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500+ Qualitative Research Titles and Topics

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Qualitative research is a methodological approach that involves gathering and analyzing non-numerical data to understand and interpret social phenomena. Unlike quantitative research , which emphasizes the collection of numerical data through surveys and experiments, qualitative research is concerned with exploring the subjective experiences, perspectives, and meanings of individuals and groups. As such, qualitative research topics can be diverse and encompass a wide range of social issues and phenomena. From exploring the impact of culture on identity formation to examining the experiences of marginalized communities, qualitative research offers a rich and nuanced perspective on complex social issues. In this post, we will explore some of the most compelling qualitative research topics and provide some tips on how to conduct effective qualitative research.

Qualitative Research Titles

Qualitative research titles often reflect the study’s focus on understanding the depth and complexity of human behavior, experiences, or social phenomena. Here are some examples across various fields:

• “Understanding the Impact of Project-Based Learning on Student Engagement in High School Classrooms: A Qualitative Study”
• “Navigating the Transition: Experiences of International Students in American Universities”
• “The Role of Parental Involvement in Early Childhood Education: Perspectives from Teachers and Parents”
• “Exploring the Effects of Teacher Feedback on Student Motivation and Self-Efficacy in Middle Schools”
• “Digital Literacy in the Classroom: Teacher Strategies for Integrating Technology in Elementary Education”
• “Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices: A Case Study in Diverse Urban Schools”
• “The Influence of Extracurricular Activities on Academic Achievement: Student Perspectives”
• “Barriers to Implementing Inclusive Education in Public Schools: A Qualitative Inquiry”
• “Teacher Professional Development and Its Impact on Classroom Practice: A Qualitative Exploration”
• “Student-Centered Learning Environments: A Qualitative Study of Classroom Dynamics and Outcomes”
• “The Experience of First-Year Teachers: Challenges, Support Systems, and Professional Growth”
• “Exploring the Role of School Leadership in Fostering a Positive School Culture”
• “Peer Relationships and Learning Outcomes in Cooperative Learning Settings: A Qualitative Analysis”
• “The Impact of Social Media on Student Learning and Engagement: Teacher and Student Perspectives”
• “Understanding Special Education Needs: Parent and Teacher Perceptions of Support Services in Schools

Health Science

• “Living with Chronic Pain: Patient Narratives and Coping Strategies in Managing Daily Life”
• “Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives on the Challenges of Rural Healthcare Delivery”
• “Exploring the Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 on Frontline Healthcare Workers: A Qualitative Study”
• “Patient and Family Experiences of Palliative Care: Understanding Needs and Preferences”
• “The Role of Community Health Workers in Improving Access to Maternal Healthcare in Rural Areas”
• “Barriers to Mental Health Services Among Ethnic Minorities: A Qualitative Exploration”
• “Understanding Patient Satisfaction in Telemedicine Services: A Qualitative Study of User Experiences”
• “The Impact of Cultural Competence Training on Healthcare Provider-Patient Communication”
• “Navigating the Transition to Adult Healthcare Services: Experiences of Adolescents with Chronic Conditions”
• “Exploring the Use of Alternative Medicine Among Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Qualitative Inquiry”
• “The Role of Social Support in the Rehabilitation Process of Stroke Survivors”
• “Healthcare Decision-Making Among Elderly Patients: A Qualitative Study of Preferences and Influences”
• “Nurse Perceptions of Patient Safety Culture in Hospital Settings: A Qualitative Analysis”
• “Experiences of Women with Postpartum Depression: Barriers to Seeking Help”
• “The Impact of Nutrition Education on Eating Behaviors Among College Students: A Qualitative Approach”
• “Understanding Resilience in Survivors of Childhood Trauma: A Narrative Inquiry”
• “The Role of Mindfulness in Managing Work-Related Stress Among Corporate Employees: A Qualitative Study”
• “Coping Mechanisms Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder”
• “Exploring the Psychological Impact of Social Isolation in the Elderly: A Phenomenological Study”
• “Identity Formation in Adolescence: The Influence of Social Media and Peer Groups”
• “The Experience of Forgiveness in Interpersonal Relationships: A Qualitative Exploration”
• “Perceptions of Happiness and Well-Being Among University Students: A Cultural Perspective”
• “The Impact of Art Therapy on Anxiety and Depression in Adult Cancer Patients”
• “Narratives of Recovery: A Qualitative Study on the Journey Through Addiction Rehabilitation”
• “Exploring the Psychological Effects of Long-Term Unemployment: A Grounded Theory Approach”
• “Attachment Styles and Their Influence on Adult Romantic Relationships: A Qualitative Analysis”
• “The Role of Personal Values in Career Decision-Making Among Young Adults”
• “Understanding the Stigma of Mental Illness in Rural Communities: A Qualitative Inquiry”
• “Exploring the Use of Digital Mental Health Interventions Among Adolescents: A Qualitative Study”
• “The Psychological Impact of Climate Change on Young Adults: An Exploration of Anxiety and Action”
• “Navigating Identity: The Role of Social Media in Shaping Youth Culture and Self-Perception”
• “Community Resilience in the Face of Urban Gentrification: A Case Study of Neighborhood Change”
• “The Dynamics of Intergenerational Relationships in Immigrant Families: A Qualitative Analysis”
• “Social Capital and Economic Mobility in Low-Income Neighborhoods: An Ethnographic Approach”
• “Gender Roles and Career Aspirations Among Young Adults in Conservative Societies”
• “The Stigma of Mental Health in the Workplace: Employee Narratives and Organizational Culture”
• “Exploring the Intersection of Race, Class, and Education in Urban School Systems”
• “The Impact of Digital Divide on Access to Healthcare Information in Rural Communities”
• “Social Movements and Political Engagement Among Millennials: A Qualitative Study”
• “Cultural Adaptation and Identity Among Second-Generation Immigrants: A Phenomenological Inquiry”
• “The Role of Religious Institutions in Providing Community Support and Social Services”
• “Negotiating Public Space: Experiences of LGBTQ+ Individuals in Urban Environments”
• “The Sociology of Food: Exploring Eating Habits and Food Practices Across Cultures”
• “Work-Life Balance Challenges Among Dual-Career Couples: A Qualitative Exploration”
• “The Influence of Peer Networks on Substance Use Among Adolescents: A Community Study”

Business and Management

• “Navigating Organizational Change: Employee Perceptions and Adaptation Strategies in Mergers and Acquisitions”
• “Corporate Social Responsibility: Consumer Perceptions and Brand Loyalty in the Retail Sector”
• “Leadership Styles and Organizational Culture: A Comparative Study of Tech Startups”
• “Workplace Diversity and Inclusion: Best Practices and Challenges in Multinational Corporations”
• “Consumer Trust in E-commerce: A Qualitative Study of Online Shopping Behaviors”
• “The Gig Economy and Worker Satisfaction: Exploring the Experiences of Freelance Professionals”
• “Entrepreneurial Resilience: Success Stories and Lessons Learned from Failed Startups”
• “Employee Engagement and Productivity in Remote Work Settings: A Post-Pandemic Analysis”
• “Brand Storytelling: How Narrative Strategies Influence Consumer Engagement”
• “Sustainable Business Practices: Stakeholder Perspectives in the Fashion Industry”
• “Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges in Global Teams: Strategies for Effective Collaboration”
• “Innovative Workspaces: The Impact of Office Design on Creativity and Collaboration”
• “Consumer Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Customer Service: A Qualitative Exploration”
• “The Role of Mentoring in Career Development: Insights from Women in Leadership Positions”
• “Agile Management Practices: Adoption and Impact in Traditional Industries”

Environmental Studies

• “Community-Based Conservation Efforts in Tropical Rainforests: A Qualitative Study of Local Perspectives and Practices”
• “Urban Sustainability Initiatives: Exploring Resident Participation and Impact in Green City Projects”
• “Perceptions of Climate Change Among Indigenous Populations: Insights from Traditional Ecological Knowledge”
• “Environmental Justice and Industrial Pollution: A Case Study of Community Advocacy and Response”
• “The Role of Eco-Tourism in Promoting Conservation Awareness: Perspectives from Tour Operators and Visitors”
• “Sustainable Agriculture Practices Among Smallholder Farmers: Challenges and Opportunities”
• “Youth Engagement in Climate Action Movements: Motivations, Perceptions, and Outcomes”
• “Corporate Environmental Responsibility: A Qualitative Analysis of Stakeholder Expectations and Company Practices”
• “The Impact of Plastic Pollution on Marine Ecosystems: Community Awareness and Behavioral Change”
• “Renewable Energy Adoption in Rural Communities: Barriers, Facilitators, and Social Implications”
• “Water Scarcity and Community Adaptation Strategies in Arid Regions: A Grounded Theory Approach”
• “Urban Green Spaces: Public Perceptions and Use Patterns in Megacities”
• “Environmental Education in Schools: Teachers’ Perspectives on Integrating Sustainability into Curricula”
• “The Influence of Environmental Activism on Policy Change: Case Studies of Grassroots Campaigns”
• “Cultural Practices and Natural Resource Management: A Qualitative Study of Indigenous Stewardship Models”

