bibliography in business research

How to Write a Bibliography for a Research Paper

Do not try to “wow” your instructor with a long bibliography when your instructor requests only a works cited page. It is tempting, after doing a lot of work to research a paper, to try to include summaries on each source as you write your paper so that your instructor appreciates how much work you did. That is a trap you want to avoid. MLA style, the one that is most commonly followed in high schools and university writing courses, dictates that you include only the works you actually cited in your paper—not all those that you used.

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• If your assignment calls for a bibliography, list all the sources you consulted in your research.
• If your assignment calls for a works cited or references page, include only the sources you quote, summarize, paraphrase, or mention in your paper.
• If your works cited page includes a source that you did not cite in your paper, delete it.
• All in-text citations that you used at the end of quotations, summaries, and paraphrases to credit others for their ideas,words, and work must be accompanied by a cited reference in the bibliography or works cited. These references must include specific information about the source so that your readers can identify precisely where the information came from.The citation entries on a works cited page typically include the author’s name, the name of the article, the name of the publication, the name of the publisher (for books), where it was published (for books), and when it was published.

The good news is that you do not have to memorize all the many ways the works cited entries should be written. Numerous helpful style guides are available to show you the information that should be included, in what order it should appear, and how to format it. The format often differs according to the style guide you are using. The Modern Language Association (MLA) follows a particular style that is a bit different from APA (American Psychological Association) style, and both are somewhat different from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). Always ask your teacher which style you should use.

A bibliography usually appears at the end of a paper on its own separate page. All bibliography entries—books, periodicals, Web sites, and nontext sources such radio broadcasts—are listed together in alphabetical order. Books and articles are alphabetized by the author’s last name.

Most teachers suggest that you follow a standard style for listing different types of sources. If your teacher asks you to use a different form, however, follow his or her instructions. Take pride in your bibliography. It represents some of the most important work you’ve done for your research paper—and using proper form shows that you are a serious and careful researcher.

Bibliography Entry for a Book

A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author’s name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author’s name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in italicized type. Be sure to capitalize the words in the title correctly, exactly as they are written in the book itself. Following the title is the city where the book was published, followed by a colon, the name of the publisher, a comma, the date published, and a period. Here is an example:

Format : Author’s last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication: publisher, date of publication.

• A book with one author : Hartz, Paula.  Abortion: A Doctor’s Perspective, a Woman’s Dilemma . New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1992.
• A book with two or more authors : Landis, Jean M. and Rita J. Simon.  Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?  New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

Bibliography Entry for a Periodical

A bibliography entry for a periodical differs slightly in form from a bibliography entry for a book. For a magazine article, start with the author’s last name first, followed by a comma, then the first name and a period. Next, write the title of the article in quotation marks, and include a period (or other closing punctuation) inside the closing quotation mark. The title of the magazine is next, underlined or in italic type, depending on whether you are handwriting or using a computer, followed by a period. The date and year, followed by a colon and the pages on which the article appeared, come last. Here is an example:

Format:  Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the Article.” Magazine. Month and year of publication: page numbers.

• Article in a monthly magazine : Crowley, J.E.,T.E. Levitan and R.P. Quinn.“Seven Deadly Half-Truths About Women.”  Psychology Today  March 1978: 94–106.
• Article in a weekly magazine : Schwartz, Felice N.“Management,Women, and the New Facts of Life.”  Newsweek  20 July 2006: 21–22.
• Signed newspaper article : Ferraro, Susan. “In-law and Order: Finding Relative Calm.”  The Daily News  30 June 1998: 73.
• Unsigned newspaper article : “Beanie Babies May Be a Rotten Nest Egg.”  Chicago Tribune  21 June 2004: 12.

Bibliography Entry for a Web Site

For sources such as Web sites include the information a reader needs to find the source or to know where and when you found it. Always begin with the last name of the author, broadcaster, person you interviewed, and so on. Here is an example of a bibliography for a Web site:

Format : Author.“Document Title.” Publication or Web site title. Date of publication. Date of access.

Example : Dodman, Dr. Nicholas. “Dog-Human Communication.”  Pet Place . 10 November 2006.  23 January 2014 < http://www.petplace.com/dogs/dog-human-communication-2/page1.aspx >

After completing the bibliography you can breathe a huge sigh of relief and pat yourself on the back. You probably plan to turn in your work in printed or handwritten form, but you also may be making an oral presentation. However you plan to present your paper, do your best to show it in its best light. You’ve put a great deal of work and thought into this assignment, so you want your paper to look and sound its best. You’ve completed your research paper!

Back to  How To Write A Research Paper .

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• Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

• A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
• A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal without DOI
• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

• Newspaper article
• Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

• Highlight all the entries
• Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
• In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
• Then close the window with ‘OK’.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 3 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/

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How to format your references using the Business Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Business Research . For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors .

• Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

• Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

• Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Business Research .

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

• Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

• News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

• In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses :

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

• Two authors: (Cadwell and Coscoy 2005)
• Three or more authors: (Fernández-Chacón et al. 2001)
• About the journal
• Other styles
• Urolithiasis
• Inorganic Chemistry Communications
• International Journal of Hematologic Oncology

APA Style (7th ed.)

• Cite: Why? When?
• Book, eBook, Dissertation
• Article or Report

Business Sources

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools

In-Text Citation

• Format Your Paper

Prefer a video tutorial?

Click below to watch: .

Basic structure for most business databases: 

Author, a. a., & author, b. b. (year).  title of page in italics (number if available) [descriptive text if needed]. database name. https://www.databasehomepage.com.

Many business sources contain tables, charts, data sets, and other non-standard types of information. General guidelines:

• If no author , use a corporate author (e.g. company, association, or group responsible for the content).
• If no publication date , use the abbreviation (n.d.) -- both in your References and your in-text citation -- for "no date."
• Retrieval dates are only needed in two circumstances: if the content is unarchived AND is designed to change (e.g. financial data updated quarterly or yearly).
• If the information is from a free website (such as a .gov website, i.e. not a subscription database) and the URL appears stable, include that.
• If it is from a subscription database , it is probably not a stable URL, so (usually) include the database name and the homepage of the database itself. The exception is if the content is easily accessible from multiple sources -- e.g., press releases, stock quotes, and the like -- which needs no database retrieval information at all. 

Because the APA style manual does not provide examples for every single type of resource,  these examples have been adapted for common business resources .  If you are unsure of how to cite a source,  ask your business librarian . 

Jump to more specific examples by using the table below: 

Ad Age / Ad Age Datacenter

In-text Citation

Parenthetical Citation : McDonald's and Burger King in Brazil were among the first companies to use AI in an advertising campaign (Rittenhouse, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Rittenhouse (2023), McDonald's and Burger King in Brazil were among the first companies to use AI in an advertising campaign.

Datacenter content

Parenthetical Citation : In 2022, Amazon spent 20.6 billion dollars on advertising and promotion (Ad Age Datacenter, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Ad Age Datacenter (2023), Amazon spent 20.6 billion dollars on advertising and promotion. 

Return to table of contents

Business Source Complete - SWOT Analysis

Marketline is the author of most of the SWOTs in our subscription. For SWOTs that may come from other databases, most often you are looking for a corporate/organization author.

Parenthetical Citation : Cisco's declining cash reserves in the last couple of years may be an indication of the company's inability to acquire sufficient capital (MarketLine, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to a MarketLine (2023) report, Cisco's declining cash reserves may be an indicator of the company's inability to acquire sufficient capital.

Census Data

Data tables.

Parenthetical Citation : In the United States the number of real estate firms increased by over 12,000 between 2020 and 2021 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021).

Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2021), the number of real estate firms in the United States increased by over 12,000 between 2020 and 2021.

Census Business Builder

Parenthetical Citation : There are 301 establishments in Milwaukee county which exclusively sell alcohol (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.), there are 301 establishments in Milwaukee county which exclusively sell alcohol.

Quick Facts tables

Parenthetical Citation : The median gross rent in Whitewater, WI is only 1% more than in Stevens Point, WI (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to the U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.) the median gross rent in Whitewater, WI is only 1% more than the median gross rent in Stevens Point, WI.

Global Road Warrior

Report with author.

Some Global Road Warrior report pages have a Writer listed at the bottom of the page. If none listed, use Global Road Warrior as an Author, and no need to repeat it in the Source position.

Parenthetical Citation : The varying tropical climate of the Democratic Republic of Congo dictates the type of attire worn by business travelers to the country (Myers, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : Myers (n.d.) explains that the varying tropical climate of the Democratic Republic of Congo dictates the type of attire worn by business travelers to the country.

However, some subsections may be reprints from other sources -- e.g.,  the Human Rights Reports section is reprinted from the U.S. Department of State report:

Reprinted from elsewhere

Parenthetical Citation : Unlike the United States, the government of Australia prohibits sympathy strikes by unions (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor & World Trade Press, 2022).

Narrative Citation : According to the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor and the World Trade Press (2022), the government of Australia prohibits sympathy strikes by unions. 

Hoovers Company Profiles

Parenthetical Citation : FUBU is a privately owned corporation which specializes in producing hip-hop influenced sportswear (D&B Hoovers, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to D&B Hoovers (2023), FUBU is a privately owned corporation which specializes in producing hip-hop influenced sportswear. 

Report with author

Parenthetical Citation : Millennials are more willing to spend on premium care for their pets since they view them as a part of their family (Brocker, 2023)

Narrative Citation : Brocker (2023) states that Millennials are more willing to spend on premium care for their pets since they view them as a part of their family. 

Parenthetical Citation : Increase in federal funding for medicare and medicaid has lowered industry risk for dentists in the United States (IBISWorld, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to IBISWorld (2023) an increase in federal funding for medicare and medicaid has lowered industry risk for dentists in the United States.

ISO Standards

Parenthetical Citation : Leadership and employee involvement are important to the management of occupational health and safety risks (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 2023).

Narrative Citation : The International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2023) stresses the importance of leadership and employee involvement in the management of occupational health and safety risks.

OSHA Standards

Parenthetical Citation : The minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet (Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], 1970).

Narrative Citation : According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 2023) the minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet.

Note: If the abbreviation of a group author is well-know, or will appear in the paper at least times, include the abbreviation in square brackets in the parenthetical citation, and with the date element in the narrative citation.

Reference Solutions (formerly Reference USA)

Company profile.

Include retrieval dates since profiles are regularly updated. Look in the Business Demographics section of a company profile for the Last Updated On: date.

If the company's name is sufficiently unique to identify that company (i.e., there is only one of that company in that city/state), then that is all you need for the Title. If there are multiple companies with that name and that location, then include the exact address in parentheses as a unique identifier, as below.

Parenthetical Citation : The two main competitors of the Sage and Oats Trading Post are located in neighboring Idaho (Data Axel, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Data Axel (2023), the two main competitors of the Sage and Oats Trading Post are located in neighboring Idaho. 

List of companies or people

For creating a list of companies or people with certain criteria, the Excel or PDF format list has no real title. So create a description, in [square brackets], of what criteria you applied to get your list, so that someone else could retrieve the same (or similar) data. Include retrieval date because the list would probably be different at a later date. 

Parenthetical Citation : 22 businesses located in the Janesville metro area are owned by veterans (Data Axel, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to Data Axel (n.d.) 22 businesses located in the Janesville metro area are owned by veterans. 

Sage Data (formerly Data Planet)

Parenthetical Citation : Approximately 10,00 flights were cancelled in one day in the United States on March 29th, 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 lock-down measures (Bureau of Transportation Statistics [BTS], 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS, 2023) approximately 10,000 flights were cancelled in one day in the United States on March 29th, 2020 as a result of COVID-19 lock-down measures.

SEC filings 

All SEC filings are publicly available on the web. So, no matter where you accessed it from, there's really no need to include database information, though you can include a freely-accessible web link to make it easier for your reader to retrieve it if you wish. 

Parenthetical Citation : The risk of credit losses from corporate debt securities held by East West Bank are likely to be low since their credit profiles are strong with expectations of on-time contractual payments (East West Bancorp, Inc., 2021)

Narrative Citation : East West Bancorp, Inc. (2021) state in their annual report that risk of credit losses on their corporate debt securities are likely to be low since their credit profiles are strong with expectations of on-time contractual payments. 

Simmons Insights

The Title is the dataset used, which also provides you with a Date. However, that doesn't tell your reader what exact data you were using. So create a description after the title, in [square brackets], of what criteria you applied to get your list, so that someone else could retrieve the same (or similar) data. 

Cross tab data

Parenthetical Citation : There are approximately 7 million customers in the United States who use hand and body creams, lotions or oils (MRI-Simmons, 2021).

Narrative Citation : According to MRI-Simmons (2021) there are approximately 7 million customers in the United States who use hand and body creams, lotions, or oils. 

Quick report profile

Parenthetical Citation : 52% of college students in the United States accessed Instagram through a mobile device in 2021 (MRI-Simmons, 2021).

Narrative Citation : According to MRI-Simmons (2021) 52% of college students in the United States accessed Instagram through a mobile devise in 2021.

SRDS Media Solutions

For the profiles of any type of Publication, Radio, TV/Cable, Out-of-home, or Hispanic media with a profile in SRDS, include retrieval date as these are updated regularly.

Parenthetical Citation : The Beloit Daily News boasts a circulation of over 10,000 subscribers (SRDS Media Solutions, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to SRDS Media Solutions (n.d.) the Beloit Daily News boasts a circulation of over 10,000 subscribers. 

DMA & MSA Maps

Parenthetical Citation : Media outlets in Sheboygan WI may charge higher advertising rates since they fall under Milwaukee's designated market area (DMA) (SRDS Media Solutions, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to SRDS Media Solutions (n.d.) media outlets in Sheboygan, WI may charge higher advertising rates since they fall under Milwaukee's designated market area (DMA).

Look in the “Source” box to the right of Statista's charts for most of the citation information. Sometimes there are multiple sources for one chart; if so, treat it just like you would a normal multiple-author situation on an article . For date, check the Release Info or Source Link boxes (see right); but if not listed, use (n.d.) for No Date.

Parenthetical Citation : 48% of global cybersecurity professionals think that deep learning for detecting malware in encrypted traffic may be the most promising emerging machine learning trend in 2023 (Nguyen, 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to Nguyen (2023), 48% of global cybersecurity professional thin that deep learning for detecting malware in encrypted traffic may be the most promising emerging machine learning trend in 2023.

No named author

Parenthetical Citation : Crude oil prices hit an all time high at over $109 per barrel in 2012 (Statista, 2024).

Narrative Citation : According to Statista (2024), crude oil prices hit an all time high at over $109 per barrel in 2012.

Value Line 

If there is no PDF, then it is unarchived, so use (n.d.) and include a retrieval date. 

Parenthetical Citation : Johnson Controls’ international growth in 2023 has helped to offset its weak performance in North America (Value Line, 2024).

Narrative Citation : According to Value Line (2024) Johnson Controls’ international grown in 2023 has helped to offset its weak performance in North America.

