned lawyer and leader of the Indian independence movement. He was also one of the prominent associates of Mahatma Gandhi. Jawaharlal Nehru was the eldest son of Motilal Nehru out of four children and two of whom were girls. He completed his early education until the age of 14 at home under private tutors. At the age of fifteen, he went to England at Harrow school. After two years, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and earned an honours degree in natural sciences. At the Inner Temple, London, he had completed his studies for a barrister.

He spent seven years in England but was very confused and always felt that he is in a half home neither in England nor in India. And so, he had written, "I have become a queer mixture of East and West, out of place everywhere, at home now where". He came back to India in around 1912. He had an interest in the struggle of all nations who suffered under foreign domination. In 1916, he married Kamala Kaul and settled in Delhi. In 1917, Indira Priyadarshini (Indira Gandhi) was born.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Political Journey

- He attended the Bankipore Congress as a delegate in 1912.

- In 1919, he became the Secretary of the Home Rule League, Allahabad.

- In 1916, the first time he met with Mahatma Gandhi , and was immensely inspired by him.

- In 1920, he organised the first Kisan March in the Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh.

- Due to the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), he was imprisoned twice.

- In September 1923, he became the General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee.

- In 1926, he toured Italy, Switzerland, England, Belgium, Germany, and Russia.

- As an official delegate of the Indian National Congress, he had attended the Congress of oppressed Nationalities in Brussels in Belgium.

- In 1927, he attended the tenth-anniversary celebrations of the October Socialist Revolution in Moscow.

- During the Simon Commission in 1928, he was lathi-charged in Lucknow.

- He attended the All-Party Congress on 29 August 1928 and was one of the signatories to the Nehru Report on Indian Constitutional Reform that was named after his father Shri Motilal Nehru.

- In 1928, he founded the 'Independence for India League' and became its General Secretary.

- He was elected the President of the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in 1929. In this session only, the complete goal for the independence of the country was adopted.

- During 1930-35, he was imprisoned several times, due to the connection with Salt Satyagraha and other movements launched by the Congress.

- On 14 February 1935, he had completed his 'Autobiography' in Almora Jail.

- After releasing from jail, he went to Switzerland to see his ailing wife.

- He was again arrested for offering an individual Satyagraha on 31 October, 1940 to protest against India's forced participation in the war.

- In December 1941, he was released from jail.

- At the 'All India Congress Committee' session in Bombay on 7 August, 1942, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru moved the 'Quit India' resolution.

- He was arrested with other leaders on 8 August, 1942 and taken to Ahmednagar Fort. This was the longest and his last detention.

- He was released from Jail in January 1945 and organised a legal defence for officers and men of the INA charged with treason.

- In July, 1946, for the fourth time, he was elected as the President of the Congress and again for three more terms from 1951 to 1954.

In this way, he became the first Prime Minister of independent India. He was the first Prime Minister to hoist the national flag and make his iconic speech "Tryst with Destiny" from the ramparts of the Lal Quilla (Red Fort).

Major works of Jawaharlal Nehru after becoming the Prime Minister of India

- He imparted modern values and thought.

- He insisted on the secular and liberalist approach.

- He focused on the basic unity of India.

- He advocated democratic socialism and encouraged India's industrialisation by implementing the first five-year plans in 1951.

- Promoted scientific and technological advancements by establishing higher learning.

- Also, instituted various social reforms like free public education, free meals for Indian children, legal rights for women including the ability to inherit property, divorce their husbands, laws to prohibit discrimination based on caste, etc.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Legacy

He believed in pluralism, socialism, liberalism, and democracy. He had an immense love for children and so, his birthday is celebrated as Children's Day in India. He supported and generated a way for India's education by envisioning the top tier institutions of India including the Indian Institute of Technology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences and India's first Space Program, etc.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Death

On 27 May 1964, he died due to a heart attack. He was cremated at the Shantivan on the banks of the Yamuna River in Delhi.

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An autobiography.

Jawaharlal Nehru’s life was closely intertwined with the history and destiny of modern India. His Autobiography, written between 1934 and 1935 when he was in prison, is more than the personal story of an individual- it is also an account of the political awakening of a nation, its struggle for freedom from British rule, and its search to reshape itself as a modern society, rid of the cultural and economic shackles of the past.

Through this narrative, written with extraordinary eloquence and honesty, and illuminated with vibrant descriptions of Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders of the national movement, emerges the portrait of the author himself- a complex and introspective personality with a brilliant and questing mind, a deep love of nature, an engaging zest for life and, above all, a passionate commitment to democracy and secularism.

