thesis topics on wetland

Disturbance, Resilience and Restoration of Wetlands

Loading... Editorial 11 May 2023 Editorial: Disturbance, resilience, and restoration of wetlands Chuanyu Gao , Klaus-Holger Knorr , Huai Chen  and  Yixin He 1,411 views 0 citations

Loading... Review 04 October 2022 Mapping the restoration of degraded peatland as a research area: A scientometric review Samuel Obeng Apori ,  2 more  and  Furong Tian 3,599 views 1 citations

Original Research 21 September 2022 The effects of hydrological connectivity blocking on Suaeda salsa development in the Yellow River Delta, China XueHong Wang ,  4 more  and  JunBao Yu 1,394 views 1 citations

Loading... Original Research 21 September 2022 Improvements in water clarity and submersed aquatic vegetation cover after exclusion of invasive common carp from a large freshwater coastal wetland, Delta Marsh, Manitoba Paige D. Kowal ,  5 more  and  Bryan Page 2,676 views 5 citations

Loading... Original Research 20 September 2022 Effects of climate changes on net primary productivity variation in the marsh area of the Sanjiang Plain Fengqin Yan 2,204 views 4 citations

Original Research 15 September 2022 Potential distribution prediction of Deyeuxia angustifolia in the Tumen River Basin and analysis of major impact factors Jin Zong ,  3 more  and  Weihong Zhu 828 views 0 citations

Loading... Original Research 14 September 2022 Spatiotemporal variation and ecological risk assessment of sediment heavy metals in two hydrologically connected lakes Mengyu Jiang ,  5 more  and  Yuxiang Yuan 1,505 views 3 citations

Original Research 07 September 2022 Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the salinity of surface water and groundwater in an inland saline-alkali wetland in western Jilin, China Geng Cui ,  1 more  and  Shouzheng Tong 1,706 views 1 citations

Loading... Original Research 16 August 2022 Alpine wetland degradation reduces carbon sequestration in the Zoige Plateau, China Ao Yang ,  9 more  and  Liang Yan 2,485 views 6 citations

Systematic Review 15 August 2022 Vegetated Steel Slag Substrate Constructed Wetlands can Achieve High Efficiency Simultaneous Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Jingyao Zhang ,  4 more  and  Yongen Min 1,286 views 0 citations

Original Research 12 August 2022 Spatial distribution of soil quality under different vegetation types in the Yellow River Delta wetland Debin Sun ,  13 more  and  Fa Shen 1,920 views 1 citations

Loading... Original Research 12 August 2022 In situ, high-resolution evidence of metals at the sediment-water interface under ice cover in a seasonal freezing lake Yuxiang Yuan ,  8 more  and  Xiaoyan Zhu 1,497 views 3 citations

Loading... Original Research 10 August 2022 Spatial distribution of soil iron across different plant communities along a hydrological gradient in the Yellow River Estuary wetland Xue Liu ,  10 more  and  Junbao Yu 2,722 views 4 citations

Brief Research Report 03 August 2022 Effect of agricultural intervention on nutrient stoichiometry from root to leaf in the helophyte species Glyceria spiculosa Tian Wei ,  4 more  and  Qin Lei 1,045 views 0 citations

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Loading... Original Research 25 July 2022 Weak impact of nutrient enrichment on peat: Evidence from physicochemical properties Tong Li ,  9 more  and  Meng Wang 2,418 views 2 citations

Original Research 14 July 2022 Burning alters the decomposition of residual plant litters in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain (Northeast China) Chuanyu Gao ,  3 more  and  Hongmei Zhao 968 views 0 citations

Original Research 04 July 2022 Effects of Melatonin Priming on Suaeda corniculata Seed Germination, Antioxidant Defense, and Reserve Mobilization: Implications for Salinized Wetland Restoration Mingye Zhang ,  7 more  and  Xianguo Lu 1,101 views 3 citations

Loading... Original Research 24 June 2022 Seasonal Variation Characteristics of C, N, and P Stoichiometry and Water Use Efficiency of Messerschmidia sibirica and Its Relationship With Soil Nutrients Tian Li ,  4 more  and  Wenjing Xu 1,133 views 5 citations

Original Research 17 June 2022 Determination of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Typical Inland Saline-Alkali Wetland in Northeast China Yan Liu ,  3 more  and  Xianguo Lu 1,070 views 1 citations

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Remote sensing and GIS for wetland vegetation study

Al Sghair, Fathi Goma (2013) Remote sensing and GIS for wetland vegetation study. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.

Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches, combined with ground truthing, are providing new tools for advanced ecosystem management, by providing the ability to monitor change over time at local, regional, and global scales.

In this study, remote sensing (Landsat TM and aerial photographs) and GIS, combined with ground truthing work, were used to assess wetland vegetation change over time at two contrasting wetland sites in the UK: freshwater wetland at Wicken Fen between 1984 and 2009, and saltmarsh between 1988 and 2009 in Caerlaverock Reserve. Ground truthing studies were carried out in Wicken Fen (UK National Grid Reference TL 5570) during 14th - 18th June 2010: forty 1 m2 quadrats were taken in total, placed randomly along six transects in different vegetation types. The survey in the second Study Area Caerlaverock Reserve (UK National Grid Reference NY0464) was conducted on 5th - 9th July 2011, with a total of forty-eight 1 m2 quadrats placed randomly along seven transects in different vegetation types within the study area. Two-way indicator species (TWINSPAN) was used for classification the ground truth samples, taking separation on eigenvalues with high value (>0.500), to define end-groups of samples. The samples were classified into four sample-groups based on data from 40 quadrats in Wicken Fen, while the data were from 48 quadrats divided into five sample-groups in Caerlaverock Reserve.

The primary analysis was conducted by interpreting vegetation cover from aerial photographs, using GIS combined with ground truth data. Unsupervised and supervised classifications with the same technique for aerial photography interpretation were used to interpret the vegetation cover in the Landsat TM images. In Wicken Fen, Landsat TM images were used from 18th August 1984 and 23rd August 2009; for Caerlaverock Reserve Landsat TM imagery used was taken from 14th May 1988 and 11th July 2009. Aerial photograph imagery for Wicken Fen was from 1985 and 2009; and for Caerlaverock Reserve, from 1988 and 2009.

Both the results from analysis of aerial photographs and Landsat TM imagery showed a substantial temporal change in vegetation during the period of study at Wicken Fen, most likely primarily produced by the management programme, rather than being due to natural change. In Cearlaverock Reserve, results from aerial photography interpretation indicated a slight change in the cover of shrubs during the period 1988 to 2009, but little other change over the study period.

The results show that the classification accuracy using aerial photography was higher than that of Landsat TM data. The difference of classification accuracy between aerial photography and Landsat TM, especially in Caerlaverock Reserve, was due to the low resolution of Landsat TM images, and the fact that some vegetation classes occupied an area less than that of the pixel size of the TM image. Based on the mapping exercise, the aerial photographs produced better vegetation classes (when compared with ground truthing data) than Landsat TM images, because aerial photos have a higher spatial resolution than the Landsat TM images.

