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OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION

Introduction to Optical fibre and its specifications

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International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research

Data communications sometimes are slow. Often information gets leaked or may even get tapped. Data often is lost while being transferred from one place to another between components. Presence of noise leads to reduction of clarity of video on TV sets. There is a solution which eliminates many of these problems. The solution is optical fibre cable communication. Due to its speed, data securing capacity and lesser distortion of signals it is widely used means of communication. Demand of optical fiber communications are increasing rapidly. The working of optical fibre, its advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed in this article.

Research Papers

Adarsh shettigar

Research article

Hayat Rezgui

The very rapid growth in the need for communication, both quantitatively in terms of telephone links and in terms of quality as a result of the diversification of new services related to the introduction of digital technology, is making it necessary again to design a new system. Optical fiber transmission is becoming more and more common in modern society. The optical fiber has the property of driving light and serves in terrestrial and oceanic data transmissions, as well as in medical or industrial imaging applications. Today, data transfer must provide extreme performance. This requirement can only be fulfilled with perfect optical fibers, integrated in fiber optic cables of irreproachable quality.

yash jawanjal

Optical Fiber Applications

Roghayeh Imani

Frensel Petrona

IAEME PUBLICATION

IAEME Publication

The heart of a light wave communication system is the low-loss glass optical fiber, which acts as the transmission channel carrying the light beam loaded with information to very far distances. At present optical fibers have indeed revolutionized the field of telecommunication and are the backbones of today’s global communication networks.

Pulkit Berwal

This paper presents a review of the latest research and development in the field of optical fiber communication system. Remarkable developments are observed over the past decade. Wide-bandwidth signal transmission with low latency is emerging as a key requirement in a number of applications, including the development of future exaflopscale supercomputers, financial algorithmic trading and cloud computing. Optical fibers provide unsurpassed transmission bandwidth, Optical fiber is now the transmission medium of' choice for long distance and high bit rate transmission in telecommunications networks.

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OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

Published by Lily Simpson Modified over 5 years ago

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The Most Complete Overview of Multimode Fibres -OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4 & OM5

written by  Asterfuison

Multimode optical fiber is the preferred choice for optical fiber communication systems due to its affordability and suitability for short-distance transmission. It finds extensive usage in campus networks , enterprise LANs, and data centers . In the market, there are five types of multimode optical fibers available: OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, and OM5. These variants offer different data transmission capabilities. With such a variety of options, you may wonder how to select the most suitable multimode optical fiber. This article will provide you with the necessary information to make a well-informed decision.

What is multimode fibre？

To understand multimode fiber, let’s first define optical fiber . It is a thin and flexible wire made of glass or plastic that can transmit light signals. This technology utilizes the principle of total reflection to transmit information through the optical fibers.

Multimode fiber is specifically designed to support multiple transmission modes at a given operating wavelength. Its purpose is to enable the dispersion of light over short distances. This type of fiber is commonly used in local area networks (LANs), data centers , and other applications requiring short-range communication.

Features and advantages of multimode fiber:

Multimode fiber possesses various characteristics that render it suitable for short-distance communication applications. Firstly, it boasts a larger core diameter, which facilitates the transmission of a greater amount of light through the fiber. Consequently, this leads to enhanced data rates and increased availability of bandwidth in comparison to single-mode threading. Secondly, multimode fiber is more flexible and easier to install than other types of fiber, making it a widely favored option for local area networks. Lastly, it is relatively inexpensive compared to alternative fiber types, making it an ideal choice for cost-sensitive applications.

What is the difference between multimode fiber and single-mode fiber?

The difference between multimode fiber and single-mode fiber lies in several aspects. First, their core diameters are distinct, with multimode fiber having a larger core diameter (usually 50/62.5μm) and the capability to transmit multiple modes of light, while single-mode fiber has a notably smaller core diameter (usually 9 μm) and can solely transmit one light mode. Additionally, the bandwidth of single-mode fiber tends to surpass that of multimode fiber, reaching levels as high as 100,000GHz. Moreover, multimode fiber is suitable for short-distance applications, typically with a transmission distance of up to 550m. Finally, in terms of cost, multimode fiber tends to be less expensive compared to single-mode fiber.

How multimode fiber works:

Regarding the functioning of multimode fiber, it operates by permitting the passage of multiple light modes concurrently. This is achieved through the utilization of a larger core diameter, which minimizes the potential for signal attenuation and distortion. As a signal traverses through multimode fiber, it undergoes reflection and bounces amidst different light modes, ensuring transmission across a wider area. Consequently, this leads to a decrease in optical density in the fiber, ultimately mitigating signal distortion.

