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Should Public Transit Be Free?

Several cities in Massachusetts are experimenting with free public transit. Do you think that getting to and from work and school on public transportation should be a right?

pros and cons of public transportation essay

By Nicole Daniels

Find all our Student Opinion questions here.

How do people get around in your community? Are there different forms of public transit, such as trains and buses? Is it more common for people to drive or cycle to and from work and school? Does your community have shared forms of transit like ride-share services, taxis or shared bikes?

Do you think your community should make public transit free for everyone?

In “ Should Public Transit Be Free? More Cities Say, Why Not? ,” Ellen Barry writes about cities in Massachusetts that are experimenting with offering free public transit:

Mayor Daniel Rivera of Lawrence, intrigued after hearing his friend Ms. Wu speak about fare-free transit, asked his regional transit authority how much was collected on three of the city’s most-used bus lines. The answer was such a small amount — $225,000 — that he could offset it from the city’s surplus cash reserves. “What I like is the doability of this, the simplicity of it,” Mr. Rivera said. “We are already subsidizing this mode of transportation, so the final mile is very short. It isn’t a service people need to pay for; it’s a public good.” Around 100 cities in the world offer free public transit, the vast majority of them in Europe, especially France and Poland. A handful of experiments in the United States in recent decades, including the cities of Denver and Austin, were viewed as unsuccessful, because there was little evidence that they removed cars from the road; new riders tended to be poor people who did not own cars, according to a 2012 review by the National Academies Press. But in another sense, they were successful: They increased ridership right away, with rises between 20 and 60 percent in the first few months. That statistic accounts for its revival among a new wave of urban progressives, who see transit as a key factor in social and racial inequality.

Some cities are drawn to the idea because they have seen a decline in ridership:

The idea also appeals to moderates in places like Worcester, the state’s second-largest city, which is struggling to persuade residents to use its buses. Ridership has dropped by 23 percent since 2016, and the buses now run half-empty, according to a report released last May by the Worcester Research Bureau, a nonpartisan policy group. At a City Council meeting last week, a parade of citizens lined up to express support for a proposal to make Worcester’s buses free for three years, as a pilot program. Revenue from bus fares is so low, and the cost of collecting them so high, that it could be replaced by an infusion of $2 million to $3 million a year.

Mayor Marty Walsh of Boston has expressed concern about the potential profit loss, saying that in 2019 bus fares in his city generated $109 million:

“There’s no such thing as free,” Mr. Kane said. “Someone has to pay. Boston has the highest-paid bus drivers in the country. They’re not going to work for free. The fuelers, the mechanics — they’re not going to work for free.” Advocates of free transit have suggested that the cost could be offset by a gas tax increase; but replacing $109 million would mean raising the gas tax by 3 and a half cents, Mr. Kane said. And all the while, he said, the system is straining to cope with the current demands. “I hate to be the guy who says, ‘eat your peas,’” he said. “But that’s where we are.” Proponents of the idea argue that Mr. Kane’s numbers are inflated and that the true replacement cost would be closer to $36 million. That gap, they say, could be covered by a 2-cent rise in the gas tax. “That’s where something controversial or impossible a few years ago now seems possible,” said Stacy Thompson, the executive director of the LivableStreets Alliance, a transportation research group. The Boston Globe editorial board, which endorsed the idea of making Boston’s buses fare-free this month, suggested the cost could by covered by philanthropy.

Students, read the entire article , then tell us:

What is your reaction to the different perspectives presented in the article? Do you think that public transportation should be free, or do you have concerns about the financial burden on cities? How much does it cost to ride a bus or train in your city? Do you agree with the fares?

How do you get to and from school? How does your family get to and from work? What are other times when you have to travel around your community? Do you have a sense of how much these trips cost you, either in fares or in gas money? Is that something you pay for, or your family pays for — or is it provided by your school or local government?

Some people support free public transit as a way to have fewer cars on the road and to reduce carbon emissions. How important is that to you? Try this Carbon Footprint Calculator from the Nature Conservancy to see your travel carbon footprint. If you select the “Advanced” settings, you will be able to enter miles for specific forms of public transit. Experiment with changing miles spent driving a car versus miles spent riding a bus and see if there is a significant difference or impact.

In the article, Dionisia Ramos, 55, uses the bus twice a day to get to and from community college. Ms. Ramos has appreciated the access to free buses and said that public transportation was “not a luxury,” but a “basic need.” Do you agree with her statement? How do you imagine public transit fares affect people like Ms. Ramos, who receives an unemployment check for $235 once a month and has bus fares of $2.40 a day? Are there other solutions you can imagine that would support someone like Ms. Ramos?

The article states that for some people, free public transportation is a way to create social and racial equality. What do you think? How do people view public transit in your community? Are there beliefs or stereotypes about the kind of people who use public transportation or about the safety and quality of those services? Or is public transit normalized and used by a wide variety of people in your community?

In New York City, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (M.T.A.) hired an additional 500 police officers to patrol subway stations for fare evasion and crime, even though New York Police Department statistics indicate that crime in the subway has decreased. The New York Times editorial board has come out against the increased policing , saying that:

Adding hundreds of officers to the transit system without good cause could also lead to the sort of over-policing of black and Hispanic boys and men that the city has seen before. Already, between October 2017 and June 2019, black and Hispanic people made up more than 90 percent of those arrested on charges of fare evasion.

What do you think? Have you observed a connection between policing for fare evasion and race or socioeconomic status in your community? Do you think that making New York City trains and buses free would eliminate these issues or create more problems?

Students 13 and older are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

Nicole Daniels joined The Learning Network as a staff editor in 2019 after working in museum education, curriculum writing and bilingual education. More about Nicole Daniels

31 Major Pros & Cons Of Public Transportation

” Public transportation is like a magnifying glass that shows you civilization up close.”

Chris Gethard, Actor

The Pros & Cons of Public Transportation

advantages and disadvantages of public transport

Public transportation (sometimes also referred to as mass transportation) is a term used to describe all transport systems that are meant for group travel instead of going alone by private transport.

Public transport has become increasingly important since our population is growing and we also have to slow down global warming.

Therefore, public transport will play an even bigger role in the future.

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However, there are also some problems related to mass transportation.

In this article, the pros and cons of public transportation are examined.

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Advantages of public transport, efficient transportation method, less greenhouse gas emissions, less air pollution, cheaper compared to using your car, you may be able to work while using public transport, possibility to avoid traffic jams, reduction of public health problems, opportunity to meet new people, no maintenance required from your side, good alternative for people who can’t drive, suitable alternative if you cannot afford a car, reduction of negative externalities from cars, perfect for tourists, good alternative for the older generation.

One advantage of public transportation is that it is a quite efficient transportation method, meaning that a high number of people can be carried around in each vehicle.

Compared to cars, it is much more efficient since less emissions are produced per passenger.

Public transportation is also superior from a monetary perspective since it is cheaper to transport many people in one vehicle than if everyone is using his or her car on their own.

Public transport is also much eco-friendlier compared to cars when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Since global warming will become a serious problem in the near future, we should try to save greenhouse gases as often as possible.

Thus, by using mass transportation, we could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow down global warming to a certain extent.

In big cities, air pollution often is a serious problem.

Especially in the US and China, large numbers of cars and motorbikes are used to get from A to B.

However, the use of those vehicles that are mostly operated by fossil fuels implies significant air pollution.

This air pollution is not only quite unpleasant and lowers the overall quality of life of many people, it can also lead to serious health issues like asthma or other pulmonary diseases.

Thus, by using public transport instead of cars, the air pollution problem can be mitigated quite effectively.

Especially during rush hour, dense smog often forms over big cities on a global scale.

While everyone is commuting to work and back home, enormous amounts of emissions are produced and some cities are literally covered with smog.

Therefore, in order to reduce the smog problem , switching from the use of cars to public transport would be a valid option since the emission levels in public transport are often lower and sometimes even close to zero if the public transport system uses electric vehicles instead of vehicles that are operated by fossil fuels.