Anthropology

• “Kinship and Social Organization in Matrilineal Societies: An Ethnographic Study”
• “Rituals and Beliefs Surrounding Death and Mourning in Diverse Cultures: A Comparative Analysis”
• “The Impact of Globalization on Indigenous Languages and Cultural Identity”
• “Food Sovereignty and Traditional Agricultural Practices Among Indigenous Communities”
• “Navigating Modernity: The Integration of Traditional Healing Practices in Contemporary Healthcare Systems”
• “Gender Roles and Equality in Hunter-Gatherer Societies: An Anthropological Perspective”
• “Sacred Spaces and Religious Practices: An Ethnographic Study of Pilgrimage Sites”
• “Youth Subcultures and Resistance: An Exploration of Identity and Expression in Urban Environments”
• “Cultural Constructions of Disability and Inclusion: A Cross-Cultural Analysis”
• “Interethnic Marriages and Cultural Syncretism: Case Studies from Multicultural Societies”
• “The Role of Folklore and Storytelling in Preserving Cultural Heritage”
• “Economic Anthropology of Gift-Giving and Reciprocity in Tribal Communities”
• “Digital Anthropology: The Role of Social Media in Shaping Political Movements”
• “Migration and Diaspora: Maintaining Cultural Identity in Transnational Communities”
• “Cultural Adaptations to Climate Change Among Coastal Fishing Communities”

Communication Studies

• “The Dynamics of Family Communication in the Digital Age: A Qualitative Inquiry”
• “Narratives of Identity and Belonging in Diaspora Communities Through Social Media”
• “Organizational Communication and Employee Engagement: A Case Study in the Non-Profit Sector”
• “Cultural Influences on Communication Styles in Multinational Teams: An Ethnographic Approach”
• “Media Representation of Women in Politics: A Content Analysis and Audience Perception Study”
• “The Role of Communication in Building Sustainable Community Development Projects”
• “Interpersonal Communication in Online Dating: Strategies, Challenges, and Outcomes”
• “Public Health Messaging During Pandemics: A Qualitative Study of Community Responses”
• “The Impact of Mobile Technology on Parent-Child Communication in the Digital Era”
• “Crisis Communication Strategies in the Hospitality Industry: A Case Study of Reputation Management”
• “Narrative Analysis of Personal Stories Shared on Mental Health Blogs”
• “The Influence of Podcasts on Political Engagement Among Young Adults”
• “Visual Communication and Brand Identity: A Qualitative Study of Consumer Interpretations”
• “Communication Barriers in Cross-Cultural Healthcare Settings: Patient and Provider Perspectives”
• “The Role of Internal Communication in Managing Organizational Change: Employee Experiences”

Information Technology

• “User Experience Design in Augmented Reality Applications: A Qualitative Study of Best Practices”
• “The Human Factor in Cybersecurity: Understanding Employee Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Phishing”
• “Adoption of Cloud Computing in Small and Medium Enterprises: Challenges and Success Factors”
• “Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management: A Qualitative Exploration of Potential Impacts”
• “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalizing User Experiences on E-commerce Platforms”
• “Digital Transformation in Traditional Industries: A Case Study of Technology Adoption Challenges”
• “Ethical Considerations in the Development of Smart Home Technologies: A Stakeholder Analysis”
• “The Impact of Social Media Algorithms on News Consumption and Public Opinion”
• “Collaborative Software Development: Practices and Challenges in Open Source Projects”
• “Understanding the Digital Divide: Access to Information Technology in Rural Communities”
• “Data Privacy Concerns and User Trust in Internet of Things (IoT) Devices”
• “The Effectiveness of Gamification in Educational Software: A Qualitative Study of Engagement and Motivation”
• “Virtual Teams and Remote Work: Communication Strategies and Tools for Effectiveness”
• “User-Centered Design in Mobile Health Applications: Evaluating Usability and Accessibility”
• “The Influence of Technology on Work-Life Balance: Perspectives from IT Professionals”

Tourism and Hospitality

• “Exploring the Authenticity of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Indigenous Communities”
• “Sustainable Tourism Practices: Perceptions and Implementations in Small Island Destinations”
• “The Impact of Social Media Influencers on Destination Choice Among Millennials”
• “Gastronomy Tourism: Exploring the Culinary Experiences of International Visitors in Rural Regions”
• “Eco-Tourism and Conservation: Stakeholder Perspectives on Balancing Tourism and Environmental Protection”
• “The Role of Hospitality in Enhancing the Cultural Exchange Experience of Exchange Students”
• “Dark Tourism: Visitor Motivations and Experiences at Historical Conflict Sites”
• “Customer Satisfaction in Luxury Hotels: A Qualitative Study of Service Excellence and Personalization”
• “Adventure Tourism: Understanding the Risk Perception and Safety Measures Among Thrill-Seekers”
• “The Influence of Local Communities on Tourist Experiences in Ecotourism Sites”
• “Event Tourism: Economic Impacts and Community Perspectives on Large-Scale Music Festivals”
• “Heritage Tourism and Identity: Exploring the Connections Between Historic Sites and National Identity”
• “Tourist Perceptions of Sustainable Accommodation Practices: A Study of Green Hotels”
• “The Role of Language in Shaping the Tourist Experience in Multilingual Destinations”
• “Health and Wellness Tourism: Motivations and Experiences of Visitors to Spa and Retreat Centers”

Qualitative Research Topics

Qualitative Research Topics are as follows:

• Understanding the lived experiences of first-generation college students
• Exploring the impact of social media on self-esteem among adolescents
• Investigating the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction
• Analyzing the perceptions of employees regarding organizational culture
• Examining the impact of parental involvement on academic achievement of elementary school students
• Investigating the role of music therapy in managing symptoms of depression
• Understanding the experience of women in male-dominated industries
• Exploring the factors that contribute to successful leadership in non-profit organizations
• Analyzing the effects of peer pressure on substance abuse among adolescents
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with disabilities in the workplace
• Understanding the factors that contribute to burnout among healthcare professionals
• Examining the impact of social support on mental health outcomes
• Analyzing the perceptions of parents regarding sex education in schools
• Investigating the experiences of immigrant families in the education system
• Understanding the impact of trauma on mental health outcomes
• Exploring the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy for individuals with anxiety
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful intergenerational relationships
• Investigating the experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in the workplace
• Understanding the impact of online gaming on social skills development among adolescents
• Examining the perceptions of teachers regarding technology integration in the classroom
• Analyzing the experiences of women in leadership positions
• Investigating the factors that contribute to successful marriage and long-term relationships
• Understanding the impact of social media on political participation
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with mental health disorders in the criminal justice system
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community-based programs for youth development
• Investigating the experiences of veterans in accessing mental health services
• Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health outcomes
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood obesity prevention
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful multicultural education programs
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in the workplace
• Understanding the impact of poverty on academic achievement
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in the workplace
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful employee retention strategies
• Investigating the experiences of caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease
• Understanding the impact of parent-child communication on adolescent sexual behavior
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health services on campus
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in the workplace
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of mentorship on career success
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with physical disabilities in the workplace
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community-based programs for mental health
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of social media on romantic relationships
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding child discipline strategies
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful cross-cultural communication in the workplace
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of cultural differences on healthcare delivery
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with hearing loss in the workplace
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful parent-teacher communication
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with depression in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health outcomes
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding alcohol and drug use on campus
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful mentor-mentee relationships
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with intellectual disabilities in the workplace
• Understanding the impact of work-family balance on employee satisfaction and well-being
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in vocational rehabilitation programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful project management in the construction industry
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in peer support groups
• Understanding the impact of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction and mental health
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood nutrition
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful environmental sustainability initiatives in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with bipolar disorder in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of job stress on employee burnout and turnover
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with physical disabilities in recreational activities
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful strategic planning in nonprofit organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with hoarding disorder in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of culture on leadership styles and effectiveness
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding sexual health education on campus
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain management in the retail industry
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with personality disorders in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of multiculturalism on group dynamics in the workplace
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in mindfulness-based pain management programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful employee engagement strategies in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with internet addiction disorder in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of social comparison on body dissatisfaction and self-esteem
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood sleep habits
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful diversity and inclusion initiatives in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with schizophrenia in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of job crafting on employee motivation and job satisfaction
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with vision impairments in navigating public spaces
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer relationship management strategies in the service industry
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative amnesia in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of cultural intelligence on intercultural communication and collaboration
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding campus diversity and inclusion efforts
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain sustainability initiatives in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance and employee well-being
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with mobility impairments in public transportation
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful talent management strategies in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in harm reduction programs
• Understanding the impact of gratitude practices on well-being and resilience
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood mental health and well-being
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful corporate social responsibility initiatives in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with borderline personality disorder in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of emotional labor on job stress and burnout
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with hearing impairments in healthcare settings
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer experience strategies in the hospitality industry
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with gender dysphoria in gender-affirming healthcare
• Understanding the impact of cultural differences on cross-cultural negotiation in the global marketplace
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding academic stress and mental health
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain agility in organizations
• Understanding the impact of music therapy on mental health and well-being
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with dyslexia in educational settings
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful leadership in nonprofit organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in online support groups
• Understanding the impact of exercise on mental health and well-being
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood screen time
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful change management strategies in organizations
• Understanding the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with hearing impairments in the workplace
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in corporate settings
• Understanding the impact of technology on communication in romantic relationships
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community engagement strategies for local governments
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of financial stress on mental health and well-being
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful mentorship programs in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with gambling addictions in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of social media on body image and self-esteem
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood education
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful virtual team management strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative identity disorder in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of cultural differences on cross-cultural communication in healthcare settings
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in cognitive-behavioral therapy programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community-building strategies in urban neighborhoods
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with alcohol use disorders in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of personality traits on romantic relationships
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health stigma on campus
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful fundraising strategies for political campaigns
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with traumatic brain injuries in rehabilitation programs
• Understanding the impact of social support on mental health and well-being among the elderly
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in medical treatment decision-making processes
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful innovation strategies in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative disorders in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of cultural differences on cross-cultural communication in education settings
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood physical activity
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful conflict resolution in family relationships
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with opioid use disorders in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with learning disabilities in the workplace
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful change management in educational institutions
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in recovery support groups
• Understanding the impact of self-compassion on mental health and well-being
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding campus safety and security measures
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful marketing strategies for nonprofit organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with postpartum depression in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of ageism in the workplace
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with dyslexia in the education system
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in cognitive-behavioral therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of socioeconomic status on access to healthcare
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood screen time usage
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain management strategies
• Understanding the impact of parenting styles on child development
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with addiction in harm reduction programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful crisis management strategies in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with trauma in trauma-focused therapy programs
• Examining the perceptions of healthcare providers regarding patient-centered care
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful product development strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in employment programs
• Understanding the impact of cultural competence on healthcare outcomes
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in healthcare navigation
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community engagement strategies for non-profit organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with physical disabilities in the workplace
• Understanding the impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain sustainability strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with personality disorders in dialectical behavior therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of gender identity on mental health treatment seeking behaviors
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with schizophrenia in community-based treatment programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful project team management strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder in exposure and response prevention therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of cultural competence on academic achievement and success
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding academic integrity
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful social media marketing strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with bipolar disorder in community-based treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of mindfulness on academic achievement and success
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in medication-assisted treatment programs
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in exposure therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of healthcare disparities on health outcomes
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain optimization strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with borderline personality disorder in schema therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of culture on perceptions of mental health stigma
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with trauma in art therapy programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful digital marketing strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in online support groups
• Understanding the impact of workplace bullying on job satisfaction and performance
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health resources on campus
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain risk management strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in mindfulness-based pain management programs
• Understanding the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety disorder
• Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and well-being
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in treatment programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful leadership in business organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in cognitive-behavioral therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of cultural differences on intercultural communication
• Examining the perceptions of teachers regarding inclusive education for students with disabilities
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with depression in therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of workplace culture on employee retention and turnover
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with traumatic brain injuries in rehabilitation programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful crisis communication strategies in organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in mindfulness-based interventions
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in healthcare settings
• Understanding the impact of technology on work-life balance
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with learning disabilities in academic settings
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful entrepreneurship in small businesses
• Understanding the impact of gender identity on mental health and well-being
• Examining the perceptions of individuals with disabilities regarding accessibility in public spaces
• Understanding the impact of religion on coping strategies for stress and anxiety
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in complementary and alternative medicine treatments
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer retention strategies in business organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with postpartum depression in therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of ageism on older adults in healthcare settings
• Examining the perceptions of students regarding online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in virtual work environments
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with gambling disorders in treatment programs
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in peer support groups
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful social media marketing strategies for businesses
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with ADHD in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive and emotional functioning
• Examining the perceptions of individuals with chronic illnesses regarding healthcare access and affordability
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with borderline personality disorder in dialectical behavior therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of social support on caregiver well-being
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in disability activism
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful cultural competency training programs in healthcare settings
• Understanding the impact of personality disorders on interpersonal relationships
• Examining the perceptions of healthcare providers regarding the use of telehealth services
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative disorders in therapy programs
• Understanding the impact of gender bias in hiring practices
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with visual impairments in the workplace
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful diversity and inclusion programs in the workplace
• Understanding the impact of online dating on romantic relationships
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood vaccination
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful communication in healthcare settings
• Understanding the impact of cultural stereotypes on academic achievement
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in sober living programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful classroom management strategies
• Understanding the impact of social support on addiction recovery
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health stigma
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful conflict resolution in the workplace
• Understanding the impact of race and ethnicity on healthcare access and outcomes
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder in treatment programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful project management strategies
• Understanding the impact of teacher-student relationships on academic achievement
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer service strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with social anxiety disorder in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of workplace stress on job satisfaction and performance
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with disabilities in sports and recreation
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful marketing strategies for small businesses
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with phobias in treatment programs
• Understanding the impact of culture on attitudes towards mental health and illness
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding sexual assault prevention
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful time management strategies
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with addiction in recovery support groups
• Understanding the impact of mindfulness on emotional regulation and well-being
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in treatment programs
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful conflict resolution in romantic relationships
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in social skills training programs
• Understanding the impact of parent-child communication on adolescent substance use
• Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood mental health services
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful fundraising strategies for non-profit organizations
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in support groups
• Understanding the impact of personality traits on career success and satisfaction
• Exploring the experiences of individuals with disabilities in accessing public transportation
• Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in sports teams
• Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in alternative medicine treatments
• Understanding the impact of stigma on mental health treatment seeking behaviors
• Examining the perceptions of college students regarding diversity and inclusion on campus.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, street vending: transformative entrepreneurship for individual and collective well-being.

Journal of Services Marketing

ISSN : 0887-6045

Article publication date: 31 August 2020

Issue publication date: 7 November 2020

This study aims to explore the lived experience of vendors as they enact street vending practice that emerges as transformative entrepreneurship and service where they live and work.

Design/methodology/approach

This research qualitatively explores street vending in a multi-cultural, multi-local study to understand how these businesses operate to positively impact individual, collective and societal well-being.

This research reveals street vending is a creative, transformative entrepreneurial activity that improves individual and collective well-being. The research exposes multiple forms of habitual and transformative value delivered by vendors, resulting in improved eudaimonic and hedonic well-being that ripples out from vendors to families, communities and society.

Research limitations/implications

A framework of street vending practice is provided to guide service designers and policymakers as they seek to support street vendors as they move from informal to formal and from survival to growth business modes.

Originality/value

This research extends existing conceptualizations of transformative entrepreneurship beyond prior focus on economic transformation and prior limitations of transformative entrepreneurship to business in growth modes.

• Qualitative research
• Base of the pyramid
• Subsistence marketplaces
• Transformative entrepreneurship
• Street vending
• Transformative service

Giraldo, M. , Garcia-Tello, L. and Rayburn, S.W. (2020), "Street vending: transformative entrepreneurship for individual and collective well-being", Journal of Services Marketing , Vol. 34 No. 6, pp. 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-08-2019-0322

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

The impact of urban culture on street vending: a path model analysis of the general public's perspective.

• 1 School of Business, Skyline University College, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
• 2 Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Al-Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq
• 3 Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• 4 Faculty of Finance, University of Maryland Global Campus, Adelphi, MD, United States
• 5 Faculty of Finance, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States

This study examined the relationship between urban culture and street vending. Prior research on this topic is limited and inconclusive. Therefore, we have proposed an integrated model to test the positive effect of urban culture on street vending using multiple mediations of consumption patterns, resistance, and microfinance. We tested a sample of 425 responses that reflect the public opinion in Baghdad, Iraq. These responses were collected between September and November 2018. A partial least squares–based structural equation modeling is employed to test the validity of measurement models and the significance of the entire structural model, predictive power, and mediation analysis. We found that resistance mediates the effect of urban culture on street vending; low-income consumption and resistance sequentially mediate the effect of urban culture on street vending, while resistance mediates the effect of a lack of microfinance on street vending. The direct impact of culture on street vending is not significant, and a lack of microfinance positively influences the pervasiveness of trading on streets. This study contributes to the extant literature as it proposed and tested a novel and comprehensive model to analyze the relationship between urban culture and street vending, simultaneously examining the effects of culture, consumption, resistance, and microfinance on street vending.

Introduction

Unlicensed street vendors occupy public spaces and traditional markets, creating problems for residents, pedestrians, formal retailers, and public authorities. They sometimes cause conflicts in society, potentially leading to violence ( Tonda and Kepe, 2016 ). Moreover, they often employ children, working individually or with their parents ( Estrada, 2016 ), and are frequently accused of drug trading and counterfeiting ( Ilahiane and Sherry, 2008 ). On the other hand, in many countries, the informal economy, which consists mainly of street vending, plays a crucial role in income generation, employment creation, and production ( Recchi, 2020 ).

There are no accurate data for street vending or for the informal economy in general due to the fact that street vending and/or informal sector are informal activities operating without registration and licenses. According to the conceptualization of the International Labor Organization (ILO), the formal economy consists of government entities in addition to registered private units with fixed premises, while the informal sector includes unregistered business units such as street vending, agricultural family production, daily construction work, and home-based enterprises ( OECD/ILO, 2019 ). An indicator of the scale of street vending is that informal employment accounts for 42% of total nonagricultural employment in Thailand (2010), 50% in Argentina (2009), 61% in Ecuador (2009), and 70% in Zambia (2008) as estimated by the ILO ( ILO, 2013 ). If we add the small family farms, the informal sector represents a huge part of the entire economy in most developing countries.

The study chose Baghdad, Iraq as a sample to analyze the relationship between culture and street vending for multiple reasons. First, street vending is a crucial part of the vibrancy of cities like Baghdad, Iraq's capital. Second, Iraqis often buy from and trust peddlers; most of the time, the public authorities ignore them. Third, the pervasiveness of street vending has increased dramatically over the last 15 years in the wake of political changes. Since the occupation of Iraq by the US-led alliance in 2003, the state and its major institutions have collapsed. Political and social stability has been severely damaged, and the state has mainly allocated its financial resources to fighting terrorism and resolving sectarian tensions. Moreover, the new regime has shifted to a free-enterprise market that has replaced the state as the major source of employment that it used to be during Saddam Hussein's dictatorial regime. As a result, the unemployment rate has increased, especially among young people, and one-fifth of the population has fallen below the poverty line, even though the country is ranked fifth in the world for oil exports. The number of street vendors has increased sharply, and the public authorities have been unable to formalize their status. Government attempts to evict street vendors or destroy their stalls sometimes trigger protests, such as the major demonstration at the beginning of October 2019 against corruption, unemployment, and poor public services. We have therefore chosen to investigate this widespread and problematic issue.