Perhaps the most important conclusion of this study is that it provides evidence that the RS/GIS approach can provide useful baseline data about wetland vegetation change over time, and across quite expansive areas, which can therefore provide valuable information to aid the management and conservation of wetland habitats.

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International Journal of Ecosystem

p-ISSN: 2165-8889    e-ISSN: 2165-8919

2021;  11(2): 31-45

doi:10.5923/j.ije.20211102.01

Received: Apr. 15, 2021; Accepted: May 21, 2021; Published: Jul. 26, 2021

Best Practices of Wetland Degradation Assessment and Restoration in the Semi-Arid Areas. Case Study of Uganda

Bernard Barasa 1 , Moses Egaru 2 , Polycarp M. Musimami 3 , Paul M. Gudoyi 1 , Gertrude Akello 1

1 Department of Geography and Social Studies, Kyambogo University, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda

2 International Union for Conservation for Nature, Kampala, Uganda

3 National Biodiversity Bank, Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Scientific & Academic Publishing.

Despite the harsh climate in the semi-arid areas of Uganda, anthropogenic activities continue to increase in many wetlands due to increasing human populations, causing incidences of degradation that require urgent restoration interventions. This study assessed wetland degradation and restoration in four wetland sites. To do this, the spatial- temporal extent and drivers of wetland use/cover changes and wetland degradation were determined, and the best steps, lessons, and principles of conducting wetland restoration were established. We used Sentinel-2 (2016-2019) and MODIS (2019) sensor images to estimate wetland changes and degradation status. Furthermore, focus group discussion, disaggregated by gender, was also conducted with representatives of the wetland user groups. The results revealed a reduction in the area under natural vegetation types compared to small-scale farming and built-up areas, between 2016 and 2019. This pattern was intensively driven by wetland cultivation, deforestation, occurrence of flash floods, and poor market linkages / price of yields. The consequential spatial extent of wetland degradation was generally high. To counteract this degradation, the best steps that ensued an effective wetland ecological restoration included conducting a baseline survey, stakeholder consultation, identification of reference sites, planning for future changes, implementation of restoration action plans, self-sustainability, and monitoring. During this exercise, the key lessons learned were to encourage equal participation of men and women, raise awareness, encourage restoration through income generation, and promote sustainability of restoration interventions. Therefore, if these practices are well implemented, they could increase the resilience of communities to climate change, enhance livelihood diversity and inform the processes of developing wetland management plans.

Keywords: Wetland degradation, Ecological restoration, Wetlands, Uganda

Cite this paper: Bernard Barasa , Moses Egaru , Polycarp M. Musimami , Paul M. Gudoyi , Gertrude Akello , Best Practices of Wetland Degradation Assessment and Restoration in the Semi-Arid Areas. Case Study of Uganda, International Journal of Ecosystem , Vol. 11 No. 2, 2021, pp. 31-45. doi: 10.5923/j.ije.20211102.01.

Article Outline

1. introduction, 2.1. study area, 2.2. spatial temporal extent and drivers of wetland use/cover changes, 2.3. status and scale of wetlands and degradation, 2.4. best practices and lessons learned in conducting wetland ecological restoration, 3.1. spatial temporal extent and drivers of wetland use/cover changes, 3.2. status and scale of wetland degradation, 3.3. ascertaining the best practices and lessons in conducting wetland ecological restoration, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, acknowledgements.

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Lin, Wai-tung. "Created wetlands in Shing Mun River, Sha Tin." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25950861.

Johnson, Patricia Ann. "The status of freshwater compensatory wetland migration in Washington State." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2004. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Johnson_PAMESThesis2004.pdf.

Balcombe, Collins K. "An evaluation of vegetation and wildlife communities in mitigation and natural wetlands of West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2857.

Krzys, Bethaney L. "Remote identification of wetlands in Mahoning and Trumbull County, Ohio." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1227650462.

Holt, Courtney R. Folkerts Debbie R. "A floristic study of Weaver Creek Wetland, Santa Rosa County, Florida." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Biological_Sciences/Thesis/Holt_Courtney_38.pdf.

Ryan, Christopher R. "Geotechnical investigation of Montrose wetland site." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3723.

Sherrill, Ursula Rose. "The restoration of wetland functions at the Rio Bosque Wetlands Park in El Paso, Texas, USA." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

Alsfeld, Amy J. "The effects of amendments and landscape position on the biotic community of constructed depressional wetlands." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 118 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1251902791&Fmt=7&clientId=79356&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Chan, Chung-san. "The future of the Deep Bay Wetlands, Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18735927.

Clouston, Elizabeth M. "Linking the ecological and economic values of wetlands a case study of the wetlands of Moreton Bay /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030828.140330/.

Ari, Yilmaz. "Visions of a wetland : linking culture and conservation at Lake Manyas, Turkey /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3025135.

Bernal, Blanca. "CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN NATURAL AND CREATED WETLANDS." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337616491.

Sommer, Beate. "Drying and re-wetting of organic wetland sediments biogeochemistry and implications for wetland management /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0025.html.

Southall, Emily Jane. "The ecology of poor fen & willow carr on Goss Moor NNR, Cornwall." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2017.

Bevington, Azure E. "Environmental Factors and Typha spp Dominance in Created Wetlands." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. http://www.vims.edu/library/Theses/Bevington07.pdf.

Yung, Sonja Burns. "Measurement of sediment oxygen demand in a created urban wetland." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040211/.

Soule, Ann Catherine. "Deficiencies in wetland project planning, review and implementation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1990_637_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

Misiti, Teresa Marie. "Groundwater nitrate reduction in a simulated free water surface wetland system." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31847.

Conran, Leigh Garde. "Establishment vegetation patterns in an artificial urban wetland as a basis for management." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc754.pdf.

Grundling, Althea Theresa. "Evaluation of remote sensing sensors for monitoring of rehabilitated wetlands." Diss., Prtoria: [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05132005-145705/.

Hunter, Sally Ann. "Habitat classification with reference to flooding and salinity, to assist with the vegetation of a saline artificial wetland /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh947.pdf.

Begum, Fatema. "Mangrove wetlands in Bangladesh /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb418.pdf.

Steinman, Alexis. "Assessment of Wetland Water Quality and Plant Species Composition across the Rural, Peri-Urban, and Urban Gradient." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28381.

Newton, Rachel E. "A floristic inventory of selected Bureau of Land Management wetlands in Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663116391&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Shidisky, Joseph G. "Diversity among plant species in an emergent wetland an initial survey of the Landingville Marsh /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1997. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

Whelchel, Adam W. "Hydrogeomorphic wetland assessment model for slope wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 461 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1068254131&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Wennerholm, Malin. "The role of wetland advisors in the implementation of wetlands in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445372.

Ludwig, Raymond Francis. "Variability and Drivers of Forest Communities at the Great Dismal Swamp." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84343.