Website:  Data Set

Named author.

Parenthetical Citation : The Nicoya region in Costa Rica is prone to frequent earthquakes (Dixon & Protti, 2007-2023).

Narrative Citation : The data gathered by Dixon & Protti (2007-2023) shows that the Nicoya region in Costa Rica is prone to frequent earthquakes.

Corporate author

Parenthetical Citation : There were no reported bank failures reported in 2021 and 2022 (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation [FDIC], 2023).

Narrative Citation : According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC, 2023) there were reported bank failures in 2021 and 2022. 

Wharton Research Data Services -- Compustat, CRSP, etc. 

With datasets acquired through WRDS such as Compustat or CRSP, the author can mention that the data was collected from these sources in the methodology section or at the end of the paper. 

For example:

“4.1 Data and methods

We retrieve the sample of banks from COMPUSTAT's bank file. Following Akhigbe and Martin (2006), we include in the sample all commercial banks (SIC code 602X) and savings institutions (SIC code 603X). To be included in the sample the bank must have continuous returns on CRSP in the 365 day period prior to the analyst's recommendation. For each sample bank, we obtain all of their analyst recommendations that are reported on the Thomson Financial's Institutional Brokers Estimate (I/B/E/S) U.S. Detail File in the time period 1994–2012" (Premti et al, 2017).

Premti, A., Garcia-Feijoo, L., & Madura, J. (2017). Information content of analyst recommendations in the banking industry. International Review of Financial Analysis 49 , 35-47.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2016.11.005  

Winmo  

Parenthetical Citation : Equalpride’s media spending in 2022 was down by 77% since the previous year (Winmo, n.d.).

Narrative Citation : According to Winmo (n.d.), Equalpride’s media spending in 2022 was down by 77% since the previous year.

More questions? Check out the authoritative source: APA style blog

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• Citing Business Sources

Business Subject Guide — Citing Business Sources

• Getting Started
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• Datasets via WRDS
• Data from US Census Bureau
• Directories, Lists, & Listicles
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• Open Educational Resources (OER)
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Citation Styles for Business

The three most commonly used citation styles are represented by the following manuals: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA style ), The MLA Handbook ( MLA style ), and The Chicago Manual of Style ( Chicago style ). Generally speaking, the sciences and social sciences tend to use the APA or Chicago style while the humanities will often use the MLA style.

There is no "official" style for citing business sources. Therefore, researchers usually adapt one of the above styles to cite business sources. Whatever style you choose, use it consistently for the entire project/paper. Listed below are examples of citing business sources using specific citation styles:

• Citation Styles and Management Tools Guide by Samuel Boss Last Updated Apr 9, 2024 2619 views this year

This guide offers you advice on how to cite your references in a paper or how to format your bibliography in Chicago, APA and MLA citation styles

APA 7th edition

• APA Citations - 7th Edition by Reference & Student Success Services (R&SSS) Last Updated Aug 10, 2022 156 views this year
• Ryerson University: APA for Business Examples for the following sources: - Business Insights: Global - Conference Board of Canada - EIU - Factiva - Nexis Uni - Mergent Online - Mintel - Passport - IBISWorld - Statista - From a company website - From SEDAR
• University of Lethbridge: Citing Business Sources Examples for the following sources: - Press Release - Marketline Report - Nexis Uni: Hoover's Company Records - In-depth Records - Statista - Annual Reports - Income Tax Act - CICA Handbook (from Knotia) - Tax/Budget Commentary (from Intelliconnect)
• University of Wisconsin Whitewater: Reference Examples for Business Sources Examples for the following sources: - Ad Forum - Advertising Redbooks - American FactFinder / U.S. Census - Business Source Complete SWOT Analysis - Global Road Warrior - IBIS World - Nexis Uni - Reference USA - RIA Checkpoint - Simmons OneView - SRDS Media Solutions - Statista - Value Line - Website: Data Set - Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS)

The Chicago Manual of Style

• UConn: Chicago Manual of Style Guides
• Harvard Business School Citation Guide Guides on creating footnotes, source lines, and bibliographies. Examples for an extremely long list of sources. It is updated every academic year.
• UCLA Anderson: Citing Business Sources Examples for the following sources: - Analyst Report - Annual Report - Book - E-mail - Journal Article - Magazine Article - Market Report - News Article - Press Release - SEC Document - Website - Database Publication from Factiva, Forrester, Investext, etc.

MLA 8th edition

• MLA Citations- 9th Edition by Reference & Student Success Services (R&SSS) Last Updated Jun 30, 2022 1215 views this year
• EasyBib MLA Format

Citing Data

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• Citation Styles

What citation style to use for business [Updated 2023]

In this post, we discuss the most frequently used citation styles for business. We highlight the main features and provide examples of both in-text and bibliographic references for each style.

Harvard style is a popular format used in business papers. Its author-date citation system consists of in-text citations that include the author's last name and the year of publication. Full references for each source are listed at the end of the paper.

Harvard referencing resources

🌐 Official Harvard style guidelines (Cite Them Right)

🗂 Harvard style guide

📝 Harvard citation generator

Harvard referencing examples

Here is an example of an in-text citation in Harvard style:

A similar research was carried out in the field of entrepreneurship (Dheer, 2018) .

Here is a bibliography entry in Harvard style:

Dheer, R. J. S. (2018) “Entrepreneurship by immigrants: a review of existing literature and directions for future research,” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal , 14(3), pp. 555–614.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by a number of fields, including business. It uses an author-page citation system. In-text citations are formed by putting the author's last name and the page number of the borrowed material in parentheses. Full bibliographic references are included in a works cited list at the end of the paper.

MLA style resources

🌐 Official MLA style guidelines

🗂 MLA style guide

📝 MLA citation generator

MLA style examples

Here is an in-text citation in MLA style:

However, a research proved this theory right (Falk and Hagsten 123) .

Here is a bibliography entry in MLA style:

Falk, Martin, and Eva Hagsten. “Employment Impacts of Market Novelty Sales: Evidence for Nine European Countries.” Eurasian Economic Review , vol. 8, no. 2, 2018, pp. 119–137.

APA (American Psychological Association) style is a citation format used in the social sciences, education, and engineering, as well as in business. APA consists of two elements: in-text citations and a reference list.

It uses an author-date system, in which the author’s last name and year of publication are put in parentheses (e.g. Smith 2003). These parenthetical citations refer the reader to a list at the end of the paper, which includes information about each source.

APA style resources

🌐 Official APA style guidelines

🗂 APA style guide

📝 APA citation generator

APA style examples

Here is an in-text citation in APA style:

Recently, much debate has been stirred regarding digital economy (Banalieva & Dhanaraj, 2019) .

Here is a bibliography entry in APA style:

Banalieva, E. R., & Dhanaraj, C. (2019). Internalization theory for the digital economy. Journal of International Business Studies , 50(8), 1372–1387.

Chicago style is another form of citation used for business papers and journals. It has two formats: a notes and bibliography system and an author-date system.

The notes and bibliography system is mostly used for the humanities, whereas the author-date system is used in science and business. The latter uses in-text citations formed by the author's last name and date of publication. A bibliography at the end of the paper lists the full information for all references.

Chicago style resources

🌐 Official Chicago style guidelines

🗂 Chicago style guide

📝 Chicago citation generator

Chicago style examples

Here is an in-text citation in Chicago author-date style:

Clearly, an opposing view dominated the topic (Tuncay 2018) .

