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- How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
- Search for relevant literature
- Evaluate sources
- Identify themes, debates, and gaps
- Outline the structure
- Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
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Table of contents
What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.
- Quick Run-through
- Step 1 & 2
When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
- Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
- Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
- Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
- Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
- Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.
Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
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See an example
Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
- Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
- Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
- Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
- Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
Download Word doc Download Google doc
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
- Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
- Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
- Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
Search for relevant sources
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:
- Your university’s library catalogue
- Google Scholar
- Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
- Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
- EconLit (economics)
- Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.
Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.
For each publication, ask yourself:
- What question or problem is the author addressing?
- What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
- What are the key theories, models, and methods?
- Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
- What are the results and conclusions of the study?
- How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.
Take notes and cite your sources
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
- Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
- Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
- Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
- Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
- Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
- Most research has focused on young women.
- There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
- But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.
There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
- Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
- Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
- Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources
Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
- Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
- Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
- Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
- Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !
This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.
Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.
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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
- Sampling methods
- Simple random sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Cluster sampling
- Likert scales
- Reproducibility
Statistics
- Null hypothesis
- Statistical power
- Probability distribution
- Effect size
- Poisson distribution
Research bias
- Optimism bias
- Cognitive bias
- Implicit bias
- Hawthorne effect
- Anchoring bias
- Explicit bias
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
- To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
- To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
- To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
- To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
- To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
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1. Choose a topic. Define your research question.
Your literature review should be guided by your central research question. The literature represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way.
- Make sure your research question is not too broad or too narrow. Is it manageable?
- Begin writing down terms that are related to your question. These will be useful for searches later.
- If you have the opportunity, discuss your topic with your professor and your class mates.
2. Decide on the scope of your review
How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover?
- This may depend on your assignment. How many sources does the assignment require?
3. Select the databases you will use to conduct your searches.
Make a list of the databases you will search.
Where to find databases:
- use the tabs on this guide
- Find other databases in the Nursing Information Resources web page
- More on the Medical Library web page
- ... and more on the Yale University Library web page
4. Conduct your searches to find the evidence. Keep track of your searches.
- Use the key words in your question, as well as synonyms for those words, as terms in your search. Use the database tutorials for help.
- Save the searches in the databases. This saves time when you want to redo, or modify, the searches. It is also helpful to use as a guide is the searches are not finding any useful results.
- Review the abstracts of research studies carefully. This will save you time.
- Use the bibliographies and references of research studies you find to locate others.
- Check with your professor, or a subject expert in the field, if you are missing any key works in the field.
- Ask your librarian for help at any time.
- Use a citation manager, such as EndNote as the repository for your citations. See the EndNote tutorials for help.
Review the literature
Some questions to help you analyze the research:
- What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover?
- Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings?
- What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions.
- Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly? What further questions does it raise?
- If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is?
- How are the authors viewed in the field? Has this study been cited? If so, how has it been analyzed?
Tips:
- Review the abstracts carefully.
- Keep careful notes so that you may track your thought processes during the research process.
- Create a matrix of the studies for easy analysis, and synthesis, across all of the studies.
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There are different methods to organize and present the materials collected for the literature review.
The list below goes over different organizational frameworks that can be used to present the research conducted. If you are not sure what method to use, check with your professor.
- Chronological: The chronological framework organizes the literature in the order in which they are published. For example, if you were writing about a specific teaching method, you would begin with the materials that first introduced the method. You would then follow with case studies applying that method. You would conclude your review with contemporary papers that may even give a historical perspective on the method from when it was first conceived and how it is applied today.
- by publication: This framework is useful if you notice a series of articles that are written in response to one another that are all within one publication. You still follow chronological order, but you break it so that the articles responding to one another are grouped together.
- by trend: This framework looks at specific trends and organizes them chronologically. For example, if you were looking at the history of assistive technology in helping students with disabilities, you may organize the reviews by what disability was being treated, and then present the history of using assistive technology to treat that particular disability in chronological order.
- Thematic: The thematic framework is similar to organizing by trend, except that you are not organizing the reviews in the order that they were published. This does not mean that you do not consider the timeline for how a topic or issue developed, but that you will not focus on organizing your reviews chronologically. Rather, the emphasis will be on the themes you find within the topic or issue — such as commonalities — and from there you fit your reviews into the separate ideas in which they fit. For example, if the review topic was arts-based research, your review may focus on different ways artistic inquiry was used to understand the creative process, focusing then on the concepts rather than the development.
