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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.)

  • What's New in the 7th ed.?
  • Principles of Plagiarism: An Overview
  • Basic Paper Formatting
  • Basic Paper Elements
  • Punctuation, Capitalization, Abbreviations, Apostrophes, Numbers, Plurals
  • Tables and Figures
  • Powerpoint Presentations
  • Reference Page Format
  • Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
  • Books and Reference Works
  • Webpage on a Website
  • Discussion Post
  • Company Information & SWOT Analyses
  • Dissertations or Theses
  • ChatGPT and other AI Large Language Models
  • Online Images
  • Online Video
  • Computer Software and Mobile Apps
  • Missing Information
  • Two Authors
  • Three or More Authors
  • Group Authors
  • Missing Author
  • Chat GPT and other AI Large Language Models
  • Secondary Sources
  • Block Quotations
  • Fillable Template and Sample Paper
  • Government Documents and Legal Materials
  • APA Style 7th ed. Tutorials
  • Additional APA 7th Resources
  • Grammarly - your writing assistant
  • Writing Center - Writing Skills This link opens in a new window
  • Brainfuse Online Tutoring

APA 7th ed. Fillable Word Template and Sample Paper

  • APA 7th ed. Template Download this Word document, fill out the title page and get writing!
  • Sample Paper APA 7th ed. Our APA sample paper shows you how to format the main parts of a basic research paper.
  • APA 7th Sample Papers from Purdue Owl
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  • Last Updated: Sep 7, 2024 3:49 PM
  • URL: https://national.libguides.com/apa_7th

APA In-Text Citations and Sample Essay 7th Edition

This handout focuses on how to format in-text citations in APA.

Proper citation of sources is a two-part process . You must first cite each source in the body of your essay; these citations within the essay are called in-text citations . You MUST cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text citations, you are technically in danger of plagiarism, even if you have listed your sources at the end of the essay.

In-text citations point the reader to the sources’ information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided.

More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

Citation Rules

Direct quotation with the author named in the text.

Heinze and Lu (2017) stated, “The NFL shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly as the field itself evolved” (p. 509).

Note: The year of publication is listed in parenthesis after the names of the authors, and the page number is listed in parenthesis at the end of the quote.

Direct Quotation without the Author Named in the Text

As the NFL developed as an organization, it “shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly” (Heinze & Lu, 2017, p. 509).

Note: At the end of the quote, the names of the authors, year of publication, and page number are listed in parenthesis.

Paraphrase with 1-2 Authors

As the NFL developed as an organization, its reactions toward concussions also transformed (Heinze & Lu, 2017).

Note: For paraphrases, page numbers are encouraged but not required.

Paraphrase with 3 or More Authors

To work toward solving the issue of violence in prisons begins with determining aspects that might connect with prisoners' violent conduct (Thomson et al., 2019).

Direct Quotation without an Author

The findings were astonishing "in a recent study of parent and adult child relationships" ("Parents and Their Children," 2007, p. 2).

Note: Since the author of the text is not stated, a shortened version of the title is used instead.

Secondary Sources

When using secondary sources, use the phrase "as cited in" and cite the secondary source on the References page.

In 1936, Keynes said, “governments should run deficits when the economy is slow to avoid unemployment” (as cited in Richardson, 2008, p. 257).

Long (Block) Quotations

When using direct quotations of 40 or more words, indent five spaces from the left margin without using quotation marks. The final period should come before the parenthetical citation.

At Meramec, an English department policy states:

To honor and protect their own work and that of others, all students must give credit to proprietary sources that are used for course work. It is assumed that any information that is not documented is either common knowledge in that field or the original work of that student. (St. Louis Community College, 2001, p. 1)

Website Citations

If citing a specific web document without a page number, include the name of the author, date, title of the section, and paragraph number in parentheses:

In America, “Two out of five deaths among U.S. teens are the result of a motor vehicle crash” (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2004, Overview section, para. 1).

Here is a print-friendly version of this content.

Learn more about the APA References page by reviewing this handout .

For information on STLCC's academic integrity policy, check out this webpage .

For additional information on APA, check out STLCC's LibGuide on APA .

Sample Essay

A sample APA essay is available at this link .

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / APA Citation Examples

APA Citation Examples

This guide will show you how to structure APA citations according to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) and will show you example citations for different source types. For information on other APA topics—such as formatting your paper, creating a title page, etc.—check out the EasyBib APA format guide.  It even has an example paper.

Table of Contents

  • The Basics of APA Citations
  • References vs. Citations

Formatting Author Information

  • Formatting Titles and Dates

Citation Examples

  • Citing Books
  • Citing Journals and Articles
  • Citing Various Digital Sources
  • Citing Various Media Sources
  • Citing Additional Sources
  • APA Citation Template

Troubleshooting

The basics of apa.

We’re going to start from the beginning for all of you newbies out there, or for those of you looking for a refresher.

APA is an abbreviation which stands for American Psychological Association. This is a massive organization, responsible for creating and sharing psychology-related publications, research, and databases.

Basically, they keep psychologists and other similar roles in the loop with what’s happening in the world of psychology. With close to 120,000 members, this is THE leading world organization related to psychology.They are not officially associated with this guide, but the information here talks about their citing format and rules in depth.

Why were APA citations created and why did my teacher ask me to use this style?

Are you scratching your head, wondering what is APA style is and how this all relates to your research project? To make a long story short, the American Psychological Association did something really cool. Back in 1952, they created a way for ALL psychology researchers to structure their citations. This standard method did three things:

  • Psychology researchers were all able to display the sources they used in a systematic way.
  • Readers were able to easily understand the information shown in citations.
  • There was enough information displayed in the citations for readers to go out and find the exact sources on their own.

APA citations were such a hit, they were so good, that other science disciplines soon adopted the citation format as well. In fact, other disciplines outside of the science world use APA style today, too. So, whether you’re creating a psychology-related research project or not, there’s a good chance you were asked to create your citations in APA style.

Currently in its 7th edition, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is one of the most frequently used style guides for academic writing today!

With the 7th edition just coming onto the scene in 2020, the American Psychological Association does not expect to see widespread usage of the 7th edition until later in 2020. This is why you should always double-check with your teacher on whether they want you to use the 6th edition or the 7th edition for your projects.

Click here for more basics on this style.

Another widely used style is MLA format . Believe it or not, there are thousands of other styles, so perhaps your teacher or professor requested a completely different one. If you’re in that boat, head to EasyBib.com to check out more styles . While you’re at it, poke around and check out our APA reference generator. It may be just what you’re looking for.

References vs. Citations – What’s the difference?

References and citations are two terms that are thrown around a lot and quite often mean the same thing. A reference, or citation, shows the reader that a piece of information originated elsewhere. But, along came APA and decided to throw a curveball at us. In APA, the two terms have two different meanings.

A citation is found in the actual writing of an APA research paper.

In-text citation example:

“Lecture-rooms are numerous and large, but the number of young people who genuinely thirst after truth and justice is small” (Einstein, 2007, p. 5).

A reference is found on the reference page, which is the last page of a research paper. 

Reference Page Example:

Einstein, A. (2007). The world as I see it. Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=aNKOo94tO6cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s (Original work published 1934)

The information included in an APA citation is just a snapshot of the information found in the full reference. For more information on when it’s appropriate to include a citation in your paper, head to section 8.1-8.10 of the Publication manual.

Now, what makes things even trickier is that most teachers and professors use the term “APA citations” when they’re actually talking about the full references. How many times have you heard your teacher say, “Make sure you have your citations on the last page!”

