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• Water Class 7 Notes CBSE Geography Chapter 5 (Free PDF Download)
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Water Class 7 Notes Geography Chapter 5 - FREE PDF Download

Embark on an exploration of Earth's life source with Chapter 5, "Water Class 7 Notes in Geography." Uncover the secrets of water's significance, distribution, and diverse uses. Carefully crafted by experienced teachers, these notes offer a comprehensive understanding. Delve into the vital role water plays in shaping our planet, making these notes an excellent study resource. Download the free PDF for convenient offline study, providing a valuable reference for CBSE Class 7 students preparing for board exams.

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Also, check CBSE Class 7 Geography revision notes for All chapters:

Access Class 7 Geography Chapter 5 - Water

Water Cycle is defined as the procedure of continuous change of the different physical states of water and circulation within the water bodies, atmosphere, and land. Water gets evaporated by the sun’s heat to form water vapour. 

The water vapour rises up and forms clouds. Eventually, condensation occurs, and water comes down to the earth in the form of rain, snow, or sleet. 

CBSE Class 7 Social Science (Geography) Chapter 5 centres on the water cycle and different natural phenomena related to it.

A Brief Overview:

The earth may be termed a terrarium. The water that we see today is no different from the water that existed several hundred years ago. It is surprising to see the water utilized to irrigate a field in Punjab may have flowed down the Nile River a hundred years ago. 

The key resources of freshwater are glaciers, rivers, springs, and ponds. Seas and oceans are huge reservoirs of salt water, while ponds and lakes are mainly freshwater bodies. The reason behind the existence of salty water in the oceans is that they contain huge amounts of dissolved salts, mainly sodium chloride. 

Distribution of Water Reservoirs:

Three-fourth of the earth’s surface is water and the rest is land. 

There are various reasons behind the fact that several countries are facing a dearth of water in spite of the existence of more water than land on this earth. 

It is important to note that all the three-fourth portion of water on this earth is not available to us. 

The allocation of water is given in the following in percentage form; 

Ocean - 97.3% 

Ice-caps – 02.0% 

Groundwater – 0.68% 

FreshWater Lakes – 0.009% 

Inland seas and salt lakes – 0.009% 

Atmosphere – 0.0019% 

Rivers – 0.0001% 

From the above distribution, it can be concluded that only the oceans are made up of saline water, and ice-caps, groundwater, freshwater lakes, inland seas, and salt lakes, atmosphere, and rivers are made of freshwater. Water is one of the most quintessential things required by us for survival. Our thirst is quenched when we are thirsty by water only. Wasting of such a valuable resource is one of the major offences conducted by us in the present day.

Ocean Circulation:

The circulation or the movement of the water in the ocean in various ways is termed as ocean circulation. 

The water of the oceans is not calm like that of ponds or lakes or other such water bodies. It is always in a state of movement. It circulates in various directions, following different patterns under different forces. These movements are categorized as waves, currents, and tides. 

Waves are almost always seen in an ocean as the water rises and falls on the surface.

Tides take place twice a day. While one is high tide, the other is low tide. The former increases the volume of water, and during the latter, water is drawn away from the shore. 

Current refers to the movement of water as influenced by external factors like wind and its direction of flow, breaking of waves, a difference of temperature, etc.

The continuous process of rising of water from the surface of the ocean and falling down alternatively is depicted by the term wave. 

Huge waves are created by the blowing of winds at extremely high speed at the time of a storm. Those huge waves can be the reason behind tremendous devastation. 

A great quantity of ocean water can be shifted because of an earthquake, a volcanic eruption, or underwater landslides. Because of these, a stupendous tidal wave is formed, which is termed as tsunami. 

A tsunami is a Japanese word that identifies the occurrence of ‘Harbour waves.’ Generally, the harbours get devastated by tsunamis. 

Sometimes the height of the waves becomes almost 15 m during the time of the tsunami. Till now, the largest height of a tsunami wave has been recorded as 150m. 

The waves of tsunami move at a velocity of more than 700km per hour. The coastal areas of India were largely damaged during the tsunami in the year 2004. The Indira Point of Andaman and Nicobar Islands completely disappeared as a result of a tsunami in India in the year 2004.