- Methodological: The method or practice applied in a case study can be the basis for organizing a literature review. This framework focuses on how the author(s) or the person(s) administering a study applied similar methods as another study. As a result, the types of literature in a literature review that applies the methodological framework tends to review similar materials. For example, if you reviewed methods used to treat post traumatic stress syndrome, the review would organize the studies by the methods used to treat the patients and not the order that the studies were published.
Note: After choosing the organizational framework for the literature review, it should be easier to write because you should have a clear idea of what sections you need to include in the paper. For example, a chronological review will have subsections for each vital time period. A thematic review will have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue.
In some cases the literature does not quite fit the framework you have chosen. In this case, you should determine where it makes sense to place the literature and confirm this choice with your professor.
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This guide will provide information on how to cite your sources in-text and in your reference list using APA style & formatting. Click the tabs for an example of each.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Examples of Reference Lists & In-text Citations
Additional resources:.
- Sample APA Papers from APA Style Download the Word Document and use the template for your APA papers.
- Sample Student Paper using APA from OWL Includes notes to explain the details. From APA Style. Use this sample paper as a guide for headings, in-text citations, references, & more.
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Guide
- No Date : if there isn't a date, the reference starts with the author.
Lucas, T. (n.d.). Mother nature revolts. U.S. News & World
Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2020-04-17/why-you-still-havent-gotten-your-coronavirus-stimulus-check
The in-text citation will look like this:
According to Lucas, ... (n.d.).
It is hypothesized that Coronavirus was the planet's way of making a point (Lucas, n.d.).
- No Author : if there isn't an author, the reference starts with the title.
Mother nature revolts. (2020, March 29). U.S. News & World
"Mother nature revolts" ... (2020).
It is hypothesized that Coronavirus was the planet's way of making a point ("Mother nature revolts", 2020).
- Exact quotes: page numbers (or paragraph numbers) must be included for exact quotes:
It was hypothesized that, "Coronavirus was the planet's way of making a point" (Lucas, 2017, p. 5.).
It was hypothesized that, "Coronavirus w as the planet's way of making a point" (Lucas, 2017, para . 5.).
- DOI = Digital Object Identifier. If an item has a DOI, it must be included in the reference. Not all articles and e-books will have a DOI.
- The research ... (Gonzalez & Perez., 2020).
- According to Perez, .... (2020).
If there are 2 authors, include both of them every time in the in-text citations.
- The research ... (Gonzalez et al., 2020).
- According to Gonzalez et al. .... (2020).
- Up to 20 Authors : names and initials for all 20 authors must be provided in the reference list. It will look like this:
The in-text citation will look like this:
According to Smith et al. ... (2020).
The research .... (Smith, et al., 2020).
- 21+ Authors : for sources with more than 20 authors, the first 19 are included in the reference list followed by an ellipses and the final author. It looks like this:
- Citing Multiple Works : when referring to multiple works in-text, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons.
(Edwards, 2012; Flygare et al., 2019; Steba, 2015).
- Citing Multiple Works by the same author(s) in the same year: when multiple references have identical author (or authors) and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year. The year–letter combination is used in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry. Use only the year with a letter in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more specific date.
Smith, J. & Ortiz, P. (2019a, February). Judge Judy and her impact on society. Journal of Social Science, 15 (2), 16-25.
http://journsocscience.com
Smith, J. & Ortiz, P. (2019b, March). Judge Judy impacts social justice. Journal of Social Science, 15 (2), 16-25.
Smith and Ortiz found ... (2019a).
... (Smith & Ortiz, 2019b).
- Citing a Source within a Source :
Arpan, L. M., & Raney, A. A. (2003). An experimental investigation of news source and the hostile media effect. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80 (2), 265-281.
(Gunther, 1992, as cited in Arpan & Raney, 2003);
The in-text citation gives credit to the source used. This is the same one included in the reference list.