Eek! So, to stay on the same page as your teacher, this guide shows you how to make references for an APA reference page, but we’re calling the page “APA Citations.” Someone’s gotta give in, right? Looks like it’s us.

If you’re looking for a quick read on the citations found in the body of the paper, check out our APA Parenthetical Citation page. It’s just one of the many free APA citation guides available on EasyBib.com. Need an APA citation generator? You can find one at EasyBib.com as well!

If you’re looking for help with the writing or grammar in your paper, check out our research , pronoun , and determiner pages. We have tons of other free grammar pages too!

A rundown on references

Before we get into the nitty-gritty details on how to structure references for your APA paper, let’s get one more quick piece of information off the table.

References are added to research papers and projects only when a source is included in the writing itself.

We don’t add references to a reference page if we want to simply suggest other, similar titles. No! We create references when an actual piece of information from another source is added into the project.

Does your paper include a piece of data from a report? Great! You copied a line of text from a case study and put it in your project (with quotation marks around it)? Perfect! You included a bar graph you found in a brochure? Fantastic! Make sure you create an APA citation in the text of your paper and include the reference on the final page.

The only exception to the above rule is if you’re creating an “annotated bibliography.” For more on that, check out our APA annotated bibliography page.

In case you were wondering, the same goes for MLA in-text & parenthetical citations on the MLA works cited page.

Ready to get started? The next section of the guide is going to explain, step-by-step, how to structure every nook and cranny of your references.

But, if you’re dreaming of an APA citation maker to help make the pain go away from building your references from scratch, you’re in luck. EasyBib.com has an APA citation maker! In just a few clicks, our technology structures and styles each and every APA citation for you. If you don’t know much about it, head to the EasyBib homepage to learn more.

While you’re at it, try out our APA cover page maker, found on the main page as well!

Fundamentals of an APA citation

This entire section goes into detail on each component of a reference. If you’re looking to learn how to style the names of the authors, the title, publishing information, and other aspects related to the reference, this section is for you!

If you want to skip the small talk and see an APA style paper example, go to the “Citation Resources” menu on this page and select “APA Format Guide.” It includes a title page example, an APA paper example, and an APA reference page example.It’s all there for you and the best part about it is it’s free! Do yourself a favor and take a peek at it now!

Author information

The very first piece of information in most references is the author’s name(s). We say “most,” because some sources may not have an author (such as websites, the Bible…). If your source doesn’t have an author, do not include any information about an author in your reference.

Citing a Source with 1 Author

Apa structure:.

Last name of the Author, First initial. Middle initial.

APA Example:

To see some examples, scroll down to the bottom half of this page.

Citing a Source with 2 Authors

Does your source have two authors? Do not put the names in alphabetical order. They should be written in the order they’re displayed on the source.

Last name of the 1st listed Author, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Last name of the 2nd listed Author, First initial. Middle initial.

Doe, J. B. & Chen, W. I.

For an example of a reference with two authors according to the 7th edition of the Publication manual , scroll down to the “Journal Articles found in Print” section, or check out section 9.7-9.12 in the Publication manual.

Citing a Source with 3 to 20 Authors

Does your source have three to twenty authors? The American Psychological Association has made some updates on how to list multiple authors in your citations. If you have between three to twenty authors, list all the authors names (Last Name, Initials). Put them in the same order they’re listed in the source. Commas separate names, and put an ampersand right before the last name.

Bos, G., Hajek, S., Kogman-Appel, K., & Mensching, G. (2019). A Glossary of Latin and Italo-Romance Medico-Botanical Terms in Hebrew Characters on an Illustrated Manuscript Page (Ms. Oxford, Bodleian Opp. 688, fol. 177b). Aleph: Historical Studies in Science and Judaism 19 (2), 169-199. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/747571

Citing a Source with 21+ Authors

If your source has over twenty authors, list the last name and initials of the first 19 authors, placing a comma between each name. After the name of the 19th author, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining authors’ names. Then, list the final author’s name in front of it.

Here’s a formatting example for 21+ names using the U.S. presidents (this is NOT a reference example):

Washington, G., Adams, J., Jefferson, T., Madison, J., Monroe, J., Adams, J. Q., Jackson, A., Van Buren, M., Harrison, W. H., Tyler, J., Polk, J., Taylor, Z., Fillmore, M., Pierce, F., Buchanan, J., Lincoln, A., Johnson, A., Grant, U. S., Hayes, R. B., … Trump, D. J.

Citing an Author that is an organization or company

If your source is written by an organization or company:

Some sources are written and released by companies, not necessarily individual people. For example, most brochures at museums only display the institution’s name. Advertisements also only show the company’s name. If the source you’re attempting to cite only shows a group or organization’s name, place it in the reference in the place you’d normally include an individual person’s name.

Write out the name of the group in full; do not use abbreviations. For example, it may seem okay to use USDA, but APA writing style prefers you write out United States Department of Agriculture.

If you’re looking for information on how to style your own name in APA headings, find the example paper on EasyBib.com.

Formatting Titles & Dates

Formatting the date of publication.

The date the source was published is the next item shown in a reference. It’s directly after the author’s name.

For the majority of sources, include only the year in parentheses.

If you’re citing an article in a magazine, include the year and the month.

Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135 (17), 20–21.

Check out the examples towards the bottom of the page, or head to sections 9.13-9.17 of the Publication manual to see how dates are displayed.

Title rules and capitalization

Titles are the next piece of information shown in a reference. Titles are often tricky for people to style. Students often wonder, “Should I type out the title as it’s shown on the source?” “Should the title be written in italics or underlined?” Here are the answers to (hopefully) all of your title-related questions:

Which letters are capitalized?

Most titles are written with a capital letter in these places:

  • At the beginning of the title
  • At the beginning of a proper noun
  • At the beginning of the subtitle

It may be tempting to write the title as you see it shown on the source, or with capital letters at the beginning of every important word, but that’s not how APA referencing does it.

Here are a few examples of proper lettering:

  • A star is born
  • Spider-Man: Into the spiderverse
  • Harry Potter and the deathly hallows

The only source types that are written with a capital letter at the beginning of every important word are periodicals. Some examples include the titles of newspapers, journals, and magazines.

  • The New York Times
  • School Library Journal,

How should I style the title?

  • Anything that stands alone is written in italics. When we say “stands alone,” we mean it isn’t part of a larger collection. Most books are a single source, so they’re written in italics. Other examples include movies, brochures, dissertations, and music albums.
  • Sources that are part of a collection are written without italics. Website pages, journal articles, chapters in books, and individual songs (from an album) are written without italics.
  • Remember, the styling information above is for the APA reference page only! Citations in the text of the paper are styled differently. If you need to see a full APA sample paper, check out the other resources on EasyBib.com!

Check out some of the examples below to see how the titles are typed out and styled. You can also head to section 9.18-9.22 of the Publication Manual for more details

If it’s not the actual title, but an APA title page for your paper that you need help with, check out the Title Page APA creator on the homepage of EasyBib.com! Or, check out the main guide for this style, which includes an APA cover page template.

Additional information about a source

It can be difficult to understand a source type just by looking at an APA style citation. Sometimes it isn’t clear if you’re looking at a citation for a presentation, a blog post, lecture notes, or a completely different source type.

To clear up any confusion for your reader, you can include additional information directly after the title. This additional information about the source type is written in brackets with the first word having a capital letter.