Effects of 2004’s Tsunami:

Indian Ocean's tsunami on the 26th of December 2004. Few of the islands of the Indian Ocean were entirely washed away.

There was submerging of Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which was the southernmost point of India.

The waves entered into the depth of 3km from the coast resulting in the death of more than 10,000 people. 

More than one lakh houses were affected by the deadly tsunami.

The major affected areas of India were Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

The tsunami of 2004 is termed as the most deadly tsunami since the last several hundred years.

Indications of Tsunami:

The tsunami that happened in 2004 was the result of the lack of proper monitoring, advance warning systems, and proper information among the coast dwellers of the Indian Ocean. 

Speedy removal of water from coastal regions is the primary indication of a tsunami.

It is gradually followed by destructive waves. 

Astonishingly, the people gathered at the coast to observe the tsunami instead of going to high ground at the time of the tsunami. At the time of hitting of the enormous waves, the large casualty of curious onlookers was witnessed.

A tide is defined as the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice a day. When the water rises to its maximum level, much of the shore gets covered by it. It is then called high tide. 

Low tide happens at the time of falling of water to its lowest level and moving away from the shore. 

Tides are formed by the firm gravitational pull yielded by the sun and the moon on the exterior part of the earth. The impact  of the gravitational force of the moon pulls the water of the earth nearer to the moon, the results of which are the high tides. 

The tides are at their highest point at the time of the full moon and new moon days. On these particular days, the sun, the moon, and the earth come in a single line. These particular tides are termed as spring tides. 

On the other hand, the ocean water gets drawn in a diagonal direction opposite to the gravitational pull of the sun and moon at the time when the moon is in its first and last quarter. 

The above phenomenon causes low tides. These tides are termed as neap tides. The navigation can be done with the help of high tides.

Ocean Currents:

The streams of water flowing continuously on the exterior part of the ocean in a particular direction are called ocean currents.

Generally, there are two types of ocean currents: warm ocean current and cold ocean current.

Warm Ocean Currents:

The warm ocean currents originate closer to the equator and travel towards the poles. 

As they move, they influence the temperature of the surrounding region. 

Example: The Gulf Stream, Humboldt Current of Lima, Peru, etc.

Cold Ocean Currents:

The water from the polar or higher latitudes is carried by the cold currents to the tropical or lower latitudes. 

They bring in a huge quantity of planktons along with them which are very crucial for the survival of creatures in the marine ecosystem. Example: Labrador Ocean Current, East Iceland Current, Cape Horn Current, etc.

Sea streams moreover play a critical part in the dispersal of life shapes. Case: European eel.

Important Questions and Answers.

1. How do the high tides help in navigation?

Navigation in the deep sea is widely helped by the high tides. The water level is raised near the shores by the high tides. This assists the ships to reach the harbour in an easier way. 

The practice of fishing is also facilitated by the high tides. Various kinds of fish arrive near the seashore at the time of high tides. Due to this, the fishermen are able to catch a number of fishes with less effort closer to the seashore. The electricity is also generated by the rise and fall of water due to tides in many places.

2. What are the effects of ocean currents?

Ans:  

The temperature conditions of a particular area are largely affected by ocean currents. The warm temperature is brought by the warm ocean currents at the land surface. The cold ocean current results in cold weather. The leading angling grounds of the world for the anglers are created at the assembly point of the warm sea current and the cold sea current. 

Examples of such areas are the seas around Japan and the coastal area of Northern America. But it is very difficult for navigation at the meeting point of the warm ocean current and the cold ocean current as it creates foggy weather.

3. What is precipitation?

The water discharged from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail is termed as precipitation. It is the basic link in the water cycle that performs the delivery of atmospheric water to the earth. The maximum portion of precipitation falls down as rain. 

The water vapour and cloud droplets (tiny drops of condensed water) are what the clouds floating overhead are composed of. Precipitation is created by the small droplets condensed on even smaller dust, salt, or smoke components, which performs as a nucleus. Then collisions happen to generate a droplet with a fall speed that exceeds the cloud updraft speed, and this eventually falls down as precipitation.