- Citing Personal Communication (for example via email or messenger):
Because readers cannot retrieve the communication, it is not included in the reference list. The communication is cited in the text of the paper only.
S. Fernandez (personal communication, April 15, 2020) ...
... (S. Fernandez, personal communication, April 15, 2020).
- Organizational Authors with Common Acronyms
If an organization or government entity is commonly known by it's acronym, it can be used in-text but the full name should be spelled out in the reference list.
The first in-text citation will look like this:
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS, 2020), described ...
... (The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [CMS], 2020).
In-text citations that follow can use the acronym:
According to CMS ... (2020).
... (CMS, 2020).
The reference list will always include the spelled out organization (and not the acronym):
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Servic e s. (2020). ...
If you use Artificial Intelligence generated text such as ChatGPT, it needs to be cited.
However, before you get help from ai, check your syllabus and/or ask your professor whether it is allowed , example to model:.
When prompted “Why is toxic positivity a problem in the workplace,” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “toxic positivity can be harmful as it can lead to a dismissive attitude towards the concerns or struggles of employees” (OpenAI, 2023).
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 23 version). [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
- APA Style: How to cite ChatGPT We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test, and we know our roles in a Turing test. And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT. We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.
In-Text Citation Basics:
- APA uses author-date citation system
- Informs the reader where the information came from
- Refers the reader to the source information
- Use sparingly
- Page numbers (or paragraph numbers) must be included for exact quotes
- Only include relevant material
- Block quotes = 40+ words, no quotation marks, indented
Neu (2015) stated that “healthcare is a right” (p. 6).
In 2017, Smith argued that “healthcare is a privilege” (para. 3) and therefore should not be free.
The notion that healthcare is a right has been debated by many authors (Neu, 2105, p. 6; Smith, 2017, para. 3).
Blockquote:
Avoid Plagiarism
Indicate info. from various sources
Easily identify sources
Adds credibility to your writing
Expands breadth/depth of your writing
Acknowledge the sources that you have borrowed from
- The reference list starts on a new page with the word References , centered and bold
Double-spaced
Your reference list must match your in-text citations and vice versa
Alphabetical list by author’s last name
Use a hanging indent for every line after the first
For titles of books, articles, & websites in reference lists, capitalize only:
- the first word
- the first word after a colon
- proper nouns
In-Text Citation Examples:
General reference form :.
Author Last Name(s), First Initial, Middle Initial. (Date). Title of article. Title of Source, volume number (issue number), page
numbers. DOI or URL.
Reference Examples:
Articles with a doi (digital object identifier):.
McConkey, S.M., & Christiansen, S.J. (2020). Language learning in Miami: A cross-linguistic model of diverse Spanish
dialects. Psychological Review , 128 (8), 25-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126
Articles without a DOI:
Andersen, J. (2020, March 30). Miami and Coronavirus. New York Times . C1
Pearsong, S., Padron, M., & Ortiz, J. (2020, January 1). What the New Year has in store for the U.S. The New
Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-homemade-insight-of-fetch-the-bolt-cutters
Article with an article number or eLocator
Smith, T. C., Castillo, M. J., Jackson, G. L., Simpson, B. B., Lantry, R. S., O'Reilly, S. T., Rosenberg, F., Lee, L. H., Cox,
G., Harris, H. L., Kass, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E.,
Green, G., ... Nelson, T. P. (2020). Miami and Coronavirus. PLOS ONE, 14 (1), Article
e0209899. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209899
Reference Examples:
TIP: In the 7th edition, publisher location is no longer required when citing books.
Authored book with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Example:
Nadler, J.T. & Voyles, E. C. (2020). Stereotypes: The incidence and impacts of bias. ABC-CLIO.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389 /fpsyg.2015.0004
Authored book without a DOI (print or ebook) Example:
Johnson, D.W. (2020). The customer revolution in healthcare: Delivering kinder, smarter, affordable care for all. McGraw-Hill.
Edited book without a DOI Example:
Hacker Hughes, J. (Ed). (2017). Military veteran psychological health and social care: Contemporary approaches. Routledge.