Wilson, T. V. & Frey, H. (2019, May 13). Godzilla: The start of his story [Audio podcast]. iHeart Radio. https://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/godzilla-the-start-of-his-story.htm

Thanks to the information in the brackets, the reader can easily see that the source is an audio podcast.

Check out the various examples towards the bottom of this page.

Publication information

Publication information includes the name of the publisher. In most cases, the publication information is only included for print sources. Check out the book reference below to see the publication information in action.

Citing Books in APA

You’ll find plenty of source types below. If you don’t see what you’re looking for, try out our APA reference generator on EasyBib.com! Or, here’s a great informative site we like. If you’d like to see a full APA sample paper, take a glance at the main citation guide for this style on EasyBib.com.

Citing books in print in APA

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of the book . Publisher.

Gaiman, N. (1996). Neverwhere . HarperCollins.

Looking for more examples? Check out our APA book citation page.

Citing a chapter in a print book in APA

A reference page APA citation for a chapter in a print book is styled the same way as the entire book. It is not necessary to showcase or display the individual chapter. However, in the text of the paper, the chapter is shown like this: (Author’s Last name, Year, Chapter #).

Citing a chapter in an edited book in print in APA

An edited book is one that was compiled by an author. Each individual chapter, or section, is written by someone else. Since you’re probably citing the specific chapter, rather than the whole entire book, place the name of the chapter’s author in the first position.

Chapter Author’s Last Name, F. M. (Year published). Chapter title. In F. M. Editor’s Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (Xrd ed., pp. x-x). Publisher.

Alexander, G. R. (2015). Multicultural education in nursing. In D. M. Billings, & J. A. Halstead (Eds.), Teaching in nursing: A guide for faculty (5th ed., pp. 263-281). Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=YxzmCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edited+book&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja47-0kL_iAhUV7XMBHXzQBxAQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q&f=false

Citing an e-book in APA

To cite an eBook, cite it the same way as you would a print book.

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of book . Publisher. URL

Alcott, L. M. (1905). Under the lilacs. Little, Brown, and Company. https://archive.org/stream/underlilacs00alco2?ref=ol#page/n9/mode/2up

If you’re using the EasyBib APA citation generator to cite your e-books, click on the “book” source type.

Gaiman, N. (2009). Coraline . HarperCollins. https://amzn.to/3cQqXAL

If you’re using EasyBib.com’s APA citation generator to cite your e-books, click on the “book” source type.

Wondering what to do if you’re using a book that was reprinted? Check out the example of Einstein’s book, found towards the top of this guide.

Citing The Bible in APA

Since the bible is considered a “classical work,” and widely known, it is not necessary to create a full reference. Only include a citation in the text of the paper.

Two items need to be included:

  • The title and version of the source, such as the New Living Bible
  • The names, verses, chapters, or any numbers associated with the section you’re referring to.

“Then the king asked her, “What do you want, Esther? What is your request? I will give it to you, even if it’s half the kingdom” (Esther 5:5 New Living Translation).

Citing Journals and Articles in APA

Citing journal articles found in print in apa.

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), page range.

Reeve, A. H., Fjeldsa, J., & Borregaard, M. K. (2018). Ecologically flexible endemics dominate Indo-Pacific bird communities. Journal of Biogeography, 45 (8), 1980-1982.

Your APA style paper is easy to piece together with the tools and services on EasyBib.com. Try out our APA citation machine, which structures your references in just a few clicks. If you’re looking for the perfect APA cover page, give our APA title page maker a whirl.

Citing journal articles found online in APA

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), page range. //dx.doi.org/10xxxxxxx

Reeve, A. H., Fjeldsa, J., & Borregaard, M. K. (2018). Ecologically flexible endemics dominate Indo-Pacific bird communities. Journal of Biogeography, 45 (8), 1980-1982. //dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13384

For more on journals, take a peek at our APA journal page. Or, make your citations in just a few clicks with our APA citation generator.

Citing newspaper articles in print in APA

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Article’s title. Title of Newspaper, pp. xx-xx.

Boutilier, A. (2019, May 29). Facebook won’t pull fake content for election: Official says it’s not company’s role to draw line as MPs blast Zuckerberg for not testifying. Toronto Star, p. 1.

Citing newspaper articles found on the Internet in APA

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Article’s title. Title of Newspaper . URL

Boutilier, A. (2019, May 28). Facebook refuses to remove false content during Canadian election. The Star . https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2019/05/28/facebook-wont-remove-doctored-content-during-canadian-election.html

Kale, S. (2020, March 9). How to keep your hands clean – without getting dry skin. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2020/mar/09/how-to-keep-your- hands-clean-without-getting-dry-skin

Citing magazines read in print in APA

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Month or Season). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume (Issue), page range.

Freedman, A. (2019, June). How to choose a gaming laptop: You can play your game and take it with you. TechLife Australia, 90, 78-81.

Citing magazine articles read over the internet in APA

Author’s Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month). Title of magazine article. Title of Magazine, Volume (Issue), page range. URL

Savage, P. (2019, May). Double dragon: Yakuza Kiwami 2 is a return to form for the singular crime series. PC Gamer , 319, 80. https://www-pressreader-com.i.ezproxy.nypl.org/usa/pc-gamer-us/20190521

Citing a Source on the Internet in APA

Citing digital sources in this style is much easier than other styles. If you’re wondering why, it’s because a lot of information isn’t included in the reference.

For most digital sources, only five items are usually needed:

  • The name of the author
  • The date the source was published
  • The title of the source
  • The medium (blog post, audio file, pdf, etc.)
  • The website address

Here’s some more information related to web content:

  • Only include the medium if it’s unique or if it will help the reader understand the source type.
  • Include the website address at the end of the citation.
  • Do not place a period at the end of the website address.

Have a digital source? Need to cite APA? Check out some of the examples below.

Citing a blog in APA

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Day of posting). Title of post. Blog or Website name. URL

Chockrek, E. (2019, May 29). 7 summer activities that help boost your college applications.  EasyBib. https://www.easybib.com/guides/7-summer-activities-that-help-boost-your-college-applications/

See another example on our APA citation website page.

Citing social media in APA

Here’s the APA template for most social media platforms:

Last name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Day of posting). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Describe any attachment] [Tweet OR Facebook page OR Instagram photo OR Instagram post] . Site Name. URL

Lem, E. [@lemesther]. (2019, October 2). Spotted @Chegg promo celebration. Ladies who…”leopard.” Cheers to all the upcoming promos. #marketing #UEx. [Image attached [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/lemesther/status/1179549293289627650

If the name of the individual is unknown or unlisted on the profile (such as Lady Gaga), place the username first, without brackets

Ladygaga. (2019, May 20). I’m so proud of @momgerm for being asked to serve as Goodwill Ambassador for @WHO. The goal of @btwfoundation is [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ladygaga/status/1130578727539052544

If there are emojis, try to recreate them or describe them in brackets.

Hawaii Volcanoes NPS [@Volcanoes_NPS]. (2020, February 26). Half the park is after dark! [flashlight emoji] In addition to dark night skies, evening in the park provides a great chance. [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/Volcanoes_NPS/status/1232776372801589248

For more about citing social media, head to section 10.15 of the Publication manual. 

Citing online encyclopedias & dictionaries – Group author

If you conducted or watched a personal interview and the transcript or audio is not available for the reader, then there really isn’t any point to create a full reference. These types of sources are not recoverable and the reader would be unable to find the interview on their own. Instead, only create a citation in the text of the paper. Use the first initial, middle initial, and last name of the person being interviewed, along with “personal communication,” and the date of the interview.