4. Write a short note on the tsunami in India in 2004.

A tsunami hit the Indian Ocean on 26th December 2004. There was an earthquake that resulted in huge waves, and the epicentre of the earthquake was near the western boundary of Sumatra. 

The measure of the earthquake was 9.0 on the Richter scale. There was an abrupt movement of the seafloor because of the fact that the Burma plate went over the Indian plate. As a result, the earthquake took place. 

The earthquake moved the ocean floor about 10-20m and tilted that in a downward direction. The displacement caused a huge quantity of ocean water to flow to load the gap. The deadliest tsunami of the century took place in the above-mentioned way.

5. Explain the distribution of water in a behavioural way.

Grab 3 litres of water. Imagine this quantity of water as the total water on the surface of the earth. Quantify 12 spoons of water from the container and keep the water in another bowl. The water that is left behind in the container signifies the salty water identified in oceans and seas. 

It is obvious that the water is not in shape for consumption. It is termed as saline water as it contains salt. The total quantity of freshwater on earth is represented by the 12 spoons of water that were kept in the bowl. The above experiment can easily identify the actual amount of freshwater distributed on the earth's surface.

What are the Benefits of Referring to Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 7 Geography

Unlock the potential of Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 7 CBSE Geography. Perfect for last-minute study sessions, these notes simplify complex concepts, prioritize key points, and provide practical examples. Boost your confidence for exams with quick summaries, efficient tools, and valuable tips.

1. Quick Summaries: Easily grasp key concepts with concise and clear summaries.

2. Simplified Learning: Complex topics become clearer, aiding better understanding.

3. Last-Minute Prep: An efficient tool for swift and effective last-minute exam preparation.

4. Enhanced Retention: Consolidates crucial information for improved retention.

5. Exam Support: Key points and tips support a strategic approach to exam preparation.

6. Time-Saving: Streamlines information, saving valuable study time.

7. Prioritized Topics: Focus on important topics and questions for targeted study.

8. Real-world Connections: Practical examples create meaningful real-world connections, enriching your understanding of the chapter " Water " in Class 7 Geography.

For an enhanced comprehension of this subject, NCERT - Class 7 Chapter 5 - Water, thoughtfully prepared by experienced educators at Vedantu, is your invaluable companion. These notes break down the complexities of “ Water ” into easily digestible sections, helping you grasp new concepts and navigate through questions effortlessly quickly in the last minute as well. By immersing yourself in these notes, you not only prepare for your studies more efficiently but also develop a profound understanding of the subject matter.

FAQs on Water Class 7 Notes CBSE Geography Chapter 5 (Free PDF Download)

1. Why is water essential for life on Earth?

Water is crucial for various life processes, including hydration, digestion, and maintaining ecosystems. Its availability supports the survival of plants, animals, and humans.

2. How does water contribute to shaping the Earth's surface?

Water plays a vital role in shaping the Earth's surface through processes like erosion and deposition. Rivers, oceans, and glaciers contribute to the formation of diverse landscapes.

3. What are the different uses of water discussed in Chapter 5?

Chapter 5 explores various uses of water, including drinking, agriculture, industries, and energy production. Understanding these uses helps us appreciate the importance of water resources.

4. How can we conserve water in our daily lives?

The chapter emphasizes water conservation strategies like fixing leaks, using water-efficient appliances, and practicing responsible water usage. These actions contribute to sustainable water management.

5. What are some real-world examples of the impact of water scarcity discussed in the chapter?

The chapter provides real-world examples illustrating the consequences of water scarcity, such as droughts affecting agriculture, water conflicts, and the importance of responsible water consumption to address global challenges.