If you consider not only the costs for fuel, but also the costs for repairs, maintenance and so on, public transport will be much cheaper for every individual compared to owning a private car.

Thus, especially if you are on a budget and need every dollar, you might want to use public transport instead of owning a car since you can save plenty of money over time by doing so.

Another upside of public transport is that you can work while you are commuting to your workplace or to university.

For instance, if you are working in a demanding job and you have to work long hours, you may be able to work a little bit while commuting with public transport so that you may be able to leave the office sooner at night.

Thus, public transport may allow you to use your time in a more efficient manner compared to sitting in our car and having to pay attention to the traffic.

Depending on the region, using public transport may also be faster compared to using your car, especially during rush hour since there are often plenty of traffic jams in big cities.

Thus, if you live in one of those crowded cities, chances are that you might be able to get to work and back home faster by public transport instead of using your car, which may allow you to spend more time with your family or your friends.

The air pollution that is implied by the use of cars may have significant adverse impacts on our health .

Pulmonary as well as cardiovascular diseases become more likely due to significant air pollution, which may significantly lower our overall life expectancy.

Moreover, going to work by car often also implies serious stress levels for many people since they are often stuck in traffic.

This may further exacerbate the health condition of those people since stress is known to be a huge factor for health problems.

Therefore, by refraining from going by car and using public transportation instead, you might be able to stay healthy and decrease your likelihood to suffer from serious health issues over time.

If you use public transport vehicles like buses or trains, chances are that you will get in touch with many people over time.

You might be able to talk to them and maybe you will also make new friends, especially with those people you meet quite regularly and who have a similar schedule as you do.

Thus, you might also have an opportunity to socialize by using public transport instead of using your car.

Another benefit of using public transport instead of your car is that you are not responsible for the maintenance at all.

You can just use public transport whenever you need it without having to worry about repairs or other issues.

In contrast, if you have a car, you may have to spend plenty of time, money and effort related to maintenance.

Thus, by using public transport, you can avoid all those issues and may be able to use the money and time you saved for more pleasant activities.

Some people are also simply not able to drive.

This can be due to the fact that they never got a driver’s license.

It can also be due to some health conditions which prevent people from using their cars since their vision might be quite bad.

Thus, for this group of people, public transport may be a great way to get around.

Especially early on in our lives, we might not be able to afford a car.

Apart from the purchase price and the fuel costs, there are also significant maintenance costs related to cars which should not be underestimated.

Therefore, if you don’t want to spend large sums of money on your car, you might use public transport instead.

By doing so, you can save plenty of money, invest it and may be able to afford a car later on in your life.

The use of cars does not only imply private, but also significant social costs.

For example, if you use your car, you have to pay for fuel, maintenance and so on.

However, there are additional social costs like pollution that you impose on the general public.

By using your car, the health of pedestrians will also be negatively affected since they will inhale your emissions.

Thus, by using public transport instead of cars, we can also significantly lower the negative externalities that are imposed on the general public.

Public transport is also perfect for people who are only in a specific region for a quite limited period of time.

For those people, it is often not worth it buying and licensing their own car.

Thus, especially for tourists, public transport is a great way to get around in a cheap manner.

Especially in big cities with good public transport, there is no need for tourists at all to get a private car since they will be able to reach every destination they want using public transport instead.

Old people often have some problems with their vision and are also at greater risk for heart attacks or strokes.

Therefore, for this group of people, public transport may be a safer way to get around compared to using their cars.

Disadvantages of Public Transportation

Some public transport systems are quite bad, long waiting times, unreliable in many regions, delays may imply problems at work, less flexibility regarding detours, transportation of heavy goods may be a problem, higher chance for infections with diseases, pretty crowded at rush hour, less convenient compared to cars, not suitable for remote areas, may be not safe in some regions, you may have navigation problems, expansion of public transport may hurt other industries, you may get stuck late at night, people may not want to use public transport.

Even though we have seen in the previous analysis that public transport can have many important benefits, there are also some problems related to mass transport.

One major downside of public transport systems is that the quality of those transportation systems is quite bad in many regions all over the world.

Especially in the US, apart from a few big cities, the quality of the public transport system is often quite poor and it may take several hours to get to a destination which would have been reached in just 20 minutes by car.

In some areas, you might also have to wait for quite long until the next bus or train will arrive.

Especially in rural regions, the frequency of public transport vehicles will often be rather low and sometimes, there will even only be a few buses a day.

Thus, if you don’t know the schedule, you might have to wait over an hour until you can take the next bus that will finally bring you to your destination.

Public transport may also be quite unreliable. In some regions, buses or train may be late on a regular basis or might not show up at all.

Thus, if you live in one of these areas, you might not want to rely on public transport, especially if you have important appointments and you cannot afford to show up late.

By using public transport, you might also come to work too late quite often.

This may cause serious problems and you might even get fired at one point in time.

Thus, you might rather rely on using your car for commuting in order to avoid unpleasant consequences related to showing up late at work, especially if you like your job and want to stay in this company for a longer period of time.

If you drive back home from work with your car, it might come to your mind that you might have to buy some groceries for dinner.

If this is the case, it will be quite easy for you to make a small detour and to stop at a local grocery store.

However, if you use public transport instead, this small detour may lead to serious issues since you might have to wait for quite long hours for the next bus.

Thus, especially if you enjoy a high level of flexibility, using your car might be preferred over using public transport.

It may also be quite hard to carry heavy things around you in public transport.

For instance, imagine you bought beer cases at your local store.

This case of beer will often be quite heavy and without a car, it will be quite exhausting to carry it home.

Thus, in case you have heavy things to bring to your home, your car will definitely the way to go and you would have a quite hard time using public transport for these kinds of tasks.

Since public transport is often crowded and many people will go on a train or on a bus together, the chance for infections with diseases will be generally much higher compared to going by private cars.

Thus, if you are unlucky, you might catch the flu or other diseases on your way to work or back home if you use public transport systems.

Therefore, if you are scared in this regard, refraining from public transport and going by car might be the way to go for you instead.

You could also consider using an alternative to conventional cars.

This may include the use of electric cars, but also electric scooters or going by bike.

In many big cities, the public transport systems are quite crowded, especially at rush hour.

Therefore, it may be quite inconvenient to be stuck with a high number of people on a crowded train every morning.

This may cause plenty of stress for our body and brain system and may also lead to serious health conditions in the long run.

In general, public transport is considered to be less convenient compared to the use of cars by most people.

This is due to the fact that if you use your car, you just have to leave your house and you are ready to go.

You may be able to turn on your air conditioning or your heating whenever you like.

You may also be able to turn on the radio and listen to your favorite music.

However, if you use public transport, you will not have (full) control over those options since there will be only one setting regarding temperature and other parameters and you will have to accept those settings, even though they might lower your level of comfort.

Especially in rural and remote areas, public transport is often quite bad or even non-existent.

In those regions, you will definitely need a car in order to get around and to stay connected with the outside world.

Thus, depending on where you live, public transport may either be quite good or non-existent at all.

In cities that are known for high crime rates, it may also not be safe to use public transport since you might get robbed sooner or later.

This is especially true at nighttime.

If you want to get around at night, you might want to use your car or a cab instead in order to increase your level of safety, especially if you live in regions that are considered to be unsafe.

While the navigation in some public transport system is quite good, it can be also rather bad in other cities.

Thus, especially if you are new in a city, you might have difficulties getting around and may get lost.

Therefore, make sure to figure out how the public transport system in your area works in order not to get lost and to avoid being late for important appointments.

Although public transport may greatly benefit the general public, especially if the public transport system is quite sophisticated, it may also cause serious problems for some industries.

For instance, if there are significant improvements in public transport, chances are that more people will use it and that the number of cars that are sold decreases.

In turn, car dealers and manufacturers will significantly suffer and many of them may even go out of business.

Due to problems of some industries related to improved public transport, some workers in those industries may also lose their jobs.

