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An essay on induction
Related Papers
Ori Belkind
This paper aims to advance two claims. First, it aims to show that Hume's argument against the rationality of induction is sound. However, I claim that the conclusion does not follow merely from the self-defeating attempts to justify the rule of induction, unlike traditional readings of the argument. Rather, the skeptical conclusion must also take into account Hume's argument that the secret powers that are present in bodies and give rise to sensible qualities are unknowable. The paper's second aim is to show that Newtonian induction escapes Hume's secret powers argument, given that it includes a transductive inference, from observable phenomena to the powers present in the ultimate parts of matter. Consequently Hume's argument against the rationality of induction does not demonstrate the non-rational nature of Newtonian induction.
Journal of the History of Philosophy
Paul Russell
It is widely held that although Hume addressed problems of religion in his later philosophical writings, his Treatise has little substantial or direct concern with these problems, much less anything of a systematic character on this subject. This general claim is taken to include Hume’s famous discussion of probability and induction. In this paper I argue, contrary to this view, that Hume’s contribution to this subject, as originally presented in Book One of the Treatise, is significantly motivated by irreligious objectives. A particular target of Hume’s arguments in this context, I maintain, is Joseph Butler’s Analogy of Religion.
Kin Hei CHENG
Laurent Bélanger
Hume's Problem of Induction has perplexed thinkers for centuries, and is commonly assumed to have no real solution: there is no way to logically justify drawing conclusions based on induction. But is it really irrational to rely on inductive reasoning?
The Oxford Handbook of HUME, P. Russell, ed. Oxford University Press. Pp.109-37.
This paper outlines an alternative interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, one that aims, among other things, to explain some of the most perplexing puzzles concerning the relationship between Hume’s skepticism and his naturalism. The key to solving these puzzles, it is argued, rests with recognizing Hume’s fundamental irreligious aims and objectives, beginning with his first and greatest work, A Treatise of Human Nature. The irreligious interpretation not only reconfigures our understanding of the unity and structure of Hume’s thought, it also provides a radically different picture of the way in which Hume’s philosophy is rooted in its historical context. By altering our understanding of the fundamentals of Hume’s philosophy in this way, the irreligious interpretation also challenges the adequacy of the familiar and entrenched framework of “British Empiricism”.
Metaphilosophy
Wojciech Zaluski
Bryan Smith
Perhaps the most influential critique of miracles ever given was by David Hume, the famous Enlightenment skeptic and empiricist from Scotland. In section X of his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Hume levels several arguments against both the possibility and believability of miracles. However, as influential as his arguments have been throughout the centuries, it is the contention of this paper that Hume’s arguments ultimately fall short of their intended goal.
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Induction : an essay on the justification of inductive reasoning
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Uploaded by station24.cebu on August 19, 2019
Abduction and Induction
Essays on their Relation and Integration
- © 2000
- Peter A. Flach 0 ,
- Antonis C. Kakas 1
University of Bristol, UK
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University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Part of the book series: Applied Logic Series (APLS, volume 18)
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Table of contents (17 chapters)
Front matter, abductive and inductive reasoning: background and issues.
- Peter A. Flach, Antonis C. Kakas
The philosophy of abduction and induction
Smart inductive generalizations are abductions.
- John R. Josephson
Abduction as Epistemic Change: A Peircean Model in Artificial Intelligence
- Atocha Aliseda
Abduction: Between Conceptual Richness and Computational Complexity
- Stathis Psillos
The logic of abduction and induction
On relationships between induction and abduction: a logical point of view.
- Brigitte Bessant
On the Logic of Hypothesis Generation
Peter A. Flach
Abduction and Induction from a Non-Monotonic Reasoning Perspective
- Nicolas Lachiche
Unified Inference in Extended Syllogism
The integration of abduction and induction: an artificial intelligence perspective, on the relations between abductive and inductive explanation.
- Luca Console, Lorenza Saitta
Learning, Bayesian Probability, Graphical Models, and Abduction
- David Poole
On the Relation between Abductive and Inductive Hypotheses
- Akinori Abe
Integrating Abduction and Induction in Machine Learning
- Raymond J. Mooney
The integration of abduction and induction: a Logic Programming perspective
Abduction and induction combined in a metalogic framework.
- Henning Christiansen
Learning Abductive and Nonmonotonic Logic Programs
- Katsumi Inoue, Hiromasa Haneda
Cooperation of Abduction and Induction in Logic Programming
- Evelina Lamma, Paola Mello, Fabrizio Riguzzi, Floriana Esposito, Stefano Ferilli, Giovanni Semeraro
- artificial intelligence
- intelligence
- machine learning
- nonmonotonic reasoning
- probability
- programming
About this book
Editors and affiliations.