STUDY MATERIALS FOR CLASS 7

• Preferences

Class 7|Water | Science | CBSE and KSEEB | Vista's Learning |Reema Sarkar - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Class 7|Water | Science | CBSE and KSEEB | Vista's Learning |Reema Sarkar

Chapter 16 - water: a precious resource " in this session, we will be discussing water, the importance of water, percentage of water on earth, forms of water, water cycle, important sources of water, increase in population and depletion of water, water management process, effects of water scarcity on planet and measures to prevent wastage of water " – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• It is the most vital natural resources
• Sources of water are river, lakes, pond etc.
• It is found in all three states i.e. solid, liquid and gas
• Water carries nutrients to all cells in our body and oxygen to our brain.
• Water allows the body to absorb and assimilate minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other substances.
• Water flushes out toxins and waste.
• Water helps to regulate body temperature
• About 71 of the earths surface is covered with water.
• Almost all the water on the earth is contained in the seas and oceans, rivers, lakes, ice caps, as groundwater and in the atmosphere.
• Most of this water is not fit for human consumption directly.
• The water that is fresh for use is freshwater
• The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.
• It is a complex system that includes many different processes.
• Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow
• The important sources of water are
• Groundwater
• Surface water and
• Groundwater is water that has infiltrated the ground to fill the spaces between sediments and cracks in rock.
• If we dig a hole in the ground near a water body we may find that the soil is moist. The moisture in the soil indicates the presence of water underground. If we dig deeper and deeper, we would reach a level where all the space between particles of soil and gaps between rocks are filled with water.
• The rainwater and water from other sources such as rivers and ponds seeps through the soil and fills the empty spaces and cracks deep below the ground.
• The process of seeping of water into the ground is called infiltration.
• The upper level of this layer is called the water table.
• The water table varies from place to place, and it may even change at a given place.
• The water table may be at a depth of less than a metre or may be several metres below the ground.
• The water found below the water table is called groundwater.
• At places the groundwater is stored between layers of hard rock below the water table.
• This is known as an aquifer.
• Water in the aquifers can be usually pumped out with the help of tube wells or hand pumps.
• The distribution of water over the globe is quite uneven due to a number of factors.
• Some places have good amount of rain and are water-rich. On the other hand, there are deserts which have scanty rainfall. India is a vast country and the rainfall is not the same everywhere.
• Some regions have excessive rains while some others have very little rainfall. Excessive rains cause floods, whereas the absence of rains results in droughts. Therefore, some regions in our country may have floods while others may suffer from droughts at the same time.
• Leaking taps is another source of huge water wastage. Prevent leakage of water
• The rainwater can be used to recharge the groundwater. This is referred to as water harvesting or rain water harvesting
• At many places in India an age old practice of water storage and water recharge like the bawris. Bawri was the traditional way of collecting water.
• A farmer using water in the field can also use water economically. Drip irrigation is a technique of watering plants by making use of narrow tubings which deliver water directly at the base of the plant.
• The plants need water to get nutrients from the soil to prepare their food.
• The green character of the planet shall be lost. This may mean the end of all life, for a world without plants shall mean no food, no oxygen, not enough rain, and innumerable other problems.

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Water Conservation – Water, A precious resource

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The Water Cycle

Sep 06, 2014

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The Water Cycle. The Water Cycle. Describes the movement of water on, in, and above the earth Water is always changing and moving from one place to another This cycle is made up of a few main parts: Precipitation Infiltration Runoff Transpiration Evaporation Water Vapor Condensation

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Presentation Transcript

The Water Cycle • Describes the movement of water on, in, and above the earth • Water is always changing and moving from one place to another • This cycle is made up of a few main parts: • Precipitation • Infiltration • Runoff • Transpiration • Evaporation • Water Vapor • Condensation • Collection

What is the water cycle? • The repeating change of water on the Earth creates a cycle • As water goes through its cycle, it can be a solid (ice), a liquid (water), or a gas (water vapor) • Ice can change to become water or water vapor • Water can change to become ice or water vapor • Water vapor can change to become ice or water.