This study examines the relationship between urban culture and street vending, since the literature on this topic is quite sparse ( Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ; Wibisono and Catrayasa, 2018 ). Scholarly research has focused on street vendors who choose their profession willingly for cultural reasons, and who have a spiritual motivation that gives them satisfaction, enabling them to provide high-quality services in the perception of their clients ( Wibisono and Catrayasa, 2018 ). Understanding of this relationship between culture and street vending needs to be enriched, since research has yielded contradictory statistical results ( Voiculescu, 2014 ; Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ; Alvi and Mendoza, 2017 ; Wibisono and Catrayasa, 2018 ). Few studies have taken account of the fact that low-income customers prefer to shop in neighboring streets at low prices and to spend only a short time doing so ( Yatmo, 2009 ; Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ). Therefore, when scholars consider low-income consumption as a dimension of urban culture, their statistical results are inconsistent ( Steel, 2012a ; Trupp, 2015 ; Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ).

Some researchers have suggested a direct effect of resistance on the pervasiveness of street vending, noting that street vendors, in order to survive, adopt a strategy of resistance, despite restrictive policies ( Hanser, 2016 ; Boonjubun, 2017 ). Here, we argue that resistance as a mediator is able to explain the relationship between culture (or low-income consumption) and street vending, given that urban culture (or low-income consumption) may not affect street vending directly. For this reason, we propose a mediation model that can be examined theoretically and empirically. The model posits that urban culture positively impacts street vending through low-income consumption and resistance and the mediating effect of resistance on the relationship between a lack of microfinance and street vending.

This study relies on the cultural approach, which argues that street vendors choose their endeavor for cultural reasons rather than on the basis of rational decisions. They establish relationships with their friends and the community on the basis of solidarity and reciprocity, and they successfully build relationships with customers on the basis of trust. They also enjoy freedom and flexibility that allow them to have control over their lives. For their part, customers support street vendors who offer the goods and the services they need at affordable prices ( Williams and Gurtoo, 2012 ; Williams and Youssef, 2014 ). In this context, the present study examines whether culture impacts street vending directly or indirectly through consumption and resistance.

The model is tested empirically, using a survey of the general public's attitudes toward street vending and corresponding factors in the context of Baghdad. Researchers have reviewed public policies on street vending on the basis of national data ( Ilahiane and Sherry, 2008 ; Lyons, 2013 ) and have interviewed street vendors to identify their characteristics ( Reid et al., 2010 ; Tengeh and Lapah, 2013 ; Wibisono and Catrayasa, 2018 ). However, there remains a need to understand public opinions on street vending before reviewing public policies on this activity ( Chai et al., 2011 ). The current study formulates a public perspective on this widespread problem in cities, which is a necessary step in developing appropriate legislation.

The study makes significant contributions to the literature on street vending. First, it tests the cultural approach by investigating the direct and indirect effects of culture on street vending. Second, it introduces a distinctive model using sequential mediation analysis. Third, the model is expanded by the addition of the mediating effect of resistance on the relationship between microfinance and street vending. Finally, the results can be used to rank the factors that drive the pervasiveness of street vending in order of importance, with managerial implications for dealing fairly with this problematic issue in the cities of developing countries.

Section Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis Development introduces the conceptual framework and develops the hypotheses on the basis of a thorough review of the literature. Section Methodology sets out the sampling and data collection procedure, derives measurement items for the constructs of the model, and provides a rationale for using a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach to analyze the data. Section Results tests the model and hypotheses and reports the results. Section Discussion and Conclusion discusses the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings, and then considers the limitations of the study and future research directions.

Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis Development

Scholars often consider the informal economy as an indicator of economic underdevelopment or as an obstacle to economic development. However, in developing and low-income countries, the informal sector increasingly contributes to the elimination of unemployment and poverty ( Ilahiane and Sherry, 2008 ; Lyons, 2013 ). Street vendors (hawkers or peddlers), as a main element in the informal economy, have existed for decades ( Nani, 2016 ). They are continually at risk of eviction from sidewalks and crowded markets ( Recio and Gomez, 2013 ) because public officials tend not to appreciate the role of hawkers, although their businesses play a major role in the informal economy, contribute to the vibrancy of cities, and form an obvious part of the general economy ( Khan and Quaddus, 2020 ).

Street vendors earn a low level of income and must compete with formal sellers ( Agadjanian, 2002 ). It is worth noting that there are often too many vegetable sellers competing with each other in overcrowded areas. In this connection, we should differentiate between licensed and unlicensed street vendors. While licensed sellers enjoy a formal relationship with municipal authorities and public officials, unlicensed vendors work under precarious conditions, struggling to avoid eviction from the public streets ( Cuvi, 2016 ). Our study analyzes the impact of urban culture on the pervasiveness of unlicensed street vending via consumption patterns and resistance, in addition to the impact of a lack of microfinance on street vending via resistance. The conceptual research model ( Figure 1 ) and its hypotheses are rooted in the literature, as the following subsections demonstrate.

Figure 1 . Conceptual research model.

Urban Culture

Urban or street culture refers to values and practices shared by the residents of cities. Street vending is a core part of this culture. As we have observed in Baghdad, customers visit nearby traditional markets not only to make purchases but also to spend time communicating with each other, meeting their friends, walking, and looking at the attractive offerings of street vendors. Meanwhile, street vendors are reluctant to move into the formal sector, preferring the hazardous conditions of the informal sector to the relative safety of formal activities ( Alvi and Mendoza, 2017 ). It is this preference that enables them to tolerate the difficulties they encounter ( Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ). Some vendors love the flexible spaces and movement; they are voyagers who carry their emotions and dreams with them as they explore new landscapes ( Voiculescu, 2014 ). They enter the informal economy for cultural reasons, such as continuing a traditional family activity, and for social or lifestyle reasons ( Williams and Gurtoo, 2012 ). The urban culture of a city also determines the traditional recipes and eating habits that match the food offered by street vendors ( Wardrop, 2006 ), and the public streets where readers and sellers of newspapers come together represent shared cultural interests ( Reuveni, 2002 ). Thus, we hypothesize:

H1 . Urban culture positively impacts street vending.

Low-Income Consumption

Street vendors cannot compete with retail shops in terms of quality, brand name, or variety of products; instead, they attract customers who intend to spend only a short period of time shopping and buy at low prices ( Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ). Traditional markets combine both retail shops and street vendors who intentionally locate their business in crowded areas. For instance, low-income customers who cannot afford to go to restaurants buy cooked food from sellers on the streets. Even though their business is somewhat threatened by the formal food retail industry, those sellers continue to provide food to those consumers. Generally, the vendors themselves try to understand changes in customers' needs and to select appropriate public places to reach certain groups of customers, such as tourists ( Steel, 2012a ). For example, souvenir vendors have become a core part of the tourism economy in countries such as Thailand ( Trupp, 2015 ). Nowadays, vendors increasingly use social media platforms to disseminate information about their business, communicate with nearby customers, and persuade them. Then, customers often respond positively to purchasing from those vendors ( Wang et al., 2021b ).

Customers enjoy purchasing the products offered in the public streets and traditional markets, since this consumption pattern reflects their values and beliefs. For example, food consumption habits and styles are determined by geographical location, climate, and what foodstuffs can be produced locally, with the result that consumption patterns pass from one generation to the next. Specifically, meat consumption is affected by religion, history, and urban culture ( Nam et al., 2010 ). In short, the culture teaches vendors to produce traditional food or drink that appeals to customers. For their part, the customers, again as part of the culture, enjoy buying such food on the public streets and can identify trusted sellers. Therefore, urban culture establishes a pattern of low-income consumption that creates a real demand for the products offered by street vendors. Thus, we hypothesize:

H2 . Low-income consumption mediates the effect of urban culture on street vending.

Depending on their social networks, street vendors occupy certain traditional markets or sidewalks ( Tengeh and Lapah, 2013 ); that is, they belong to specific tribes or cities, which gives them a degree of power against residents and authorities. Itinerant vendors, for instance, resist in order to be allowed to remain on the sidewalks and in the markets, taking individual and collective action and sometimes organizing protests ( Steel, 2012b ). Vendors have neither safety nor security, because they face harassment from the local authorities and often have to pay bribes to sustain themselves on the streets ( Saha, 2011 ). When the authorities demolish their stalls, they find ways to return to their sites with a higher level of resistance ( Musoni, 2010 ). Governmental organizations can reduce the level of resistance by introducing justice practices among peddlers by offering sort of support to them such as building infrastructure in order to formalize their business ( Rehman et al., 2021 ).

Informal workers generally do not group themselves into organizations. Thus, they do not have the collective power to negotiate with governmental organizations, such as the police and municipal authorities, or to collaborate to improve their working conditions ( Hummel, 2017 ). Nevertheless, although city authorities have legal powers, street vendors tend to develop a set of strategies for acquiring formal and informal power ( Boonjubun, 2017 ; Forkuor et al., 2017 ; Hummel, 2017 ; Te-Lintelo, 2017 ). Thus, resistance gives vendors the ability to stay on the sidewalks and in the markets despite the objections of city officials and residents ( Zhong and Di, 2017 ).