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Jawaharlal Nehru

• Born November 14 , 1889 · Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, British India
• Died May 27 , 1964 · New Delhi, India (stroke)
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
• Chacha Nehru
• Height 5′ 10″ (1.78 m)
• Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889, in Allahabad, India. He was the son of Swaroop Rani and Motilal Nehru, a wealthy lawyer and a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement. The Nehru family belonged to the saraswat Brahmin caste. Nehru graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge University and came back to India in 1912. In 1916, by his parents' arrangement, he married 17-year-old Kamala from a Kashmiri business family in Delhi. He became the top political leader of the Indian National Congress Party along with his mentor, Mohandas K. Gandhi . Nehru and his family made transformations in their upper class lifestyle. They followed Gandhi and abandoned fashionable British clothes and expensive possessions. Nehru and his family adopted the native language of Hindu, or Hindustani for their common use. Nehru also wore a khadi kurta and a Gandhi cap as an Indian nationalist uniform. When Nehru's father joined the Swaraj Party in opposition to Gandhi, Jawaharlal stayed with Gandhi. Together they led the nation of India to independence in 1947. Nehru signed the first constitution of independent India in 1949. He was an outstanding public speaker. He served as the first Prime Minister of India from 1947 until May 27, 1964, the day he died. He was one of the founders of the international non-aligned movement. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Steve Shelokhonov
• Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian independence activist, and subsequently, the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He emerged as an eminent leader of the Indian independence movement and served India as Prime Minister from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in 1964. He has been described by the Amar Chitra Katha as the architect of India. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Tango Papa
• Spouse Kamala Kaul (February 8, 1916 - February 28, 1936) (her death, 1 child)
• Children Indira Gandhi
• Eloborative speeches at functions and rallies.
• First prime minister of independent India (1947-1964).
• His birthday (November 14) is celebrated as 'Children's Day' in India.
• Arrested by the British as a leader of India's fight for independence.
• Served a total of ten years in jail from 1921 to 1945.
• In prison he wrote "Glimpses of World History", a widely-read book.
• [address to India on the death of Mohandas K. Gandhi ] Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere. I do not know what to tell you and how to say it.
• [Aug. 16, 1947, on the eve of India's independence from Great Britain] At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.

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Jawaharlal nehru: an autobiography.

Author: Nehru, Jawaharlal

Keywords: Nehru, Jawaharlal - Biography

Publisher: [s.n.], [s.l.]

Source: Central Secretariat Library

Type: E-Book

Received From: Central Secretariat Library

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Nehru Pencil Sketch: An Iconic Portrait of India's First Prime Minister

March 30, 2024

In the annals of Indian history, the name Jawaharlal Nehru stands tall as a beacon of leadership, independence, and non-conformity. His contributions to the nation’s freedom struggle and his subsequent tenure as India’s first Prime Minister have indelibly etched his name in the hearts and minds of millions. Among the many artistic tributes that have been bestowed upon this iconic figure, the Nehru pencil sketch holds a special place, encapsulating the essence of his personality and embodying the spirit of a nation on the cusp of a new era.

Created by an unknown artist, the Nehru pencil sketch is a masterful work of simplicity and depth. The artist’s deft strokes capture the essence of Nehru’s countenance, his piercing eyes, and his characteristically thoughtful expression. The sketch exudes a sense of quiet contemplation, as if Nehru is lost in thought, pondering the challenges and opportunities that lay ahead for his nascent nation. The use of pencil as a medium imbues the sketch with a raw, almost intimate quality, inviting viewers to engage with the subject on a personal level.

While the identity of the artist remains a mystery, the Nehru pencil sketch has transcended its origins to become an enduring symbol of India’s first Prime Minister. It is a testament to the power of art to capture the essence of a person and to convey the spirit of an era. In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the significance of this iconic sketch, exploring its historical context, artistic merits, and lasting impact on the Indian psyche.

Nehru Pencil Sketch

Iconic portrait of India’s first Prime Minister.

Simple yet evocative.

Captures nehru’s essence and spirit., symbol of india’s independence and modernity..

The Nehru pencil sketch remains an enduring tribute to a towering figure in Indian history. Its simplicity, depth, and historical significance make it a cherished work of art that continues to inspire and resonate with viewers.

The Nehru pencil sketch is a striking example of how simplicity can be a powerful artistic tool. The artist has employed minimal lines and shading to create a portrait that is both stark and evocative. There are no unnecessary embellishments or distractions, allowing the viewer to focus on Nehru’s features and expression. The sketch captures the essence of his personality, his intelligence, his determination, and his compassion.