Institution or organization name. (n.d.). Entry title. In Title of Website or reference . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Doleful. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/doleful

Citing online encyclopedias & dictionaries – Known author

If there is a known author, cite the source this way:

Last name, F. M. (Date published). Entry title. In F. M. Last name (ed.), In Title of Website or reference . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Mann, M. E. & Selin, H. (n.d.). Global warming. In Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/science/global-warming

Citing Wikipedia

Cite a Wikipedia page just like a normal webpage, but use an archived version. Go to the “View history” tab at the top of a Wikipedia page to find these archived versions, their publishing date, and their URL.

Article title. (Year, Month Day). In Wikipedia . URL

Kinetic energy (2019, December 27). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinetic_energy&oldid=932724138

If you want to learn how to cite websites in MLA , click on the link.

An APA generator is available to you on EasyBib.com Take the stress out of building the references for your APA style paper and try it out!

While you’re at it, it may be helpful to take a glance at our APA paper template. It can be found on the EasyBib Writing Center page. You can use the APA paper example to help structure your own APA title page and paper.

Citing Media Sources in APA

Citing a song or music listened to online in apa.

Modern songs (e.g., that song you heard on the radio this morning) should list the name of the recording artist’s name. Classical music lists the song’s composer (e.g., think Mozart, Beethoven, etc.).

Note: include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieval (like if they only post their music to SoundCloud or on their own specific website). If the song is available across multiple platforms, no URL is needed.

APA Structure for a modern song:

Artist’s Last Name, F. M. (Year published). Song’s title [Song].  On Title of album . Publisher(s).

Grande, A. (2019). 7 rings [Song]. On thank u, next . Republic Records.

APA Structure for a classical song:

Artist’s Last Name, F. M. (Year published). Song’s title [Song recorded by Artist’s Name]. On Title of album . Publisher.

Bach, J. S. (1997). Toccata and Fugue in D minor [Song recorded by William McVicker]. On Great organ classics. Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited.

Sheet music in APA

To cite APA sheet music, cite it exactly the same as a book. If it’s found online, cite it as a website.

Citing streamed videos in APA

Use this format if you’re citing a video found online (such as an APA citation for a YouTube video ).

Person who posted the video’s Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Day of posting or publishing). Video’s title [Video]. URL

Vliegenthart, S. [booksandquills]. (2018, December 3). Books from uni we didn’t hate [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G52GCgpEZg

If the name of the individual isn’t available, start with the username, and remove the brackets.

APA Examples:

Chegg. (2018, November 15). One common grammar error to avoid [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Bfx50f853g

Maroon 5. (2018, May 30). Girls like you ft. Cardi B [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/aJOTlE1K90k

If you’re in need of an APA citation machine to do the work for you, check out the homepage on EasyBib.com! We even have a free Title Page APA creator on the main page as well!

Citing a film or movie in APA

Director’s Last Name. F. M. (Director). (Year published). Film’s title [Film]. Publisher(s) or URL

Gerwig, G. (Director). (2017). Lady bird [Video]. IAC Films; Scott Rudin Productions.

Citing Additional Sources in APA

Citing a published thesis or dissertation from a database in apa.

Author’s Last Name, F. M. (Year created). Thesis or Dissertation’s title [Master’s thesis OR Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution]. Name of database or archive.

Schluckebier, M. E. (2013). Dreams worth pursuing: How college students develop and articulate their purpose in life [Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa]. ERIC.

If you’re looking for an APA citation builder to do the work for you, check out EasyBib.com’s APA generator!

Citing a conference paper in APA

Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Days of Conference). Title of conference paper [Type of presentation]. Conference Name, Location. URL or DOI.

Fowle, M. (2018, September). The entrepreneurial dream: Happiness, depression, and freedom [Conference presentation]. European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreunership, Aviero, Portugal.

Citing an interview in APA

W. I. Ikemoto (personal communication, June 2, 2019)

If the interview is recoverable, include the full reference on the final page of the project. If the interview was found in a magazine, use the magazine structure. If the interview was read on a blog, use the blog structure. Look for the APA headings above that match your specific source type.

Don’t forget, our APA citation machine structures pretty much everything for you. Find it on EasyBib.com’s homepage and give our APA citation generator a try.

Didn’t find what you needed? Still a bit confused? Learn more here . You can also take the guesswork out of making your references with our handy APA citation generator, found at the top of this page.

Putting it All Together

You’ve structured your sources correctly, right? You have the periods, italics, and commas where they belong? Capital letters where they’re supposed to be? Great! You’re almost through! The last step is organizing your citations properly on the page. For easy to follow, in-depth instructions on structuring the last page in your project, check out our APA reference page . If you’d like to see a sample APA paper, check out the main guide for this style on EasyBib.com!

Before you hit submit, make sure you run your paper through our plagiarism checker . It checks for instances of accidental plagiarism and scans for spelling and grammatical errors. Even if you think you have every verb , adverb , or interjection where it belongs, you may be surprised with what our innovative technology suggests.

Visit our EasyBib Twitter feed to discover more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates.

Listing of APA templates

Solution #1: How to cite a photo with no creator, date, or title in APA

  • Describe the photo and place brackets around it.
  • Add “n.d” with parentheses around it.
  • List where the reference was found without italics.
  • Follow with the URL information of where you found the photo if it was found online.

Example of a photo citation with no creator, date, or title

[Photograph of two hens in a barn]. (n.d). Theoretical Prints. http://Theoretical_Prints.org/two-hypothetical-hens/

Solution #2: How to cite a dictionary entry in APA

Dictionary entry in print

  • List the organization or the author’s name in last name, first name initial, and middle name initial (if there is one) with a period following.
  • Use n.d if the date is not listed.
  • List the name of the dictionary term. Capitalize the first letter and use a period after.
  • Write “In” followed by the name of the dictionary used. The dictionary name should be italicized.
  • In parentheses, write the volume abbreviated as “Vol.” followed by the volume number and page number. Add a period after it.

Examples for a printed dictionary entry citation

Hypothetical Association of Learning. (2014). Cake. In The Hypothetical Learner’s Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 3).

Johnson, C. K. (2014). Cake. In The Hypothetical Learner’s Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 3).

Dictionary entry from an online source

  • Use “n.d” if the date is not listed.
  • Write the name of the dictionary in italics and follow it with a period.
  • Write “Retrieved” then the date you accessed the entry online in this format: Month Day, Year. End it with a comma.
  • Write “from” and add the page URL.

Examples for an online dictionary entry citation

Hypothetical Association of Learning. (2014). Cake. In The Hypothetical Learner’s Dictionary.   Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https;//dictionary.hypothetical.org/dictionary/English/cake

Johnson, C. K. (2014). Cake. In The Hypothetical Learner’s Dictionary. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https;//dictionary.hypothetical.org/dictionary/English/cake

Solution #3: How to ensure that an auto-generated citation in APA style is correct

  • Ensure that the correct number of people are accredited by counting the names in the source and the website citation.
  • Ensure that all names are spelled correctly.
  • If 2-20 authors are used, ensure that an ampersand is used before the last name.
  • If more than twenty authors are used, ensure that an ellipsis is used before the final author.
  • Check to make sure that the date is correct and that the month or year do not need to be adjusted.
  • Generally, works cited as a whole, such as books, are written in italics, while shorter works that are part of a bigger work, such as a chapter in a book or articles from a periodical (e.g., journal, magazine, newspaper, etc.), are usually in regular font.
  • The title of webpages are italicized, while the title of the site they are on is in regular font.
  • Social media post citations use the written post content (up to 20 words) as the title. This “title” should be italicized.
  • If using a chapter, make sure that the editor is accredited.
  • If using an article, make sure that the journal number is italicized and that the volume number is in parentheses.
  • Make sure that your links are active and that they bring you to the correct location. You may need to rewrite the link.