Here is a bibliography entry in Chicago author-date style:

Tuncay, Merve. 2018. “Do Political Risks Matter in the Financial Markets?: Evidence from Turkey.” Eurasian Economic Review 8 (2): 209–27.

The Journal of Business Research offers a guide on how to format citations for any submission. It follows a straightforward author-date system, which you can see on the JBR style guide linked below.

JBR style resources

🌐 Official JBR style guidelines

🗂 JBR style guide

📝 JBR citation generator

JBR style examples

Here is an in-text citation in JBR style:

As seen in the journey of becoming an entrepreneur (Mahto & McDowell 2018) .

Here is a bibliography entry in JBR style:

Mahto, R. V., & McDowell, W. C. (2018). Entrepreneurial motivation: a non-entrepreneur’s journey to become an entrepreneur. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal , 14(3), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0513-8

The Journal of Business Ethics has specific rules on how to format citations for any submission. It follows a simple author-date system, which you can see on on the JBE style guide linked below.

JBE style resources

🌐 Official JBE style guidelines

🗂 JBE style guide

📝 JBE citation generator

JBE style examples

Here is an in-text citation in JBE style:

As a result, high-tech and low-tech industries were studied (Aldieri and Vinci 2018) .

Here is a bibliography entry in JBE style:

Aldieri, L., & Vinci, C. P. (2018). Innovation effects on employment in high-tech and low-tech industries: evidence from large international firms within the triad. Eurasian Business Review , 8(2), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-017-0081-9

Frequently Asked Questions about citation styles used for business

The top 3 citation styles used for business papers are Harvard, Chicago and APA styles.

The easiest way to create a reference list for business papers is by using the BibGuru citation generator . This fast, free, and ad-free generator creates accurate citations with just one click.

The author-date citation styles used for business papers are JBE, JBR, Chicago and Harvard.

Some of the most popular business journals are: American Economic Review , Journal of Financial Economics , and The Journal of Finance , among others.

Whether your business paper requires a cover page or not will depend on the specific requirements of the assignment or submission.

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Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

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• Bibliography

If you are using Chicago style footnotes or endnotes, you should include a bibliography at the end of your paper that provides complete citation information for all of the sources you cite in your paper. Bibliography entries are formatted differently from notes. For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines. Here’s a link to a sample bibliography that shows layout and spacing . You can find a sample of note format here .

Complete note vs. shortened note

Here’s an example of a complete note and a shortened version of a note for a book:

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated , 27-35.

Note vs. Bibliography entry

The bibliography entry that corresponds with each note is very similar to the longer version of the note, except that the author’s last and first name are reversed in the bibliography entry. To see differences between note and bibliography entries for different types of sources, check this section of the Chicago Manual of Style .

For Liquidated , the bibliography entry would look like this:

Ho, Karen, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

Citing a source with two or three authors

If you are citing a source with two or three authors, list their names in your note in the order they appear in the original source. In the bibliography, invert only the name of the first author and use “and” before the last named author.

1. Melissa Borja and Jacob Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees,” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17, no. 3 (2019): 80-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Shortened note:

1. Borja and Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics,” 80-81.

Bibliography:

Borja, Melissa, and Jacob Gibson. “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17. no. 3 (2019): 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Citing a source with more than three authors

If you are citing a source with more than three authors, include all of them in the bibliography, but only include the first one in the note, followed by et al. ( et al. is the shortened form of the Latin et alia , which means “and others”).

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults,” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1271.

Short version of note:

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability,” 1271.

Nagurney, Justine M., Ling Han, Linda Leo‐Summers, Heather G. Allore, Thomas M. Gill, and Ula Hwang. “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults.” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14088 .

Citing a book consulted online

If you are citing a book you consulted online, you should include a URL, DOI, or the name of the database where you found the book.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35, https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Bibliography entry:

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Citing an e-book consulted outside of a database

If you are citing an e-book that you accessed outside of a database, you should indicate the format. If you read the book in a format without fixed page numbers (like Kindle, for example), you should not include the page numbers that you saw as you read. Instead, include chapter or section numbers, if possible.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), chap. 2, Kindle.

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. Kindle.

• Citation Management Tools
• In-Text Citations
• Examples of Commonly Cited Sources
• Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Sources in Chicago Format
• Sample Bibliography

PDFs for This Section

• Citing Sources
• Online Library and Citation Tools

• Business Communication

How To Cite Sources in Business Proposal

Table of Contents

Having a great business idea is just the first step toward being a business owner. The second step, which is the most crucial, is having a business plan. The business plan outlines what your business will be, the market, your customer base, your marketing strategy, your startup and running costs, and your projected profits.

The best way to add credibility to your business plan is to support the forecasts and ideas presented with data provided by credible sources like authoritative books, industry leads, and government and trade publications.

Once you’ve backed up your work with these credible sources, give credit where credit is due. In other words, cite your sources (otherwise, it’s considered plagiarism). From web pages and websites to books, journals, or periodicals, it’s vital that you cite the sources for information used in your business proposal.

1. Choose a Citation Style

The first step, before you even begin writing or typing up your business plan , is to choose a citation style. The most common academic writing styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago.

A good way to decide which style to use is by deciding what type of field your business will fall into. MLA is mostly used in academics — ergo, if your business falls into any of the ‘humanities’ fields like geology, archeology and the like then use MLA. APA is mostly used in scientific studies, so if your business is more scientifically bent, like a pharmacy, then use APA.

2. Consistency is key

Whichever writing style you choose, stick to both the in-text and reference section citation guides given. Mixing styles is a sure sign to any investors that your work is sloppy and you have zero attention to detail.

This is not a message you want to send to your potential investor, especially before they even get a chance to grasp your idea or see it in action. Consistency in your writing is the first way to properly present your business proposal .

3. Understand Your Style Guides

In order to make your writing a little easier, here are a few examples of each style guide as they should be used. Simply follow the format in order to best cite your own sources.

APA Style Guide

• In-Text Citation : (Shelton, 2014)
• Bibliography : Shelton, H. (2014).  The Secrets to Writing a Successful Business Plan: A Pro Shares a Step-By-Step Guide to Creating a Plan That Gets Results . Amazon Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

• In-Text Citation :(Ries, 2011)
• Bibliography : Ries, E. (2011).  The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses . Crown Publishing, USA.

An article from a print journal

• In-Text Citation : (Adhari, 2020)
• Bibliography : Adhari, Z. L. (2020). “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2.  1944-656X

An article from an electronic journal

• Bibliography : Adhari, Z. L. (2020). “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2.  1944-6578. Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/articles/strategic–business-model-of-digita…
• In-Text Citation :(Moore, 2020)
• Bibliography : Moore, L. (2020, September 29).  Memorabilia-Trading App Rally Raises $17 Million . The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/memorabilia-trading-app-rally-raises-17-million-11601379000?mod=markets_lead_pos6

MLA Style Guide

• In-Text Citation : (Shelton 2014, 54-64)
• Shelton, H. (2014).  The Secrets to Writing a Successful Business Plan: A Pro Shares a Step-By-Step Guide to Creating a Plan That Gets Results . Amazon Publishing.