Classification: OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4 and OM5 multimode fibres

According to ISO 11810 standard, it supports multiple optical mode propagation, and multimode fibre is divided into OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4 and OM5 fibre.

Understanding OM1 fibre

What is om1 fiber and its feature.

The OM1 optical fiber is a type of multi-mode optical fiber that operates in the 850/1300nm window and has a bandwidth of 200/500MHz.km or above. It utilizes an LED light source, has a core diameter of 62.5μm, and is typically orange in color. OM1 optical fiber can comply with the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet transmission standard. However, its relatively large core diameter restricts its bandwidth and transmission rate, making it less suitable for high-speed data transmission scenarios. Nevertheless, in certain applications, particularly those with cost considerations, OM1 may still be a viable choice. This optical fiber is mainly designed to support 100M Ethernet applications and can facilitate transmission distances of up to 33 meters in 10Gb Ethernet setups. The standard bandwidth of OM1 optical fiber is 200MHz*km.

OM1 Application Scenarios:

• Local Area Network (LAN): OM1 multimode fiber is widely employed in corporate and organizational LANs, as it offers a cost-effective solution with satisfactory performance. It serves the purpose of connecting a variety of devices and servers.
• Fiber-to-the-Desk (FTTD): OM1 fiber is commonly deployed for FTTD implementations, bringing fiber connectivity into offices or work areas to enable high-bandwidth connections.

Understanding OM2 fibre

What is om2 fibre and its feature.

OM2 fibre, also known as 850/1300nm window full injection of multimode fibre, encompasses a bandwidth of 500/500MHz.km or more. It utilizes an LED light source, features a core diameter of 50μm, and is typically encased in an orange outer jacket. Its capabilities allow for Ethernet speeds reaching up to 10Gbps, making it a prevalent choice for Gigabit Ethernet connections.

Compared to its predecessor, OM1, OM2 fibre exhibits an improvement in core diameter, with it measuring at 50 μm. This enhancement effectively minimizes modal dispersion within the multimode fibre, thus boosting its overall bandwidth. Such characteristics render OM2 fibre ideal for short-distance transmissions that necessitate higher bandwidth.

OM2 Application Scenarios:

• Enterprise Networks: Within an enterprise, OM2 fibre finds widespread usage in linking data centres, servers, and other network equipment. Its ability to provide heightened bandwidth support makes it an invaluable asset in this context.
• Campus Networks: OM2 fibre’s high bandwidth traits make it a favored choice in campus networks, which contend with substantial volumes of data traffic.

Understanding OM3 fibre

What is om3 fibre and its feature.

Shifting the focus to OM3 fibre, it is a laser-optimized multimode fiber that employs an 850nm VCSEL laser light source. With a core diameter of 50μm and an aqua-blue outer jacket, it is primarily utilized for Ethernet connections up to 100Gbps and is most commonly deployed in 10Gbps Ethernet scenarios. Representing a significant upgrade in multimode fiber standards, OM3 fiber caters to the growing demand for higher speeds and greater bandwidth. It offers superior transmission rates and bandwidth compared to OM1 and OM2 fibers, leading to its alternative names such as Optimized Multimode Fiber or 10 Gigabit Multimode Fiber.

OM3 Application Scenarios

• Data centres: OM3 multimode fibre performs well in high-density environments connecting servers, storage devices and network equipment, supporting high-speed data transmission.
• High-performance computing: Used to connect supercomputers, large-scale data processing clusters and other scenarios that require high-performance computing.

Understanding OM4 fibre

What is om4 fibre and its feature.

OM4 optical fiber, which is an upgraded version of OM3 multi-mode optical fiber with superior performance, boasts a core diameter of 50μm and utilizes an 850nm VCSEL laser light source. The outer sheath of the OM4 fiber is distinguished by its aqua blue color. In Ethernet applications exceeding 10Gbps, OM4 optical fiber surpasses OM3 optical fiber in terms of transmission distance, reaching up to 400 meters. One standout characteristic of OM4 fiber is its high bandwidth capability. This optical cable can support data transmission with a bandwidth of 4700 MHz*km, nearly double that of OM3 optical fiber.

OM4 Application Scenarios

• In the realm of large-scale data centers, OM4 multimode fiber plays a pivotal role by facilitating high-density connectivity between numerous servers and network equipment.
• Additionally, due to its exceptional bandwidth and density, OM4 fiber is extensively employed in applications supporting cloud computing and virtualization technologies.