Published August 2, 2019. Updated March 10, 2020. 

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau . Michele Kirschenbaum is a dedicated school library media specialist and one of the in-house EasyBib librarians. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

  • Annotated Bibliography
  • Block Quotes
  • et al Usage
  • In-text Citations
  • Multiple Authors
  • Paraphrasing
  • Page Numbers
  • Parenthetical Citations
  • Reference Page
  • Sample Paper
  • APA 7 Updates
  • View APA Guide
  • Book Chapter
  • Journal Article
  • Magazine Article
  • Newspaper Article
  • Website (no author)
  • View all APA Examples

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APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

Apa citation overview.

  • Volume and Issue Numbers
  • Page Numbers
  • Undated Sources
  • Citing a Source Within a Source
  • In-Text Citations
  • Academic Journals
  • Encyclopedia Articles
  • Book, Film, and Product Reviews
  • Online Classroom Materials
  • Conference Papers
  • Technical + Research Reports
  • Court Decisions
  • Treaties and Other International Agreements
  • Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
  • Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
  • Executive Orders
  • Charter of the United Nations
  • Federal Statutes
  • Dissertations and Theses
  • Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
  • Social Media
  • Business Sources
  • PowerPoints
  • AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Based on APA Publication Manual , 7th Edition (2020). The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the APA's official citation guide and provides a more detailed explanation of how to use APA style. The Manual  is not freely available online, but the American Psychological Association does have Style and Grammar Guidelines on the APA Style website .

Need to create a paper or PowerPoint presentation in APA Format? Videos on how to format your paper in APA style using Microsoft Word, including how to create hanging indents for your reference list and how to format headings and PowerPoint presentations.  

APA Citation Basics Webinars The UMGC Library is providing a series of live citation help Sessions, offering citation advice and taking questions.  

Need more help? You can also ask a librarian for help with a citation-related question.

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  • Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 12:55 PM
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  • Plagiarism and grammar
  • Citation guides

APA Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, a comprehensive guide to apa citations and format, overview of this guide:.

This page provides you with an overview of APA format, 7th edition. Included is information about referencing, various citation formats with examples for each source type, and other helpful information.

If you’re looking for MLA format , check out the Citation Machine MLA Guide. Also, visit the Citation Machine homepage to use the APA formatter, which is an APA citation generator, and to see more styles .

Being responsible while researching

When you’re writing a research paper or creating a research project, you will probably use another individual’s work to help develop your own assignment. A good researcher or scholar uses another individual’s work in a responsible way. This involves indicating that the work of other individuals is included in your project (i.e., citing), which is one way to prevent plagiarism.

Plagiarism? What is it?

The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word, plagiare , which means “to kidnap.” The term has evolved over the years to now mean the act of taking another individual’s work and using it as your own, without acknowledging the original author (American Psychological Association, 2020 p. 21). Plagiarism can be illegal and there can be serious ramifications for plagiarizing someone else’s work. Thankfully, plagiarism can be prevented. One way it can be prevented is by including citations and references in your research project. Want to make them quickly and easily? Try the Citation Machine citation generator, which is found on our homepage.

All about citations & references

Citations and references should be included anytime you use another individual’s work in your own assignment. When including a quote, paraphrased information, images, or any other piece of information from another’s work, you need to show where you found it by including a citation and a reference. This guide explains how to make them.

APA style citations are added in the body of a research paper or project and references are added to the last page.

Citations , which are called in-text citations, are included when you’re adding information from another individual’s work into your own project. When you add text word-for-word from another source into your project, or take information from another source and place it in your own words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you create an in-text citation. These citations are short in length and are placed in the main part of your project, directly after the borrowed information.

References are found at the end of your research project, usually on the last page. Included on this reference list page is the full information for any in-text citations found in the body of the project. These references are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.

An APA in-text citation includes only three items: the last name(s) of the author(s), the year the source was published, and sometimes the page or location of the information. References include more information such as the name of the author(s), the year the source was published, the full title of the source, and the URL or page range.

Two example in-text citations.

Why is it important to include citations & references

Including APA citations and references in your research projects is a very important component of the research process. When you include citations, you’re being a responsible researcher. You’re showing readers that you were able to find valuable, high-quality information from other sources, place them into your project where appropriate, all while acknowledging the original authors and their work.

Common ways students and scholars accidentally plagiarize

Believe it or not, there are instances when you could attempt to include in-text and full references in the appropriate places, but still accidentally plagiarize. Here are some common mistakes to be aware of:

Mistake #1 - Misquoting sources: If you plan to use a direct quote, make sure you copy it exactly as is. Sure, you can use part of the full quote or sentence, but if you decide to put quotation marks around any words, those words should match exactly what was found in the original source. Here’s a line from The Little Prince , by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them.”

Here’s an acceptable option:

“Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Here’s a misquote:

“Grown-ups barely ever understand anything by themselves,” stated de Saint-Exupéry (1943, p. 3).

Notice the slight change in the words. The incorrect phrasing is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Mistake #2 - Problems with paraphrasing: When we paraphrase, we restate information using our own words and writing style. It’s not acceptable to substitute words from the original source with synonyms.

Let’s use the same sentence from The Little Prince .

A correct paraphrase could be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything. It’s too bad adults are unable to comprehend anything on their own (p. 3).

An incorrect paraphrase would be:

de Saint-Exupéry (1943) shares that adults never understand anything by themselves, and it is exhausting for kids to be always and forever clarifying things to them (p.3).

Notice how close the incorrect paraphrase is from the original. This is an instance of accidental plagiarism.

Make sure you quote and paraphrase properly in order to prevent accidental plagiarism.

If you’re having a difficult time paraphrasing properly, it is acceptable to paraphrase part of the text AND use a direct quote. Here’s an example:

de Saint-Exupery (1943) shares various ways adults frustrate children. One of the biggest being that kids have to explain everything, and “it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them” (p. 3).

Information About APA

Who created it.

The American Psychological Association is an organization created for individuals in the psychology field. With close to 121,000 members, they provide educational opportunities, funding, guidance, and research information for everything psychology-related. They also have numerous high-quality databases, peer-reviewed journals, and books that revolve around mental health.

The American Psychological Association is also credited with creating their own specific citation and reference style. Today, this format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but many other subject areas as well. Education, economics, business, and social sciences also use APA style quite frequently. Click here for more information . This guide covers general information about the style, but is not affiliated with the American Psychological Association.

Why was this style created?

This format was first developed in 1929 to form a standardized way for researchers in science fields to document their sources. Prior to the inception of these standards and guidelines, individuals were recognizing the work of other authors by including bits and pieces of information in random order. There wasn’t a set way to format citations and references. You can probably imagine how difficult it was to understand the sources that were used for research projects!

Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year published, and other critical pieces of information needed to understand a source.

The evolution of this style

The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in 2020. In previous versions of APA format, researchers and scholars were required to include the publisher location for books and the date that an electronic resource was accessed. Both are no longer required to be included.

Details on the differences between the 6th and 7th editions is addressed later in this guide.

Citations & References

The appearance of citations & references.