Chapter in an edited book with a DOI Example:
Stone, C. (2020). Stereotypes of veterans. In J. T. Nadler & Voyles, E. C. (Eds.), Stereotypes: The incidence and impacts of
bias . (pp. 213-225). ABC-CLIO. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389 /fpsyg.2015.0004.
Chapter in an edited book without a DOI Example:
Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B., & Silva, J. A. (2003). Defining forensic psychiatry: Roles and responsibilities. In R. Rosner (Ed.),
Principles and practice of forensic psychiatr y (2nd ed., pp. 7-13). CRC Press.
Website Examples:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, January 23). People at high risk of developing flu-related complications.
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/high_risk.htm
Martin Lillie, C. M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to yourself: How self-compassion can improve your resiliency. Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/health-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-compassion-can-improve-your-resiliency/art-20267193
Boddy, J., Neumann, T., Jennings, S., Morron, V., Alderson, P., Rees, R., & Gibson, W. (n.d.). Ethics principles. The
Research Ethics Guidebook: A Resource for Social Scientists. http://www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk/EthicsPrinciples
.... (Boddy, et al., n.d.).
... ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).
Body et al. ... (n.d.) ...
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ... (2018).
Tweet Example:
Obama, M. [@MichelleObama] (2020, April 18). Thank you to all the essential workers who are getting up every day and
risking their lives on our behalf. @LauraWBush and I were honored to show our support for their heroic efforts during
tonight's @GlblCtzn’s One World: #TogetherAtHome Special. [video attached] Tweet. Twitter
https://twitter.com/MichelleObama/status/1251695525017137159
.... (Obama, 2020).
Obama (2020) ...
Twitter Profile Example:
Bush, Laura. [@laurawbush]. (n.d.). Tweets . [Twitter profile] Twitter. Retrieved from April 18, 2020 from
https://twitter.com/laurawbush.
.... (Bush, n.d.).
Bush (n.d.) ...
Facebook Page Example:
Coronavirus (Covid-19) Information Center. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved April 18, 2020, from
https://www.facebook.com/coronavirus_info/
.... ( Coronavirus ( Covid-19 ) Information Center, n.d. ).
Coronavirus ( Covid-19 ) Information Center (n.d.) ...
Facebook Post Example:
National institute of mental health. (2018, november 28). suicide affects all ages, genders, races, and ethnicities. check out, these 5 action steps for helping someone in emotional pain [infographic]. facebook. http://bit.ly/321qstq.
.... ( National Institute of Mental Health, 2018 ).
The National Institute of Mental Health ... (2018) ...
Instagram Video or Photo Example: APA Style [@officialapastyle]. (2018, December 5). Welcome to the official Instagram for #APAStyle! We’re here to help you
With your apa style questions [instagram photograph]. retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/bq-a-dvblih/.
.... (APA Style, 2018).
APA Style ... (2018) ...
Instagram Profile: Star Wars [@starwars]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Retrieved December 10, 2018, from
Https://www.instagram.com/starwars/.
.... (Star Wars, n.d.).
Star Wars ... (n.d.) ...
Instagram Highlight: APA Style [@officialapastyle]. (n.d.). FAQs [Instagram highlight]. Retrieved December 10, 2018, from
Https://www.instagram.com/s/aglnagxpz2h0oje3otc2odkwntk5mtc5mty1/.
.... (APA Style, n.d.).
APA Style ... (n.d.) ...
Blog Post Example:
APA Style. (2020, March 19). What’s new in the seventh edition Publication Manual. APA Style.
https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/ whats-new-7e
.... (APA Style, 2020).
The APA Style (2020) ...
Mobile App Examples:
Actual app:.
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocrates/id281935788?mt=8
Entry in the App:
Epocrates. (2019). Interaction check: Aspirin + sertraline. In Epocrates medical references (version 18.12) [Mobile app]. App
Store. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocrates/id281935788?mt=8
.... (Epocrates, 2019).
Epocrates ... (2019).
YouTube Example:
Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. YouTube. https:youtube.com/24455202929
.... (Cutts, 2017).
Cutts (2017) ...
Ted Talk Example:
Kowalski, C. (2017, November). The critical role librarians play in the
opioid crisis https ://www.ted.com/talks/chera_kowalski_the_critical_role_librarians_play_in_the_opioid_crisis
.... (Kowalski, 2017).