Understanding OM5 fibre

What is om5 fibre and its feature.

OM5 optical fiber is the latest multi-mode optical fiber for high-speed data transmission. It is compatible with OM4 optical fiber and has the same core diameter of 50μm. The outer sheath of OM5 is distinctively light green. This fiber type is designed to support Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) , allowing multiple wavelengths to be transmitted on the same fiber, thereby increasing the total bandwidth. OM5 is particularly suitable for future large-scale data centers and high-performance computing applications.

Compared to other multi-mode fibers, OM5 offers a wider wavelength range of 850nm to 953nm and provides increased bandwidth over longer distances. It can support various applications such as Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and InfiniBand. Thanks to its superior bandwidth capabilities, OM5 fiber enables data transfer speeds of up to 100 Gbps or even 400 Gbps in duplex mode.

OM5 Application Scenarios

• Large-scale cloud service providers: The WDM characteristics of OM5 multimode fiber make it highly suitable for establishing connections between data centers of large-scale cloud service providers, effectively meeting the escalating demands for data.
• 5G base stations: Providing outstanding performance in base station connectivity for 5G communications, the high bandwidth and WDM characteristics of OM5 fiber prove to be invaluable.

Comparison of OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4 and OM5

How to choose the right multimode fibre.

One important aspect to consider when selecting the appropriate multimode fiber type is the distance that the signal needs to travel. Multimode fiber is available in different lengths, ranging from 220m to 550m. Opting for the right fiber type helps prevent signal loss and interference issues, which can have a negative impact on network performance. For shorter distances and lower data rates, it is advisable to choose OM1 (62.5 µm) fiber. On the other hand, for longer distances up to 500 meters, OM3 (50 µm) fiber is recommended due to its superior bandwidth.

In addition, data rate is another crucial aspect when determining the most suitable multimode fiber type. The higher the data rate, the more bandwidth is required to avoid signal distortion and loss. OM3 (50 µm) multimode fiber allows transmission up to 300 Gbps over a distance of 10 meters, while OM4 (50 µm) fiber can transmit up to 150 Gbps over a distance of 100 meters.

Connector type

Considering the connector type is vital when making a choice for multimode fiber. Multiple connectors are available, such as LC, SC, ST, and MPO. However, choosing the appropriate connector type is crucial to ensure compatibility with the network equipment and devices that will be utilized. Both LC and SC are popular multimode fiber optic connector types due to their compact design and compatibility with most network equipment.

During the deployment of multimode fiber, it is important to follow various best practices in order to achieve the desired network performance. Firstly, it is essential to properly mark and label the fiber throughout the installation process. This will facilitate future troubleshooting and maintenance efforts. Secondly, it is crucial to avoid sharp bends in the fiber, as they can result in signal loss and attenuation. Lastly, the use of high-quality splicing and termination materials is recommended to minimize signal loss and ensure proper connections.

Multimode optical fiber current status and future trends

Under the increasing demand for high-speed network applications, multi-mode optical fiber is evolving towards low loss, high bandwidth, and multi-wavelength multiplexing. With continuous advancements in optical fiber technology, the development of multi-mode optical fiber has progressed from the initial OM1 optical fiber to the current OM5 optical fiber that supports 40/100G networks, offering even better performance.

Presently, OM1 and OM2 optical fibers have gradually phased out from the market as they fail to adequately support high-speed communications or are solely used for 1G Ethernet link connections in computer rooms. OM3 and OM4 multimode optical fibers have found their place in 10G/40G data center applications, while OM5 multimode optical fiber is particularly suited for 40/100G high-speed Ethernet link transmission. Although OM5 optical fiber is well-equipped to support SWDM (short-wavelength division multiplexing), the more economical MPO/MTP solution (a multi-core connection interface) is preferred over SWDM solution for high-speed optical modules. Therefore, OM3 and OM4 multimode optical fibers remain the most commonly used options. For new cabling in data centers, it is recommended to use OM4 fiber, unless the interconnection between devices requires high speed and cost efficiency is not a concern. In such cases, OM5 fiber can also be considered. Compared to OM1/OM2/OM3/OM4 multi-mode optical fibers, OM5 multi-mode optical fiber showcases higher scalability and flexibility, supporting higher-speed network transmission with fewer cores, while also offering reduced cost and power consumption compared to single-mode fiber. It is apparent that OM5 multi-mode optical fiber has the potential to be broadly utilized in future 100G/400G/1T ultra-large data centers.