The format for references varies, but most use this general format:

%%Author’s Last name, First initial. (Date published). Title . URL

Researchers and scholars must look up the proper format for the source that they’re attempting to cite. Books have a certain format, websites have a different format, periodicals have a different format, and so on. Scroll down to find the proper format for the source you’re citing or referencing.

If you would like help citing your sources, CitationMachine.com has a citation generator that will help make the APA citation process much easier for you. To start, simply click on the source type you're citing:

  • Journal articles

In-text citations

An APA in-text citation is included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source.

Quite often, researchers and scholars use a small amount of text, word for word, from another source and include it in their own research projects. This is done for many reasons. Sometimes, another author’s words are so eloquently written that there isn’t a better way to rephrase it yourself. Other times, the author’s words can help prove a point or establish an understanding for something in your research project. When using another author’s exact words in your research project, include an APA in-text citation directly following it.

In addition to using the exact words from another source and placing them into your project, these citations are also added anytime you paraphrase information. Paraphrasing is when you take information from another source and rephrase it, in your own words.

When simply referring to another piece of information from another source, also include a citation directly following it.

Citations in the text are found near a direct quote, paraphrased information, or next to a mention of another source. To see examples of some narrative/ parenthetical citations in action, look at the image above, under “All About Citations & References.”

Note: *Only include the page or paragraph number when using a direct quote or paraphrase. Page numbers have a p. before the number, pp. before the page range, and para. before the paragraph number. This information is included to help the reader locate the exact portion of text themselves. It is unnecessary to include this information when you’re simply referring to another source.

Examples of APA in-text citations:

“Well, you’re about to enter the land of the free and the brave. And I don’t know how you got that stamp on your passport. The priest must know someone” (Tóibín, 2009, p. 52).
Student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers (Kent & Giles, 2017, p. 12).

If including the author’s name in the sentence, place the year in the parentheses directly next to his or her name. Add the page number at the end, unless it’s a source without any pages or paragraph numbers (See Section 8.10 of the Publication manual for more details).

In-text citation APA example:

According to a study done by Kent and Giles (2017), student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers.

The full references, or citations, for these sources can be found on the last part of a research project, titled the “References.”

Here’s how to create in-text citations for specific amounts of authors:

APA citation with no author

When the source lacks an author’s name, place the title, year, and page number (if available) in the text. The title should be in italics if it sits alone (such as a movie, brochure, or report). If the source is part of a whole (as many web pages and articles are), place the title in quotation marks without italics (See Section 8.14 of the Publication manual ).

Structure of an APA format citation in the text narratively, with the author's name missing:

Title of Source (Year) or “Title of Source” (Year)

Structure of an APA style format citation, in parentheses at the end of the sentence, with the author’s name missing: (Title of Source, Year) or (“Title of Source,” Year)

Structure for one author

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author (Year)...(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author, Year, page number).

Structure for two authors

Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Only use the ampersand in the parenthetical citations (see Section 8.17 of the Publication manual ). Use ‘and’ to separate the author names if they’re in the text of the sentence.

In the text, narratively: Last name of Author 1 and Last name of Author 2 (Year)....(page number).

In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author 1 & Last name of Author 2, Year, page number).

Structure for three or more authors

Only include the first listed author’s name in the first and any subsequent citations. Follow it with et al.

(Last name Author 1 et al., Year, page number)

(Agbayani et al., 2020, p. 99)

Last name of Author 1 et al. (Year)...(page).

Agbayani et al. (2020)...(p. 99)

One author, multiple works, same year

What do you do when you want to cite multiple works by an author, and the sources all written in the same year?

Include the letters ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ and so on after the year in the citation.

(Jackson, 2013a)

Jackson (2013a)

Writers can even lump dates together.

Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa (2013a, 2013b).

On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full references.

Groups and organizations

Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets. If the group or organization is cited again, only include the abbreviation. If it doesn’t have an abbreviation associated with it, write out the entire organization’s name each and every time (see Section 8.21 of the Publication manual ).

First APA citation for an organization with an abbreviation: (World Health Organization [WHO], Year)

World Health Organization (WHO, Year)

Notice in the example directly above, the name of the organization is written out in full in the text of the sentence, and the abbreviation is placed in parentheses next to it.

Subsequent APA citations in the text for an organization with an abbreviation: (WHO, Year) OR WHO (Year)

All citations in the text for an organization without an abbreviation: (Citation Machine, Year) or Citation Machine (Year)

One in-text citation, multiple works

Sometimes you’ll need to cite more than one work within an in-text citation. Follow the same format (author, year) format but place semicolons between works (p. 263).

(Obama, 2016; Monroe et al., 1820; Hoover & Coolidge, 1928)

Reminder: There are many citation tools available on CitationMachine.com. Head to our homepage to learn more, check out our APA citation website, and cite your sources easily! The most useful resource on our website? Our APA citation generator, which doesn’t just create full references, it’s also an APA in-text citation website! It’ll do both for you!

Click here to learn more about crediting work .

Reference list citation components

References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a research project.

Some things to keep in mind when it comes to the references:

  • All references sit together on their own page, which is usually the last page(s) of a paper.
  • Title the page ‘References’
  • Place ‘References’ in the center of the page and bold it. Keep the title in the same font and size as the references. Do not italicize, underline, place the title in quotation marks, or increase the font size.
  • The entire page is double spaced.
  • All references are listed in alphabetical order by the first word in the reference, which is usually the author’s last name. If the source lacks an author, alphabetize the source by the title (ignore A, An, or The)
  • All references have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is indented in half an inch. See examples throughout this guide.
  • Remember, each and every citation in the text of the paper MUST have a full reference displayed in the reference list. The citations in the text provide the reader with a quick glimpse about the sources used, but the references in the reference list provide the reader with all the information needed to seek out the source themselves.

Learn more about each component of the reference citation and how to format it in the sections that follow. See an APA sample paper reference list at the end of this entire section.

Author’s names

The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for the first and middle names. End this information with a period (see Section 9.8 of the Publication manual ).

Format: Last name, F. M.

  • Angelou, M.
  • Doyle, A. C.

Two or more authors

When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. You can name up to 20 authors in the reference. For sources with 2 to 20 authors, place an ampersand (&) before the final author. Use this format:

Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.

Kent, A. G., Giles, R. M., Thorpe, A., Lukes, R., Bever, D. J., & He, Y.

If there are 21 or more authors listed on a source, only include the first 19 authors, add three ellipses, and then add the last author’s name.

Roberts, A., Johnson, M. C., Klein, J., Cheng, E. V., Sherman, A., Levin, K. K. , ...Lopez, G. S.

If you plan on using a free APA citation tool, like the one at CitationMachine.com, the names of the authors will format properly for you.

###No authors

If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference (Section 9.12 of the Publication manual ). When the source’s title begins with a number (Such as 101 Dalmatians ), place the reference alphabetically as if the number was spelled out. 101 Dalmatians would be placed in the spot where ‘One hundred’ would go, but keep the numbers in their place.

Additionally, if the title begins with the words ‘A’, ‘An,’ or ‘The,’ ignore these words and place the title alphabetically according to the next word.

See the “Titles” section below for more information on formatting the title of sources.

###Corporate/Organization authors

On an APA reference page, corporate authors are always written out in full. In the text of your paper, you may have some abbreviations (such as UN for United Nations), but in the full references, always include the full names of the corporation or organization (following Section 9.11 of the official Publication manual ).