Thus, good public transport may also cause an increase in local unemployment rates , especially if the local industry is heavily dependent on car manufacturers.

Even though many public transport systems are quite good at daytime, they often stop to operate at night.

Thus, if you attend a party and want to get back to your home in the early morning, chances are that there will be no trains or buses running anymore and you might be stuck.

Therefore, before relying on public transport at nighttime, check out the schedule of your bus or train in order to avoid unpleasant consequences.

Some people are also quite used to their cars and simply do not want to switch to public transport at all.

Those groups of people may be quite hard to convince about the benefits of public transport since they used their car all their lives and do not want to make changes soon.

Thus, for those people, public transport may not be the way to go and there will always be a certain amount of people who simply do not want to refrain from using their cars.

Top 10 Public Transportation Pros & Cons – Summary List

Public transport is a great way to get around, especially in big cities where the public transport system is often quite good.

It will become even more important to use public transport instead of cars in the future in order to slow down global warming and also to protect our planet from all sorts of pollution.

Thus, even though public transport also has some problems, it will play a major role in the transportation of the future since we as humanity will simply have no choice other than to reduce the number of cars if we want to protect our planet in order to ensure a livable future for the next generations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/public-transport

https://www.britannica.com/topic/mass-transit

About the author

My name is Andreas and my mission is to educate people of all ages about our environmental problems and how everyone can make a contribution to mitigate these issues.

As I went to university and got my Master’s degree in Economics, I did plenty of research in the field of Development Economics.

After finishing university, I traveled around the world. From this time on, I wanted to make a contribution to ensure a livable future for the next generations in every part of our beautiful planet.

Wanna make a contribution to save our environment? Share it!

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Should public transit be free? Experts weigh in on policy options

With outdated funding models and questions about whether riders care more about fares or service, opinions are divided on the future of public transportation.

With companies addressing how their employees will return to the office as the pandemic recedes, public transportation is a key part of the policy dialogue. Would free ridership keep autos off the road, a huge benefit for climate change? For the many essential workers who continued to commute during the pandemic, public transportation failed in many ways with interrupted and unreliable service. How will free fares address this inequity? Is it even what commuters want?

As part of the Greater Boston Debate Series, sponsored by the Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston based at Harvard Kennedy School, panelists debated the merits of free ridership, a movement gaining momentum in American cities from Los Angeles to Kansas City to Worcester. In the upcoming mayoral race in Boston, nearly every candidate has expressed support of some form of fare elimination. But is the idea fiscally sustainable? Does it weaken transportation options, especially for low-wage earners who depend on it the most? The debate, featuring proponents and opponents of free ridership making their cases, was moderated by Monica Tibbits-Nutt, executive director of 128 Business Council, an organization that runs shuttle services in Massachusetts, and an advisory board member of the Rappaport Institute.

David Bragdon, executive director of TransitCenter, a foundation in New York that focuses on improving public transportation in U.S. cities, began by reframing the issue. “I’m going to pose a bigger question,” he said. “What can and should society do to help low-income people for whom the price of a transit ticket is an obstacle?” He suggested that local governments should provide targeted discounts to help alleviate poverty. “It’s similar to what we do with other public utilities in our society, whether it’s electric bills, water bills, or for that matter food—a human right where we have a SNAP program—or housing, where we have vouchers.”

He also pointed to rider surveys his foundation has conducted showing that transit patrons at every income level rank service, quality, and quantity over the fare price. And fare revenue provides the income to improve those services. In New York, 50 percent of fare revenue goes to infrastructure. In Chicago, it is 40 percent and in San Francisco, 62 percent. “If you tell a transit agency you’re going to take that revenue away, I can guarantee there is one thing that they can do: cut service,” Bragdon said. “That is just the math of it. But if riders are being helped by getting a free ticket to a really substandard product, I’d want to know that.”

“If riders are being helped by getting a free ticket to a really substandard product, I’d want to know that.”

David bragdon.

Stacy Thompson, executive director of LivableStreets Alliance, an organization that advocates for equitable and safe public transportation in the Boston area, agreed with the need to expand and improve service, but questioned whether it will bring more people to public transportation. “Kansas City and Worcester, communities offering free ridership throughout the pandemic, demonstrated much more resilient ridership than their peer transit systems of similar size and demographics,” she noted.

Thompson pointed out fare collection can actually cost transit operations money and increase public safety incidents on transit vehicles. “We know that fare disputes are the leading cause of safety incidents for our operators and systems across the country,” she said. “A 12-month study statewide of free buses, such as a pilot in Massachusetts, can provide the data points needed to move this decision,” she added. “And we’re in a moment where we have federal funds for this kind of thing. We need to ask what kind of riders ride? I actually don’t think that free transit is going to move car drivers necessarily, but if it brings on more people who had an actual cost burden, that’s important. We need to ask how much money was saved in the agency by not collecting fares? We need to ask about the transit driver experience. Was it easier to do their job?”

Tibbits-Nutt summed up this important discussion by noting that while there is disagreement on the idea of free transit, the speakers agree that communities need to begin thinking about more progressive ways to fund our transit systems: “I think transit is always going to be vital to the health of our communities.”

You can listen to the complete debate here . The Greater Boston Debate Series will resume in the fall.

— Banner image: Riders board a "T" trolley car in Boston on the day when the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority let people ride for free as a goodwill gesture following a winter of disastrous breakdowns. Photo by Bill Sikes

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Band 9 IELTS Essays

What Are The Pros And Cons Of Public Transportation | Band 9 IELTS Essay Sample

by Manjusha Nambiar · Published October 27, 2020 · Updated April 17, 2024

Need help with IELTS writing? Get your essays, letters and reports corrected by me.

Sample essay

In recent times, public transportation has become increasingly important. One major benefit of using public transport is that it reduces the number of vehicles on roads and thus slows down global warming. However, there are also some problems associated with it. For example, traveling on a crowded bus during rush hours can be quite uncomfortable. The merits and demerits of public transport will be discussed in this essay.

One of the major benefits of using public transport is that it reduces air pollution. When more and more people use public transport, there will be fewer private cars on the road. This helps reduce air pollution and thus improve air quality. In addition, some means of public transport such as high-speed trains, trains and hybrid buses cause zero pollution because they run on electricity. Another advantage is that people can be more productive while taking public transportation. When you are driving, you have to focus on the road ahead of you. But if you take public transportation, you can finish an assignment, read a book or let your mind wander.

On the down side, taking public transport can be an uncomfortable experience during rush hours. Getting stuck in an overcrowded bus or train for an hour or so every morning and evening is not a pleasant experience for anyone. In addition, public transport can be unsafe in cities where the crime rate is high as it increases your risk of getting robbed.

In conclusion, public transport is a good way to get around, especially in cities where its frequency and reliability are quite good. However, taking a bus or train during rush hours is uncomfortable. Even so, in my opinion, the advantages of public transport outweigh the disadvantages.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Transport

Looking for advantages and disadvantages of Public Transport?

We have collected some solid points that will help you understand the pros and cons of Public Transport in detail.

But first, let’s understand the topic:

What is Public Transport?

Internal Public Transport refers to the transportation system within a city, town or a municipality that includes buses, trains, subways and trams that are operated by the local government or other public authorities. It plays a vital role in reducing carbon emissions, promoting a sense of community, easing traffic congestion, enhancing mobility options and saving money as compare to personal vehicle.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Public Transport

The following are the advantages and disadvantages of Public Transport:

Advantages of Public Transport

Reducing carbon emissions – Public transportation utilizes fuel-efficient vehicles, leading to a lower carbon footprint compared to individual car usage.
Promoting a sense of community – Using public transport allows us to interact with a diverse group of people, fostering a sense of connection and camaraderie.
Easing traffic congestion – By providing an alternative mode of transportation, public transport can alleviate the strain on roads and highways, leading to a smoother flow of traffic.
Enhancing mobility options – Public transport can offer services to underserved or remote areas, improving accessibility and mobility for all members of the community.
Saving money – Public transport can be a more economical choice compared to owning and maintaining a personal vehicle, especially in urban areas with high parking and fuel costs.