Moving forward, fiber-optic technology will continue to evolve to meet the demand for higher bandwidth, greater capacity, and longer transmission distances. The future development direction of optical fiber technology will integrate wavelength division multiplexing , the application of new materials, and the combination with other emerging technologies. Within this realm of continuous innovation, we anticipate witnessing further technological breakthroughs and application innovations that will propel optical communications to new heights.

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Chapter One: Introduction to Fiber Optics Communication System

Dec 19, 2019

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Chapter One: Introduction to Fiber Optics Communication System. What is Fiber Optic?. Fiber optics – A means to carry information from one point to another or serves as transmission medium (optical fiber).

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Chapter One:Introduction to Fiber Optics Communication System prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

What is Fiber Optic? • Fiber optics – • A means to carry information from one point to another or serves as transmission medium (optical fiber). • A technology that uses thin strand of glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. • A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Introduction • An optical fiber is essentially a waveguide for light • It consists of a core and cladding that surrounds the core • The index of refraction of the cladding is less than that of the core, causing rays of light leaving the core to be refracted back into the core • A light-emitting diode (LED) or laser diode (LD) can be used for the source prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Optical Fiber prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Optical Fiber • Optical fiber is made from thin strands of either glass or plastic • It has little mechanical strength, so it must be enclosed in a protective jacket • Often, two or more fibers are enclosed in the same cable for increased bandwidth and redundancy in case one of the fibers breaks • It is also easier to build a full-duplex system using two fibers, one for transmission in each direction prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

History prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Advantages • The advantages of fiber-optic systems warrant considerable attention. • This new technology has clearly affected the telecommunications industry and will continue to thrive due to the numerous advantages it has over its copper counterpart. • The major advantages include. • Wide Bandwidth • Low Loss Electromagnetic Immunity • Light Weight • Small Size • Noise Immunity and Safety Security • Economic • Reliability

Wide Bandwidth • Fiber optic communications can run at10 Ghzand have the potential to go as high as 1 Thz(100,000 GHz). • A 10 Ghz capacity can transmit (per second): • 1000 books • 130,000 voice channels • 16 HTDV channels or 100 compressed HDTV channels. • Separate Voice, data and video channels are transmitted on a single cable.

Electromagnetic Immunity • Copper cables can act as an antennae picking up EMI from power lines, computers, machinery and other sources. • Fiber is not susceptible to Electro-Magnetic Interference and thus no interference allowing error-free transmissions.

Light Weight and Volume • Comparison: • Fiber – 4kg or 9lb per 1000 ft. (due mainly to packaging). • Coax – 36kg or 80lb per 1000 ft. • Fiber optic cables are substantially lighter in weight and occupy much less volume than copper cables with the same information capacity. • Fiber optic cables are being used to relieve congested underground ducts in metropolitan and suburban areas. • For example, a 3-in. diameter telephone cable consisting of 900 twisted-pair wires can be replaced with a single fiber strand 0.005 inch. • In diameter (approximately the diameter of a hair strand) and retain the same information carrying capacity.

Small Size • Use where space is at a premium: • Aircraft, submarines • Underground conduit • High density cable areas – Computer centers.

Noise Immunity and Safety • No electricity thus no spark hazards so can be used through hazardous areas. • Because fiber is constructed of dielectric materials, it is immune to inductive coupling or crosstalk from adjacent copper or fiber channels. • In other words, it is not affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) or electrostatic interference.

Security • Since fiber does not carry electricity, it emits no EMI which could be used for eavesdropping. • Difficult to 'tap' – cable must be cut and spiced. • Because light does not radiate from a fiber optic cable, it is nearly impossible to secretly tap into it without detection. • For this reason, several applications requiring communications security employ fiber-optic systems. • Military information, for example, can be transmitted over fiber to prevent eavesdropping. • In addition, metal detectors cannot detect fiber-optic cables unless they are manufactured with steel reinforcement for strength.

Economics • Presently, since the cost of fiber is comparable to copper it is expected to drop as it becomes more widely used. • Because transmission losses are considerably less than for coaxial cable, expensive repeaters can be spaced farther apart. • Fewer repeaters mean a reduction in overall system costs and enhanced reliability.

Reliability • Once installed, a longer life span is expected with fiber over its metallic counterparts, because it is more resistant to corrosion caused by environmental extremes such as temperatures, corrosive gases, and liquids.