Kowalski (2017) ...
Film or Video Example:
Forman, M. (Director). (1975). One flew over the cuckoo’s nest [Film]. United Artists.
.... (Forman, 1975).
Forman (1975) ...
TV Example:
Wolf, D. (1999-present). Law & Order: Special Victims Unit [TV Series]. Wolf Entertainment Productions; NBC.
.... (Wolf , 1999-present ).
Wolf (1999-present) ...
Podcast Example:
Poor, N., Woods, E. & Williams, A. (2016-present). Ear Hustle [Audio podcast]. PRX. https://www.earhustlesq.com/
.... (Poor et al., 2016-present).
Poor et al. (2016-present) ...
Report Examples:
National Cancer Institute. (2018). Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-after-treatment.pdf
Blackwell, D. L., Lucas, J. W., & Clarke, T. C. (2014). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview
Survey, 2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_260.pdf
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2017). Agency financial report: Fiscal year 2017.
https://www.sec.gov/files/sec-2017-agency-financial-report.pdf
.... ( National Cancer Institute , 2018).
... (Blackwell, et al., 2014).
... ( U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017).
National Cancer Institute (2018) ...
Blackwell, et al. (2014) ...
According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2017), ...
Presentation Example:
O'Reilly, P., Edwards, C., & Hamil, S. K. (2020, April 1-3). How to cite properly in APA. [Paper presentation]. Florida Library Association 100th Annual Conference, Orlando, FL, United States.
*Replace [Paper presentation] with [Conference presentation] or [Poster presentation] as needed.
.... (O'Reilly, et al., 2020).
O'Reilly et al. (2020) ...
Dissertation Examples:
Unpublished:
Hodges, L. (2018). Instructional design perceptions and practices of faculty [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida
International University.
Sanderson, K. R. (2012). Time orientation in organizations: Polychronicity and multitasking (Publication No. 3554209)
[Doctoral dissertation Florida International University]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses.
.... (Hodges, 2018).
Sanderson (2012) ...
Unpublished Manuscript Example:
Yen, J., Chen, Y., Rigotti, A., & Deckard C. (2016). Linking good customer services to increased sales: An observational study
[Unpublished manuscript]. College of Business, Florida International University.
Include the department and institution where the work was published if possible.
.... (Yen et al., 2016).
Yen, et al. (2016) ...
Data Set Examples:
Published Data:
Pew Research Center (2018). Core Trend Survey [Data set].
https ://www.pewresearch.org/internet/dataset/core-trends - survey/
Unpublished Unnamed Raw Data Set :
Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the
Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky.
.... (Pew Research Center, 2018).
Baer (2015) ...
Infographic Example:
Florida Library Association. (2020, February). Federal funds in Florida [Infographic]. https://www.flalib.org/advocacy
.... (Florida Library Association [FLA], 2020).
Florida Library Association [FLA] (2020) ...
Map Example:
Florida International University GIS Center. (2015). BIKE – Bicycle Knowledge Explorer (Palm Beach) [Map].
https://maps.fiu.edu/gis/research/projects/255/bike-%E2%80%93-bicycle-knowledge-explorer-palm-beach
.... ( Florida International University GIS Center , 2015).
Florida International University GIS Center (2015) ...
Photograph Example:
McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg
.... (McCurry, 1985).
McCurry (1985) ...
PowerPoint or Lecture Notes Example:
Cana, E., & Vasilev, J. (2019, May 22). [Lecture notes on resource allocation]. Department of Management Control and
Information Systems, University of Chile. https://uchilefau.academia.edu/ElseZCanan
.... (Mack & Spake, 2018).
Cana and Vasiley (2019) ...
Museum Example:
Wood, G. (1930). American gothic [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565
.... (Wood, 1930).
Wood (1930) ...