The use of pencil as a medium further enhances the sketch’s simplicity and evocative nature. Pencil is a versatile medium that allows for a wide range of tones and textures. The artist has skillfully used this versatility to create a sense of depth and realism. The delicate shading around Nehru’s eyes and mouth conveys a sense of vulnerability and introspection, while the bold lines of his forehead and nose suggest strength and resolve.

The simplicity of the Nehru pencil sketch also contributes to its emotional impact. The lack of detail forces the viewer to engage with the sketch on a more personal level. We are not presented with a polished, idealized portrait, but rather a glimpse into the inner workings of a complex and fascinating man. The sketch invites us to contemplate Nehru’s thoughts, his dreams, and his struggles, and to connect with him on a human level.

In its simplicity and evocative power, the Nehru pencil sketch transcends its status as a mere historical document. It becomes a work of art that speaks to the human condition, reminding us of the importance of leadership, integrity, and the pursuit of a just and equitable society.

The Nehru pencil sketch continues to captivate and inspire viewers around the world. It is a testament to the enduring power of art to capture the essence of a person and to convey the spirit of an era.

The Nehru pencil sketch is not merely a physical likeness of India’s first Prime Minister. It is a profound artistic interpretation that captures the essence of his personality and spirit.

The sketch portrays Nehru with a thoughtful and contemplative expression, suggesting his deep intellect and his ability to see beyond the immediate.

Despite the simplicity of the sketch, the artist has skillfully conveyed Nehru’s inner strength and resolve through the bold lines of his forehead and nose.

The delicate shading around Nehru’s eyes and mouth hints at his compassion and empathy, qualities that endeared him to millions of Indians.

The sketch captures Nehru’s forward-thinking and progressive nature, suggesting his desire to lead India into a new era of modernity and independence.

Taken together, these elements create a portrait of a man who was not only a brilliant leader and statesman, but also a deeply human and relatable figure. The Nehru pencil sketch is a tribute to his legacy and a reminder of the values he stood for: democracy, equality, and peace.

The Nehru pencil sketch has come to symbolize India’s independence and modernity, embodying the aspirations of a nation on the cusp of a new era.

Nehru’s portrait represents India’s break from colonial rule and its emergence as an independent nation. The sketch captures the determination and optimism of a people who had fought long and hard for their freedom.

Nehru was a visionary leader who believed in embracing modernity and progress. The sketch reflects his desire to lead India into a new era of development and industrialization.

In the years following India’s independence, the Nehru pencil sketch became a symbol of hope and unity for the nation. It was displayed in schools, government offices, and public spaces, serving as a reminder of the country’s hard-won freedom and its potential for greatness.

Today, the Nehru pencil sketch remains an enduring symbol of India’s independence and modernity. It is a reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought for freedom, and a testament to the progress that India has made in the decades since.

The Nehru pencil sketch is more than just a work of art. It is a powerful symbol that encapsulates the spirit of a nation and its people.

Pencil Sketch is a versatile and expressive art form that allows artists to capture the essence of their subjects with simple lines and shading. If you’re interested in learning more about pencil sketching or improving your skills, here are a few frequently asked questions and answers:

Question 1: What materials do I need to get started? Answer 1: The basic materials you need for pencil sketching are:

• A set of graphite pencils in different grades (HB, 2B, 4B, 6B, etc.)
• A sketchbook or drawing pad
• A sharpener

Question 2: How do I choose the right pencil for my sketch? Answer 2: The grade of pencil you choose will depend on the desired effect. Harder pencils (HB, 2H, 4H) produce lighter lines and are good for sketching outlines and details. Softer pencils (4B, 6B, 8B) produce darker lines and are good for shading and creating depth.

Question 3: What are some basic pencil sketching techniques? Answer 3: Some basic pencil sketching techniques include:

• Hatching: Creating parallel lines to create tone and texture.
• Cross-hatching: Creating intersecting lines to create darker tones.
• Stippling: Creating dots to create tone and texture.
• Scumbling: Creating a rough, textured effect by lightly scribbling with a pencil.

Question 4: How do I capture the likeness of my subject? Answer 4: To capture the likeness of your subject, pay close attention to their proportions, features, and expressions. Start by sketching the basic shapes of the head and body, then gradually add details. Use light, short strokes to build up the form and shading, and avoid using heavy lines.

Question 5: How do I create depth and realism in my sketches? Answer 5: To create depth and realism in your sketches, use shading to define the contours of your subject and to create a sense of light and shadow. Pay attention to the direction of the light source and how it affects the shadows. You can also use different pencil grades to create a range of tones, from light to dark.