Disadvantages of Fiber-Optic System • In spite of the numerous advantages that fiber-optic systems have over conventional methods of transmission, there are some disadvantages, particularly because of its newness. • Many of these disadvantages are being overcome with new and competitive technology. The disadvantages include: • Interfacing Costs • Strength • Remote powering of devices • Inability to interconnected

Interfacing Costs • Electronic facilities must be converted in order to interface to the fiber. • Often these costs are initially overlooked. • Fiber-optic transmitters, receivers, couplers, and connectors, for example, must be employed as part of the communication system. • Test and repair equipment is costly. • If the fiber-optic cable breaks, splicing can be costly and tedious task. • Manufacturers in this related field however are continuously introducing new and improved field repair kits.

Strength • Optical fiber , by itself has a significant lower tensile strength than coaxial cable. • Surrounding the fiber with stranded Kevlar (A nonmetallic, difficult to-stretch, strengthening material) and a protective PVC jacket can help to increase the pulling strength. • Installations requiring greater tensile strengths can be achieved with steel reinforcement.

Remote Powering Of Devices • Occasionally, it is necessary to provide electrical power to a remote device. • Because this cannot be achieved through the fiber, metallic conductors are often included in the cable assembly. • Several manufacturers now offer a complete line of cable types, including cables manufactured with both copper wire and fiber.

Inability to interconnect • Inability to interconnect easily requires that current communication hardware systems be somewhat retrofitted to the fiber-optic networks. • Much of the speed that is gained through optical fiber transmission can be inhibited at the conversion points of a fiber-optic chain. • When a portion of the chain experiences heavy use, information becomes jammed in a bottleneck at the points where conversion to, or from, electronic signals is taking place. • Bottlenecks like this should become less frequent as microprocessors become more efficient and fiber-optics reach closer to a direct electronic hardware interface.

Disadvantage

Fiber Optic Block Diagram • Fiber optics is a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the form of light. • Unlike the copper form of transmission, fiber optics is not electrical in nature. • A basic fiber optic system consists of: i) transmitting device that converts an electrical signal into a light signal, ii) optical fiber cable that carries the light, iii) receiver that accepts the light signal and converts it back into an electrical signal. prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Block Diagram prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Transmitter • Its main function is to transmit the information signals like voice, video or computer in the form of light signals. • As shown above, the information at input is converted into digital signals by coder or converter circuit. • This circuit is actually ADC (analog to digital converter). • Thus, it converts analog signals into proportional digital signals. • If the input signals are computer signals, they are directly connected to light source transmitter circuit prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Con’t • The light source block is a powerful light source. • It is generally a FOCUS type LED or low intensity laser beam source or in some cases infrared beam of light is also used. • The rate, at which light source turns ON/OFF, depends on frequency of digital pulses. • Thus, its flashing is proportional to digital input. • In this way, digital signals are converted into equivalent light pulses and focused at one end of fiber-optic cable. • They are then received at its other end. prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Fiber Optic Cable • When light pulses are fed to one end of fiber-optic cable, they are passed on to other end. • The cable has VERY LESS attenuation (loss due to absorption of light waves) over a long distance. • Its bandwidth is large; hence, its information carrying capacity is high. prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Receiver • At receiving end, a light detector or photocell is used to detect light pulses. • It is a transducer, which converts light signals into proportional electrical signals. • These signals are amplified and reshaped into original digital pulses, (while reshaping, distortion & noise are filtered out) with the help of shaper circuit. • Then the signals are connected to decoder. It is actually ADC circuit (Analog to Digital Converter), which converts digital signals into proportional analog signals like voice, video or computer data. • Digital signals for computer can be directly taken from output of shaper circuit prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Con’t • Thus, this total unit is used fiber optic communication system. • However if the distance between transmitter and receiver is very large, then REPEATER UNITS are used. • Due to repeaters signals attenuation is compensated. • For this, light signals at far end are converted into electrical signals, amplified and retransmitted. • Such repeater unit is also called RELAY STATION prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Application • Analog system • Digital system • Undersea cable • High Definition Television (HDTV) • Triple Play Technology ( voice, video , data ) prepared by : Maizatul Zalela bt Mohamed Sail

Quick Test  • Define fiber optic? • The advantages of fiber optic, overcome its disadvantages. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic. • Draw the block diagram of fiber optic communication system. • State the function of each block in the diagram.