An article in a print journal

•   In-Text Citation : (Adhari 2020, 18)
• Bibliography:  Adhari, Z. L. (2020). “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2.  1944-656X

An article in an electronic journal

• In-Text Citation : (Adhari 2020, 22)
• Bibliography:  Adhari, Z. L. (2020). “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2.  1944-6578. Accessed September 29, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/articles/strategic–business-model-of-digital-printing-startup-based-on-augmented-reality-9414.html
• In-Text Citation : (Moore, 2020)
• Bibliography:  Moore, L. (2020, September 29).  Memorabilia-Trading App Rally Raises $17 Million . The Wall Street Journal. Last Modified September 29, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/memorabilia-trading-app-rally-raises-17-mil…

Another way to cite sources in MLA style is to use the note/bibliography method as shown below:

A book in print

• Note Style:  1. Hal Shelton,  The Secrets to Writing a Successful Business Plan: A Pro Shares a Step-By-Step Guide to Creating a Plan That Gets Results . (Amazon Publishing, 2014), 108-112.
• Duplicate Note:  2. Shelton,  The Secrets to Writing a Successful Business Plan: A Pro Shares a Step-By-Step Guide to Creating a Plan That Gets Results .
• Bibliography: Shelton, H.  The Secrets to Writing a Successful Business Plan: A Pro Shares a Step-By-Step Guide to Creating a Plan That Gets Results . Amazon Publishing, 2014.
• Note Style: 1. Lendy. Z. Adhari, “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2  (2020).  1944-656X
• Duplicate Note: 2. Adhari. “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality,” 21-22.
•  Bibliography: Adhari, Z. L. “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2  (2020): 11-12 .  1944-656X
• Note Style: 1. Lendy. Z. Adhari, “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2  (2020), accessed September 29, 2020,  1944-656X
•  Bibliography: Adhari, Z. L. “Strategic & Business Model of Digital Printing Startup based on Augmented Reality.”  Business Studies Journal ,  Research Article 2020 Vol 12, issue 2  (2020): 11-12. Accessed September 29 2020.  1944-656X
• Note Style: 1 Logan Moore,  Memorabilia-Trading App Rally Raises $17 Million . Last Modified September 29, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/memorabilia-trading-app-rally-raises-17-mil….
• Duplicate Note: Moore,  Memorabilia-Trading App Rally Raises $17 Million.
• Bibliography: Moore, L,  Memorabilia-Trading App Rally Raises $17 Million . Last Modified September 29, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/memorabilia-trading-app-rally-raises-17-mil….

Chicago Style Guide

In-text citation.

• Author’s name in text : Jeffers develops this argument (32-33).
• Author’s name in reference : This statement is reiterated again. (Jeffers 32-33)
• Two authors’ names in reference : This is why you do it (Author1 and Author2, page number).
• Quotation found in indirect or “secondhand” source : The writer Someone states that…(qtd. in Jeffers 22)

Works cited page

• Book in print:  Jeffers, S.  Feel Fear But Do It Anyway. 1987
• eBook:  Guy, S.  Business Book.  A publisher, Year.  Website , url.
• An article in a print journal:  Last Name, First name. “Book Title.”  Journal Name,  vol no, year, page.
• An article in an electronic journal:  Last Name, First name. “Book Title.”  Journal Name,  vol no, year, page. url.
• An encyclopedia entry:  “Entry Name.”  Encyclopedia name , edited by Author name, edition, publisher name, year, page.
• A government publication:  Government branch.  Publication . Publisher, Year.
• An interview you conducted:  Last Name, First name. Personal interview. dd mm year
• Website:  LName, FName. “Title.”  Website,  (dd mm year) web url.

Use any of the above examples to properly cite your sources in your business proposal before your presentation. Good luck!

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COB 300 - Integrative Business

• CoB Peer Research Advisers
• Business Ideas
• Operations & Supply Chain Management
• Citing Your Sources
• Presenting Your Pitch
• Responsible Use of Databases

Peer Research Adviser

Document information as you search

Pasting a bunch of links into a document and making sense of them later will be counterproductive on this project. Map sources to exhibits - highlighting exactly what information it provides - throughout the research process.

This spreadsheet can be copied into your Google Drive and provides a method for tracking what information comes from each source.

Two other tips: 

• Use persistent or permalinks. Copying the URL from the browser won't always reopen the search results.
• Adopt a group file-naming convention to make your documents easier to search

Unlike other projects, starting the citation process the week it's due will cause unnecessary stress. Save valuable time by using this documentation method.

• PRO TIP: Name your files smartly A file naming convention is a framework for naming your files in a way that describes what they contain and how they are useful.
• PRO TIP: Finding persistent links in business databases Some databases don't permit users to copy a URL and re-open later. Learn how to access them in the future.

Recommended resources

• Document COB 300 sources_Template (Google Sheets) Copy this template into your group's Google Drive folder and document where you find different pieces of evidence to cite later.

Use a citation manager

Your business plan requires 2 types of citations:  In-text citations  in the written part of your plan and an alphabetized bibliography of citations  at the end.

Remember:The goal of every in-text citation is to direct your readers back to the bibliography so they can verify the information on their own. They work together.

To ensure consistency, I suggest the free citation manager  Zotero.  Sources can be managed in group libraries, with PDFs included, and shared among team members. 

• ZoteroBib Helps build a bibliography instantly from any device, without creating an account or installing software

Recommended resources (other help with APA style)

• Doing Business Research: Citing JMU business databases Shows how to create citations for business databases, since citation generators can't parse permalinks.

Use APA 7th style to cite your sources

For your business case or business plan's  bibliography  or  reference list , or how to use in-text citations correctly, use JMU Libraries' COB 300 APA guide to check your work.

• Complete APA citation guide for COB 300 (PDF) Includes a sample of what a bibliography and in-text citations should look like in APA 7th.

Can you review our bibliography?

Neither the business librarian nor the peer research advisers has time to review the bibliographies for each student team. Therefore, we can't review any of them - it wouldn't be fair to do otherwise. 

Instead, take advantage of the Complete APA Citation Guide for COB 300 and the Google Slides tutorials throughout the site that show where to get the information you need to cite popular business resources.  

• << Previous: Finance
• Next: Presenting Your Pitch >>
• Last Updated: Apr 25, 2024 12:31 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.jmu.edu/cob300

Business Research Referencing Guide (updated Jun 2024)

This is the citationsy guide to business research citations, reference lists, in-text citations, and bibliographies. the complete, comprehensive guide shows you how easy citing any source can be. referencing books, youtube videos, websites, articles, journals, podcasts, images, videos, or music in business research..

How do you cite a book in the Business Research referencing style? (2024 Guide)

How to reference a journal article in the business research citation style, how do you cite scientific papers in business research format, how to cite a website in a paper in business research style, how to cite a youtube video business research in 2024, how to cite a podcast using business research referencing style, how to cite a piece of music or a song using business research referencing style.

• Directories
• What are citations and why should I use them?
• When should I use a citation?
• Why are there so many citation styles?
• Which citation style should I use?
• Chicago Notes Style
• Chicago Author-Date Style
• AMA Style (medicine)
• Bluebook (law)
• Additional Citation Styles
• Built-in Citation Tools
• Quick Citation Generators
• Citation Management Software
• Start Your Research
• Research Guides
• University of Washington Libraries
• Library Guides
• UW Libraries
• Citing Sources

Citing Sources: What are citations and why should I use them?

What is a citation.

Citations are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again-- it provides an important roadmap to your research process. Whenever you use sources such as books, journals or websites in your research, you must give credit to the original author by citing the source. 

Why do researchers cite?

Scholarship is a conversation  and scholars use citations not only to  give credit  to original creators and thinkers, but also to  add strength and authority  to their own work.  By citing their sources, scholars are  placing their work in a specific context  to show where they “fit” within the larger conversation.  Citations are also a great way to  leave a trail  intended to help others who may want to explore the conversation or use the sources in their own work.