Precipitation • Happens when the temperature and the atmospheric pressure are right • The small droplets of water in clouds form larger droplets and precipitation occurs. The raindrops fall to earth. • Occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore • The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow • Click the speaker below to hear rain falling

Forms of Precipitation • Rain: Sleet: • Snow: Hail:

Infiltration • Important process where • rain water soaks into the • ground, through the soil and underlying rock layers • The flow of water from the • ground surface into the ground • Once infiltrated, the water • becomes soil moisture or • groundwater

Groundwater Flow • Movement of water underground is called groundwater flow • Groundwater slowly moves through the spaces and cracks between the soil particles on its journey to lower elevations

Runoff • The movement of land water to the oceans, mainly in the form of rivers, lakes, and streams • Consists of precipitation that neither evaporates, transpires nor penetrates the surface to become groundwater • Excess runoff can lead to flooding, which occurs when there is too much precipitation

Transpiration • Process that happens through plants • As plants absorb water from the soil, the water moves from the roots through the stems to the leaves • Once the water reaches the leaves, some of it evaporates from the leaves, adding to the amount of water vapor in the air.

Evaporation • The process where a liquid, in this case water, changes from its liquid state to a gaseous state. • The sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam. • The water vapor or steam then leaves the river, lake, or ocean and goes into the air.

Water Vapor • Water in its gaseous state-instead of liquid or solid (ice) • Totally invisible • Extremely important to the weather and climate • Without out it, there would be no clouds or rain or snow • All of the water vapor that evaporates from the surface of the Earth eventually returns as precipitation - rain or snow

Condensation • Formation of liquid drops from water vapor • Occurs when a parcel of rising air expands and cools • Responsible for the formation of clouds • These clouds may produce precipitation, which is the primary route for water to return to the Earth's surface within the water cycle

Collection • When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up on land • When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” that plants and animals use to drink. • It may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts all over again.

How Do These Changes Happen? • Adding or subtracting heat makes the cycle work. • If heat is added to ice, it melts. If heat is added to water, it evaporates. • Evaporation turns liquid water into a gas called water vapor. • If heat is taken away from water vapor, it condenses. • Condensation turns water vapor into a liquid. • If heat is taken away from liquid water, it freezes to become ice.

Why the water cycle is important • Humans use water for drinking, respiration, perspiration, and elimination of wastes are all part of this cycle • Large amounts of water are needed for most economic activities: agriculture and mining, food processing, manufacturing • Lakes and rivers provide towns and cities with a means of discharging wastes

Why the Water Cycle is Important… Continued • Generation of electricity from thermal power plants • Waterways provide transportation • Recreational activities • Some people view the rivers and large lakes of this country as a part of their own identity • AND MUCH MORE!!!

Watch This Video To Learn More About The Water Cycle! Click the link below http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1oCoKj7b2o

You can sing along! Click the link below to sing about the water cycle. http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=53bdf2518c53ddf3bce6

The Summary of the Hydrologic Cycle • The water cycle is called the hydrologic cycle. In the hydrologic cycle, water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, plants, and even you, can turn into water vapor. • Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds. • Clouds lose their water as rain or snow, which is called precipitation. • Precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off into rivers. • Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants. • Plants lose water from their surfaces as vapor back into the atmosphere. • Water that runs off into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it evaporates back into the atmosphere. • The cycle continues.

Now it’s your turn! Lets label the Water Cycle together! Condensation Evaporation Precipitation Runoff Infiltration Groundwater flow

Bibliography • The Water Cycle. Enchanted Learning. 1999-2008. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/watercycle.shtml • Water Cycle. Wikipedia. 2008. http://en.wkipedia.org/wiki/water_cycle • The Water Cycle. DLTK’s Sights. 1998-2007. http://www.kidzone.ws/water/ • You Tube. http://www.youtube.com/

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Water of Class 7

The water from the oceans and surface of the earth evaporates and rises up in the air. It cools and condenses to form clouds and then falls back to the earth as rain, snow or hail. This circulation of water between the oceans and land is called water cycle.

In the water cycle, wa​ter is found in three different forms as solid, liquid and gas.

• The solid forms of water are ice, and snow is found as ice caps at the poles and snow covered mountains and glaciers.
• The liquid form of water is found in oceans, lakes, rivers and as underground water.
• The gaseous form of water is found as water vapor in the air around us.