Quick Test  • Which of the following answer, describe the application of fiber optic in communication system. • Triple Play System • Undersea Communication Cable • Digital Transmission System • Weather forecast System

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PM inaugurates Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Optical Fibre Connection

“project will ensure 100 times faster internet for the people of lakshadweep”: pm the connection will ensure a paradigm shift in communication infrastructure in the lakshadweep islands it will enable faster and more reliable internet services, telemedicine, e-governance, educational initiatives, digital banking, digital currency usage, digital literacy, etc. the project is funded by universal services obligation fund (usof), department of telecommunications.

Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi today, in Kavaratti, Lakshadweep, inaugurated Kochi-Lakshadweep islands submarine optical fiber connection (KLI-SOFC) project among various developmental projects worth more than Rs 1,150 crore covering a wide range of sectors including technology,  energy, water resources, healthcare and education.

The KLI-SOFC project will lead to an increase in internet speed unlocking new possibilities & opportunities. For the first time since independence, Lakshadweep will be connected through Submarine Optic Fibre Cable. The dedicated submarine OFC will ensure a paradigm shift in communication infrastructure in the Lakshadweep islands, enabling faster and more reliable internet services, telemedicine, e-governance, educational initiatives, digital banking, digital currency usage, digital literacy etc.

Addressing the gathering, the Prime Minister recalled the guarantee given by him in 2020 about ensuring fast internet within 1,000 days. He said, “Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Optical Fiber Connection (KLI - SOFC) project has been dedicated to people today and will ensure 100 times faster Internet for the people of Lakshadweep”. He added, “This will improve facilities like government services, medical treatment, education and digital banking. The potential of developing Lakshadweep as a logistics hub will get strength from this”.

The Prime Minister assured the people of Lakshadweep that the government will continue to take every possible step to ensure their ease of living, ease of travel and ease of doing business. The Prime Minister highlighted that  “Lakshadweep will play a strong role in the creation of a Viksit Bharat”.

Administrator of UT of Lakshadweep, Shri Praful Patel was present on the occasion among others.

Background-Kochi-Lakshadweep Submarine OFC (KLI) Project

• The need for digitally connecting the Lakshadweep Islands through a high capacity submarine cable link with the main land has been felt for some time. Earlier, the only means of communication with the Islands was through Satellite medium, which had limited bandwidth capacity and was not able to meet the growing bandwidth demand.
• The Department of Telecommunications (DOT) took immediate action and conceptualized the Kochi-Lakshadweep Submarine OFC Project (KLI project). The KLI project has been completed well within the timelines.
• In the Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Cable (KLI) project submarine cable connectivity from Mainland (Kochi) to eleven Lakshadweep Islands namely, Kavaratti, Agatti, Amini, Kadmat, Chetlet, Kalpeni, Minicoy, Androth, Kiltan, Bangaram and Bitra has been extended.
• The project is funded by Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF), Department of Telecommunication.
• Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was the Project Executing Agency and the work was awarded to M/s NEC Corporation India Pvt Ltd through Global Open Tendering process. Major activities related to the project includes Marine Route Survey, Submarine Cable laying, Civil Construction of CLS stations, Installation, Testing and Commissioning of End Terminals (SLTE).

Highlights of the KLI Project:

• Total link distance: 1,868 kilometres.
• Total cost of project : Rs 1072 crore plus taxes.

Benefit of the KLI Project:

• The project will play a significant role in achieving the objective of ‘Digital India’ and ‘ National Broadband Mission’ and for rolling out of various e-governance projects of Government of India in Lakshadweep Islands.
• E-Governance, Tourism , Education, Health, Commerce and Industries will get a boost. It will also help in further improvement in standards of living of the people in Island and will accelerate overall social and economic development in these areas.
• Population of Lakshadweep Islands will be provided high speed wireline broadband connectivity.
• High speed broadband will be provided through FTTH and 5G/4G Mobile network.
• The bandwidth created under this project will be available to all Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to strengthen their telecom services in the Lakshadweep Islands..

Google Builds First Subsea Cable Connecting Africa to Australia

• US tech giant said the subsea cable will be anchored in Kenya
• Africa has faced internet outages due to damaged subsea cables

Alphabet Inc.’s Google is building out the first undersea fiber optic cable that will directly connect Africa with Australia, helping to shore up internet access in one of the least-connected parts of the world.

The cable, called Umoja, follows the construction of Google’s Equiano cable that connects Africa with Europe. The new line will start in Kenya and travel over land through Uganda, Rwanda, Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa before crossing the ocean to Australia, the company said in a blog post on Thursday.