In short, citations

(1) give credit

(2) add strength and authority to your work

(3) place your work in a specific context

(4) leave a trail for other scholars

"Good citations should reveal your sources, not conceal them. They should honeslty reflect the research you conducted." (Lipson 4)

Lipson, Charles. "Why Cite?"  Cite Right: A Quick Guide to Citation Styles--MLA, APA, Chicago, the Sciences, Professions, and More . Chicago: U of Chicago, 2006. Print.

What does a citation look like?

Different subject disciplines call for citation information to be written in very specific order, capitalization, and punctuation. There are therefore many different style formats. Three popular citation formats are MLA Style (for humanities articles) and APA or Chicago (for social sciences articles).

MLA style (print journal article):  

Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-182.

APA style (print journal article):

Whisenant, W. A. (2003) How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX. Sex Roles , 49 (3), 179-182.

Chicago style (print journal article):

Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles 49, no. 3 (2003): 179-182.

No matter which style you use, all citations require the same basic information:

• Author or Creator
• Container (e.g., Journal or magazine, website, edited book)
• Date of creation or publication
• Publisher 

You are most likely to have easy access to all of your citation information when you find it in the first place. Take note of this information up front, and it will be much easier to cite it effectively later.

• << Previous: Basics of Citing
• Next: When should I use a citation? >>
• Last Updated: May 1, 2024 12:48 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations

Bibliography: Definition and Examples

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

A bibliography is a list of works (such as books and articles) written on a particular subject or by a particular author. Adjective : bibliographic.

Also known as a list of works cited , a bibliography may appear at the end of a book, report , online presentation, or research paper . Students are taught that a bibliography, along with correctly formatted in-text citations, is crucial to properly citing one's research and to avoiding accusations of plagiarism . In formal research, all sources used, whether quoted directly or synopsized, should be included in the bibliography.

An annotated bibliography includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph (the annotation ) for each item in the list. These annotations often give more context about why a certain source may be useful or related to the topic at hand.

• Etymology:  From the Greek, "writing about books" ( biblio , "book", graph , "to write")
• Pronunciation:  bib-lee-OG-rah-fee

Examples and Observations

"Basic bibliographic information includes title, author or editor, publisher, and the year the current edition was published or copyrighted . Home librarians often like to keep track of when and where they acquired a book, the price, and a personal annotation, which would include their opinions of the book or of the person who gave it to them" (Patricia Jean Wagner, The Bloomsbury Review Booklover's Guide . Owaissa Communications, 1996)

Conventions for Documenting Sources

"It is standard practice in scholarly writing to include at the end of books or chapters and at the end of articles a list of the sources that the writer consulted or cited. Those lists, or bibliographies, often include sources that you will also want to consult. . . . "Established conventions for documenting sources vary from one academic discipline to another. The Modern Language Association (MLA) style of documentation is preferred in literature and languages. For papers in the social sciences the American Psychological Association (APA) style is preferred, whereas papers in history, philosophy, economics, political science, and business disciplines are formatted in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) system. The Council of Biology Editors (CBE) recommends varying documentation styles for different natural sciences." (Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II, The Scribner Handbook for Writers , 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001)

APA vs MLA Styles

There are several different styles of citations and bibliographies that you might encounter: MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and more. As described above, each of those styles is often associated with a particular segment of academia and research. Of these, the most widely used are APA and MLA styles. They both include similar information, but arranged and formatted differently.

"In an entry for a book in an APA-style works-cited list, the date (in parentheses) immediately follows the name of the author (whose first name is written only as an initial), just the first word of the title is capitalized, and the publisher's full name is generally provided.

APA Anderson, I. (2007). This is our music: Free jazz, the sixties, and American culture . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

By contrast, in an MLA-style entry, the author's name appears as given in the work (normally in full), every important word of the title is capitalized, some words in the publisher's name are abbreviated, the publication date follows the publisher's name, and the medium of publication is recorded. . . . In both styles, the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and the second and subsequent lines are indented.

MLA Anderson, Iain. This Is Our Music: Free Jazz, the Sixties, and American Culture . Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2007. Print. The Arts and Intellectual Life in Mod. Amer.

( MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 7th ed. The Modern Language Association of America, 2009)

Finding Bibliographic Information for Online Sources

"For Web sources, some bibliographic information may not be available, but spend time looking for it before assuming that it doesn't exist. When information isn't available on the home page, you may have to drill into the site, following links to interior pages. Look especially for the author's name, the date of publication (or latest update), and the name of any sponsoring organization. Do not omit such information unless it is genuinely unavailable. . . . "Online articles and books sometimes include a DOI (digital object identifier). APA uses the DOI, when available, in place of a URL in reference list entries." (Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, A Writer's Reference With Strategies for Online Learners , 7th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011)

• What Is a Bibliography?
• What Is a Citation?
• MLA Bibliography or Works Cited
• What Is a Senior Thesis?
• MLA Sample Pages
• How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project
• What Is an Annotated Bibliography?
• What Is a Style Guide and Which One Do You Need?
• Turabian Style Guide With Examples
• APA In-Text Citations
• Tips for Typing an Academic Paper on a Computer
• Definition and Examples of Title Case and Headline Style
• Documentation in Reports and Research Papers
• Writing an Annotated Bibliography for a Paper
• MLA Style Parenthetical Citations
• 140 Key Copyediting Terms and What They Mean

What is Bibliography?: Meaning, Types, and Importance

A bibliography is a fundamental component of academic research and writing that serves as a comprehensive list of sources consulted and referenced in a particular work. It plays a crucial role in validating the credibility and reliability of the information presented by providing readers with the necessary information to locate and explore the cited sources. A well-constructed bibliography not only demonstrates the depth and breadth of research undertaken but also acknowledges the intellectual contributions of others, ensuring transparency and promoting the integrity of scholarly work. By including a bibliography, writers enable readers to delve further into the subject matter, engage in critical analysis, and build upon existing knowledge.

1.1 What is a Bibliography?

A bibliography is a compilation of sources that have been utilized in the process of researching and writing a piece of work. It serves as a comprehensive list of references, providing information about the various sources consulted, such as books, articles, websites, and other materials. The purpose of a bibliography is twofold: to give credit to the original authors or creators of the sources used and to allow readers to locate and access those sources for further study or verification. A well-crafted bibliography includes essential details about each source, including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication date, and publication information. By having a bibliography, writers demonstrate the extent of their research, provide a foundation for their arguments, and enhance the credibility and reliability of their work.

1.2 Types of Bibliography.

The bibliography is a multifaceted discipline encompassing different types, each designed to serve specific research purposes and requirements. These various types of bibliographies provide valuable tools for researchers, scholars, and readers to navigate the vast realm of literature and sources available. From comprehensive overviews to specialized focuses, the types of bibliographies offer distinct approaches to organizing, categorizing, and presenting information. Whether compiling an exhaustive list of sources, providing critical evaluations, or focusing on specific subjects or industries, these types of bibliographies play a vital role in facilitating the exploration, understanding, and dissemination of knowledge in diverse academic and intellectual domains.

As a discipline, a bibliography encompasses various types that cater to different research needs and contexts. The two main categories of bibliographies are

1. General bibliography, and 2. Special bibliography.

1.2.1. General Bibliography:

A general bibliography is a comprehensive compilation of sources covering a wide range of subjects, disciplines, and formats. It aims to provide a broad overview of published materials, encompassing books, articles, journals, websites, and other relevant resources. A general bibliography typically includes works from various authors, covering diverse topics and spanning different periods. It is a valuable tool for researchers, students, and readers seeking a comprehensive collection of literature within a specific field or across multiple disciplines. General bibliographies play a crucial role in guiding individuals in exploring a subject, facilitating the discovery of relevant sources, and establishing a foundation for further research and academic pursuits.