%%United Nations. (2019). Libya: $202 million needed to bring life-saving aid to half a million people hit by humanitarian crisis. https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1031981

Publication date & retrieval date

Directly after the author’s name is the date the source was published. Include the full date for newspapers and magazine articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no date is found on the source, include the initials, n.d. for “no date.”

%% Narducci, M. (2017, May 19). City renames part of 11th Street Ed Snider Way to honor Flyers founder. The Philadelphia Inquirer . http://www.philly.com/

If using our APA Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the correct format for you automatically.

Giving a retrieval date is not needed unless the online content is likely to be frequently updated and changed (e.g., encyclopedia article, dictionary entry, Twitter profile, etc.).

%%Citation Machine [@CiteMachine]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://twitter.com/CiteMachine

When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other non-periodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations, and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized. For books and reports, italicize the title in the APA citation.

Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

Roots: The saga of an American family.

For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title.

Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political discourse.

For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the title.

The Seattle Times.

A common question is whether to underline your title or place it in italics or quotation marks in the reference list. Here’s a good general rule: When a source sits alone and is not part of a larger whole, place the title in italics. If the source does not sit alone and is part of a larger whole, do not place it in italics.

Books, movies, journals, and television shows are placed in italics since they stand alone. Songs on an album, episodes of television shows, chapters in books, and articles in journals are not placed in italics since they are smaller pieces of larger wholes.

The Citation Machine citation generator will format the title in your citations automatically.

Additional information about the title

If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include a descriptive noun or two in brackets immediately following the title. Capitalize the first letter.

%%Kennedy, K., & Molen, G. R. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Jurassic Park [Film]. USA: Universal.

Besides [Film], other common notations include:

  • [Audio podcast]
  • [Letter to the editor]
  • [Television series episode]
  • [Facebook page]
  • [Blog post]
  • [Lecture notes]
  • [PowerPoint presentation]
  • [Video file]

If you are using Citation Machine citing tools, additional information about the title is automatically added for you.

Publisher information

For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location (see Section 9.29 of the Publication manual ). Older editions of the style required the city, state and/or country, but this hasn't been the case since the 7th edition was released.

It is not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to use a brief, intelligible form. However, if Books or Press are part of the publisher’s names, keep these words in the reference. Other common terms, such as Inc., Co., Publishers, and others can be omitted.

For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first, by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it, not italicized. There is no space after the closing parenthesis and before the volume number.

%%Giannoukos, G., Besas, G., Hictour, V., & Georgas, T. (2016). A study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research and Reviews , 11 (9), 907-923. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688

After including the publisher information, end this section with a period.

Perseus Books.

Electronic source information:

For online sources, the URL or DOI (Direct Object Identifier) are included at the end of an APA citation.

DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is static and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. When a DOI number is not available, include the source’s URL (see Section 9.34 in the Publication manual ).

For DOIs, include the number in this format:

http://doi.org/xxxx

For URLs, type them in this format:

http:// or https://

Other information about electronic sources:

  • If the URL is longer than a line, break it up before a punctuation mark.
  • Do not place a period at the end of the citation/URL.
  • It is unnecessary to include retrieval dates, unless the source changes often over time (like in a Wikipedia article).
  • It is not necessary to include the names of databases

If using the Citation Machine APA citation website autocite features, the online publication information will be automatically replaced by the DOI. The Citation Machine APA template will properly cite your online sources for you.

The image shows an example APA student page that is formatted using the guidelines described under the heading Paper Formatting.

Make sure you run your completed paper through the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader, which scans for grammar, spelling, and plagiarism. Whether it’s an adjective , verb , or pronoun out-of-place, our technology helps edits your paper for you!

Annotated bibliographies:

An APA annotated bibliography is a full bibliography that includes a small note for each reference citation. Each note should be short (1-2 paragraphs) and contain a summary or your evaluation about each source. When creating your citations on CitationMachine.net, there is a field at the bottom of each form to add your own annotations.

Follow the publication manual guidelines on paper format and writing style. Let your instructor guide other details about your annotations. Still confused? Read our guide on annotated bibliographies .

These types of projects look different depending on the style you’re using. Use the link at the top of the page to access resources related to the Modern Language Association’s style. Here’s information related to Chicago citation style .

Page formatting

Need help with the design and formatting of your paper? Look no further! This section provides the ins and outs of properly displaying the information in your APA essay.

  • Times New Roman, 12-point size.
  • Calibri, Arial, or Georgia, 11-point size
  • Lucida, Sans Unicode, or Computer Modern, 10-point size
  • Indents = Every paragraph should start with an indent.
  • Margins = 1 inch around the entire document
  • Spacing = Double space everything!

Arrange your pages in this order:

  • Page 1 - APA Title Page (see below for information on the title page)
  • Page 2 - Abstract (If your professor requests one)
  • Page 3 - First page of text
  • References begin on their own page. Include the list of references on the page after the text.
  • Tables and figures

Keep in mind that the order above is the recommendation for papers being submitted for peer review. If you’re writing an APA style paper for a class, your professor may be more lenient about the requirements. Also, if you’re submitting your paper for a specific journal, check the requirements on the journal’s website. Each journal has different rules and procedures.

Just a little nudge to remind you about the Citation Machine Plus smart proofreader. Whether it’s a conjunction or interjection out of place, a misspelled word, or an out of place citation, we’ll offer suggestions for improvement! Don’t forget to check out our APA citation maker while you’re at it!

Running heads

In older editions of APA, running heads were required for all papers. Since the 7th edition, that’s changed.

  • Student paper: No running head
  • Professional paper: Include a running head

The running head displays the title of the paper and the page number on all pages of the paper. This header is found on every page of a professional paper (not a student paper), even on the title page (sometimes called an APA cover page) and reference list (taken from Section 2.8 of the Publication manual ).

It's displayed all in capital letters at the top of the page. Across from the running head, along the right margin, is the page number.

  • Use the header feature in your word processor. Both Google Docs and Word have these features available.
  • Use one for the recommended fonts mentioned under "Page formatting."

Title pages

A title page, sometimes called an APA cover page, graces the cover of an essay or paper. An APA title page should follow rules from Section 2.3 of the official Publication manual and include:

  • Page number, which is page 1
  • Use title case and bold font
  • The title should be under 12 words in length
  • The title should be a direct explanation of the focus of the paper. Do not include any unnecessary descriptors such as “An Analysis of…” or “A Study of…”
  • Exclude any labels such as Mr., Ms., Dr, PhD...
  • Name of the school or institution
  • Course number and/or class name
  • Name of your instructor, including their preferred honorifics (e.g., PhD, Dr., etc.)
  • Paper’s due date
  • If this is a professional paper, also include a running head. If this is a student paper, do not include one.

Follow the directions for the running head and page number in the section above. Below the running head, a few lines beneath, and centered in the middle of the page, should be the title. The next line below is the author’s name(s), followed by the name of the school or institution, the class or course name, your instructor’s name, and the paper’s due date.

All components on this page should be written in the same font and size as the rest of your paper. Double space the title, names, name of school or institution, and all other information on the page (except for the running head and page number).

Example - Student Title Page APA:

The image shows an example APA student title page that is formatted using the guidelines described above under the heading Title Pages.

Example - Professional Title Page APA:

The image shows an example APA professional title page that is formatted using the guidelines described above under the heading Title Pages.

If you’re submitting your paper to a journal for publication, check the journal’s website for exact requirements. Each journal is different and some may request a different type of APA format cover page.

Looking to create an APA format title page? Head to CitationMachine.com’s homepage and choose “Title Page” at the top of the screen.