Porej, Deni. "Faunal aspects of wetland creation and restoration." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1078327758.

Palmer, Huckleberry Richardson. "High rates of ammonia removal in constructed treatment wetland mesocosms using oxygenation." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2008/h_palmer_042508.pdf.

Sullivan, Rodney Thomas. "Haberek wetland creation." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/835836.

Bailey, David E. "Wetland Vegetation Dynamics and Ecosystem Gas Exchange in Response to Organic Matter Loading Rates." W&M ScholarWorks, 2006. http://www.vims.edu/library/Theses/Bailey06.pdf.

Clouston, Elizabeth, and n/a. "Linking the Ecological and Economic Values of Wetlands: A Case Study of the Wetlands of Moreton Bay." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030828.140330.

Clouston, Elizabeth. "Linking the Ecological and Economic Values of Wetlands: A Case Study of the Wetlands of Moreton Bay." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366973.

Tschirky, Paul A. "Waves and wetlands, an investigation of wave attenuation by emergent, freshwater, wetland vegetation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ56104.pdf.

Richardson, J., Phillip R. Scheuerman, and M. Benton. "Biosurvey of a Constructed Wetland Using a Newly Developed Treatment Wetlands Evaluation Index." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2912.

Lancaster, Nicole N. M. "Effects of salinity on biogeochemical processes and methylmercury production in freshwater wetland sediments." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3//r1/lancastern/nicolelancaster.pdf.

Backlund, Cecilia. "Förslag till kväverening i Forsåsystemet genom våtmarksetablering." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15267.

Polifka, Jonas. "Evaluating the relative importance of stormwater for nutrient and metal contamination to the urban, groundwater dependent Yellagonga Wetlands, through wetland budgeting." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2478.

Atkinson, Robert B. "An analysis of palustrine forested wetland compensation effectiveness in Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39970.

Fink, Daniel Francis. "Effects of a pulsing hydroperiod on a created riparian river diversion wetland." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1167401886.

Rodriguez, Ruth. "Nutrient dynamics in a created desert wetland implications for the Rio Bosque Wetlands Park /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

Alipiah, Roseliza Mat. "Valuation of ecosystem services for wetland management : case study of Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu, Malaysia." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.583335.

Bailey, Jennifer Diane. "Vertical Distribution of Wetland Plant Roots and Their Associated Bacteria in Groundwater-fed Wetlands." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1452708738.

練偉東 and Wai-tung Lin. "Created wetlands in Shing Mun River, Sha Tin." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980752.

Newbold, Stephen Carlisle. "Targeting conservation activities : cost-effective wetlands restoration in the Central Valley of California /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

Hoa, Vu Minh, and n/a. "Mosquito habitats and predation efficiency on mosquito populations in Ginninderra Wetland, Canberra, Australia." University of Canberra. Resource & Environmental Science, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060725.115344.

Porter, Abigail M. "Wetlands in the Urban Landscape: The Process of Wetlands Restoration in Baltimore, Maryland and Paris, France." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1058301973.

Mekiso, Feleke Abiyo. "Hydrological proceses, chemical variability, and multiple isotopestracing of water flow paths in the Kudumela Wetland- Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006153.

Jenkins, Matthew Lee. "Wetland Delineation and Section 404/401 Permitting: An Internship with Carolina Wetland Services." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1150754893.