People who suffer from poverty and unemployment develop their own subculture to resist oppression (T. A. Martinez, 1997 ). Street vendors who are poor or unemployed find ways to resist and continue their businesses on the public streets so that they can survive; they do so regardless of the concerns of the official authorities. Researchers have argued that certain groups in a society develop their own oppositional cultures that empower them to resist public trends ( Ainsworth-Darnell and Downey, 1998 ). These vendors believe that they have the right to survive in their neighborhood, and that the authorities do not have the right to evict them unless officials arrange alternative employment for them. Consequently, the culture generates values and beliefs in favor of peddlers staying on the public streets, with the approval of customers, and resistance supports them in doing this. Hence, we propose the following hypothesis:

H3 . Resistance mediates the effect of urban culture on street vending.

Urban culture creates a consumption pattern, especially for low-income customers. This pattern represents real demand for products offered in public spaces and on sidewalks, and street vendors find their businesses profitable because of the willingness of customers to deal with them. The resulting consumption pattern consolidates the persistence of street vendors working in the informal trading sector. For instance, Khan (2017) found that street vendors are distinguished by cheaper pricing and quicker delivery, and that their customers see street vending as conveniently located, with flexible times and rich customization. Since urban culture generates low-income consumption, the real demand for products offered on public streets establishes resistance among vendors, thereby facilitating the survival of their livelihood and justifying their pervasiveness. Hence, we propose the following hypothesis:

H4 . Low-income consumption and resistance sequentially mediate the effect of urban culture on street vending.

Lack of Microfinance

The pervasiveness of street vending can also be explained by a lack of microfinance. Husain et al. (2015) found that personal savings constitute the most considerable source of financing for peddlers. Lyons (2013) found that when peddlers find it difficult to secure formal credit facilities from commercial banks and financial funds, they sell their assets or borrow from cooperative organizations. To finance their economic activities and social security, street vendors sometimes borrow money at exorbitant rates of interest ( Saha, 2011 ; Martinez and Rivera-Acevedo, 2018 ). Therefore, governments should set up specialized organizations to provide financial support to microbusinesses. Likewise, commercial banks should be encouraged to lend to very small businesses, and the loans should be based on knowledge of the market rather than on technical evaluation of the risks; in this context, an intuitive approach to lending will lead to better results than quantitative methods ( Malôa, 2013 ).

Informal sellers are among the poorest people in society. They cannot afford to rent a retail outlet, expand their business, or shift to the formal sector ( Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ). Moreover, they do not meet the minimum requirements to apply for a loan, and banks are reluctant to be involved in microfinance. In short, an acute lack of microfinance results in poor and uneducated people trading on the streets, in contrast to a mature and developed financial system, which would create easier channels for financing microbusinesses and give unemployed people the opportunity to set up small formal businesses ( Esubalew and Raghurama, 2020 ). Since most unemployed and poor people have no access to the financial system to obtain loans, they become resistant. Thus, the strong resistance of street vendors can be explained in part by a lack of microfinance, which leads them to stay on the public streets. Therefore, we hypothesize:

H5 . A lack of microfinance positively impacts street vending.

H6 . Resistance mediates the effect of a lack of microfinance on street vending.

Methodology

Sampling and data collection.

The measurement items for the constructs in this study, displayed in Table 1 , were translated into Arabic, a language that the majority of Iraqis speak. To check the suitability of the items for the Iraqi cultural context, the questionnaire was discussed with five colleagues at the Middle Technical University, Baghdad, and an initial sample of 25 responses was analyzed. The results confirmed that most of the street vendors are Iraqis and that public officials mostly ignore them, although the authorities sometimes evict them from public streets and traditional markets. The results also indicated that most of the street vendors are uneducated, but that some have secondary school certificates, a diploma, or even a bachelor's degree, because unemployment has spread among young people and graduates. We modified the questionnaire in light of these findings, and the results are shown in Table 1 in an English version.

Table 1 . Measurement model assessment.

Some researchers have interviewed street vendors in order to understand their characteristics and the factors that affect their livelihoods ( Reid et al., 2010 ; Tengeh and Lapah, 2013 ; Wibisono and Catrayasa, 2018 ). The current study instead adopts the approach recommended by Chai et al. (2011) , with the aim of tracking the attitudes of the general public on the problematic issue of street vending. Their approach is appropriate because the problem affects the social and economic daily life of cities in two opposing ways. On the one hand, it has negative impacts in terms of traffic, competition with the modern retail industry, and violence. On the other hand, it reduces poverty and unemployment. Obtaining a clear understanding of public opinion on the issue is, therefore, a necessary step in reviewing public policies on how to deal fairly with street vendors.

Google Forms were used to administer the electronic survey, which was distributed via a hyperlink sent to participants by e-mail, WhatsApp, or Facebook. We began by inviting students, administrative staff, and faculty members at Middle Technical University, Baghdad to take part. Then, we encouraged our students to ask their friends and relatives outside the university to participate, and we also involved digital friends contacted via social networks. Our aim was to include 600 participants from a range of social classes. In the end, because of limitations of time and resources, we collected 463 responses. We excluded 38 of these on the grounds that the respondents had given the same answer to all the questions. The final sample, therefore, consisted of 425 complete and usable responses collected between September and November 2018. The raw data were deposited at Mendeley and can be viewed at Al-Jundi (2019) .

The study adopted a sampling method introduced by Krejcie and Morgan (1970) in order to determine the minimum size of the sample required for a given population. A total number of 384 participants will be required to gain a 95% confidence interval for a population that exceeds one million persons with a marginal error of ±5%. We managed to collect 425 reliable responses that are acceptable, taking into consideration the limitations of this paper (see section Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research). The study, therefore, uses nonprobabilistic sampling with an unlimited population.

Of the participants, 67% were men and 33% were women. In terms of education, 25% had not completed secondary schooling, 41% (most of whom were university students) had a secondary school certificate, 20% had a diploma or a bachelor's degree, and 14% (mainly faculty members) were postgraduates. With regard to monthly household income, 41% earned less than $400, 37% earned $400–999, 12% earned $1,000–1,499, and 10% earned more than $1,500. Participants under the age of 25 accounted for 35% of the sample, while 44% were aged 25–40, and 21% were 41 or older. Thus, the participants come from different educational backgrounds and social classes, which make our sample fairly representative of the general public in the capital city of Baghdad.

Measurement Variables

In order to test the conceptual research model using PLS-SEM, we constructed measurable (observed) variables that reflect constructs drawn from the literature. All the indicator variables were measured using a seven-point Likert-type scale, shown in Table 1 (1 strongly disagree, 2 disagree, 3 somewhat disagree, 4 neither agree nor disagree, 5 somewhat agree, 6 agree, and 7 strongly agree).

The review of the literature served to identify five items that reflect each construct. The measurement items for the pervasiveness of street vending were drawn from work by Agadjanian (2002) , Ilahiane and Sherry (2008) , Recio and Gomez (2013) , and Palacios (2016) , while the observed variables for urban culture were derived from the work of Reuveni (2002) , Wardrop (2006) , Tamilarai and Angayarkanni (2016) , Alvi and Mendoza (2017) , and Wibisono and Catrayasa (2018) . The items for consumption patterns were derived from Reid et al. (2010) , Steel (2012a) , Trupp (2015) , and Tamilarai and Angayarkanni (2016) , and resistance was tracked using indicators proposed by Musoni (2010) , Steel (2012b) , Tengeh and Lapah (2013) , Hanser (2016) , and Boonjubun (2017) . Finally, the lack of microfinance was measured using indicators introduced by Husain et al. (2015) , Lyons (2013) , Saha (2011) , and Tamilarai and Angayarkanni (2016) .

Statistical Procedures

To validate our proposed model, we adopted a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach for a number of reasons. First, SEM is well recognized among researchers, as many of the concepts of social science are latent variables that can only be measured via observed indicators ( Hair et al., 2017 , 2019 ; Latan and Noonan, 2017 ). Second, SEM is more powerful than factor analysis, path analysis, or multiple linear regression and has already been used in similar studies ( Al-Jundi et al., 2019 , 2020 ; Shujahat et al., 2020 ; Ali, 2021 ; Ali et al., 2021a , b ; Wang et al., 2021a ). Third, SEM takes into consideration measurement error in the observed variables involved in a corresponding model ( Fornell and Larcker, 1981 ). Fourth, PLS-SEM allows the examination of causal relationships among many latent variables simultaneously, as well as the calculation of direct and indirect effects of a complex model. Finally, SEM gives a complete picture of the entire model, regardless of the complexity of the relationships among the constructs and observed variables.

There are two approaches to estimating such a model: a covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) approach and a partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM) approach. CB-SEM presumes a multivariate normal distribution and seeks to identify the model parameters that minimize the discrepancy between the estimated and sample covariance matrices. PLS-SEM attempts to maximize the explained variance of the endogenous constructs ( Hair et al., 2017 ). The current paper uses the PLS-SEM technique for four reasons. First, PLS-SEM estimates a complex model with many constructs, observed variables, and path model relationships to guarantee convergence regardless of sample size and distribution assumptions ( Gefen and Straub, 2005 ). Second, PLS-SEM focuses on prediction, which allows the derivation of managerial implications. Third, PLS-SEM is suitable for developing a theory ( Hair et al., 2017 , 2019 ). Finally, PLS-SEM is recommended for the estimation of mediation models, including sequential mediation analysis ( Sarstedt et al., 2020 ).