Also check:

Paragraph on Public Transport

Disadvantages of Public Transport

Limited accessibility – Public transportation may not always be available in all areas, making it difficult for people to get to their desired destination.
Time constraints – Using public transport can often be time-consuming, as we may have to wait for a bus or train to arrive or transfer to another mode of transportation.
Potential for overcrowding – During peak hours, public transportation can become overcrowded, making it uncomfortable and unpleasant for riders.
Lack of privacy – When using public transport, we are often surrounded by strangers and may not have the same level of privacy as we would when using our own personal vehicle.
Vulnerability to crime – Using public transportation can also pose a risk of crime, as we may be more susceptible to theft or other forms of victimization.
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Public Transportation vs. Private Transportation, Essay Example

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Individuals who live in large metropolitan areas are well aware of the values of public transportation. Public transportation systems are typically robust networks that involve many busses and trains that help the majority of civilians travel from place to place quickly, efficiently, and cheaply. On the other hand, many commuters believe it is easier for them to utilize private transportation options, which typically require the purchase of an automobile, motorcycle, or bicycle. Private transportation often allows individuals to travel a longer distance and more comfortably, although there is an added expense related to the ownership of these transportation methods.

An example of a city in which many individuals choose to partake in both public transportation and private transportations is New York City. Since this area has five boroughs, it covers a large surface area, which required different commuters to choose the type of transportation that will best suit their needs. Individuals that live within Manhattan typically choose to travel using the public transportation system because the busses and trains available to them help them get quickly from place to place in the city, often helping them avoid the busy traffic on the streets. Even when these individuals wish to travel further to the other boroughs, they are aware that the trains are reliable enough to get them there in a timely manner. One of the major benefits of public transportation in New York City is the price. One trip is only $2.50 independently of where the individual wishes to travel; this means that someone could travel one to 30 miles for the same price. However, public transportation is occasionally a disadvantage because these facilities tend to become crowded during peak hours. Furthermore, there is little room for these individuals to carry additional baggage.

On the other hand, many individuals living within New York City prefer to utilize public transportation. This is usually the case when people need to travel frequently over large distances. For example, if someone lives in the lowermost part of the city in Brooklyn and works in the uppermost part of the city in the Bronx, they would be able to get from one point to another more quickly if they choose to drive. Furthermore, if these individuals need to carry baggage or equipment with them, it is easier to store these materials in the trunk of the car, and there is no need to worry about the personal space of other passengers for this reason. Lastly, driving by car is an advantage because it is more comfortable; drivers are in direct control of the temperature of their environment and they are able to listen to music of their choice at any volume. The major disadvantage of private transportation is its price. Not only do drivers have to pay for their cars, but they also have to pay for gas and tolls. Furthermore, car trips are typically quicker than train rides because they’re more direct, but traffic is unpredictable and could occasionally cause the car trip to take a longer time than the train ride would.

In conclusion, there are both advantages and disadvantages to public and private transportation. The choice that the individual makes should be based on the amount of money they have to spend, the degree to which they are concerned with their comfort, whether they have baggage, and the amount of time it will take for them to reach their destination.

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Published: 03 September 2019

The benefits of public transport

Mark Buchanan 1

Nature Physics volume 15 , page 876 ( 2019 ) Cite this article

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Some 55% of the world’s population currently lives in urban areas, and this number is expected to reach 70% by mid-century. This condensation of humanity into compact zones reflects fundamental causal factors. People can achieve more when working together, coordinating their diverse skills and knowledge. Of course, cities also bring efficiencies of energy use, water and food distribution and provision of the myriad other goods people need. They are probably unavoidable in any energy- and information-intensive civilization.

Our future cities, some believe, could be key sources of the ideas and behavioural change required to meet the environmental challenges of the future, especially avoiding catastrophic global warming. They present opportunities to reduce per capita energy consumption. Yet cities also present problems, such as traffic congestion, which wastes time and energy and creates additional CO 2 emissions. Currently, some 20% of all CO 2 emissions come from road traffic, and that may increase, as armies of delivery vehicles and self-driving cars take to the roads in the future.

Over the past two decades, statistical physicists have discovered a variety of structural and dynamic regularities of cities. As organic structures both shaped by and shaping human activities, these sprawling, irregularly shaped zones follow mathematical scaling laws. For cities spanning some five orders of magnitude in size, some quantities, such as the extent of physical infrastructure, scale sub-linearly with size, meaning the relative costs decrease with city size. In contrast, many quantities reflecting human interactions, such as economic activity, scale super-linearly — cities become even more productive with size.

But statistical physics can go further as well, in giving insight into how our cities might be improved, especially by helping to limit traffic congestion and associated fuel use and emissions. Oddly, prevailing ideas in transportation research suggest there’s little to be done. Thinking of three decades holds that the character of traffic flows is largely determined only by the population density. Some economic analyses have even suggested that building more roads doesn’t help, nor does more mass transit. New traffic always emerges to take the place of any free road space.

New research tells a very different story — that public transport is among the most direct ways to reduce congestion, if done in the right way. The key is making sure that the layout of a public transport system makes access to mass transit easy for a high fraction of people in any city.

To get a better picture of what influences traffic, physicists Vincent Verbavatz and Marc Barthelemy set out to build a simple schematic model capturing the simplest elements in the interplay between driving and public transport, while neglecting secondary details ( PLoS ONE 14 , e0219559; 2019 ). Their aim was to derive the basic relationship between two key variables — first, the fraction of people in a city who choose to drive, rather than taking public transport, and second, the fraction of a city’s population living quite close to public transport, and so having easy access to it.

The model requires quite a few assumptions, and setting parameters including the average driving velocity and speed of public transport, as well as the psychological value people put on avoiding one extra hour of sitting in traffic. Yet most of these details turn out not to affect one qualitative result that emerges from the model. If p is the fraction of people living ‘close’ to public transport, P is the population and T is the fraction of people who drive rather than take public transport, the model gives a strikingly simple prediction: T / P = 1 – p . The fraction of people driving should decrease in direct proportion to the fraction of people with easy access to transport.

Verbavatz and Barthelemy were then able to test this prediction using data for 25 large metropolitan areas from Europe, America, Asia and Australia. The figures fall almost exactly on the straight-line prediction, apart from a small scatter. Across these cities, the fraction of people driving to work decreases in direct proportion to the availability of mass transit, as estimated in this case by the fraction of the population living within one kilometre of a transit station.

One might wonder: why did no one discover this before? Probably, Barthelemy told me, because the required data didn’t exist. Making quantitative estimates to test the model required modern data sources including TomTom navigation data and average driving speeds estimated from Google maps. But also, scientists don’t make observations at random. What researchers measure often reflects possibilities raised by theoretical ideas. The new model is the first to suggest this simple pattern as a possibility.

“Before,” he said, “no one had a predictive model. Economists often look for correlations and perform econometric analysis but do not have a model that makes an analytical prediction.”

The result fits perfectly with the intuition that making public transport easier should tend to reduce automobile traffic by drawing people toward public transit alternatives. An older idea that traffic loads in a city are primarily determined by population density, and nothing else, implied that city authorities could only try to bring in more people, and fit them into smaller zones. In contrast, this new work suggests that city authorities have many more options. The parameter p , reflecting ease of access, obviously wraps up a host of real-world factors that influence how hard it is for people to choose public transport. These include not only geographical proximity to transport stations, but also things such as the frequency of service, availability of up-to-date information, and access to local buses and other services able to take people over short distances to public transport stations. All are targets for making p larger.

This is a good example of how surprising insight can come out of combining complex sources of data. It’s Big Data doing good. It’s not going to solve our traffic problems, but at least it points the way to the most intelligent way to reduce traffic congestion: make public transport more effective.