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Francis Karanja

This research demonstrates the utility of an ecosystem service approach to develop a method to guide NRM decisions in relation to maintaining and restoring natural assets, based on the spatial integration of ecological and economic information, at catchment, district and farm scales. Changes in ecosystem service provision were assessed based on land and water resource management interventions being implemented in New South Wales (NSW) through regional authorities—using the Gwydir catchment (26 660 km2) north-western NSW—as the case study. A method was developed to describe the relationship between wetland inundation and river flow and established the resultant ecosystem goods and services from environmental flow (EF) provision. Water-sharing plans proposed for rivers in NSW, incorporate ‘environmental water allocations’ to redress some of the damage caused by river regulation. This study used simulated data from the hydrological Integrated Quality and Quantity Model (IQQM) over 112 years (1890–2002) to quantify ecosystem services from provision of EF from three scenarios: no development (ND), Murray–Darling Basin Commission (MDBC) ‘cap’ and EF. Four ecosystem services were quantified: (1) waterbird-breeding events—simulations predicted a waterbird breeding event every 2 years under the ND, every 3 years with EF, and every 5 years under the MDBC cap; (2) habitat provision—the long-term mean monthly area of the wetlands under the ND, MDBC cap, and EF scenarios was 11 514 ha, 3003 ha, and 5041 ha, respectively; (3) improved grazing pastures—an extra 2000 ha of wetland is available for grazing as flood waters recede under the EF; and (4) biodiversity benefits—likely re-introduction of eight species of native fish which potentially would occur in the Gwydir catchment. The trade-off of EF provision was diversion of 40 GL from irrigation. Ecosystem services modelling at catchment scale involved quantifying the biophysical consequences for the flow of ecosystem goods and services in the Gwydir catchment of the proposed changes in land and water use, restoration and conservation management by the Border Rivers Gwydir Catchment Management Authority (BRGCMA). Current extent and status of dryland salinity, riparian zone degradation, native vegetation loss, land degradation was determined using GIS. Land-use Options Simulator (LUOS) was used to model impacts of salinity mitigation through native revegetation, which established that dryland salinity outbreak affected 8922 ha in 15 sub-catchments. Salinity mitigation through native revegetation reduced salinity by 20 s/cm and salt load by 0.9% (1387 t). About 2023 km of Gwydir River, extending 8000 ha, 12 000 ha, and 20 000 ha, within 20, 30 and 50-m-riparian buffers was identified as potential riparian restoration areas. Thirty percent (823 294 ha) of the Gwydir catchment was affected by sheet and rill erosion. About 212 233 ha was identified as requiring native revegetation for conservation outcomes. The impacts of these NRM interventions were quantified for 10 ecosystem services, such as, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, salinity mitigation, shade and shelter, on-farm and off-farm soil erosion control benefits. Using native vegetation as surrogate for biodiversity: 9000 ha; 11 000 ha, 16 000 ha, 27 000 ha; and 212 000 ha would be established under salinity; 20, 30 and 50-m-riparian zone buffers; and biodiversity revegetation, respectively. Modelled carbon sequestration ranged between 53 000 t/yr and 1 million t/yr from salinity and biodiversity revegetation, respectively. Trade-offs (i.e. water yield reduction from native revegetation, foregone agricultural production in revegetation areas, decreased agricultural yields due to competition from planted trees) from the 4 NRM interventions were also quantified. Water yield reduction due to native revegetation ranged between 6 GL and 265 GL under salinity and integrated revegetation, respectively. Ecosystem services modelling at district scale used GIS modelling approach to evaluate how the integration of native vegetation in the form of windbreaks in cotton farming in the Gwydir catchment influences the provision of ecosystem services at district. Three windbreak widths—10 m, 20 m and 30 m were generated on all the interior sides of the borders of cotton-growing properties. These potential windbreaks were then used to map and quantify the impact of native revegetation on the flow of ecosystem services and to quantify the trade-offs involved in providing these ecosystem services. Seven ecosystem services, such as natural pest control, spray drift mitigation, shade and shelter, landscape aesthetics, that could be restored from the windbreaks were quantified. The 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m windbreaks covered 9900 ha, 19 239 ha and 27 989 ha, respectively. The highest natural pest control ecosystem service (total area (ha) of complete suppression of Helicoverpa larvae for every hectare of windbreak established) ranged between 0.004 and 1.245. The spray drift mitigation benefit was 26 346 t and 46 414 t under 50% and 90% spray drift mitigation scenarios, respectively. The carbon sequestration modelling predicted 64 494, 125 064, and 181 935 t C/yr would be sequestered in the 10, 20 and 30-m windbreaks, respectively. Shelter from windbreak improved wheat yield production by 27 053–104 622 t. The foregone annual crop production from windbreak establishment area was 16 498–46 270 t of grain. Farm-scale ecosystem services analysis investigated the application of the ecosystem service concept in a spatially explicit bio-economic modelling approach to land use change, modelling the impact on ecosystem services of (1) clearing paddock trees (2) native vegetation with rotational grazing and (3) conserving areas. A total of 10 000 paddock trees were targeted for clearance leading to loss of 16 620 t of carbon, but improved farming efficiency increased wheat yields by up to 2713 t. Conservation and native revegetation with rotational grazing had positive outcomes for biodiversity, natural pest control, shade and shelter and carbon sequestration. Foregone cropping production in conservation and native revegetation areas was 24 ha and 503 ha of cropping land, respectively. Spatially-explicit economic valuation of the above ecosystem goods and services and trade-offs, including opportunity costs associated with water and land resource management interventions in the Gwydir catchment was conducted based on a 7% discount rate and a 30-year time period. The present value of economic cost related to provision of environmental flow (40 GL) was $15 million. The total economic value of four ecosystem services (waterbird-breeding events, habitat provision, improved wetlands grazing and biodiversity benefits (native fish species) totalled $94 million, using NSW households—equivalent to $160/ML/yr, and with a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 6.356. Salinity mitigation had BCR of 0.338–3.260 (lower and upper bound). The 20-m-buffer riparian had a higher BCR and would therefore be recommended for adoption in the Gwydir catchment. Rehabilitation of degraded land had BCR ranging between 0.245–5.002. Integrated revegetation (combined revegetation for salinity mitigation, riparian zone restoration and biodiversity) had BCR estimated at 0.200–0.935. The BCRs for integrated revegetation scenario were weighed down by high revegetation establishment ($252/ha/yr) and foregone agricultural yields ($216/ha/yr) costs. Windbreaks establishment costs ranged from $31 million and $87 million for the 10-m and 30-m-windbreaks. Foregone agricultural yields formed a major component of economic costs averaging $220/ha/yr. The 10-m windbreaks were more viable than 20-m and 30-m windbreaks—with a net annual economic value of $1,612/ha/yr, in comparison to $1,021/ha/yr and $825/ha/yr for 20-m and 30-m windbreaks, respectively—and are therefore recommended for adoption in the Gwydir catchment. The total economic benefits largely comprised of contribution by natural pest control, spray drift mitigation and shade and shelter. At the farm level, economic valuation of ecosystem services revealed that the conservation intervention on the case study farm would be economically viable. The NPV of the conservation intervention ranged between $0.92 million–$9 million (BCRs of 3.412–20.351). The native revegetation intervention had negative returns when lower bound economic costs and benefits were considered. The native revegetation with rotational grazing had positive NPV of $20 million when the upper bound was considered, giving a BCR of 3.518. The clearance of paddock trees returned positive NPV, mainly because of the removal of competition by trees had economic benefits of $11.22 million; in comparison to economic costs of $10.54 million. Analysis of the distribution of economic costs and benefits revealed that all the economic costs were private while most of the economic benefits from all the interventions were public—except for grazing benefits in wetlands and in the farm, on-farm soil erosion control benefits, and shade and shelter. This research has developed a spatial framework showing location of NRM issues and quantifying and valuing ecosystem services from interventions in those areas. Potentially, this could improve investment decision making process in the Gwydir catchment. This research provides a useful basis as a decision tool for catchment managers in providing information on how to allocate resources for NRM interventions. Further, it has been demonstrated how strategic native revegetation interventions can contribute to the achievement of the targets set in the Gwydir Catchment Blueprint. Indeed, the approach could be extended to the neighbouring catchment of Border Rivers, which is also concurrently managed by the BRGCMA, as well as to other catchments throughout Australia and beyond.

luke brander

Arvid Bergsten

Fiona K.a Schmiegelow

Theodore Weber

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Introduction to Wetlands

• First Online: 08 February 2023

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• Paul A. Keddy 18  

Part of the book series: Wetlands: Ecology, Conservation and Management ((WECM,volume 8))

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There are six basic kinds of wetland in the world: swamp, marsh, bog, fen, wet meadow, and aquatic. These six types are mostly caused by differences in flooding and nutrient supply. The particular kinds of plants and animals in the wetland will depend upon the ecoregion in which the wetland occurs.

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Keddy, P.A. (2023). Introduction to Wetlands. In: Causal Factors for Wetland Management and Restoration: A Concise Guide. Wetlands: Ecology, Conservation and Management, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21788-3_1

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Softer Ground: Reclaiming Wetlands through Design

• Written by Eric Baldwin
• Published on May 06, 2021

Architecture is shaped by its environment and natural forces. Inherently, the discipline focuses on the design of objects over systems, on formal morphology over networks or ecologies. However, no building exists outside its context; every structure is sited among ever-changing climates and cultural conditions. How designers respond and connect to these larger systems can radically change the nature and quality of their work. Often, it is the greatest constraints that produce novel solutions.

Straddling the line between creation and preservation, the following projects looks at wetland architecture and how different sites are being reclaimed through design. As part of the monthly topic on Collective Design , they represent the process and development of architecture that converges different disciplines to improve quality of life. Conceptualized as part of greater buffer zones, runoff areas or watersheds, the projects explore the liminal space between water and earth, the tension between natural systems and architecture. Looking at private and commercial projects alike, they are a broad mix of designs showcasing how projects can balance construction and their local environment.

The Loopvillage / MAaP

The Loop Village Resort Hotel project is located in the bamboo forest valley of Miaoshan Village. The construction area is mainly composed of earth-covered buildings, combined with the slope valley landscape to form a small resort. The vegetation on the original site is divided into two systems, one is the wetland marsh plant community and the other is the bamboo forest community. As part of the construction, the team retained the wetland swamp system.