Assessment of the Measurement Model

In the initial step of the factor analysis, item loadings above 0.700 were retained and those below 0.40 were deleted (as recommended by Hair et al., 2017 ). All standardized factor loadings were higher than the cut-off value of 0.707. We found that the item loading for LC1 was below 0.40, and we therefore deleted it. Table 1 shows the outer loadings of all the constructs in the study.

To examine internal consistency reliability, we used Cronbach's alpha (α) and composite reliability (ρ C ) for all the constructs. The rule of thumb indicates that α and ρ C should be above 0.700. As Table 1 shows, these requirements were met for all the constructs.

To assess convergent validity (construct communality), we used average variance extracted (AVE), which is calculated as the mean value of the squared outer loadings associated with each construct ( Gefen and Straub, 2005 ; Hair et al., 2017 ). As Table 1 shows, the AVE for all constructs exceeds the critical cut-off point of 0.500 ( Latan and Noonan, 2017 ), thus ensuring convergent validity.

To establish discriminant validity, the heterotrait–monotrait ratio (HTMT) was used. If the value of HTMT is lower than the threshold value of HTMT 0.85 (the conservative cut-off point) or HTMT 0.90 (the liberal cut-off point), discriminant validity is established ( Henseler et al., 2014 ). Table 2 shows that the HTMT ratios among the constructs are all below the cut-off point of HTMT 0.85 , and discriminant validity is thus established.

Table 2 . Assessment of discriminant validity using HTMT.

Predictive Relevance of the Model

To analyze the model's predictive relevance, we distinguished between in-sample prediction (explanatory power) and out-of-sample prediction (predictive power). Explanatory power can be evaluated using the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), which indicates the predictive accuracy. As a rule of thumb, R 2 values below 0.25 are considered weak. Table 3 shows that the R 2 values for street vending (0.267), low-income consumption (0.321), and resistance (0.361) can be considered moderate; that is, more than 25% of the amount of variance in all the endogenous constructs is explained by the corresponding exogenous constructs. These results are acceptable in the context of research in the behavioral and social sciences ( Hair et al., 2017 ).

Table 3 . Determination coefficients ( R 2 ) and predictive relevance (Q 2 ) of endogenous (omission distance = 7).

The effect size f 2 assesses how strongly an exogenous variable participates in explaining a target endogenous variable in terms of R 2 . As a rule of thumb, f 2 values of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 are weak, moderate, and large, respectively ( Hair et al., 2017 ). Table 5 shows that urban culture has a strong effect size in explaining low-income consumption. Lack of microfinance has a moderate effect on resistance, which is similar to the effect of resistance on street vending. Microfinance, consumption, and culture have weak effects on their target constructs, whereas urban culture and consumption pattern have no effect on street vending.

Even though the data collected reflect the general public's perspective from the capital city of Iraq, the quality of predictive power of the proposed model helps to generalize conclusions and drive managerial implications. To test the predictive relevance of the endogenous variables, we used a blindfolding procedure. Table 3 gives the Q2 values for our endogenous latent constructs. Applying the same rule of thumb used for effect size, we find that street vending has weak predictive power and that the power of low-income consumption and resistance is moderate. All the endogenous variables have Q2 values greater than 0, which provides evidence of the model's predictive relevance ( Geisser, 1974 ; Stone, 1974 ; Hair et al., 2019 ). Accordingly, we can safely generalize the conclusions derived from this study, taking into consideration the limitations raised in section 5.4.

Structural Model Assessment

As an initial step, we used the variance inflation factor (VIF) as an indicator of collinearity in the structural model. Table 4 shows that all the VIF values are below the cut-off value of 3.00. Thus, there are no collinearity issues in the structural model.

Table 4 . Variance inflation factors (VIF) as an indicator of collinearity.

To test the significance of the path coefficients, we ran bootstrapping of 5,000 iterations (subsamples) at 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals. The empirical results for all the direct paths in Table 5 , Figure 2B , are significant, with the exception of the direct effect of urban culture on street vending and low-income consumption on street vending. The former finding suggests that H1 is not supported. The empirical results also show that a lack of microfinance has a positive and significant effect on street vending, which provides support for H5.

Table 5 . Construct effects on endogenous variables.

Figure 2 . Structural model results. (A) Model with total effect. (B) Model with double mediations.

Mediation Analysis

This study followed the updated procedure in Nitzl et al. (2016) to test the mediation hypotheses. Again, the bootstrapping of 5,000 iterations at 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals allowed the indirect effects to be tested. As Figure 2A , Table 6 (A) show, urban culture has a significant total effect on street vending (β = 0.235; t = 3.146). However, when low-income consumption and resistance are introduced as mediators, urban culture no longer has a significant direct effect on street vending (β = −0.073, t = 1.115), as shown in Figure 2B , Table 6 (B). This suggests that H1 is not supported.

Table 6 . Summary of mediating analyses.

The indirect effect of urban culture on street vending via low-income consumption is also not significant (β = −0.036, t = 1.183) as shown in Table 6 (C), and this indicates that H2 is not supported.

As Table 6 (C) shows, the indirect effect of urban culture on street vending via resistance is significant (β = 0.124, t = 3.686). This indicates that resistance fully mediates the relationship between urban culture and street vending, and H3 is therefore supported.

The empirical results in Table 6 (D) suggest that urban culture is positively associated with low-income consumption, that low-income consumption is positively associated with resistance, and that resistance is related to higher levels of street vending. These results suggest that low-income consumption and resistance are two sequential mediators that fully and jointly mediate the influence of urban culture on street vending. Therefore, H4 is supported.

Table 6 (C) shows that the indirect effect of lack of microfinance on street vending via resistance is significant (β = 0.148, t = 4.816). This result suggests that resistance partially mediates the relationship between lack of microfinance and street vending, and H6 is therefore supported.

Discussion and Conclusion

Discussion of the results.

Surprisingly, the results of this study indicate that urban culture does not have a significant direct effect on street vending (H1). Moreover, the indirect effect of urban culture on street vending via low-income consumption (H2) is not significant. Thus, it seems that culture does not impact street vending. These results contradict previous research ( Voiculescu, 2014 ; Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ; Alvi and Mendoza, 2017 ; Wibisono and Catrayasa, 2018 ) and the cultural approach ( Williams and Gurtoo, 2012 ; Ladan and Williams, 2019 ). Furthermore, the low-income consumption pattern, which can be considered another dimension of culture, does not impact street vending ( Table 5 ), which again contradicts previous research ( Steel, 2012a ; Trupp, 2015 ; Tamilarai and Angayarkanni, 2016 ).

Nevertheless, we find that urban culture has a significant and positive impact on street vending via resistance (H3). This is a case of full mediation, since there is an indirect effect only. Furthermore, urban culture impacts street vending via serial mediation of low-income consumption and resistance (H4), with no direct effect of urban culture on street vending. In short, urban culture has a significant and positive impact on street vending through sequential mediators and is fully mediated.

We also confirm the direct effect of microfinance on street vending (H5) and the indirect effect through resistance (H6). This is a case of complementary partial mediation, since the direct and indirect effects are both positive and significant. Researchers agree that a lack of microfinance has an impact on the pervasiveness of street vending ( Saha, 2011 ; Lyons, 2013 ; Husain et al., 2015 ). Even though resistance has a direct effect on street vending ( Table 5 ), as previously established ( Musoni, 2010 ; Tengeh and Lapah, 2013 ; Hanser, 2016 ; Boonjubun, 2017 ), the mediating effect of resistance is more important than the direct effect in explaining the pervasiveness of street vending.

Lastly, the results shown in Tables 5 , 6 help to rank the paths in order of importance. First comes the direct effect of resistance on street vending, followed by the total effects of urban culture on street vending, the direct effect of a lack of microfinance on street vending, the indirect effect of microfinance on street vending through resistance, and the indirect effect of urban culture on street vending through resistance, in that order.

Theoretical Implications

This study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it proposes and tests a new and comprehensive model to analyze the relationship between urban culture and street vending, simultaneously examining the effects of culture, consumption, resistance, and microfinance on street vending. Second, it investigates the general public's perceptions of the issue of street vending as a problem facing cities in developing countries, which is a necessary step in reviewing public policies and determining how to deal fairly with street vendors. Third, it develops measurement variables for the constructs in question, some of which are used for the first time, and confirms that they are reliable and valid. Fourth, the statistical analysis contradicts the findings of previous studies and sheds light on the cultural approach by showing that urban culture and low-income consumption (as another dimension of urban culture) have no significant direct effect on street vending. Finally, the study offers three novel and important findings: (1) Urban culture positively influences street vending via resistance; (2) Urban culture impacts street vending via serial mediation of low-income consumption and resistance; (3) Microfinance positively impacts street vending directly or through resistance. These findings are the main contributions of this study, and they will enrich the cultural approach. In short, urban culture (in the form of consumption patterns) impacts the pervasiveness of street vending if we take into consideration the mediator of resistance.

Managerial Implications

Because the predictive relevance of the model has been established, we can safely derive the following managerial implications. The results described in the previous section are of direct relevance to both public entities and scholarly researchers, as they allow the driving factors of the pervasiveness of street vending to be ranked in order of importance: first, resistance; second, urban culture; and third, lack of microfinance (see Tables 5 , 6 ). Resistance is formed by three important observed indicators in sequence, as the standardized factor loadings in Table 1 indicate. First, street vendors develop strategies to enable them to stay on the streets; second, they depend on their social networks; and third, they return to their sites following the demolition of their stalls. Public policy must therefore recognize that the eviction of street vendors from public spaces is not a solution ( Batréau and Bonnet, 2016 ), and policymakers should seek other ways of formalizing street vending.