Antonis C. Kakas
Bibliographic Information
Book Title : Abduction and Induction
Book Subtitle : Essays on their Relation and Integration
Editors : Peter A. Flach, Antonis C. Kakas
Series Title : Applied Logic Series
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0606-3
Publisher : Springer Dordrecht
eBook Packages : Springer Book Archive
Copyright Information : Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2000
Hardcover ISBN : 978-0-7923-6250-0 Published: 30 April 2000
Softcover ISBN : 978-90-481-5433-3 Published: 15 December 2010
eBook ISBN : 978-94-017-0606-3 Published: 18 April 2013
Series ISSN : 1386-2790
Edition Number : 1
Number of Pages : XIX, 309
Topics : Mathematical Logic and Foundations , Logic , Artificial Intelligence , Numeric Computing , Philosophy of Science
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- Academic Writing / Online Writing Instruction
Inductive vs. Deductive Writing
by Purdue Global Academic Success Center and Writing Center · Published February 25, 2015 · Updated February 24, 2015
Dr. Tamara Fudge, Kaplan University professor in the School of Business and IT
There are several ways to present information when writing, including those that employ inductive and deductive reasoning . The difference can be stated simply:
- Inductive reasoning presents facts and then wraps them up with a conclusion .
- Deductive reasoning presents a thesis statement and then provides supportive facts or examples.
Which should the writer use? It depends on content, the intended audience , and your overall purpose .
If you want your audience to discover new things with you , then inductive writing might make sense. Here is n example:
My dog Max wants to chase every non-human living creature he sees, whether it is the cats in the house or rabbits and squirrels in the backyard. Sources indicate that this is a behavior typical of Jack Russell terriers. While Max is a mixed breed dog, he is approximately the same size and has many of the typical markings of a Jack Russell. From these facts along with his behaviors, we surmise that Max is indeed at least part Jack Russell terrier.
Within that short paragraph, you learned about Max’s manners and a little about what he might look like, and then the concluding sentence connected these ideas together. This kind of writing often keeps the reader’s attention, as he or she must read all the pieces of the puzzle before they are connected.
Purposes for this kind of writing include creative writing and perhaps some persuasive essays, although much academic work is done in deductive form.
If your audience is not likely going to read the entire written piece, then deductive reasoning might make more sense, as the reader can look for what he or she wants by quickly scanning first sentences of each paragraph. Here is an example:
My backyard is in dire need of cleaning and new landscaping. The Kentucky bluegrass that was planted there five years ago has been all but replaced by Creeping Charlie, a particularly invasive weed. The stone steps leading to the house are in some disrepair, and there are some slats missing from the fence. Perennials were planted three years ago, but the moles and rabbits destroyed many of the bulbs, so we no longer have flowers in the spring.
The reader knows from the very first sentence that the backyard is a mess! This paragraph could have ended with a clarifying conclusion sentence; while it might be considered redundant to do so, the scientific community tends to work through deductive reasoning by providing (1) a premise or argument – which could also be called a thesis statement, (2) then evidence to support the premise, and (3) finally the conclusion.
Purposes for this kind of writing include business letters and project documents, where the client is more likely to skim the work for generalities or to hunt for only the parts that are important to him or her. Again, scientific writing tends to follow this format as well, and research papers greatly benefit from deductive writing.
Whether one method or another is chosen, there are some other important considerations. First, it is important that the facts/evidence be true. Perform research carefully and from appropriate sources; make sure ideas are cited properly. You might need to avoid absolute words such as “always,” “never,” and “only,” because they exclude any anomalies. Try not to write questions: the writer’s job is to provide answers instead. Lastly, avoid quotes in thesis statements or conclusions, because they are not your own words – and thus undermine your authority as the paper writer.
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This paper aims to advance two claims. First, it aims to show that Hume's argument against the rationality of induction is sound. However, I claim that the conclusion does not follow merely from the self-defeating attempts to justify the rule of induction, unlike traditional readings of the argument. Rather, the skeptical conclusion must also ...