Usaquén Urban Wetland / Obraestudio

Obraestudio was awarded first prize in the open national design competition for the exterior platform of the Santa Barbara business center. The competition was sponsored by The Colombian Architects Society. The 8,500 sq. meter landscape transformation aims to revitalize common access to an emblematic public space of northeastern Bogotá. The project's design concept is based on the wetlands of the Bogota Savannah, their neighboring rocky areas and their typical abundant plant species.

Swan Lake Bridge House and Viewing Tower / TAO - Trace Architecture Office

Located in Rongcheng, Swan Lake Park is a natural wetland near the Yellow Sea, flat and vast, with reed spreading wildly and water streams meandering. Every October, groups of swans migrate south to this site from Siberia. This magnificent scene, as well as the beautiful landscape of the wetland, attracts large groups of tourists. The local government wishes to build a public facility that provides tourists with services such as viewing and catering.

Chicago Riverwalk / Chicago Department of Transportation + Design Team

The Main Branch of the Chicago River has a long and storied history that in many ways mirrors the development of Chicago itself. Once a meandering marshy stream, the river first became an engineered channel to support the industrial transformation of the city. A series of piers and floating wetland gardens offers an interactive learning environment about the ecology of the river, including opportunities for fishing and identifying native plants.

Suspended Pavilion / TJAD Original Design Studio

The Suspended Pavilion is located on the Bank of Maozhou River in Bao'an District, Shen Zhen. The original site is cut into two landscape zones by a transverse embankment top road, one near the water bank, the other a low-lying green space. The design takes the integration of context as the starting point to create a large landscape system of architectural landscape integration. The newly built steel trestle system is suspended on the wetland, connecting the wetlands on both sides of the embankment top road, forming a continuous wandering path.

Minghu Wetland Park / Turenscape

Through a series of regenerative design techniques, particularly measures to slow down the flow of storm-water, a channelized concrete river and a deteriorated peri-urban site have been transformed into a nationally celebrated wetland park that functions as a major part of the city-wide ecological infrastructure planned to provide multiple ecosystem services, including storm-water management, water cleansing, and recovery of native habitats.

Xixi Wetland Estate / David Chipperfield

Xixi, a national wetland park located on the outskirts of Hangzhou, is a built landscape and an area of nature, which has been shaped by man for over a thousand years. The omnipresent relationship between landscape, architecture, and water is key to the atmosphere in Xixi. This atmosphere has been integrated into a new development of apartment buildings. The apartment buildings are surrounded by a water garden, which, as a reference to the wetland park, is a mostly wild landscape.

Wasit Natural Reserve Visitor Centre / X Architects

Wasit Natural Reserve was originally a waste-water and rubbish dump. The rehabilitation process of the damaged eco-system started in 2005, 40,000m2 of rubbish removed, 35,000 trees been re-planted, healing the land from toxic chemicals and conservation of the Unique salt flats and costal sand dunes. A wetland visitor center is established on site to continue protecting the natural environment, educate people on the richness of the wetland ecosystem and provides information about the birds that frequent the area and other wetlands areas of the emirate. 

Hunter’s Point South Waterfront Park Phase II / SWA/BALSLEY + WEISS/MANFREDI

Hunter’s Point South Waterfront Park Phase II transforms 5.5 acres of an abandoned industrial landscape into a new waterfront park. Phase II of the park begins south of 54th Avenue and wraps around Newtown Creek to complete the full vision of Hunter’s Point South Park initiated with the Phase I park, resulting in nearly 11 acres of a continuous waterfront park. A trail meanders along the causeway, elevated slightly above the river, a stroll of shifting perspectives of the skyline and close-ups of the marsh habitat along the river’s edge and protects nearly 1.5 acres of newly established wetlands.

This article is part of the ArchDaily Topic: Collective Design . Every month we explore a topic in-depth through articles, interviews, news, and projects. Learn more about our monthly topics . As always, at ArchDaily we welcome the contributions of our readers; if you want to submit an article or project, contact us .

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How to Craft Your Ideal Thesis Research Topic

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Catherine Miller

Writing your undergraduate thesis is probably one of the most interesting parts of studying, especially because you get to choose your area of study. But as both a student and a teacher who’s helped countless students develop their research topics, I know this freedom can be just as intimidating as it is liberating.

Fortunately, there’a a step-by-step process you can follow that will help make the whole process a lot easier. In this article, I’ll show you how to choose a unique, specific thesis topic that’s true to your passions and interests, while making a contribution to your field.

Choose a topic that you’re interested in

First things first: double-check with your teachers or supervisor if there are any constraints on your research topic. Once your parameters are clear, it’s time to identify what lights you up — after all, you’re going to be spending a lot of time thinking about it.

Within your field of study, you probably already have some topics that have grabbed your attention more than others. This can be a great place to start. Additionally, consider using the rest of your academic and extra-curricular interests as a source of ideas. At this stage, you only need a broad topic before you narrow it down to a specific question. 

If you’re feeling stuck, here are some things to try:

• Look back through old course notes to remind yourself of topics you previously covered. Do any of these inspire you?
• Talk to potential supervisors about your ideas, as they can point you toward areas you might not have considered.
• Think about the things you enjoy in everyday life — whether that’s cycling, cinema, cooking, or fashion — then consider if there are any overlaps with your field of study.
• Imagine you have been asked to give a presentation or record a podcast in the next three days. What topics would you feel confident discussing?
• Watch a selection of existing lectures or explainer videos, or listen to podcasts by experts in your field. Note which topics you feel curious to explore further.
• Discuss your field of study with teachers friends and family, some with existing knowledge and some without. Which aspects do you enjoy talking about? 

By doing all this, you might uncover some unusual and exciting avenues for research. For example, when writing my Master’s dissertation, I decided to combine my field of study (English teaching methodology) with one of my passions outside work (creative writing). In my undergraduate course, a friend drew on her lived experience of disability to look into the literary portrayal of disability in the ancient world. 

Do your research

Once you’ve chosen your topic of interest, it’s time to dive into research. This is a really important part of this early process because it allows you to:

• See what other people have written about the topic — you don’t want to cover the same old ground as everyone else.
• Gain perspective on the big questions surrounding the topic. 
• Go deeper into the parts that interest you to help you decide where to focus.
• Start building your bibliography and a bank of interesting quotations. 

A great way to start is to visit your library for an introductory book. For example, the “A Very Short Introduction” series from the Oxford University Press provides overviews of a range of themes. Similar types of overviews may have the title “ A Companion to [Subject]” or “[Subject] A Student Companion”. Ask your librarian or teacher if you’re not sure where to begin. 

Your introductory volume can spark ideas for further research, and the bibliography can give you some pointers about where to go next. You can also use keywords to research online via academic sites like JStor or Google Scholar. Check which subscriptions are available via your institution.

At this stage, you may not wish to read every single paper you come across in full — this could take a very long time and not everything will be relevant. Summarizing software like Wordtune could be very useful here.

Just upload a PDF or link to an online article using Wordtune, and it will produce a summary of the whole paper with a list of key points. This helps you to quickly sift through papers to grasp their central ideas and identify which ones to read in full. 

