meaning of output hypothesis

output can be generated by tasks with high cognitive demand and high frequency of negotiation of meaning (Nunan, 2004, cited by Li Ping). 4 Research on the Output Hypothesis in China 4.1 Theoretical Discussions It was not until 2000 when Chinese researchers began to pay attention to the Output Hypothesis (Li, 2006).

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Abstract. While the Output Hypothesis is embraced by many, there is still a relative disconnect between the theoretical concepts and its pedagogical use, as there is a relative lack of literature ...

The comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis states that we acquire language when we attempt to transmit a message but fail and have to try again. Eventually, we arrive at the correct form of our utterance, our conversational partner finally understands, and we acquire the new form we have produced. The originator of the comprehensible output ...

The comprehensible output theory is closely related to the need hypothesis, which states that we acquire language forms only when we need to communicate or make ourselves understood. [4] If this hypothesis is correct, then language acquirers must be forced to speak. According to Stephen Krashen, the Need Hypothesis is incorrect.

This function of output relates directly to the notion of put that Swain claimed to be necessary for immersion. output, learners can test their hypotheses and, by being. cess of negotiation of meaning, they can be more accurate. Second, output may have a metalinguistic function.

In this chapter, my intent is to provide a description of the "the output hypothesis": the context in which itwasproposed, supporting researchand theoretical underpinnings, and future directions. This review will show that though an uphill battle, there has been a shift in meaning from output as a noun, a thing, or a product to output as a ...

The Importance of Output . In Chapter 3, we encountered the Input hypothesis (Reference Krashen Krashen, 1985) and Krashen's claim that exposing learners to language input (i.e. language that they can read/see or hear) was all that was needed for successful language learning. This belief in the absolute sufficiency of language input was challenged by research from immersion classrooms where ...

Language production, or output, is not simply a product to demonstrate learning but part of the learning process. The output hypothesis, a theoretical model of second-language acquisition, proposes that second-language learners must produce the language they are learning in order to obtain a level of proficiency similar to that of native speakers.

The Output Hypothesis has been examined broadly in terms of its role in second language acquisition since it was first proposed by Swain. This paper introduces the Output Hypothesis with regard to its basic claims, related research both from home and abroad. Literature will be reviewed from two main dimensions: theoretical discussions and research on teaching practice. This paper will also put ...

Since Swain (1985) proposed the output hypothesis, she has explored more about this hypothesis and identified three roles of output in second-language acquisition. First, she says output provides a hypothesis-testing function. In other words, producing output is a significant way for a learner to test hypotheses about the target language.

In this interview, Professor Swain discussed the history and future of the Output Hypothesis. First, she explained the context in which she proposed the Output Hypothesis in 1985. Then she stated that the Output Hypothesis proposes producing language (speaking or writing) as a part of the process of second/foreign language learning resulting from four functions of output processing.

Output also plays a direct role in enhancing fluency by turning declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge (Bot, 2010). 3 The study of output hypothesis theory 3.1 Theoretical research 3.1.1 The relationship between input and output hypothesis Swain's output hypothesis changes people's perception of the role of language output.

Swain's Comprehensible Output Hypothesis (1985) maintains that the development of a learner's communicative competence does not merely depend on comprehensible input: the learner's output has an ...

The output hypothesis claims that production makes the learner move from 'semantic processing' prevalent in comprehension to more 'syntactic processing' that is necessary for second language ...

774 Citations. TL;DR: The output hypothesis as discussed by the authors was proposed as an alternative to the product of output as part of the process of learning, and has been widely used in the second-language learning literature. Abstract: In the 1980s, the word "output" was used to indicate the outcome, or product, of the language ...

that output in Swain's term is dynamic, not only the language produced by learners but also the activity of learners' producing the language. Now let's move on the definition of Output Hypothesis. Swain put it as the need for a learner to be pushed toward the delivery of a message that is not only conveyed, but that is conveyed precisely ...

This study empirically tested the noticing function of the output hypothesis (Swain, 1993, 1995, 1998) and explored the relationship between noticing and learning by comparing the effects of the production of output to exposure to textually enhanced input. The present study is a conceptual replication of Izumi (2002); however, Izumi examined a ...

the Comprehensible Output Hypothesis in deliberate contrast to Krashen's ... Negotiating meaning needs to incorporate the notion ofbeing pushed toward the delivery of a message that is not only conveyed, but that is conveyed precisely, coherently, and appropriately. Being 'pushed'in output, it seems to me, is a concept parallel to that ofthe

Full Text Chapter Download: US $37.50. What is Output Hypothesis? Definition of Output Hypothesis: The output hypothesis argues that learners should actively engage themselves in the creation of "comprehensible output" in order to develop linguistically and cognitively.

In phase 2, participants wrote on given topics, followed by the presentation of a model written by a native speaker. Participants wrote a second time on the same topic. To test the noticing function of output, participants underlined parts of the sentences they thought were "particularly necessary" for subsequent (re)production.

The significance to language acquisition of pushing for comprehensible output is discussed and Swain's thesis has proved to be of relevance to the writer's experience as a self-directed learner. In the course of his diary study dealing with communication strategies, the writer of this paper has found that the way of acquiring a language is not merely as simple as "understanding the message" as ...

The Output Hypothesis and its influence in the second language learning/teaching: An interview with Merrill Swain A Hipótese da Produção e sua influência no ensino/aprendizagem de segunda ...

the output of the final layer at the final token position. The second part is an unembedding layer that assigns a vector γ(y) in an unembedding space Γ ≃Rd to each token y in the vocabulary. Together, these define a sampling distribution over tokens via the softmax distribution: P(y |x) = exp(λ(x)⊤γ(y)) P y′∈Vocab exp(λ(x)⊤γ(y ...