Stages involved in a complete water cycle

• Stage I: Evaporation and Transpiration sun energy warms lakes, rivers, seas, swamps, and other water sources and raises the water temperature. As a result, some water evaporates like air from the air. The rising air currents carry vapor up into the sky. At the same time, plants and trees are losing water in the atmosphere like evaporation.
• Stage II: Condensation: As the vapor rises higher, the cooler temperatures cool it and turn it into condensation liquid. Wind and air currents trickle down to the surface, leading to clouds forming.
• Stage III: Precipitation Air movement causes cloud particles to collide. As they form water, they grow into clouds that carry rain and return to the earth through a process known as rain. This can happen in the form of rain, hail, snow, or ice, depending on the temperature.
• Stage IV: Runoff and Infiltration Rainwater seeps into the sea, rivers, and surface or is absorbed into the ground (infiltration).

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

Q1. What do you mean by Water Cycle?

Ans. The water cycle, known as the hydrologic cycle, is the continuous movement of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere and back again to earth. It is an ongoing process. Therefore, it has no beginning or end point.

Q2. What are the different stages of the water cycle?

Ans. The different stages of the water cycle are:

• Evaporation and Transpiration
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Runoff and Infiltration

Q3. What is Evaporation?

Ans. It is a process in which a liquid evaporates even under its boiling point. It is the first phase of the water cycle and is often used as a separator.

Q4. What is Condensation?

Q5. What is Infilteration?

Ans. It is the final stage of the water cycle. In it, rainwater absorbs the soil, using the soil and beneath the rock layers.

Related Topics

• Ground Water
• Water Management
• Occurence of Water
• Introduction
• Distribution of water on earth
• Necessity Of Water
• Occurrence Of Water
• Physical Properties Of Water
• Chemical Properties Of Water
• Action Of Water On Metals
• Action Of Water On Non- Metals
• Tests Of Water
• World water day
• Groundwater
• Depletion of water table
• Water management
• Exercise - 1
• Exercise - 2
• Exercise - 3
• Exercise - 4

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The huge solar storm is keeping power grid and satellite operators on edge

Geoff Brumfiel

Willem Marx

NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of solar flares early Saturday afternoon. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says there have been measurable effects and impacts from the geomagnetic storm. Solar Dynamics Observatory hide caption

NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of solar flares early Saturday afternoon. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says there have been measurable effects and impacts from the geomagnetic storm.

Planet Earth is getting rocked by the biggest solar storm in decades – and the potential effects have those people in charge of power grids, communications systems and satellites on edge.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says there have been measurable effects and impacts from the geomagnetic storm that has been visible as aurora across vast swathes of the Northern Hemisphere. So far though, NOAA has seen no reports of major damage.

The Picture Show

Photos: see the northern lights from rare, solar storm.

There has been some degradation and loss to communication systems that rely on high-frequency radio waves, NOAA told NPR, as well as some preliminary indications of irregularities in power systems.

"Simply put, the power grid operators have been busy since yesterday working to keep proper, regulated current flowing without disruption," said Shawn Dahl, service coordinator for the Boulder, Co.-based Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA.

NOAA Issues First Severe Geomagnetic Storm Watch Since 2005

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"Satellite operators are also busy monitoring spacecraft health due to the S1-S2 storm taking place along with the severe-extreme geomagnetic storm that continues even now," Dahl added, saying some GPS systems have struggled to lock locations and offered incorrect positions.

NOAA's GOES-16 satellite captured a flare erupting occurred around 2 p.m. EDT on May 9, 2024.

As NOAA had warned late Friday, the Earth has been experiencing a G5, or "Extreme," geomagnetic storm . It's the first G5 storm to hit the planet since 2003, when a similar event temporarily knocked out power in part of Sweden and damaged electrical transformers in South Africa.

The NOAA center predicted that this current storm could induce auroras visible as far south as Northern California and Alabama.

Extreme (G5) geomagnetic conditions have been observed! pic.twitter.com/qLsC8GbWus — NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (@NWSSWPC) May 10, 2024

Around the world on social media, posters put up photos of bright auroras visible in Russia , Scandinavia , the United Kingdom and continental Europe . Some reported seeing the aurora as far south as Mallorca, Spain .