Get Wordtune for free > Get Wordtune for free >

You can also use Wordtune for semantic search. In this case, the tool focuses its summary around your chosen search term, making it even easier to get what you need from the paper.

As you go, make sure you keep organized notes of what you’ve read, including the author and publication information and the page number of any citations you want to use. 

Some people are happy to do this process with pen and paper, but if you prefer a digital method, there are several software options, including Zotero , EndNote , and Mendeley . Your institution may have an existing subscription so check before you sign up.

Narrowing down your thesis research topic

Now you’ve read around the topic, it’s time to narrow down your ideas so you can craft your final question. For example, when it came to my undergraduate thesis, I knew I wanted to write about Ancient Greek religion and I was interested in the topic of goddesses. So, I:

• Did some wide reading around the topic of goddesses
• Learned that the goddess Hera was not as well researched as others and that there were some fascinating aspects I wanted to explore
• Decided (with my supervisor’s support) to focus on her temples in the Argive region of Greece

As part of this process, it can be helpful to consider the “5 Ws”: why, what, who, when, and where, as you move from the bigger picture to something more precise. 

Why did you choose this research topic?

Come back to the reasons you originally chose your theme. What grabbed you? Why is this topic important to you — or to the wider world? In my example, I knew I wanted to write about goddesses because, as a woman, I was interested in how a society in which female lives were often highly controlled dealt with having powerful female deities. My research highlighted Hera as one of the most powerful goddesses, tying into my key interest.

What are some of the big questions about your topic?

During your research, you’ll probably run into the same themes time and time again. Some of the questions that arise may not have been answered yet or might benefit from a fresh look. 

Equally, there may be questions that haven’t yet been asked, especially if you are approaching the topic from a modern perspective or combining research that hasn’t been considered before. This might include taking a post-colonial, feminist, or queer approach to older texts or bringing in research using new scientific methods.

In my example, I knew there were still controversies about why so many temples to the goddess Hera were built in a certain region, and was keen to explore these further.

Who is the research topic relevant to?

Considering the “who” might help you open up new avenues. Is there a particular audience you want to reach? What might they be interested in? Is this a new audience for this field? Are there people out there who might be affected by the outcome of this research — for example, people with a particular medical condition — who might be able to use your conclusions?

Which period will you focus on?

Depending on the nature of your field, you might be able to choose a timeframe, which can help narrow the topic down. For example, you might focus on historical events that took place over a handful of years, look at the impact of a work of literature at a certain point after its publication, or review scientific progress over the last five years. 

With my thesis, I decided to focus on the time when the temples were built rather than considering the hundreds of years for which they have existed, which would have taken me far too long.

Where does your topic relate to?

Place can be another means of narrowing down the topic. For example, consider the impact of your topic on a particular neighborhood, city, or country, rather than trying to process a global question. 

In my example, I chose to focus my research on one area of Greece, where there were lots of temples to Hera. This meant skipping other important locations, but including these would have made the thesis too wide-ranging.

Create an outline and get feedback

Once you have an idea of what you are going to write about, create an outline or summary and get feedback from your teacher(s). It’s okay if you don’t know exactly how you’re going to answer your thesis question yet, but based on your research you should have a rough plan of the key points you want to cover. So, for me, the outline was as follows:

• Context: who was the goddess Hera?
• Overview of her sanctuaries in the Argive region
• Their initial development 
• Political and cultural influences
• The importance of the mythical past

In the final thesis, I took a strong view on why the goddess was so important in this region, but it took more research, writing, and discussion with my supervisor to pin down my argument.

To choose a thesis research topic, find something you’re passionate about, research widely to get the big picture, and then move to a more focused view. Bringing a fresh perspective to a popular theme, finding an underserved audience who could benefit from your research, or answering a controversial question can make your thesis stand out from the crowd.

For tips on how to start writing your thesis, don’t miss our advice on writing a great research abstract and a stellar literature review . And don’t forget that Wordtune can also support you with proofreading, making it even easier to submit a polished thesis.

How do you come up with a research topic for a thesis?

To help you find a thesis topic, speak to your professor, look through your old course notes, think about what you already enjoy in everyday life, talk about your field of study with friends and family, and research podcasts and videos to find a topic that is interesting for you. It’s a good idea to refine your topic so that it’s not too general or broad.  

Do you choose your own thesis topic?

Yes, you usually choose your own thesis topic. You can get help from your professor(s), friends, and family to figure out which research topic is interesting to you. 

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New Freshwater Challenge to Restore and Protect Our Waters

During Earth Week, the White House announced a bold new national goal to protect, restore, and reconnect eight million acres of wetlands and 100,000 miles of our nation’s rivers and streams by 2030. The National Wildlife Federation joined over 100 organizations, states, Tribes, cities, local communities, and other entities to support the America the Beautiful Freshwater Challenge , which builds on the longstanding bipartisan policy of no net loss of wetlands. This commitment is a strong step forward to reconnect, restore, and protect wetlands and streams in a world where federal protections for these vulnerable and important waters have been significantly weakened. 

America’s Waters are Critical for People and Wildlife Alike

From the Everglades to Puget Sound – and all the bogs, brooks, and marshes in between – America’s wetlands, rivers, estuaries, and streams are critical for fish, wildlife, and people. Communities rely on these features for drinking water and flood protection, as well as access to fishing, hunting, recreation, and cultural traditions. Although wetlands cover only 6% of the Earth’s land surface, 40% of all plant and animal species live or breed in wetlands .

More than a third of all federally endangered or threatened species live only in wetlands and half use wetlands at some point in their lives. Freshwater wetlands store and slowly release water downstream, naturally protecting communities from flooding, shoring up water supplies in times of drought, reducing wildfire risk, and cleaning drinking water before it flows out of our taps.

Similarly, small and headwater streams are the capillaries that feed our larger watersheds, supporting native fisheries, supplying drinking water, and absorbing floodwaters. Coastal estuaries and mangrove forests serve as the first line of defense against storm surges and provide important habitat and shelter for fish and wildlife, from oysters to dolphins.

Wetlands and Streams More at Risk Than Ever

Despite their importance, these waters are at risk. The United States has lost over half of our wetlands since European colonization. The latest Wetlands Status and Trends report from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service shows that this trend is continuing. Despite progress made since the passage of the Clean Water Act, between 2009-2019, the rate of wetland loss has increased by 50%. During the last decade, an area of vegetated wetlands greater than the size of Rhode Island disappeared from the landscape.

Activities like development and agricultural practices that drain wetlands and fill them in are primarily driving wetlands loss, but climate change is in play too. While climate change is making flood-absorbing wetlands and seasonal or precipitation dependent streams all the more important, particularly in the arid west where most Western states are experiencing long-term drought conditions, it is also causing wetland loss.

Development and dryer conditions are causing important wetlands features, like the Prairie Potholes of the Great Plains that serve as America’s duck factory, to dry up and disappear. By the end of this century, we are on track to lose up to 90% of coastal wetlands that protect communities from storm surge and provide valuable habitat due to sea level rise.