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UNDERREPORTING AND UNDERREPRESENTATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY PATIENTS IN LYMPHEDEMA CLINICAL TRIALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
- M. J. Escobar-Domingo
- V.P. Bustos
- J.E. Fanning
- J. Foppiani
- A. Hernandez-Alvarez
The generalizability of findings from Clinical Trials (CTs) investigating lymphedema treatment modalities requires an accurate representation of the target population. This study aims to evaluate racial and ethnic reporting and representation in lymphedema CTs. A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted during May 2023 using multiple databases, following the PRISMA guidelines. All CTs published from 2018 to 2023 were included. A total of 84 articles were included in this review, from which 6,546 participants were included in the analysis. Seventy-four (88.1%) articles addressed secondary lymphedema, of which 60 (81.1%) were related to breast cancer. Only 12 (13%) of CTs reported at some extend race or ethnicity. Of these, five (41.6%) reported race and two (16.6%) reported ethnicity according to FDA guidelines. White race had the highest pooled prevalence (80%; 95% CI 72-86%; I2=90%), followed by Black (7%; 95% CI 2- 15%; I2= 94.3%) and Asian (4%; 95% CI 1-8%; I2= 89.9%). In studies reporting ethnicity, participants were predominantly non-Hispanic (92.1%; 95% CI 90 - 94%). There is an underreporting and underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities among lymphedema CTs, limiting their generalizability. It is imperative to future development of strategies to enhance diversity in the study sample.
Keywords: Lymphedema, Ethnicity, Racial Groups, Minority Groups, Breast Cancer Lymphedema
Escobar-Domingo, M. & Bustos, V. & Fanning, J. & Foppiani, J. & Kim, E. & Hernandez-Alvarez, A. & Lin, S. & Singhal, D. & Lee, B., (2024) “UNDERREPORTING AND UNDERREPRESENTATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY PATIENTS IN LYMPHEDEMA CLINICAL TRIALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW”, Lymphology 56(2), 41-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.2458/lymph.6064
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Published on 14 apr 2024, peer reviewed, creative commons attribution-noncommercial-noderivs 4.0, harvard-style citation.
Escobar-Domingo, M , Bustos, V , Fanning, J , Foppiani, J , Kim, E , Hernandez-Alvarez, A , Lin, S , Singhal, D & Lee, B. (2024) 'UNDERREPORTING AND UNDERREPRESENTATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY PATIENTS IN LYMPHEDEMA CLINICAL TRIALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW', Lymphology . 56(2) :41-60. doi: 10.2458/lymph.6064
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Vancouver-Style Citation
Escobar-Domingo, M , Bustos, V , Fanning, J , Foppiani, J , Kim, E , Hernandez-Alvarez, A , Lin, S , Singhal, D & Lee, B. UNDERREPORTING AND UNDERREPRESENTATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY PATIENTS IN LYMPHEDEMA CLINICAL TRIALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Lymphology. 2024 4; 56(2) :41-60. doi: 10.2458/lymph.6064
Show: Harvard Citation Style | APA Citation Style
APA-Style Citation
Escobar-Domingo, M Bustos, V Fanning, J Foppiani, J Kim, E Hernandez-Alvarez, A Lin, S Singhal, D & Lee, B. (2024, 4 14). UNDERREPORTING AND UNDERREPRESENTATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY PATIENTS IN LYMPHEDEMA CLINICAL TRIALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Lymphology 56(2) :41-60. doi: 10.2458/lymph.6064
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The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). When we say "literature review" or refer to "the literature," we are talking about the research (scholarship) in a given field. You will often see the terms "the research," "the ...
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
Steps for Conducting a Lit Review; Finding "The Literature" Organizing/Writing; APA Style This link opens in a new window; Chicago: Notes Bibliography This link opens in a new window; MLA Style This link opens in a new window; Sample Literature Reviews. Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts; Have an exemplary literature review? Get Help!
Key takeaways from the Psi Chi webinar So You Need to Write a Literature Review via APA Style.org. Examples of Literature Reviews. Financial socialization: A decade in review (2021) The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of anxiety disorders - a literature review (2021)
These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
A literature review may be a stand alone work or the introduction to a larger research paper, depending on the assignment. Rely heavily on the guidelines your instructor has given you. ... Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. APA Style Blog - for those harder to find answers . 1. Choose a topic. Define your research question.