The general bibliography encompasses various subcategories that comprehensively cover global, linguistic, national, and regional sources. These subcategories are as follows:

• Universal Bibliography: Universal bibliography aims to compile a comprehensive list of all published works worldwide, regardless of subject or language. It seeks to encompass human knowledge and includes sources from diverse fields, cultures, and periods. Universal bibliography is a monumental effort to create a comprehensive record of the world’s published works, making it a valuable resource for scholars, librarians, and researchers interested in exploring the breadth of human intellectual output.
• Language Bibliography: Language bibliography focuses on compiling sources specific to a particular language or group of languages. It encompasses publications written in a specific language, regardless of the subject matter. Language bibliographies are essential for language scholars, linguists, and researchers interested in exploring the literature and resources available in a particular language or linguistic group.
• National Bibliography: The national bibliography documents and catalogs all published materials within a specific country. It serves as a comprehensive record of books, journals, periodicals, government publications, and other sources published within a nation’s borders. National bibliographies are essential for preserving a country’s cultural heritage, facilitating research within specific national contexts, and providing a comprehensive overview of a nation’s intellectual output.
• Regional Bibliography: A regional bibliography compiles sources specific to a particular geographic region or area. It aims to capture the literature, publications, and resources related to a specific region, such as a state, province, or local area. Regional bibliographies are valuable for researchers interested in exploring a specific geographic region’s literature, history, culture, and unique aspects.

1.2.2. Special Bibliography:

Special bibliography refers to a type of bibliography that focuses on specific subjects, themes, or niche areas within a broader field of study. It aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth compilation of sources specifically relevant to the chosen topic. Special bibliographies are tailored to meet the research needs of scholars, researchers, and enthusiasts seeking specialized information and resources.

Special bibliographies can cover a wide range of subjects, including but not limited to specific disciplines, subfields, historical periods, geographical regions, industries, or even specific authors or works. They are designed to gather and present a curated selection of sources considered important, authoritative, or influential within the chosen subject area.

Special bibliography encompasses several subcategories that focus on specific subjects, authors, forms of literature, periods, categories of literature, and types of materials. These subcategories include:

• Subject Bibliography: Subject bibliography compiles sources related to a specific subject or topic. It aims to provide a comprehensive list of resources within a particular field. Subject bibliographies are valuable for researchers seeking in-depth information on a specific subject area, as they gather relevant sources and materials to facilitate focused research.
• Author and Bio-bibliographies: Author and bio-bibliographies focus on compiling sources specific to individual authors. They provide comprehensive lists of an author’s works, including their books, articles, essays, and other publications. Bio-bibliographies include biographical information about the author, such as their background, career, and contributions to their respective fields.
• Bibliography of Forms of Literature: This bibliography focuses on specific forms or genres of literature, such as poetry, drama, fiction, or non-fiction. It provides a compilation of works within a particular literary form, enabling researchers to explore the literature specific to their interests or to gain a comprehensive understanding of a particular genre.
• Bibliography of Materials of Particular Periods: Bibliographies of materials of particular periods compile sources specific to a particular historical period or time frame. They include works published or created during that period, offering valuable insights into the era’s literature, art, culture, and historical context.
• Bibliographies of Special Categories of Literature: This category compiles sources related to special categories or themes. Examples include bibliographies of children’s literature, feminist literature, postcolonial literature, or science fiction literature. These bibliographies cater to specific interests or perspectives within the broader field of literature.
• Bibliographies of Specific Types of Materials: Bibliographies of specific materials focus on compiling sources within a particular format or medium. Examples include bibliographies of manuscripts, rare books, visual art, films, or musical compositions. These bibliographies provide valuable resources for researchers interested in exploring a specific medium or format.

1.3 Functions of Bibliography

A bibliography serves several important functions in academic research, writing, and knowledge dissemination. Here are some key functions:

• Documentation: One of the primary functions of a bibliography is to document and record the sources consulted during the research process. By providing accurate and detailed citations for each source, it can ensure transparency, traceability, and accountability in scholarly work. It allows readers and other researchers to verify the information, trace the origins of ideas, and locate the original sources for further study.
• Attribution and Credit: The bibliography plays a crucial role in giving credit to the original authors and creators of the ideas, information, and materials used in research work. By citing the sources, the authors acknowledge the intellectual contributions of others and demonstrate academic integrity. This enables proper attribution and prevents plagiarism, ensuring ethical research practices and upholding the principles of academic honesty.
• Verification and Quality Control: It acts as a means of verification and quality control in academic research. Readers and reviewers can assess the information’s reliability, credibility, and accuracy by including a list of sources. This allows others to evaluate the strength of the evidence, assess the validity of the arguments, and determine the scholarly rigor of a work.
• Further Reading and Exploration: The bibliography is valuable for readers who wish to delve deeper into a particular subject or topic. By providing a list of cited sources, the bibliography offers a starting point for further reading and exploration. It guides readers to related works, seminal texts, and authoritative materials, facilitating their intellectual growth and expanding their knowledge base.
• Preservation of Knowledge: The bibliography contributes to the preservation of knowledge by cataloguing and documenting published works. It records the intellectual output within various fields, ensuring that valuable information is not lost over time. A bibliography facilitates the organization and accessibility of literature, making it possible to locate and retrieve sources for future reference and research.
• Intellectual Dialogue and Scholarship: The bibliography fosters intellectual dialogue and scholarship by facilitating the exchange of ideas and enabling researchers to build upon existing knowledge. By citing relevant sources, researchers enter into conversations with other scholars, engaging in a scholarly discourse that advances knowledge within their field of study.

A bibliography serves the important functions of documenting sources, crediting original authors, verifying information, guiding further reading, preserving knowledge, and fostering intellectual dialogue. It plays a crucial role in maintaining academic research’s integrity, transparency, and quality and ensures that scholarly work is built upon a solid foundation of evidence and ideas.

1.4 Importance of Bibliographic Services

Bibliographic services are crucial in academia, research, and information management. They are a fundamental tool for organizing, accessing, and preserving knowledge . From facilitating efficient research to ensuring the integrity and credibility of scholarly work, bibliographic services hold immense importance in various domains.

Bibliographic services are vital for researchers and scholars. These services provide comprehensive and reliable access to various resources, such as books, journals, articles, and other scholarly materials. By organizing these resources in a structured manner, bibliographic services make it easier for researchers to locate relevant information for their studies. Researchers can explore bibliographic databases, catalogues, and indexes to identify appropriate sources, saving them valuable time and effort. This accessibility enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of research, enabling scholars to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their fields.

Bibliographic services also aid in the process of citation and referencing. Proper citation is an essential aspect of academic integrity and intellectual honesty. Bibliographic services assist researchers in accurately citing the sources they have used in their work, ensuring that credit is given where it is due. This not only acknowledges the original authors and their contributions but also strengthens the credibility and authenticity of the research. By providing citation guidelines, formatting styles, and citation management tools, bibliographic services simplify the citation process, making it more manageable for researchers.

Another crucial aspect of bibliographic services is their role in preserving and archiving knowledge. Libraries and institutions that provide bibliographic services serve as custodians of valuable information. They collect, organize, and preserve various physical and digital resources for future generations. This preservation ensures that knowledge is not lost or forgotten over time. Bibliographic services enable researchers, students, and the general public to access historical and scholarly materials, fostering continuous learning and intellectual growth.