There are two main factors that shape urban culture: people enjoy walking and communicating in the traditional markets, and they can find interesting items, such as books, in specialized markets. These cultural factors give sellers two sets of incentives to continue trading informally on sidewalks. First, the societal culture, represented by urban culture and patterns of consumption, creates a real demand for the goods and services offered in public spaces, and this encourages sellers to continue trading on the public streets. Second, because they cannot find jobs in the formal sector, street vendors have only one way to earn income, namely by working hard on the streets ( Onodugo et al., 2016 ). In other words, street vendors fulfill their own and their customers' needs, and the culture cannot be changed in the short term.

In terms of lack of microfinance, the most significant factor is that vendors have no access to formal credit facilities. To address this problem, municipal authorities should build infrastructure that is specifically designed to formalize street vendors; for example, they can construct special areas for vendors ( Te-Lintelo, 2017 ) and legalize trading between the informal and formal sectors. The banking sector should be encouraged to adopt a new approach to risk that would enable them to offer loans to microbusinesses ( Malôa, 2013 ), and the public authorities should provide financial support so that poor and unemployed people can set up formal microbusinesses.

We have learned from this research that street vendors are part of the vibrancy of many cities in developing countries. They play an important role in society by providing a range of products to low-income customers. They also help to eliminate poverty and unemployment, enabling people to depend on their own resources when governments fail to tackle those problems ( Onodugo et al., 2016 ). Furthermore, Street vendors cause many problems to traffic flows and suffer from the harmful environment when doing their business such as noise and air pollution. The phenomenon cannot be avoided even the government would evict them from streets and public spaces. The unemployment and poverty immediately pushed them to return. The problem is pervasiveness because at least it has roots in urban culture, consumption patterns, resistance, and lack of microfinance. The best solution to this problematic issue is that the government should invest to formalize the informality of street vending. Therefore, we can increase their contribution to the economic advances and decrease their negative impact on cities.

Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research

Although the path coefficients of the relationship between constructs and the predictive relevance of the entire model are statistically significant, the results of this study are subject to a number of limitations. First, the study uses non-probabilistic sampling with an unlimited population, and the sample of 425 responses can be considered small in the context of the total population of Baghdad. The results would be more accurate if we could increase the sample so that it is more representative of the population as a whole. Second, because we collected the raw data via the Internet and social media, we cannot guarantee the full engagement of the participants. Third, the study relates specifically to the context of Iraq, a country that has suffered recent political instability. Thus, it is important to apply the model to data drawn from other cities and countries with different political circumstances.

Fourth, the model is limited to examination of the impact of culture on street vending. Future research should examine the multivariate impact of other important antecedents of street vending, such as poverty ( Estrada and Hondagneu-Sotelo, 2011 ; Saha, 2011 ), unemployment ( Truong, 2018 ), education ( Williams and Gurtoo, 2012 ; Husain et al., 2015 ), and immigration ( Lapah and Tengeh, 2013 ). The inclusion of the moderating effects of gender, income, and educational background would improve the model conceptually and statistically. Scholars should also revisit the cultural approach and other theories that address street vending and the informal economy ( Williams and Gurtoo, 2012 ; Ladan and Williams, 2019 ). Lastly, the current study is limited to one period. Future studies should, therefore, test the model using data collected at different intervals.

Data Availability Statement

Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: https://doi.org/10.17632/dh3cv5p7rv.1 .

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant No. (DF-689-120-1441). The authors, therefore, gratefully acknowledge DSR technical and financial support.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Keywords: street vending, urban culture, consumption, resistance, microfinance, mediation, PLS-SEM

Citation: Al-Jundi SA, Al-Janabi HA, Salam MA, Bajaba S and Ullah S (2022) The Impact of Urban Culture on Street Vending: A Path Model Analysis of the General Public's Perspective. Front. Psychol. 12:831014. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.831014

Received: 07 December 2021; Accepted: 29 December 2021; Published: 14 February 2022.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2022 Al-Jundi, Al-Janabi, Salam, Bajaba and Ullah. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Mohammad Asif Salam, masalam1@kau.edu.sa

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Street food vending is a prevailing and distinctive part of a large informal sector in Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh. Street foods feed millions of people daily with a wide selection of foods that are relatively cheap and easily accessible in Dhaka city. There are more than 100 variations of street foods available in Dhaka city. The paper attempts to gain insight into the business of street food vendors: highlight the problem areas and the Lifestyle of Street Food Sellers. The study founds some information about problems of street food sellers and how they overcome it. For the survey, a sample of 11 respondents was taken. Qualitative research was used to collect the data. Data is gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire through personal interview and observation. In this survey a purposive sampling technique is employed. The government should focus on this sector as many people are involved with this business and they are facing various types of problem.

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In Nepal considerable number of people are involved in the informal sector of the economy making street vending as on e of the most practiced occupation in the Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The study aims to assess the general status, livelihood of the street vendors, mainly focusing on Ason, Indrachowk and Khullamunch which are the most crowded market areas in the city. In addition the purpose of this study is to establish vulnerability as one of the major factors influencing livelihood opportunities of the street vendors in Nepal. The study of this research is done in the basis random sampling and snowball sampling method. The data were collected by using structured questionnaire, key informant and focus group discussion which is the method of primary method of data collection followed by secondary method of data collection which included the review of various research papers, books, journals, articles, seminar papers, web browsing etc. Street vending was found to be one of the most vulnerable businesses as according to the findings of this research. Fault-finding policy by the government, competition, hooligan activities, road extension campaign, and pollution threaten street vendors to carry out their daily work. Similarly, natural calamities or natural phenomenon is another major threat which affects street vendor‟s business and health as well. Likewise, a cultural event, local festivals, conflict with other stakeholder and strikes also contributes to make their business more vulnerable. The seasonal change is yet another major challenge of the street vendors as their nature of business depend upon the seasons, which make them shift to different types of vending seasonally. In regards to the policies, plans, programs related to street vendors, government and other concern authorities and agencies were not found to have any clarity upon street vending. In addition to it, the lack of plans and policies regarding the street vending by the government, it made street vending as an insecure occupation. This even shows the ignorance of the state on the informal economy which is rising every day.

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Md. Sadequr Rahman

The number of street vendors are increasing day by day. People are coming in Barishal city due to illiteracy, poverty, long time unable to manage a job, labor supply, large family size, and to search for better job opportunities and better living, and administrative purposes, then the displaced and vulnerable people start street vending. This is needed very less capital, no educational qualification, no training, easy to start and easy to move. Female vendors are very few because of patriarchy, religious bindings, unequal power relations, female inferiority, unable to decision making, women’s availability to indoor works where vending is an outdoor work. Besides, it is a very tiresome and arduous job so male are best suited to perform street vending under the scorching sun or rain in the roadside or market area. Most of them are married and live in the slum areas and congested small rooms with too many children which is very unhygienic and congested. Street vendors compete with the ...

International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology

Tamirat Mengistu

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Making a living out of illegality: effects of street vending on the livelihoods of street vendors in the central business district of Accra

• Original Paper
• Published: 21 June 2023
• Volume 3 , article number  106 , ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Stephen Appiah Takyi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6025-2515 1 ,
• William Anyovore Ayoo 1 ,
• Owusu Amponsah 1 ,
• Stephen Biliyitorb Liwur 1 &
• Henry Mensah 1  

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The activities of street vendors in the city setting is a complex issue in the global south. Over the years, researchers have focused on the negative effects of street vending on the cityscape. Through a mixed methods approach, this research seeks to assess the complexities involved in the activities of street vending from the perspective of migrant street vendors and city authorities. This study relied on data from 80 migrant street vendors. Also, two representatives of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly were interviewed. Based on the findings of the study, the economic benefits of street vending offer the requisite incentive for street vendors to operate and function in within the cityscape. The findings of the study further showed that migrant street vendors see their activities as a legitimate means of livelihood. City authorities, on the contrary, see the activities of migrant street vendors as illegal and threaten the aesthetics and environmental sustainability of the city. From the perspective of city authorities, the activities of street vendors obstruct pedestrian and vehicular traffic while threatening the safety of road users and the street vendors themselves. The researchers argue that halting street vending without alternative livelihoods for the street vendors will mean denying thousands of people their livelihood. This complex dichotomy, therefore, needs to be negotiated and innovative strategies put in place to sustain the city’s environment while at the same time promoting the livelihoods and safety of the street vendors.

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Source: Adopted and modified livelihood framework of DFID (DFID,1999)

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Acknowledgements

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree. The authors whose names are listed immediately above certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

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Stephen Appiah Takyi, William Anyovore Ayoo, Owusu Amponsah, Stephen Biliyitorb Liwur & Henry Mensah

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Mr. Stephen Appiah Takyi, Mr. William Anyovore Ayoo, and Dr. Owusu Amponsah were responsible for the data collection, data analysis, and the writing of the first draft. Dr. Henry Mensah was was responsible for the review of the draft manuscript. Mr. Stephen Biliyitorb Liwur helped in the revision of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Stephen Appiah Takyi .

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The ethnical consideration in this study included but not limited to; informed and voluntary consent, confidentially of information and the anonymity of respondent. The above-mentioned considerations are in accordance with the Guidelines of the General Research Ethics Board of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. For example, the authors explained the purpose of the research to the participants. We assured respondents of anonymity and confidentiality. Respondents were at liberty to withdraw from the interview at any point.