Question 6: How can I improve my pencil sketching skills? Answer 6: The best way to improve your pencil sketching skills is to practice regularly. Try sketching different subjects, from still lifes to landscapes to portraits. Experiment with different techniques and materials to see what works best for you. You can also take classes or workshops to learn from experienced artists.

Closing Paragraph for FAQ

Pencil sketching is a rewarding and accessible art form that allows you to express yourself creatively and capture the beauty of the world around you. With a little practice, you can develop your skills and create stunning works of art.

Tips for Pencil Sketching

Here are a few practical tips to help you improve your pencil sketching skills:

Tip 1: Start with basic shapes When sketching a complex subject, start by breaking it down into basic shapes, such as circles, squares, and triangles. This will help you capture the overall proportions and structure of your subject before adding details.

Tip 2: Use a light touch When sketching, use a light touch and avoid pressing down too hard on your pencil. This will allow you to erase and make changes easily. You can always darken your lines later if needed.

Tip 3: Pay attention to light and shadow Light and shadow play an important role in creating depth and realism in your sketches. Pay attention to the direction of the light source and how it affects the shadows on your subject. Use different pencil grades to create a range of tones, from light to dark.

Tip 4: Practice regularly The best way to improve your pencil sketching skills is to practice regularly. Try sketching different subjects, from still lifes to landscapes to portraits. Experiment with different techniques and materials to see what works best for you. You can also take classes or workshops to learn from experienced artists.

Closing Paragraph for Tips

With a little practice and patience, you can develop your pencil sketching skills and create beautiful works of art. So grab a pencil and sketchbook, and start sketching today!

Pencil sketching is a versatile and rewarding art form that allows artists to capture the essence of their subjects with simple lines and shading. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced artist, there’s always something new to learn and explore in the world of pencil sketching.

In this article, we’ve explored the Nehru pencil sketch as an iconic example of this art form. We’ve seen how the artist has used simple yet evocative strokes to capture the essence of India’s first Prime Minister, and how the sketch has come to symbolize India’s independence and modernity.

We’ve also provided some practical tips to help you improve your own pencil sketching skills. Remember to start with basic shapes, use a light touch, pay attention to light and shadow, and practice regularly. With a little effort and dedication, you can create beautiful and expressive pencil sketches of your own.

So pick up a pencil and sketchbook today, and start exploring the world of pencil sketching. Let your creativity flow and see what you can create!