The latest Wetlands Status and Trends report makes clear that we need to change our approach to wetlands conservation in the United States. Unfortunately, the Sackett v. EPA Supreme Court decision last year erased longstanding federal Clean Water Act protections for waters, including 63% of our nation’s wetlands and millions of miles of streams.

The loss of federal protections means many wetlands and streams can be polluted and destroyed at will. Although many states and tribal governments have programs that separately protect some wetlands and streams, many other states do not or lack the resources to adequately do so. The result is that countless streams and wetlands have little to no protection. Without action, this will lead to polluted waterways, increased floods, and loss of wildlife.

Freshwater Challenge Will Help Protect Vulnerable Waters

The Administration’s commitment to reconnect, restore and protect 8 million miles of wetlands and 100,000 miles of rivers and streams by 2030 will help federal agencies and state, Tribal, and local communities work together to protect streams and wetlands across the country. The America the Beautiful Freshwater Challenge reaffirms the importance of halting wetlands decline and calls on all states, Tribal governments, and entities to advance their own policies and strategies for conserving and restoring America’s freshwater systems.

The partnership urges participants to utilize and leverage all of the tools and approaches available to protect the most at-risk waters. Achieving these goals will be a strong step forward to protect and restore waters now left vulnerable in light of the Sackett decision.

It is more important now than ever that we move forward to defend clean water and restore protections for our nation’s wetlands, rivers, and streams at every level. Clean drinking water, safe recreation and fishing, community resilience to floods and droughts, and healthy habitat for wildlife depend on it.

Tell your decision makers to support efforts to restore and protect wetlands.

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UGA hosts Local Wetlands Protection Workshop 

The University of Georgia River Basin Center and University of Georgia School of Law Land Conservation Clinic co-hosted a Local Wetlands Protection Workshop on Tuesday, May 7 at the Delta Innovation Hub in Athens. The goal of the workshop was to explore background on wetlands and the federal wetland regulatory system, as well as how the legal landscape is evolving and options for wetland protection and conservation. 

The workshop was inspired by the recent US Supreme Court Sackett decision, which reduced federal protection of many wetlands by updating the definition of a conservable wetland. However, the RBC and Land Conservation Clinic were inspired to look into options for counties and municipalities to conserve and manage their wetland resources despite the new definition. The workshop welcomed county and municipal officials, representatives of watershed NGOs, and experts in both wetland ecology and environmental law from across UGA.

IRIS affiliate and Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources professor Rhett Jackson and professor of entomology Darold Batzer opened the event by describing the environmental value of wetlands. “The legal interpretations and the implementation of the Clean Water Act are not consistent with hydrologic science,” Jackson explained in a presentation slide. “Hydrologically, the entire landscape is connected to navigable waters and affects the flow, chemistry, and ecology of navigable waters.”

IRIS’s Law and Policy Fellow Matthew Shudtz continued the talks with an overview of the Sackett decision and its implications for wetlands. The case defined “waters of the United States” as “traditionally navigable” (in Shudtz’s words, whether you can put a kayak in it) and “adjacent” waters as having a continuous surface connection with no clear demarcation. The rest of the workshop was dedicated to discussing legal and regulatory implications of this decision, as well as existing and future options for wetlands protection.

View the full program here . Check out more photos from the day in this Google Drive .

Olivia Allen

• Environment

Challenge to Manatee County wetland buffer rollback dies. Is new Florida law to blame?

• Ryan Ballogg The Bradenton Herald (TNS)

BRADENTON — A legal challenge to Manatee County’s controversial decision to reduce local wetland protections and allow more development on environmentally sensitive land has been dropped.

At the suggestion of a developer interest group, commissioners voted 5-1 in October to eliminate the county’s extra layer of wetland protections, drawing heavy criticism from environmental advocates and hundreds of residents. Board members argued that the decision reflects their commitment to individual property rights.

The rule change will revert Manatee County to the state’s minimal rules, potentially allowing developers to build closer to sensitive wetland habitats and take less consideration of the environment in building plans. Critics argued that could harm ecosystem health, wildlife and water quality and expose residents to a higher risk of flooding and sea level rise.

A month after the regulation rollback passed, former County Commissioner Joe McClash filed an administrative challenge against the county, temporarily preventing it from going into effect.

Now that the challenge has been voluntarily dismissed, the new wetlands policy can take effect as soon as the judge presiding over the case issues a final order, a spokesperson for Manatee County Government said in an email Friday.

The county is seeking over $247,000 in attorney fees and other costs from McClash.

Case dropped due to developer-friendly Florida law

McClash’s challenge alleged that county officials violated county and state rules by removing beneficial environmental protections without proper evidence that the decision was in the public interest.

It cited the county’s Comprehensive Plan, which says commissioners shall amend the plan only “upon finding that the goal, objective, policy, or map sought to be amended is no longer in the best interest of the public.”

But on April 24, McClash voluntarily dismissed his case before testimony was heard.

The reason: a new Florida law allows local governments to recover attorney fees if they win a Comprehensive Plan challenge against a citizen.

Referred to by critics as “the sprawl bill,” and “a death knell for smart growth in Florida,” the law also allows developers to join legal disputes and further penalize citizens who challenge government actions with legal fees.

The law had almost complete support from Florida Republicans, including Manatee County’s entire state legislative delegation: Jim Boyd, R-Bradenton, Joe Gruters, R-Sarasota, Mike Beltran, R-Riverview, William Robinson, R-Bradenton and Tommy Gregory, R-Lakewood Ranch.

According to Michael Barfield, a Sarasota-based paralegal and public access director at the Florida Center for Government Accountability, the law threatens citizens with the potential of hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of legal fees if they lose a challenge.

“It’s access to the courts for the wealthy and a huge risk for anyone else,” Barfield said. “The legislature has pretty much preempted any teeth in our regulatory laws related to development.”

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Environmental advocacy group Waterkeepers Florida, which has 15 chapters around the state, railed against the law before it passed.

“We sent over a thousand emails to our local representatives asking them to vote no on Senate Bill 540,” said Suncoast Waterkeeper Executive Director Abbey Tyrna in an email. “We did this because we knew that even with adequate legal claims, we could not shoulder the financial burden of challenges made on behalf of Florida residents. Meanwhile, decisions made on behalf of a few developers are moving full speed ahead, unchallenged.”

What happened in court?

In court filings, Manatee County attorneys warned McClash that they would seek to recover their fees under the new law if they beat him in court.

In a renewed motion for attorney fees filed on Wednesday, county attorneys asked a judge to award them $246,097 in “reasonable attorneys’ fees” and $10,710 in taxable costs against McClash.

Court records show that the county had at least 10 people working on the case, with hourly rates that ranged from $75 to $375. Seven of those hourly rates were $300 or more.

In 2023, the average hourly rate for lawyers in Florida was $297, according to Statista, a statistics-compiling website.