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Advantages and disadvantages of public transport

Making efficient use of public transport on a daily basis can improve urban mobility in your town or city. This article looks at both its advantages and disadvantages.

New urban models for the development of large cities revolve around plans for sustainable urban mobility that promote green, inclusive and increasingly cleaner transportation.

This is our future over the short term, as shown by the European Union with its Next Generation plans . These plans don’t just offer economic stimulus but also aim to transform our economies and societies with a view to reducing the environmental impact of human development.

The European Green Deal aims to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 . This means that it will not produce more greenhouse gases than our ecosystems can naturally absorb. This entails a broad scenario for action that stems from clean technology, as well as appropriate ecological and sustainable mobility and socially responsible cities.

If we combine these factors within the context of a city, we can see that one of the key elements is the use of public transport . So, we need to consider how it functions, what advantages it has, how it can be promoted, and also what problems its use can cause in terms of competition with private transport and how it can become the main mobility option in a city.

Global Mobility Call will offer a space in which to address and reach strategic agreements on how to make progress in the area of sustainable mobility and build a society better aligned with all the European Union’s goals , working toward making efficient cities a feasible reality in the near future.

In this context, public transport is an essential factor in achieving these goals in all cities . Public transport has undergone many changes over the last hundred years, both in terms of the different services available and their power sources. There are buses powered by natural gas, rail and metro services running on renewable energy and hybrid powered discretionary transport services.

All of this works together toward achieving sustainable cities. But, while this modality has some big advantages, it also has a few minor disadvantages . This article will break them down.

Advantages of public transport

There are different factors that make public transport one of the best options for getting around in the city .

Taking care of the environment

One of the environmental benefits of public transport is its low level of pollution. As we talked about above, the vast majority are powered by alternative energy sources that emit less or no greenhouse gases compared with conventional fuels. So, it provides a socially responsible option.

This is a key factor which directly affects users’ pockets. Using public transport is considerably cheaper than using private transport.

As an example, a single ticket for the Madrid metro costs between €1.50 and €2. With it, you can travel all the way from one side of the city to the other. This price competitiveness is one of the biggest factors driving its use.

Time and simplicity

In big cities, traffic jams and hold-ups are a common problem for private transport. If you use public transport to get around, this happens less. Railway and underground trains aren’t affected by these delays and their punctuality is one of their big strengths . In the case of buses, which have to use the roads, there are special lanes set aside for them that make journeys easier and prevent major delays.

Also in their favour is their simplicity of use . A metro system can get you to your destination in a few easy stages. Plus, you don’t need to waste time trying to find a place to park on your arrival.

Disadvantages of public transport

While we’ve talked about the many benefits offered by this mode of mobility, we also have to acknowledge that it does have a few drawbacks .

Independence

A private car allows you a degree of independence that public transport can’t offer. While public transport often has very good timetables, it won’t be the same as using your own vehicle. Having to follow a timetable can sometimes be a nuisance and force you to change your travel plans .

A good example of this is night-time transport. Many lines stop working late at night due to low demand, and this can complicate travel during this time period.

Waiting times and timetables

When using public transport, your watch will be your friend . You need to know the timetable and journey time for the bus to make sure that you arrive on time. If you miss your bus and get the next one, you might be late.

This means that journeys are dependent on the timetable, and it’s possible that the frequency of stops doesn’t match your time commitments. So, it’s important to always plan your routes .

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Ielts writing task 2 sample 678 - what are the pros and cons of using public transport, ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay:, many people prefer to use public transportation while others say that personal cars are the best mode of transportation. excessive use of private cars is considered to be the main reason for the traffic jam in many cities and that's why the use of public transportation is encouraged., in your opinion what are the pros and cons of using public transport.

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IELTS Writing task 2 band 6.5 | Public transportation

Today, we will be looking at two writing task 2 essays about public transport. They would both score 6.5 in the test for different reasons. Read on to find out more about why these essay would score 6.5, and what would make them better!

Many people believe that free public transportation should be available in most major cities.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of this idea?

You should write at least 250 words.

According to many, public transport which can be used without paying charges should be available in most metropolitan cities. The major benefit of this belief is traffic congestion will be reduced noticeably. Whereas , a drawback is the more burdens will occur on the government.

An increasing number of private vehicles on the roads are creating an enormous amount of traffic, which is closely tied to produce a massive amount of sound pollution . It is, eventually, harmful to the human lungs and ears. Applying free public transportation can result in encouraging people to switch from their personal car to public vehicles in daily activities. In this way, the government can draw a line on excessively increasing traffic amount in urban settings as well as sound pollution would be cut back . Free public transportation can also help individually because people can move around without paying a fare, and they do not have to think of parking or maintenance costs, which they have to spend if they use a private car. Consequently, It can be said that free public transportation has many advantages for both individuals and states.

Despite a number of benefits, there are also some drawbacks of free public transportation. One of the major difficulties is the government have to be undergone a burden because they have to allot a huge amount of tax-payers money to invest for launching public vehicles and continuously pay the maintenance cost of free public transportation and in return, the government will be got no amount of money. This massive amount of money the government could use for the neediest sector, such as the infrastructural improvement of the healthcare system which is the most important part of the people who actually pay the taxes. With the huge disadvantage of free public transportation, it cannot be considered a wise decision to make public transportation free of charge.

In conclusion, free public transportation can come up with the blessings of less traffic congestion in most mejor cities. Besides , it also creates a huge problem for the government can not give their focal point on other neediest sectors.

Task Achievement

The task achievement is good here.

One issue that prevents this essay from scoring higher for task achievement is that the conclusion does not properly cover the main points in the body of the essay. This means that it addresses all parts of the task (band 7), but the band 8 criterion (sufficiently addresses all parts of the task) is not met.

Note that the conclusion does not say whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. This is fine because the question does not ask which are greater!

The body paragraphs have nice, logical concluding remarks, meaning that ideas develop well.

addresses all parts of the task
presents a clear position throughout the response
presents, extends and supports main ideas , but there may be a tendency to overgeneralise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus

Paragraphing is logical and there is clear progression throughout.

The use of cohesive devices (transition signals, referencing and substitution) is usually good in this essay, with lots of variety. The use of coherence markers is not mechanical.

The reason that this essay does not score band 7 is that several cohesive devices are incorrectly used: whereas (in the introduction) and besides in the conclusion are wrong. The meaning of besides is inappropriate, and whereas has been used with only one clause, whereas correct use would require two clauses (see what I did there? 😉). Another error with transitions is the use of as well as – it is being used to substitute and, but the usage is incorrect.

There is an idea that doesn’t properly match up here: sound pollution and harm to the lungs. This would prevent the essay from scoring higher once issues with transition signals are fixed.

arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression
uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical
may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
uses paragraphing, but not always logically

Lexical resource

There is some good vocabulary with an awareness of style and location.

There are some collocation errors, but there is enough good vocabulary here to justify the higher score.

Wording in the conclusion is quite clumsy (can come up with the blessings of less traffic congestion) and needs to be tidied up.

Some other word choice and word for errors include ‘belief’ vs ‘concept / idea’, ‘burdens will occur’ vs ‘burdens will be placed on’, ‘draw a line on’ vs ‘draw a line under’, ‘think of’ vs ‘think about’, ‘costs are spent’ vs ‘costs are incurred’. However, the meaning is clear throughout.

uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision
uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation
may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation

Grammatical range and accuracy

The grammar is also good here, but the seriousness of errors prevents a higher score.

There are a few errors where the writer has not used the passive, and it makes the meaning a little confusing: ‘this massive amount of money the government could use’ vs ‘this massive amount of money could be used by the government’, ‘One of the major difficulties is the government have to be undergone a burden’ vs ‘The government has to undergo a burden’ (or better still, ‘a burden is placed on the government’, ‘the government will be got’ vs ‘the government will get’

There are a few grammatical issues around the transition signals ‘whereas’ and ‘as well as’.

Uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms
Makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rarely reduce communication

A lot of people are of the opinion that public transport should be cost free and accessible in large cities however this idea has its merits and demerits .

Firstly we will discuss one of the merits which is easy travels.

A large number of individuals need to move from place to place via public transport such as buses, trains and ferries or using commercial motorcycles and taxi services. Making these services free and available improves for use improves the living conditions of the people as they can visit places without having to worry about the cost and this helps to save money as the money spent on transport fare can be unbearable . For example, people who work far from home spend almost all their earnings on transportation. If this is excluded, more money can be saved and used for other pressing issued such as feeding and care of the family thereby giving the low income workers live a comfortable life.

One of the disadvantages include increase in tax payment by locals. In most countries, tax paid by the people is used for its development. Revenue from transportation is quite significant as it is used on a daily basis but if this were to be made free, it will cause a fall in revenue generation and thereby causing an increase in tax on other sectors such as water, electricity and health.

Another disadvantage is overcrowding. Making public transport free will encourage its use by many as I is for a fact that most people love free services. This in turn increases the number of people in a particular place thereby increase the risk of spreading communicable disease such as the deadly Coronavirus, tuberculosis and exacerbation of asthma as a result of congestion .

In conclusion, the benefits of making public transport free of charge and available include easy movement from place to place, a more convenient life and reduce expenses however , it could cause increase in tax payment for other services and increase the risk in the transmission of diseases.

Task achievement is good overall with good idea development and logical conclusions.

There is some overgeneralisation in the example about people spending almost all their earnings on transportation. A bit more specificity and focus would be good (Some/many workers in developing countries who commute long distances spend…)

The paragraph about overcrowding could also be a bit more focused (a particular place = packed into confined spaces on buses and trains, thereby increasing…)

It would be nice if the introduction either gave a bit more background on the topic or more fully introduced some of the main arguments.

The writer would benefit from covering another advantage, or directly stating multiple advantages (e.g. There are clear advantages of free public transport: not only do citizens save transport fares, but it can also reduce levels of poverty by giving the poorest families more disposable income).

presents, extends and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to overgeneralise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus

The paragraphing is usually good, but there is a very noticeable issue with the paragraph ‘Firstly we will discuss one of the merits which is easy travels’.

This could be added into the introduction (although it isn’t a great purpose statement because it hasn’t really dealt with the overall purpose of the essay, rather it is only introducing the following paragraph). It could also be added to the paragraph about saving money, but it wouldn’t make a very strong topic sentence because it is far too general.

There is good use of cohesive devices, and the structure is neither repetitive nor mechanical.

uses cohesive devices effectively , but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical

The use of demerits is very common amongst non-native speakers preparing for their IELTS tests. We don’t know where it has come from, but we don’t like it. In all my years of reading articles across a very wide range of disciplines, I have only seen this word used once or twice to mean disadvantage as opposed to penalty (and it wasn’t by a native speaker). It is hardly ever used by native speakers and it sounds unnatural. Avoid!!!

There is a good range of vocabulary, including some nice collocations. Some good examples of vocabulary here are: living conditions; earnings; tax payment; development; revenue from transportation; significant; revenue generation; sectors; overcrowding; services the risk of spreading communicable disease; coronavirus/tuberculosis/exacerbation of asthma (showing a range of health vocab in a relevant context).

There are some unfortunate word choices and word form errors that prevent this from scoring more highly: unbearable vs unmanageable; pressing issued vs pressing issues; the use of congestion is confusing for a number of reasons: traffic congestion? Nasal congestion? It is likely the writer meant ‘crowded’.

may produce occasional errors in word choice , spelling and/or word formation

There is some great grammar here, but unfortunately there are fairly frequent punctuation errors which lead to quite a high error density, preventing this from receiving a better score.

The writer needs to work on the grammar used around the word ‘thereby’ – it is an excellent cohesive device, and the use is appropriate. The grammar is quite complicated, though:

‘Thereby’ on its own is following by a noun phrase and should not include a verb (thereby giving the low-income workers live a comfortable life; thereby increase the risk of spreading communicable disease)

‘and thereby’ – the rules for and take over: it needs to follow the grammar of the idea being linked by the ‘and’ (‘it will cause a fall in revenue generation and thereby causing an increase in tax on’ should be ‘ it will cause a fall in revenue generation and will thereby cause an increase in tax on’).

That brings an end to this essay rating. If you are preparing for your IELTS test and want to find out a bit more about task 2, check out our post giving five tips to improve your IELTS writing task 2 ! In both essays, the writers would get the same scores in all 4 criteria, but for different reasons. Was there anything here that surprised you? Have your say, and comment in the section below! Click here for the full public IELTS task 2 writing descriptors .

If you need your writing corrected and rated, make sure that you check out our writing corrections and feedback service!

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Public Transportation Essay for School and College Students

Big cities have started feelings about the negative impacts of greenhouse gases in different forms. Meteorologists, climate experts, and researchers are highlighting that the best option to reverse the trend is to adopt public transportation in place of personal cars. The public transportation includes various modes of transport like bus, train, light rail, tram, and metro systems. Due to the significance of this issue, writing a public transportation essay has been becoming a regular feature in many academic institutes.

Table of Contents

Essay on Bus Transportation

If you are a student at a high school or college level, then you can never avoid your writing assignment. Go through the following list of advantages and disadvantages. It will enable you to write a good essay on bus transportation in the end. A few salient benefits of bus transportation are listed below:

Less Stress

This is the leading benefit of bus transportation. While driving personal transport, you feel more pressure in terms of safety, time, and cost; however, while traveling on a bus, you are free of many stressful factors. Thus, include the stress factor in your transportation essay introduction right in the beginning.

Cost-Effectiveness

Valuable money can be saved by opting for buses as a mode of travel. In case you use a personal car for transportation, you have to pay lots of amounts related to fuel, maintenance, and parking expenditures.

Enjoy Your Journey

While using the bus as transportation, you are absolutely free to enjoy your journey. You no need to drive, rather put your head on the back of the seat to have rest, read any interesting book, or watching the beautiful passing scenes. Even you may interact with other passengers, make new friends, and learn from their experiences. Not but not the least, open up your mobile and enjoy any movie or social media chat with your dear ones.

Less Pollution

A bus is more environmental-friendly mode of transportation. If everybody opts to use personal cars for transportation, of course, it will create huge amount of pollution in the atmosphere, resulting in global warming and climate change. However, buses can handle a mass at a time, causing less use of individual vehicles and thus contributes to less emission of pollutant particles in the atmosphere.

Every picture, event, or technology has two faces. same here with bus transportation too. If your tutor asks you to write an essay about the transportation problem with respect to its negative impacts on society, no need to worry. The following guideline will help you to understand the disadvantages of bus transportation in this era.

Over Crowded Traveling

On certain occasions, you may find additional passengers are onboard on the bus you are traveling. This over-crowded scenario may create anxiety, tension, and stress in you. if you are short-tempered, then this situation may turn you hyper, causing high blood pressure in you.

Wastage of Time and Effort

On your personal transport, you are your own boss, but in case of a public bus, you have to compromise on schedule. Sometimes, you have to wait for long hours for a particular route or destination.

Discomfort Feeling

While traveling on the bus, you cannot choose a suitable route for yourself. Moreover, you cannot stop the bus with your own will. You are totally dependent on the bus schedule and route.

Uncertainty of Time

One of the shortcomings of bus transportation is time uncertainty. Sometimes the buses get late in timely departure and arrival at some particular destination. Thus, the element of uncertainty is always there.

What Are the Major Benefits of Public Transportation Essay?

If you make a list of large industries in the world, of course, transportation will be one of the most important ones. It is actually the movement of products as well as people from one place to another, and this is why its supply chain is heavily influenced by time consumption, money, and human involvement. No logistic support can be completed without appropriate support of transportation as it connects all segments of supply chain management.