Bibliographic services contribute to the dissemination of research and scholarly works. They provide platforms and databases for publishing and sharing academic outputs. By cataloguing and indexing research articles, journals, and conference proceedings, bibliographic services enhance the discoverability and visibility of scholarly work. This facilitates knowledge exchange, collaboration, and innovation within academic communities. Researchers can rely on bibliographic services to share their findings with a broader audience, fostering intellectual dialogue and advancing their respective fields.

In Summary, bibliographic services are immensely important in academia, research, and information management. They facilitate efficient analysis, aid in proper citation and referencing, preserve knowledge for future generations, and contribute to the dissemination of research. These services form the backbone of scholarly pursuits, enabling researchers, students, and professionals to access, utilize, and contribute to the vast wealth of knowledge available. As we continue to rely on information and research to drive progress and innovation, the significance of bibliographic services will only grow, making them indispensable resources in pursuing knowledge.

References:

• Reddy, P. V. G. (1999). Bio bibliography of the faculty in social sciences departments of Sri Krishnadevaraya university Anantapur A P India.
• Sharma, J.S. Fundamentals of Bibliography, New Delhi : S. Chand & Co.. Ltd.. 1977.  p.5.
• Quoted in George Schneider, Theory of History of Bibliography. Ralph Robert Shaw, trans., New York : Scare Crow Press, 1934, p.13.
• Funk Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of the English language – International ed – Vol. I – New York : Funku Wagnalls Co., C 1965, p. 135.
• Shores, Louis. Basic reference sources. Chicago : American Library Association, 1954. p. 11-12.
• Ranganathan, S.R., Documentation and its facts. Bombay : Asia Publishing House. 1963. p.49.
• Katz, William A. Introduction to reference work. 4th ed. New York : McGraw Hill, 1982. V. 1, p.42.
• Robinson, A.M.L. Systematic Bibliography. Bombay : Asia Publishing House, 1966. p.12.
• Chakraborthi, M.L. Bibliography : In Theory and practice, Calcutta : The World press (P) Ltd.. 1975. p.343.

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National bibliography, bibliographic services.

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What is Zotero?

Zotero  is a free reference management tool (software) that works on Windows, Apple, and Linux. It allows you to...

• Collect bibliographic information (extracts metadata) on books, journal articles, videos and other resources from library resources, databases, & free sites.
• Collect PDF's file, images, screenshots, and other files for each citation/reference in your library.
• Create a bibliography and in-text citations in a variety of reference styles in a Word or OpenOffice document.
• Enter notes & tags that can be searched to build connections in many styles.
• Sync citations and files across multiple devices.
• Create Groups to share citations, collection, notes, and tags with colleagues.

I use Zotero to keep track of everything I look at while I'm researching. This includes books from the library catalog, articles in databases, and websites. It also helps me figure out how to present my citations. 

While Zotero can do a lot of the work for you, you'll always have to double-check that all the information is there and in the right format. You can find guidance on citations here:  Purdue OWL .

• Getting Started
• Installing Zotero
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A quick overview of the set-up steps you should take:

• Create a free  Zotero.org account .
• Install Zotero
• Link your account to your Zotero instance
• Get started!
• Don't forget about Zotero's collaboration and group collection features.
• Zotero: Quick Start Guide How to download Zotero 5.0. Handout

It is ideal to use the computer/laptop and browser you plan to use for literature research.

• Use Google Chrome or Firefox browser
• The site will automatically detect your operating system (Win, Mac, Linux*) and browser.
• Zotero DOES NOT work with Chromebooks or Office 365
• Download  Zotero 5.0  and browser  Connector

Installation of Zotero

• Close any Microsoft Office programs (e.g. Word)
• Open the downloaded Zotero file (.exe or .dmg).
• Zotero and an MS Word add-in will be installed
• Open the Zotero program
•   Notice the word Zotero on your toolbar.

Installation of Browser Connector  (Add-on/extension)

• Browser may restart after installation
• You'll notice a Zotero icon (a "Z" or a small rectangle) on the right side of your browser toolbar

Preferences

It is a good idea to look through the preferences after downloading Zotero to get a better idea of how you can customize the application to better fit your needs. In order to view the preferences, click the gear icon on the top left of the Zotero panel.

Once you open preferences, browse through the different tabs to familiarize yourself with the options available. There are a few important things you need to change in order to get the most out of Zotero. Each important feature is shown below.

Check the box “Automatically attach associated PDFs.” This will store all available PDFs so you can access them at any time through Zotero.

II. Sync 

Create a Zotero account if you haven't already created one when you initially downloaded Zotero. Also make sure the box "Sync automatically" is checked. This will ensure that your library will sync up with your online account so you can access your citations from any computer, even if the computer doesn't have Zotero downloaded! Just go to  Zotero.org  and log in with your account information.

III. Advanced

Add the following line into the "Resolver" box as shown in the screenshot below: https://luc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/01LUC_INST/01LUC_INST:01LUC

You can also simply click "Choose Resolver" > North America > Loyola University Chicago. This will ensure that Zotero recognizes you as a student at LUC and allows you to access library items paid for by your tuition!

This tool is separate from the Zotero software.  ZoteroBib  helps you build a bibliography instantly from any computer or device, without creating an account or installing any software. It’s brought to you by the team behind Zotero, the powerful open-source research tool recommended by thousands of universities worldwide, so you can trust it to help you seamlessly add sources and produce perfect bibliographies. If you need to reuse sources across multiple projects or build a shared research library, we recommend using Zotero instead.

• Zotero Bibliography A free tool to help create a citation or a bibliography. Paste in a DOI, Title, or another important piece and citation is created.

The Library has featured Zotero because users have found it easy to use, well-supported, and costs nothing (except the time to learn it).  But not everyone likes Zotero –tastes and needs vary.  Here are three alternative resources that may better meet your research needs:

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Generate formatted bibliographies, citations, and works cited automatically

What is mybib.

MyBib is a free bibliography and citation generator that makes accurate citations for you to copy straight into your academic assignments and papers.

If you're a student, academic, or teacher, and you're tired of the other bibliography and citation tools out there, then you're going to love MyBib. MyBib creates accurate citations automatically for books, journals, websites, and videos just by searching for a title or identifier (such as a URL or ISBN).

Plus, we're using the same citation formatting engine as professional-grade reference managers such as Zotero and Mendeley, so you can be sure our bibliographies are perfectly accurate in over 9,000 styles -- including APA 6 & 7, Chicago, Harvard, and MLA 7 & 8.

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With the addition of AI-generated overviews, Google, Perplexity, OpenAI and other search engines are changing how consumers find information.

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For millions of consumers around the world, Google is the access point to the internet — and as a result, the company today enjoys a 91% market share in the $50 billion market for search ads. However, thanks to the advent of large language models (LLMs), a shakeup now seems possible for the first time in two decades.

• SP Stefano Puntoni is a professor of marketing at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, and the co-author of  Decision-Driven Analytics: Leveraging Human Intelligence to Unlock the Power of Data (Wharton Press).  
• ME Mike Ensing is the CEO and co-founder of Revere. He is an entrepreneur, advisor, and tech-industry executive focused on generative AI and its applications for enterprises and brands and has held senior and advisory positions with leading companies such as RealNetworks, Microsoft, and McKinsey.
• JB Jarvis Bowers is the COO and co-founder of Revere, an emerging marketing-technology company focused on elevating brands with LLMs and generative AI. Jarvis is an experienced marketing leader focused on the use of consumer and creative insights, customer data, and emerging platforms to deliver unique brand experiences.

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