“It was like David and Goliath,” McClash said. “The county had seven attorneys and legal assistants and I was representing myself. Whether they were trying to stack the legal fees to scare me away, I don’t know.”

McClash argued that his challenge should not be subject to the new law, but the judge disagreed.

Challenge dropped before testimony heard

Manatee County had successfully defended its wetland protections against several legal challenges by prominent local developer Carlos Beruff in recent years. The sudden move to undo those protections last year puzzled many onlookers.

To revise its wetland policies and argue for reducing them in public hearings, the county hired Daniel DeLisi, a private consultant who previously opposed the county in court on behalf of Beruff.

“It’s like you just won the Super Bowl and then you go and hire the losing team’s quarterback,” Barfield said. “In the space of just a few months, the county decided to completely abandon the victories they had won. It was mystifying, even to a neutral observer.”

In public meetings, officials presented the proposal to change the rules as a “county-initiated” amendment that would restore property rights to average homeowners, allowing them to build closer to the water.

But public records revealed that the decision to reduce wetland buffers was made after a special interest group, the Manatee-Sarasota Building Industry Association, approached staff with a behind-the-scenes proposal to change the wetland buffer policy and other rules that place restrictions on developers.

The county’s Planning Commission did not buy the arguments that removing the wetland protections was a good idea and sent the Board of County Commissioners a majority recommendation to vote against it.

But commissioners were not swayed by that recommendation or evidence supporting the effectiveness of wetland buffers.

Public hearings leading up to the rule change drew crowds of concerned residents and led to angry clashes between the public and officials. When dozens of people voiced their disagreement at a final hearing, disgruntled commissioners fired back. Commissioner Kevin Van Ostenbridge accused opponents of the measure of being “radical climate activists.”

McClash’s legal challenge cited that tumultuous final hearing and criticized commissioners for spending it on combative and off-topic comments rather than defending the validity of the amendments.

His legal challenge aimed to make the county provide more evidence for its decision and ultimately prove that it was not in the public interest.

McClash is asking the judge not to award Manatee County’s attorney fees since he withdrew the case before it was decided.

Manatee County declined to comment on the dismissal of the case.

New Florida law ‘worse than a chilling effect’

McClash described the new law as “much worse than a chilling effect” on citizens’ ability to challenge controversial government actions.

“It’s an absolute elimination of any citizen challenges,” McClash said. “Draconian would be one word for it. It’s embarrassing, as a Republican like myself, to see other Republicans putting things in place that are like a dictatorship.”

McClash noted that even if the administrative law judge had ruled in his favor against reducing wetland protections, that decision could have been easily reversed in a final order by the state’s Administration Commission — a group comprised of Florida’s governor and Cabinet.

“The writing is on the wall that they would have found a reason for me not to prevail,” McClash said.

“It’s long been in the First Amendment that citizens have the right to question what their government is doing,” Barfield said. “This law takes away that ability. It is weaponizing the law to prevent citizens from challenging government rolling over for developers.”

Barfield said that successful citizen challenges of the past would probably have never happened under the new Florida law.

Even with his voluntary dismissal, McClash could still be on the hook for some of the attorney fees accumulated so far in the case.

A hearing set for June 4 at 9 a.m. will determine whether McClash has to pay any of those fees, court records show.

Reduced wetland protections can soon take effect

When a change to a local government’s comprehensive plan is challenged in court, the change is temporarily blocked.

If it survives the court challenge, it can be adopted into the Comprehensive Plan and go into effect.

Manatee County said Friday that a final court order upholding the new wetlands rule is expected within 30 days and will allow the new policy to go into effect immediately.

The county’s previous policy required buffers of at least 30 to 50 feet between development and wetlands. The new policy will revert Manatee County to the state’s less protective rules.

The state recommends minimum buffer widths of 15 feet with a 25-foot average, but developers can apply for exceptions to that rule.

Shortly after Manatee County officials voted to reduce local buffer requirements, developer Carlos Beruff asked the state to allow no wetland buffers for a future phase of his Aqua by the Bay development along Sarasota Bay in Bradenton.

However, the future of permitting development that impacts Florida wetlands is now in limbo. In February, a federal court order removed Floirda’s authority to issue 404 permits — a kind of permit that allows developers to impact wetlands — after a judge found that the state was not following federal laws for protecting endangered species.

Florida appealed that decision, and the court case will decide whether the state or the federal government ultimately gets oversight of 404 wetlands permits.

Waterkeeper groups arguing against Florida maintaining control of the program say that the state’s approach to protecting wetlands and water quality is not working.

Tyrna pointed to the federal judge’s recent ruling that Florida’s wetland permitting program was failing to adhere to the Endangered Species Act, as well as a recent federal report documenting severe wetland losses in Florida.

“During our long debate over the Comprehensive Plan changes with the Manatee County Government, the BOCC, along with their hired expert, pointed to the state of Florida’s wetland permitting program as being adequate protection,” Tyrna said.

“We now have two lines of evidence showcasing that this is simply not true.”

In 2022, Florida led the nation for the most acres of polluted lakes and ranked second for square miles of polluted estuaries, according to data collected by the Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Water Act.

“Taken together, the federal and state governments have not adequately protected wetlands, which are known to provide pollution removal services,” Tyrna said. " It is no wonder that harmful algal blooms continue to increase on the Suncoast. Saving our wetlands is critical to our overall health and well-being, and it is clear that the only way to protect our local ecosystems is through local action.”

Could there be another challenge to wetlands policy?

McClash hopes that community members who oppose the county’s wetlands decision will consider filing a new challenge in county court.

“The other avenue that’s still available is a suit that could be brought at the county level, where a person could sue the county for not following its own rules,” McClash said. “Going through the circuit court, you don’t have a time limit and you don’t have the threat of paying the other party’s fees.”

McClash said he is not planning to file such a challenge.

“We really need some organization to file,” McClash said. “The ball is still in play, and I think another challenge would be important if the community is serious about holding the county commission accountable.”

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New thesis shows Lynch syndrome should be seen as a common condition

by Karolinska Institutet

Sophie Walton Bernstedt from the Gastroenterology and Rheumatology Unit at the Department of Medicine, Huddinge (MedH), is defending her thesis "Risk factors for colorectal cancer and the impact on life in Lynch syndrome," on 24 May, 2024. The main supervisor is Ann-Sofie Backman (MedH).

"We have investigated various risk factors associated with the development of colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome and what it is like for these patients to live with a greatly increased cancer risk," says Walton Bernstedt.

"There is likely still a large number of patients yet to be identified with Lynch syndrome. It is necessary to identify these patients in time in order to prevent and detect early stage cancer by preventive procedures.

"By implementing routines in follow-up services for this group of patients it is possible to create optimal conditions for early detection. These routines include bowel preparation , but also the quality of the procedure, adaptation to genetic risk but also accommodating psychosocial needs among patients.

"Lynch syndrome no longer should be considered a rare condition. By increasing the knowledge of hereditary cancer in the public we hope to increase the efficiency of cancer preventive measures ."

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