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Takyi, S.A., Ayoo, W.A., Amponsah, O. et al. Making a living out of illegality: effects of street vending on the livelihoods of street vendors in the central business district of Accra. SN Soc Sci 3 , 106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-023-00698-4

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-023-00698-4

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Through EmpoweringCPO’s multifaceted approach, our team delivered remarkable cost savings and operational efficiencies. Here’s a closer look at the impactful deliverables:

1. Conversion to Flat fees: Through comprehensive supplier comparisons, we identified key suppliers responsible for a significant portion of services and expenditure. Utilizing this data, we recommended transitioning these suppliers to flat fees for bundled services instead of hourly rates for individual services. This strategic implementation yielded a substantial 27% cost reduction, enabling a more efficient and cost-effective approach to legal spend management.

2. Strategic rate negotiation: We performed a year-over-year analysis of hourly rate variations for each resource, pinpointing significant fluctuations and resources with notable increases in hourly rates. By investigating the rationale behind these sudden rate hikes, we empowered the client to negotiate more effectively, ensuring informed and strategic rate negotiations.

3. Cost prioritization: We pinpointed primary vendors accounting for 80% of a ~$320M legal spend, highlighting them for potential cost-saving endeavors. This focused strategy, targeting major spend contributors, aimed to maximize savings effectively.

4. Thorough billing rate analysis: We undertook an exhaustive evaluation of billing rates across various vendors, ensuring competitive pricing for similar services, offerings, and resource levels. Through this analysis, we identified vendors offering the most competitive rates. Our meticulous examination aimed to ensure that the client received the best value for their legal services, aligning pricing with industry standards.

5. Driving Negotiation Through Benchmarking: Utilized strategic analysis leveraging benchmarking and trend data from secondary sources. This data-driven approach informed successful renegotiations, ultimately optimizing costs for the client.

6. Resource utilization assessment: Evaluated vendor hours for identical services to streamline resource allocation and bolster overall efficiency. This strategic approach aimed to maximize resource utilization, thereby enhancing operational efficiency.

The implementation of EmpoweringCPO’s legal spend analysis solution yielded significant positive outcomes:

Conclusion:

EmpoweringCPO’s legal spend analysis solution proved instrumental in transforming the client’s approach to legal procurement. The implementation not only addressed existing challenges but also empowered the client with the tools needed for proactive cost management, strategic decision-making, and enhanced collaboration between legal and procurement teams. By leveraging data-driven insights, the client positioned itself for greater efficiency, transparency, and cost-effectiveness in its legal operations.

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Compliance Management Tool

Compliance management is very critical as otherwise the procurement organization may run into a scenario where there is a huge gap between realized savings and reported savings. Many procurement functions estimate large savings numbers when contracts are signed. They also invest significant time and effort in negotiating contracts for necessary goods and services, only to have a third or more of their purchasing dollars flow outside those deals. Some of the obvious fall-outs of non-compliance and maverick purchases are:

• Very high prices
• Risk of losing out on volume discounts and rebates

As compared to the current contract that was finalized after the sourcing process, the tool helps in tracking:

• Vendor Compliance
• Price Compliance

The objective of this tool is to ensure that the orders are placed only with the vendors that were shortlisted after the sourcing process and at the same price that was agreed upon and negotiated during and after the strategic sourcing process.

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New innovations for the XM Platform showcased at X4 2024

At X4 ® 2024, we got the opportunity to connect with Experience Management leaders from around the world to listen, share ideas, and break down how organizations can deliver human-like experiences that build human connections at scale.

We also showcased powerful new capabilities to the XM Platform ® powered by Qualtrics ® AI, an XM-specific AI specialized in human connection and purpose-built to get you closer to your customers and employees.

It included new purpose-built applications for your frontline teams from contact center agents, to digital teams, to all of the people managers in your organizations that help build stronger relationships and increase customer loyalty.

We also showcased how Qualtrics is helping people teams identify and deliver the employee experiences their teams need to do their best work, day-in and day-out.

And we rolled out powerful new AI-powered solutions for strategy and research that allow research teams to consolidate quantitative, qualitative and even external research on a single platform, allowing businesses to make the most of every insight.

Here’s a run-down of the new innovations we showcased at this year’s event in Salt Lake City .

Qualtrics AI

Qualtrics assist.

Your AI-powered assistant that empowers individuals across an organization to gain actionable and immediate insights into customer and employee experiences. Qualtrics Assist TM allows users to ask natural language questions about feedback through an interactive dashboard, and is uniquely tuned to understand customers, prospects, and employees to help transform complex data into clear and simple insights.

Conversational Feedback

Save time and resources by analyzing survey responses and generating personalized follow-up questions in real-time. Conversational feedback can identify incomplete responses and prompt respondents to offer more specific, actionable feedback that leads to better insights at scale.

Intelligent Summaries

Efficiently condense complex information into concise overviews, empowering managers, researchers, and customer care agents to take effective action on customer and employee feedback. The AI-generated summaries automatically surface and analyze key insights, streamlining the process of parsing insights from mountains of data.

Automated Workflows

Powered by Qualtrics AI and xFlow, the automated action engine, automated workflows enable organizations to automatically trigger GPT-powered actions in the systems their teams are already using, informed by the precisely engineered XM data and expert-designed methodologies from Qualtrics.

You can learn more about artificial intelligence for XM here .

XM for Customer Experience TM

Frontline locations assist

An intuitive, purpose-built insights hub that analyzes every piece of customer feedback within surveys, app, contact center, online, and reviews, to equip frontline managers with insights and recommended steps to take to improve the customer experience and drive business value.

AI-powered review and ticket response suggestions

Quickly resolve customer issues with automatically generated personalized responses. This speeds up ticket resolution and online review response times for frontline teams, helping organizations exceed customer expectations for support and increase customer loyalty.

New heatmap capabilities

Digital and UX teams can quickly identify and resolve web technical, design, and product issues via a visual diagram of customer interactions with a company’s website. Heatmaps are created using millions of clicks, scrolls, and mouse movements to demonstrate on-page behavior and identify hotspots of user activity.

Funnel analytics

Surface major drop-off points along the web customer journey and understand why customers are failing to complete tasks by combining experience data with behavioral clues, like mouse thrashes, to address problems quickly and efficiently.

Real-time frustration intercepting

Reduce customer churn by quickly identifying when customers are experiencing challenges online in real-time and offer in-the-moment support.

Customer Care Assist

Generate personalized coaching plans based on each individual agent’s strengths and weaknesses, reducing time spent reviewing dashboards and listening to calls. With a purpose-built app for aggregating insights and workflows across the customer care experience, managers can take back valuable time using Qualtrics AI to automatically evaluate every call to identify attributes such as friendliness and compliance to surface where teams may need additional coaching.

Qualtrics Automated Call Summaries

Use Qualtrics AI to automatically summarize customer feedback to instantly generate support tickets, send personalized follow-up emails, and create knowledge based articles using real-time information about customer issues and historical, personalized data from XiD.

You can learn more about Qualtrics XM for Customer Experience here .

XM for Employee Experience TM

Identifying attrition drivers in the workforce

Discover why your people leave, and what actions you can take to get them to stay. By combining organizational attrition data with employee experience feedback organizations can pinpoint what is causing employees to leave their jobs. Ready-to-use dashboards provide critical insights that allow leaders to address poor experiences with employees proactively and build retention strategies to help prevent future turnover.

Anonymizing and summarizing employee comments

Glean insights from open-text survey responses that multiple choice questions fail to provide. With Qualtrics AI managers can identify the most pressing issues for their team and save time by avoiding scanning individual comments manually. Managers can be sure their employee privacy is protected while reducing the risk of bias from identifying commenters.

Getting deeper, actionable insights from EX results with Qualtrics Assist

Managers and leaders can leverage Qualtrics Assist TM to surface deeper insights and trends from team team feedback. After asking simple, natural-language questions about their results, people leaders are assisted to better understand how to increase engagement and productivity.

Personalized actions in response to employee feedback

Enhance employee engagement, retention, and productivity by knowing what actions to take in response to employee feedback with specific, targeted actions. Qualtrics AI enriches the recommendations with EX methodology, providing tailored guidance to help managers and leaders take decisive action with informed decisions.

Learn more about XM for Employee Experience here .

XM for Strategy & Research TM

Qualtrics Research Hub

A comprehensive repository of every piece of research ever conducted by an organization, including research conducted by agencies, publications, or reports outside of the Qualtrics platform. With Qualtrics AI, research teams can save time and money by intelligently searching a variety of insights to instantly find relevant findings.

Video Feedback

Capture more insights than traditional open-ended text responses seeing a respondent’s facial expressions and hearing their tone of voice. Qualtrics AI capabilities instantly analyze hours of video submissions and automatically surfaces key themes, top quotes, and insights, faster than any human could.

Moderated user testing

Conduct live, one-on-one interviews with respondents remotely that are automatically recorded, translated, and analyzed with Qualtrics AI summarizing the most relevant feedback and themes. Organizations can capture nuanced insights about their digital experience from body language and facial expressions to other subtle behaviors. Create highlight reels to bring the data to life and make data-driven decisions about digital experiences and products.

Online panels

Tap into Qualtrics’ network of more than 200 panel partners and choose a target audience from the most popular sample profiles and launch panels in minutes for relevant, reliable insights that minimize the risk of biased data. Outside vendor? No problem. With native integration researchers can consolidate vendors for a holistic view of their organization’s data.

You can learn more about XM for Strategy & Research here .

See AI-driven intelligence on the XM Platform in action

Rachad Davis // Content Strategist

Rachad is an experienced and highly skilled content specialist with a passion for storytelling. With an extensive background that includes stints in the public and private sector, Rachad spends his time at Qualtrics bringing customer stories to life and championing all things Experience Management.

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