Induction : an essay on the justification of inductive reasoning by Rescher, Nicholas. Publication date 1980 Topics Induction (Logic), Inference, Pragmatism, Reasoning Publisher Oxford, Eng. : Blackwell Collection ... EPUB and PDF access not available for this item. IN COLLECTIONS
The principle we are examining may be called the principle of induction, and its two parts may be stated as follows: (a) When a thing of a certain sort A has been found to be associated with a thing of a certain other sort B, and has never been found dissociated from a thing of the sort B, the greater the
Induction vs. Deduction In writing, argument is used in an attempt to convince the reader of the truth or falsity of some proposal or thesis. Two of the methods used are induction and deduction. Induction: A process of reasoning (arguing) which infers a general conclusion based on individual cases, examples, specific bits of evidence, and other specific
Proof by Induction Suppose that you want to prove that some property P(n) holds of all natural numbers. To do so: Prove that P(0) is true. - This is called the basis or the base case. Prove that for all n ∈ ℕ, that if P(n) is true, then P(n + 1) is true as well. - This is called the inductive step. - P(n) is called the inductive hypothesis.
2 Skepticism about induction 2.1 The problem The problem of induction is the problem of explaining the rationality of believing the conclusions of arguments like the above on the basis of belief in their premises. Put another way: supposing that we had good reason for believing that the premises in the
These are the sorts of arguments where the conclusion NECESSARILY follows from the premises. In other words, in a deductive argument, it is IMPOSSIBLE for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. In this lesson, we will study another kind of argument: Inductive. Inductive Argument: An inductive argument is one where the conclusion does ...
In this essay I explicate the broader definitions of induction. This aims to illustrate the dif ferences in the fac ulties of reasoning when applied to e veryday life and scien tific methodology.
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The papers collected here address the relationship between abduction and induction and their possible integration. The approach is sometimes philosophical, sometimes that of pure logic, and some papers adopt the more task-oriented approach of AI. The book will command the attention of philosophers, logicians, AI researchers and computer ...
Induction and deduction represent the natural turn of human intellect. Reasoning consists of drawing a conclusion from previously established premises. We can outline rational arguments in a formula called "standard form," a logical outline consisting of a main idea (conclusion, bolded) and its supporting ideas (premises, listed above):
2009. TLDR. This research developed and validated an empirical method of SA and task performance assessment for characterizing mental models in tasks requiring SA-based decision making and action execution and supported the general hypothesis that mental model complexity increases with cumulative increases in SA across tasks. Expand.
By induction on the degree, the theorem is true for all nonconstant polynomials. Our next two theorems use the truth of some earlier case to prove the next case, but not necessarily the truth of the immediately previous case to prove the next case. This approach is called the \strong" form of induction. Theorem 3.2.
induction step. In the induction step, P(n) is often called the induction hypothesis. Let us take a look at some scenarios where the principle of mathematical induction is an e ective tool. Example 1. Let us argue, using mathematical induction, the following formula for the sum of the squares of the rst n positive integers: (0.1) 1 2+ 2 + + n2 =
Dr. Tamara Fudge, Kaplan University professor in the School of Business and IT There are several ways to present information when writing, including those that employ inductive and deductive reasoning. The difference can be stated simply: Inductive reasoning presents facts and then wraps them up with a conclusion. Deductive reasoning presents a thesis statement and…
When you write an essay for a course you are taking, you are being asked not only to create a product (the essay) but, more importantly, to go through a process of thinking more deeply about a question or problem related to the course. By writing about a source or collection of sources, you will have the chance to wrestle with some of the
The introduction to an academic essay will generally present an analytical question or problem and then offer an answer to that question (the thesis). Your introduction is also your opportunity to explain to your readers what your essay is about and why they should be interested in reading it. You don't have to "hook" your
2 THE INTRODUCTION'S DIFFERENT COMPONENTS General Statement The general statement is intended to be a broad (but not overly broad) statement that introduces the general paper topic. Specific and More Specific Statements These start providing the reader with essential background information required to understand your paper topic and the general context in which your paper fits.
The nature and worth of the Induction programme at an institution of higher education merited further investigation. Action research followed to establish continuation and the nature thereof ...
The mentors work closely with beginning teachers and provide them with much-needed support and guidance. This brief focuses on this strategy and will explain how induction using mentoring can help beginning adult educators learn the teaching craft, become better instructors, and serve their students more effectively.
1108 Words5 Pages. Introducing the new employee to the job, organisational environment and the fellow co-workers serves as the final step of the employment process. i. Meaning of Induction. Induction in simple terms is "Introducing the new recruits to the organisation's flow of work and making them comfortable with their day to day ...
information and make decisions about induction and how induction affects their overall birthing experience. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 first-time mothers
Writing Introductions for Essays, Fall 2013. Rev. Summer 2014. 2 of 5 Statistics or Interesting Facts Provide attention-grabbing facts that will draw in your audience and show the importance of your essay. Despite the 1.5 million people A Concession Start your essay by acknowledging an opposing or different argument or approach than you will