The goal in your literature review is to synthesize and draw connections between the key points in the conversation. To find these key points, you will primarily refer to the following types of publications: Scholarly journals (a.k.a. "peer-reviewed" & "academic") Professional journals. Academic books & e-books. Research reports.
Conducting Your Literature Review. 3. A. literature reviewis an overview of the available research for a specific scientific topic. Literature reviews summarize existing research to answer a review question, provide the context for new research, or identify important gaps in the existing body of literature. We now have access to lots of ...
Organizing Your Literature Review. An APA style paper is organized in the author-date style. This means you cite the author's name and year of publication within the text with an in-text citation. You also include the page number, if appropriate. You then include the full information of that source in a reference list at the end of your paper.
This page is designed to assist you in writing an annotated bibliography
An APA format literature review is an important part of a research paper as it guides the reader through your research process. It also helps you, as a writer, to develop critical reading and writing skills as you evaluate and present your sources. Related Articles:
Commented [AF16]: Common paper sections (literature review, methods, results, discussion) typically use Level 1 headings, like this one does. Level 1 headings are centered, bolded, and use title case. Text begins after them as a new paragraph. Commented [AF17]: This is a Level 2 heading: left aligned, bolded, title case. Text begins as a new ...
A literature review is a typical type of assignment given to students in courses that fall under APA guidelines (usually the sciences or social sciences) because it shows you have familiarized yourself with current research on a topic you are exploring. Beyond simply reporting the findings of others, the literature review requires you to make ...
For example, if the review topic was arts-based research, your review may focus on different ways artistic inquiry was used to understand the creative process, focusing then on the concepts rather than the development. Methodological: The method or practice applied in a case study can be the basis for organizing a literature review. This ...
indent DISORDERED EATING: A REVIEW 2 Abstract Literature review abstracts and research article abstracts share the same basic format but differ in content. Abstracts of literature review articles should include the topic, the purpose of the article, and how the information sources were chosen. Describe the summaries or conclusions that were ...
General considerations. A good review should summarize the state of knowledge on a well-defined topic in the psychology of men and masculinity in concise and clear ways. This means that the review is written with exceptional clarity, cohesiveness, conciseness, and comprehensiveness. A good review should describe in detail the systematic process ...
Abstract Format. recommended fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or 10-point Computer Modern2. 1-in. margins on all sides. placement: second page of the paper. section label: "Abstract". ° centered and in bold. ° written on the first line of the page.
Figure 8.1 in Chapter 8 of the Publication Manual provides an example of an appropriate level of citation. The number of sources you cite in your paper depends on the purpose of your work. For most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. Literature review papers typically include a more exhaustive list of ...
Commented [A7]: A literature review includes a References page in APA format that includes a reference for every source cited in the literature review. preventing readmissions. Journal of Healthcare Financial Management, 65(12), 1-6.
In APA Style format, a normal literature review should be composed of a Body where the main subject is developed, the References at the end with each one of the sources previously mentioned, a ...
We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test, and we know our roles in a Turing test. And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we've spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT.
Finding "The Literature" Organizing/Writing; APA Style; Chicago (Author-Date) Toggle Dropdown. Turabian ; MLA Style; ... FAMU Writing Center; Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts. Literature Review Sample 1 Literature Review Sample 2 Literature Review Sample 3 << Previous: MLA Style; Next: FAMU Writing Center >> Last Updated: Oct 20, 2022 ...
This study aims to review recent writing on the dynamic capabilities view practices of business firms to examine the concepts and create a more thorough theoretical description from a conceptual standpoint. A thorough review of the literature on dynamic capabilities view practice was conducted. The study demonstrates that there are scattered ...
Methods The current review aimed to explore how compassion-informed approaches to coping with voice hearing are understood and reported across the existent voice-hearing literature. Academic Search Ultimate, MedLine and PsychINFO databases were searched for suitable papers, using the terms: ["hear* voice*" OR "voice hear*" OR ...
The generalizability of findings from Clinical Trials (CTs) investigating lymphedema treatment modalities requires an accurate representation of the target population. This study aims to evaluate racial and ethnic reporting and representation in lymphedema CTs. A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted during May 2023 using multiple databases, following the PRISMA guidelines ...