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Jawaharlal Nehru

1889 - 1964 | Delhi , India

• Index of Books 184277

• Agriculture 68 Article Collection 155 Astrology 21 Autobiography 403 Banned Books 15 Bibliography 54 Biography 2527 Calligraphy 11 Catalogue / Index 452 Children's Literature 1782 Catalogue / Index 6 Dastaan 6 Drama 33 Entertainment 13 Geet 8 General Knowledge 17 Geography 1 History 10 Islamiyaat 36 Learning Resources 48 Magazines 57 Mathematics 31 Medicine 7 Moral and Ethical 38 Nazm 157 Novel 49 Personality 99 Pratham Books 56 Psychological 5 Quatrain 1 Research And Criticism 24 Science 34 Story 580 Text Books 103 Translation 54 Upbringing And Nourishment 33 Comments 13 Communal Harmony 23 Constitution 32 Dastarkhwan 20 Diary 67 Dictionary 536 Directory 11 Drama 889 Drama History & Criticism 30 Historical 35 Romantic 26 Social 38 Economics 127 Education 279 Encyclopedia 63 Entertainment 11 Environment 22 Essays & Profiles 1065 Essays 827 Profiles 173 Feminism 72 Fiction 1327 Dastaan 362 Moral and Ethical 23 Novel 33 Short Stories 222 Film Songs 782 Folk Song 15 Folk tales 21 Freedom Movement 139 Geography 67 Health 40 General Health 22 Infant health / Gynaecology 6 Hikayaat 83 Hinduism 4 History 2580 Cultural History 238 History Of Literature 121 Indian 764 Islamic History 548 World 276 Humorous 557 Humorous History & Criticism 29 poetry 71 Prose 285 Hunting's 21 Idioms 43 Interviews 51 Islamiyat 598 Journalism 178 Column 6 kavita 33 Language & Literature 1557 Aestheticism 9 Criticism 102 History 294 IntiKhab 130 Language 507 Tazkira 51 Lateefe 45 Law 160 Lectures 506 Letters 606 History & Criticism 35 Life Style 19 General Information 12 Linguistics 152 Logic 51 Manuscript 242 Mathematics 73 Medicine 587 Ayurveda 28 Homeopathy 15 Surgery 10 Tibb-e-Unani 205 Memoir 65 Monograph 180 Moral and Ethical 311 Movements 260 Literary movements 66 political movements 155 Religious Movements 42 Music 57 Myths 2 Novel 3610 Biographical 42 Detective 152 Historical 218 History & Criticism 6 Humorous 20 Moral and Ethical 158 Psychological 5 Romantic 489 Social 527 Novella 55 Others 509 Parody 6 Philosophy 186 Physics 3 Political 212 India 43 world 37 Prosody 133 Prostitute 17 Psychology 20 Publications Of Munshi Naval Kishore 1414 Religions 2249 Buddhism 23 Christianity 25 Comparative Study 3 Hindu-mat 46 Islamiyat 2076 Sikhism 58 Remnants 12 Reportage 72 Research & Criticism 5049 Aestheticism 18 Articles / Papers 1030 Autobiography 10 Biography 101 Children's Literature 20 Compiled 166 Criticism 1334 Dastaan 22 Dictionary 7 Drama 31 Essays 52 Fiction 198 Ghazal 46 History 18 Idioms 5 Iqbaliyat 130 Lectures 7 Letters 8 Magazines 2 Marsiya 53 Masnavi 29 Naat 22 Nazm 23 Novel 89 Poetry 910 Prose 38 Qasida 11 Quatrain 10 Rekhti 1 Reportage 7 Research 636 Research Methodology 11 Short-story 87 Tazkira 13 Translation 9 Travelogue 13 Reviews 76 satire 9 Science 169 Sexology 28 Short-story 2329 Horror fiction 10 Symbolic / Artistic Stories 81 Sketch Writing 4 Sketches 235 Sketches: History & Criticism 60 Social issues 74 Custums 5 Sociology 14 Story 36 Story Collection 33 Sufism / Mystic 1501 Chishtiya 71 Discourses 174 Naqshbandiya 21 Philosophy of Sufism 31 Poetry 59 Qadiriyya 42 Research / criticism 35 sama and others terminology's 32 Suhrawardiyya 7 Tazkira 44 Syllabus 80 Talks 28 Tazkira 901 Text Books 431 Criticism 78 Fiction 54 History 13 Non Fiction 50 Poetry 30 Translation 3769 Autobiography 54 Biography 153 Catalogue / Index 4 Chemistry 2 Children's Literature 72 Constitution 11 Critique / Research 26 Dastaan 51 Diary 3 Doha 2 Drama 128 Economics 35 Epics 55 Essays 31 Geography 18 Hikayaat 21 History 391 Humorous 5 Huntings 1 Islamiyat 180 Law 15 Lecture 40 Letter 42 Medicine 59 Notebook / Dairy 3 Novel 562 Philosophy 80 Poetry 285 Political 12 Psychology 14 Science 35 Short Story 188 Social issues 9 Sufism / Mystic 99 Translation: History & Criticism 7 Travelogue 36 Travelogue 466 Wars 29 Women's writings 6887 Autobiography 41 Biography 114 Children's literature 26 Compilation 229 Criticism 304 Drama 34 Feminism 13 Novel 609 Poetry 324 Prose 38 Stories 376 Travelogue 18 Women's Translations 118
• University Urdu Syllabus
• Index of Authors
• E-Books by Contributor

• Bait Bazi 12
• Catalogue / Index 5
• Couplets 62
• Deewan 1342
• Exegesis 147
• Humorous 38
• Intikhab 1410
• Keh mukarni 7
• Kulliyat 643
• Majmua 4036
• Marsiya 336
• Masnavi 706
• Musaddas 47
• Qasiida 151
• Qit'a 53
• Quatrain 262
• Quintuple 18
• Remainders 27
• shahr-Ashob, Hajw, Zatal Nama 13
• Tareekh-Goi 21
• Translation 78
• Hindi & English Books

Sir Sayyad, Islam Aur Musalmaan

Abul kalam azad ka ilmi rutba.

Aazadi Ki Manzil Tak

Abul-Kalam Azad

Atthara Maheene Hindustan Mein

Azadi Ke Satrah Qadam

Azadi Ki Daryaft

Baap Ke Khat Beti Ke Naam

Bharat Aaj Aur Kal

Difa Ke Liye Tameer-o-Taraqqi

Ek Qaum Ek Dil

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Jawaharlal Nehru

Nov 14, 1889 - may 27, 1964, independence day celebrations 1947, nehru memorial museum and library, india: a history in the making, india photo archive foundation, discover this historical figure, 2,078 items, “without peace, all other dreams vanish and are reduced to ashes.”.