The source of the solar storm is a cluster of sunspots on the sun's surface that is 17 times the diameter of the Earth. The spots are filled with tangled magnetic fields that can act as slingshots, throwing huge quantities of charged particles towards our planet. These events, known as coronal mass ejections, become more common during the peak of the Sun's 11-year solar cycle.

A powerful solar storm is bringing northern lights to unusual places

Usually, they miss the Earth, but this time, NOAA says several have headed directly toward our planet, and the agency predicted that several waves of flares will continue to slam into the Earth over the next few days.

While the storm has proven to be large, predicting the effects from such incidents can be difficult, Dahl said.

Shocking problems

The most disruptive solar storm ever recorded came in 1859. Known as the "Carrington Event," it generated shimmering auroras that were visible as far south as Mexico and Hawaii. It also fried telegraph systems throughout Europe and North America.

Stronger activity on the sun could bring more displays of the northern lights in 2024

While this geomagnetic storm will not be as strong, the world has grown more reliant on electronics and electrical systems. Depending on the orientation of the storm's magnetic field, it could induce unexpected electrical currents in long-distance power lines — those currents could cause safety systems to flip, triggering temporary power outages in some areas.

my cat just experienced the aurora borealis, one of the world's most radiant natural phenomena... and she doesn't care pic.twitter.com/Ee74FpWHFm — PJ (@kickthepj) May 10, 2024

The storm is also likely to disrupt the ionosphere, a section of Earth's atmosphere filled with charged particles. Some long-distance radio transmissions use the ionosphere to "bounce" signals around the globe, and those signals will likely be disrupted. The particles may also refract and otherwise scramble signals from the global positioning system, according to Rob Steenburgh, a space scientist with NOAA. Those effects can linger for a few days after the storm.

Like Dahl, Steenburgh said it's unclear just how bad the disruptions will be. While we are more dependent than ever on GPS, there are also more satellites in orbit. Moreover, the anomalies from the storm are constantly shifting through the ionosphere like ripples in a pool. "Outages, with any luck, should not be prolonged," Steenburgh said.

What Causes The Northern Lights? Scientists Finally Know For Sure

The radiation from the storm could have other undesirable effects. At high altitudes, it could damage satellites, while at low altitudes, it's likely to increase atmospheric drag, causing some satellites to sink toward the Earth.

The changes to orbits wreak havoc, warns Tuija Pulkkinen, chair of the department of climate and space sciences at the University of Michigan. Since the last solar maximum, companies such as SpaceX have launched thousands of satellites into low Earth orbit. Those satellites will now see their orbits unexpectedly changed.

"There's a lot of companies that haven't seen these kind of space weather effects before," she says.

The International Space Station lies within Earth's magnetosphere, so its astronauts should be mostly protected, Steenburgh says.

In a statement, NASA said that astronauts would not take additional measures to protect themselves. "NASA completed a thorough analysis of recent space weather activity and determined it posed no risk to the crew aboard the International Space Station and no additional precautionary measures are needed," the agency said late Friday.

People visit St Mary's lighthouse in Whitley Bay to see the aurora borealis on Friday in Whitley Bay, England. Ian Forsyth/Getty Images hide caption

People visit St Mary's lighthouse in Whitley Bay to see the aurora borealis on Friday in Whitley Bay, England.

While this storm will undoubtedly keep satellite operators and utilities busy over the next few days, individuals don't really need to do much to get ready.

"As far as what the general public should be doing, hopefully they're not having to do anything," Dahl said. "Weather permitting, they may be visible again tonight." He advised that the largest problem could be a brief blackout, so keeping some flashlights and a radio handy might prove helpful.

I took these photos near Ranfurly in Central Otago, New Zealand. Anyone can use them please spread far and wide. :-) https://t.co/NUWpLiqY2S — Dr Andrew Dickson reform/ACC (@AndrewDickson13) May 10, 2024

And don't forget to go outside and look up, adds Steenburgh. This event's aurora is visible much further south than usual.

A faint aurora can be detected by a modern cell phone camera, he adds, so even if you can't see it with your eyes, try taking a photo of the sky.

The aurora "is really the gift from space weather," he says.

• space weather
• solar flares
• solar storm

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