Public Transportation Mitigates Air Pollution

The emission of air pollutants per person in the atmosphere is too less by a public bus as compared to a car driven by a single head. On average, per passenger, a bus emits 10% fewer hydrocarbons, 20% less carbon monoxide, and 75% less nitrogen oxide in the air.

Better Fuel Consumption

As far as fuel consumption per passenger mile is concerned, public transportation is far better than an individual vehicle because it uses quite less amount of fuel. According to the American Public Transportation Association, each year, public transportation saves around 4.2 billion gallons in use of gasoline only.

Improves Traffic Management

Public transportation is inherently helpful in taking goods and passengers in bulk from one destination to another. Thus, it contributes less use of vehicles and eventually strengthens the overall traffic management by reducing traffic congestion.

Reduction in Financial Cost

The use of public transportation creates a positive impact on the economy of an individual as well as at the national front. You may save thousands of dollars individually, and the nation can save millions of dollars annually by promoting the culture of using public transports. See, you will be able to valuable money that could have been used in fuel, parking, maintenance, and other relevant expenditures of your automobiles.

Best Alternative of Personal Transport

Of course, if you can’t drive or don’t have personal transport, then public transportation is the only choice for you to go shopping, market, picnic, visit friends, or hospital.

Public Transportation is Much Safer

Transportation is becoming a sensitive issue day by day in the entire world. Thus, in order to address the matter at the grassroot level, students are often asked to write the benefits of public transportation essay during their academic careers. Traveling using public transportation is much safer than driving personally, particularly when you travel by train or bus.

Statistics indicate that the accident ratio is quite low with trains or buses while the mishap rate is far high with personal cars. The major reason is training. The train and bus operators are better trained than individuals. Moreover, they are also regularly detailed for refresher courses. The fatality rate and crime rate are also lower with public transportation than using individual automobiles.

It Promotes Healthy Environment

A number of social activities are closely linked with public transportation. At many picnic spots and places, you avoid taking your personal transport. Moreover, the people who use public transportation have more energy to participate in sports, walk, or leisure activities than those who drive personally.

Mitigating Global Warming

The use of public transportation is highly beneficial to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, resulting in global warming.

While writing your transportation paper, you must discuss both sides of the pictures. Besides hundreds of benefits, it is good to highlight certain grey areas in your essay about transportation problem. When you complete your writing assignment, summarize the salient benefits in your transportation essay conclusion and recommend some critical steps to the readers as well.

Best Topics for Essay on Transportation

If you have to write an essay on transportation but feeling confusions in finding a good idea, then the following topics will be really helpful for you. Read the topics and choose the one that suits best for you.

How Does transportation contribute to a country’s economy?
How to manage a public transport system in big cities?
The industrial revolution has a critical role in current transport dependent societies.
How American and British driving styles to confuse the people of other cultures.
What could be the next-generation transportation modes?
Impacts of traffic management system on human behavior.
Water transportation: how it contributes to the city’s connectivity?
How to write an essay on air transportation?
Public transportation is safer than individual transport.
The significance of psychological factors in traveling by air and train.
Communication is the backbone of air transportation.
Weather hazards for air and ground transportation.

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Pros & cons: Making public transportation free

Experts present their pros and cons lists for making public transit free for communities.

Public transit is an important part of many people’s daily lives. Image: epSos.de / CC BY

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0

December 13, 2019. Now that Kansas City has become the first major U.S. city to make all public transportation free , the debate over whether or not this is a viable option for most cities is back in the spotlight. The viewpoints of the following experts are still very much relevant to today’s discussion.

The following question was recently posted on Quora : “What are the arguments against and for making public transportation free?”

Read the diverse opinions from experts below.

Don Johnson, Urban Planner and Economist

There are a couple of economic arguments for making public transportation free (or at least cheaper than it costs to provide:)

Cars impose a lot of costs on society that drivers don’t pay for
Everyone benefits when people can travel around freely.

The technical term for the first one is “negative externality,” and there are two big ones associated with cars: pollution and congestion. Every time you start your car and get on the road, you put mono-nitrogen oxides, VOCs, ozone, and carbon dioxide in the air, and you make the road more crowded and thus slower. These are real costs, measurable in environmental damage, health care costs, and wasted time, that other people have to pay for .

Economists like efficiency, and efficient economic systems are ones in which people pay for costs directly, because then they can make choices rationally. (I’ll wait for everyone to stop laughing before I continue.) That’s why economists and planners have been fantasizing about congestion pricing for so long - in a well-designed congestion pricing scheme, drivers actually pay more when they choose a congested road. And if there were an additional tax on gas dedicated to relieving air pollution and improving respiratory health (the existing gas tax in the US only pays for roads) that would make drivers pay the cost of pollution and also be economically efficient. But in the absence of those, subsidizing public transit (which gets people to drive less than they otherwise would) is kind of a second best solution.

The technical term for the second argument is “public good.” It’s good for everyone if transportation costs are reduced - workers can get to more jobs, companies can choose from more workers and more suppliers, people can take more spur-of-the moment road trips to outlet malls, etc. Robert J. Kolker will say that making the price zero don’t make it free -- somebody somewhere is paying -- and he’s right, but under some conditions you can probably show that making everyone pay to make transit free for some people actually makes everyone collectively better off. Again Robert will say that’s not fair, but this is not a fairness argument but a collective benefit argument. But in any case our society is not run by economist philosopher kings.

Because economists famously don’t agree on anything I have to point out that there are also economic arguments against making transit free:

Free transit is a poor substitute for making drivers pay actual costs of driving
Free anything makes people use it too much - in theory, anyway, transit that’s too cheap is just as bad as driving that’s too cheap. Somebody will end up paying for lots of trips that didn’t really need to be made.
As noted above, people may feel that it’s not fair that they have to pay for other people’s bus tickets, even if it does make everyone better off. I’m personally not very sympathetic - pretty much every decision society makes is unfair to somebody. Is it fair to me that we spent $62 billion to develop the F-22 fighter plane, when I don’t feel any safer because of it? But I digress.

In summary there is a lot of reasonable thought behind subsidizing public transit (even if not making it absolutely free) and indeed that’s what most cities end up doing.

Andrew Levy

We would need more public transport. Buses, planes, trains etc. all harm the environment, just as cars do. If everyone used public transport, more buses would pollute cities. It should also be mentioned that the manufacturing and creation of a public transport system is very energy intensive, drawing largely on coal and fossil fuels for energy. This releases significant carbon emissions into the atmosphere.
With the financial crisis, we can’t afford to spend more money on something like this. It would cost too much for the government to pay for running public transport services. With the economic crisis, it needs to spend the money on other more important things.
Car sales would drop significantly. If it were free for everyone to get to work, families wouldn’t need two or three cars; just one or even none, depending on their availability to public transport of course. Most families have several cars, and one is used just for someone to get to work each day. This wouldn’t be necessary. It would hurt the car industry and car makers would most likely lose their jobs, and car companies may collapse, which is very bad news.
There are many people who would also lose their jobs. People like conductors, parking cops and plenty of other people wouldn’t have their jobs any more, because their services would be no longer required.
Some public transport cities are already terrible; this would just increase the strain. Some public transport networks are already crowded and/or unreliable. With increased customers and pressure, these networks wouldn’t manage.
If it was free, companies would not be expected to provide top service, because they are not paying customers. Generally when you pay a little bit more, you are paying for a good service. But if you aren’t paying anything, and heaps of people are using the service, you can’t expect top-notch customer service. Generally people look after paying customers more. If it was free, companies could lower their service under the excuse that its customers aren’t paying anything so they should just “get what their given”.
Many people dislike public transport and still would not use it. Many people will stick to their cars, and some would even stop using public transport, because with it being free, so many people will use it, it would become a mess and be way too crowded.
“Why Free Public Transport is a bad idea?!?”, World Streets Blog
Baum, Herbert J. (1973), “Free Public Transport”, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, January 1973
“Myth: Making public transport free will encourage use”, Public Transport Users Association, Australia
“Free public transport is not our ticket to ride”, Australia
Free public transport would reduce the number of cars on the road. Global warming is a serious issue and if public transport was free, more people would use it, taking cars off the road. 1 train could take 2000 cars off the road. A public transport system with 20 trains could take 40,000 cars off the road. Some people would simply choose to not own cars, further reducing the number of cars on the road. Across dozens of cities in a nation and thousands world-wide, the result of free public transport would be dramatic in cutting vehicle emissions and combating global warming.
The government’s job is to provide services. This would be a great service that could be used by everyone. Taxes already pay for health care, schools and roads etc. so why not let taxpayers see the benefits for themselves, in a useful service everyone can use.
The environment would greatly benefit. As well as providing services, the government should look out for the environment. No amount of money is too much to protect the environment.
We would need more public transport workers. With increased and better public transport, we would need more bus and train drivers, creating jobs. This is great with the global financial crisis. And it work make it easier for people to get to their job - they could just get on a bus.
The government would be forced to improve public transport. With more users, bad public transport networks would be improved by the government, to make it worthwhile using. Bad networks would be greatly improved, and the benefits can be used by everyone. Its definitely a worthwhile incentive.
A lot of public transport companies are reliable and need more customers. Most public transport organisations offer friendly and reliable service and could do with some more “customers”. They would be happy to take them and it would get cars off the road.
Single or zero fare maximizes the efficiency, convenience and attractiveness of public transport systems for both users and operators in inner cities. “The option of a single and potentially free public transport fare zone in the Sydney CBD should be examined as a way of immediately simplifying fare structures, eliminating CBD interchange fare penalties, eliminating other CBD fare anomalies and maximising the efficiency, convenience and attractiveness of CBD public transport systems for both users and operators.” Independent Public Inquiry - Sydney’s Long Term Public Transport Plan, May 2010
Heaps of people would be tempted by free transport. If free public transport was offered to everyone, of course they would use it. Yes, some people may stick to their cars, but the majority would think it was a great idea. If you had the choice of paying thousands each year to run a car, or to get on a train every morning for free, what would you choose?
A lot of people would already be using it if it didn’t cost so much. For a lot of people, the only reason they don’t catch public transport is because it costs too much. If it was free, they’d definitely start using it.
Free Public Transit Blog
Møller, Berit and Thoegersen, John (2008), “Breaking Car Use Habits: The Effectiveness of a Free One-Month Travelcard”, Transportation, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 329-345, 2008
Thoegersen, John (2009), “Promoting Public Transport as a Subscription Service: Effects of a Free Month Travel Card”, Transport Policy, Vol. 16, 2009
“Perspectives on implementation of free public transport - assessments and recommendations from a working group under the Danish Board of Technology”, Summary, English version, November 2006
Scottish Socialist Party’s campaign for free public transport, UK
Campaign for Free Public Transport, UK
Free Public Transport, Finland
Transport Vsem, Russia
Saltada Popular, Spain
Planka.nu, Sweden
“At Any Cost? The hidden costs of charging for public transport”, Alex Berthelsen, Planka.nu, Sweden
freepublictransports.com, USA
Zero-Fare, Canada
“Free ride: the future of public transport”, The Age, March 5, 2006, Australia
“The case for free public transport”, Green Left, Australia
Fare Free, New Zealand
“A Case for Free Comfortable Public Transport?”, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center

Prashant Prasad

In my opinion, encouraging public transport is a very good way to reduce pollution and other traffic related problems in any city. But in most of the cases, creating a free public transportation system is not a feasible solution.

The following are what I see as the pros and cons of making public transportation systems free of cost:

More users will get attracted to the public transportation system as their mode choice which will reduce number of small and private vehicles on street resulting lesser congestion and lesser emission (good for the environment).
Time taken to purchase the travel ticket will be saved.
It will be accessible to the economically weaker section of the society also.
Will reduce the societal gap between poor and rich in the society as people from all economic status will be able to travel together.
This will provide job opportunities to more people as more public transportation vehicles will be required to ply in the Country.
Initially managing the crowd in the public transport will be a major challenge in populated countries like India.
It will become a burden on the government to maintain the quality and finally to sustain the public transportation system.
Many people will not use the public transport as it will be too crowded.
Human psychology is that free things are not valued much, so the system may get abused by the public.

However there are countries like Germany where public transportation is free for students and the money for the same is collected as a semester fee. In countries like India the challenge is quite unique. In India we have a huge range of users ranging from a homeless person to a millionaire.

There are two types of users, according to the literature: Choice riders and Captive riders.

Choice riders : users who can afford to travel by other private modes of transport
Captive riders: users who cannot afford anything other than public transport.

We need to find a balance between their requirements and affordability, keeping in mind that anything we do will need money and money cannot be grown on trees. In order to attract both types of riders towards public transport, we need to keep the fare within an affordable range of the user groups and need to uplift the quality of the service to match the choice riders’ needs.

This can be done by creating segments in the public transportation system:

A higher service quality for which the fare will also be a little lighter as the choice riders’ affordability range is higher and
A comparatively lower service quality which will sustain itself with a lower fare and also will fit within captive riders’ pocket.

Ways to get funds to improve the service-quality of entire transportation system:

The revenue of the higher service quality can support the lower quality to improve and come to the same level.
The revenue from the goods transportation system can also contribute in improving the public transportation service-quality.
In order to maintain the interest of the choice riders we will need to think of providing some advantages against the higher fare they will pay. Like less crowed in the higher class and little more pleasant condition.

The entire process to improve the quality of public transport and reducing various problems due to vehicles needs to be worked out in detail. This will take a longer time but this should work better than making it completely free for all.

What are the pros and cons of using public transportation?

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Fully explain your ideas

To get an excellent score in the IELTS Task 2 writing section, one of the easiest and most effective tips is structuring your writing in the most solid format. A great argument essay structure may be divided to four paragraphs, in which comprises of four sentences (excluding the conclusion paragraph, which comprises of three sentences).

For we to consider an essay structure a great one, it should be looking like this:

Paragraph 1 - Introduction
Sentence 1 - Background statement
Sentence 2 - Detailed background statement
Sentence 3 - Thesis
Sentence 4 - Outline sentence
Paragraph 2 - First supporting paragraph
Sentence 1 - Topic sentence
Sentence 2 - Example
Sentence 3 - Discussion
Sentence 4 - Conclusion
Paragraph 3 - Second supporting paragraph
Paragraph 4 - Conclusion
Sentence 1 - Summary
Sentence 2 - Restatement of thesis
Sentence 3 - Prediction or recommendation

Our recommended essay structure above comprises of fifteen (15) sentences, which will make your essay approximately 250 to 275 words.

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In. this. essay, I will discuss some of the reasons why using public. transport. is getting hotter and some challenges to be overcome. Let's begin by looking at the advantages of moving by public transportations. One of the main reasons is that they're considerably cheaper than any other means of moving, such. as taxis.
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This is the leading benefit of bus transportation. While driving personal transport, you feel more pressure in terms of safety, time, and cost; however, while traveling on a bus, you are free of many stressful factors. Thus, include the stress factor in your transportation essay introduction right in the beginning.
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Nowadays people believe that children of the current generation enjoy much more freedom than required, which has changed the behaviour of youngsters. While some argue that it has a negative impact but I partially agree as freedom is also required for a child's development. To explain my view, I will be discussing the pros and cons in this essay.
Pros & cons: Making public transportation free
ASIA. Pros: Free public transport would reduce the number of cars on the road. Global warming is a serious issue and if public transport was free, more people would use it, taking cars off the road. 1 train could take 2000 cars off the road. A public transport system with 20 trains could take 40,000 cars off the road.
What are the pros and cons of using public transportation?
In conclusion, this. essay discussed both the advantages and disadvantages of public. transportation. , while using it can reduce stress and air contamination it can. also. rob people of the sense of freedom and in countries where there is not a good system it can be impossible to use it.