An abstract briefly but thoroughly summarizes dissertation contents. It’s found in the beginning of a professional paper, right after the title page. Abstracts are meant to help readers determine whether to continue reading the entire document. With that in mind, try to craft the lead sentence to entice the reader to continue reading.

Here are a few tips:

  • Be factual and keep your opinions out. An abstract should accurately reflect the paper or dissertation and should not involve information or commentary not in the thesis.
  • Communicate your main thesis. What was the examined problem or hypothesis? A reader should know this from reading your abstract.
  • Keep it brief. Stick to the main points and don’t add unnecessary words or facts. It should not exceed 250 words.
  • Consider your paper’s purpose. It’s important to cater your abstract to your paper type and think about what information the target audience for that paper type would want. For example, an empirical article may mention methodology or participant description. A quantitative or qualitative meta-analysis would mention the different variables considered and how information was synthesized.
  • Use verbs over noun equivalents, and active voice. Example: “There was research into…” becomes “We researched…”

Formatting guidelines:

  • The abstract goes after the title page.
  • It should have the same font (size and type) as the rest of the paper.
  • It should stick to one page.
  • Double-space all page text.
  • Center and bold the word “Abstract” at the top of the paper.
  • Don’t indent the first line of the abstract body. The body should also be in plain text.
  • For the keywords, place it on the line after the abstract and indent the first line (but not subsequent lines). The word “Keywords:” is capitalized, italicized, and followed by a colon. The actual keywords are sentence case and in plan font.
  • List each keyword one after the other, and separate them by a comma.
  • After the last keyword, no ending punctuation is needed.

The image shows an example APA abstract page that is formatted using the guidelines described above under the heading Abstracts.

Tables & Figures

If your paper includes a lot of numerical information or data, you may want to consider placing it into a table or a figure, rather than typing it all out. A visual figure or simple, organized table filled with numerical data is often easier for readers to digest and comprehend than tons of paragraphs filled with numbers. Chapter 7 of the Publication manual outlines formatting for tables and figures. Let's cover the basics below.

If you’d like to include a table or figure in your paper, here are a few key pieces of information to keep in mind:

  • At the end of the paper after the APA reference page
  • In the text after it is first mentioned
  • The table first mentioned in the text should be titled ‘Table 1.’ The next table mentioned in the text is ‘Table 2,’ and so on. For figures, it would be 'Figure 1,' 'Figure 2,' and so forth.

The image shows that an APA paper with tables can be organized as follows – 1. Title page, 2. Text of paper, 3. References, 4. Table 1, 5. Table 2.

  • Even though every table and figure is numbered, also create a title for each that describes the information it contains. Capitalize all important words in the title.
  • For tables, do not use any vertical lines, only use horizontal to break up information and headings.
  • Single spacing is acceptable to use in tables and figures. If you prefer double spacing your information, that is okay too.
  • Do not include extra information or “fluff.” Keep it simple!
  • Do not include the same exact information in the paper. Only include the complete information in one area—the table or the text.
  • All tables and figures must be referenced in the text. It is unacceptable to throw a table or figure into the back of the paper without first providing a brief summary or explanation of its relevance.

Example of formatting a table in APA style.

Publication Manual 6th Edition vs 7th Edition

The 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was released in 2009. The current 7th edition came out in the fall of 2019 and was designed to be more student focused, provide more guidance on accessibility, and address changes that have developed over the last 10 years.

Below, we’ve listed what we feel are the most relevant changes related to APA format.

Journals and DOIs

DOI stands for “digital object identifier.” Many journal articles use and have a unique DOI that should be included in a full citation.

When including a DOI in a citation, format it as a URL. Do not label it “DOI.” Articles without DOIs from databases are treated as print works. For example:

6th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

7th edition:

%%Gänsicke, B. T., Schreiber, M. R., Toloza, O., Fusillo, N. P. G., Koester, D., & Manser, C. J. (2019). Accretion of a giant planet onto a white dwarf star. Nature, 576 (7785), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8

Citing Books

There are few new guidelines when you are citing a book. First, the publisher location no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. Bloomington, IN: First Books Library.

%%Zack, P. O. (2001). The shoals of time. First Books Library.

Second, the format of an ebook (e.g., Kindle, etc.) no longer needs to be indicated.

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic [Kindle].

%%Niven, J. (2012). Ada Blackjack: A true story of survival in the Arctic .

Lastly, books from research databases without DOIs are treated the same as print works.

When using a URL in a citation, you no longer need to include the term “Retrieved from” before URLs (except with retrieval dates). The font should be blue and underlined, or black and not underlined.

6th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

7th Edition:

%%Flood, A. (2019, December 6). Britain has closed almost 800 libraries since 2010, figures show. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show

Within a full APA citation, you may spell out up to 20 author names. For two to 20 authors, include an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. For sources with 21 or more authors, structure it as follows:

Structure: First 19 authors’ names, . . . Last author’s name.

7th edition example: Washington, G., Adams, J., Jefferson, T., Madison, J., Monroe, J., Adams, J. Q., Jackson, A., Van Buren, M., Harrison, W. H., Tyler, J., Polk, J. K., Taylor, Z., Filmore, M., Pierce, F., Buchanan, J., Lincoln, A., Johnson, A., Grant, U. S., Hayes, R. B., Garfield, . . . Trump, D.

When creating an in-text citation for a source with 3 or more authors, use “et al.” after the first author’s name. This helps abbreviate the mention.

6th Edition: (Honda, Johnson, Prosser, Rossi, 2019)

7th Edition: (Honda et al., 2019)

Tables and Figures

Instead of having different formats for tables and figures, both use one standardized format. Now both tables and figures have a number, a title, name of the table/figure, and a note at the bottom.

If you’re still typing into Google “how to cite a website APA” among other related questions and keywords, click here for further reading on the style .

When you’re through with your writing, toss your entire paper into the Citation Machine Plus plagiarism checker , which will scan your paper for grammar edits and give you up to 5 suggestions cards for free! Worry less about a determiner , preposition , or adverb out of place and focus on your research!

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Updated March 3, 2020

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012.

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APA 7th Edition Citation Style Guide

About apa style, resources for more help.

  • Journal Articles
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Ask A Librarian

If you need guidance on finding sources, doing research, finding the best databases for your subject, or anything in between, we're here to help. Staff are generally available 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM Monday through Friday.

What Kind of help is offered?

  • Finding a research topic
  • How to begin research
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  • Explain documentation and citation formats

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This guide is a general overview of how to cite common types of sources using APA style. For more complex APA style questions, please consult the official APA formatting rules found in  The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7 th  ed.   

apa format citation essay example

  • Basic Guide to APA Style A printable two page guide that gives you example citations for common source types.
  • APA Style Blog Look here for answers to tricky questions like how to cite obscure source types and for explanations of APA rules. This is a good place to go if you have consulted the APA manual and still have questions.
  • Excelsior OWL APA Guide Another handy online guide- includes example formatted bibliographies and research papers.
  • Purdue OWL Another helpful guide.
  • Next: Journal Articles >>
  • Last Updated: Sep 6, 2024 3:13 PM
  • URL: https://macuniversity.libguides.com/APA7thEdition
  • Free Tools for Students
  • APA Citation Generator

Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

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🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

  • Save a considerable amount of time
  • Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
  • Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

  • Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
  • MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
  • Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
  • Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

⚙️ StylesAPA 6 & APA 7
📚 SourcesWebsites, books, journals, newspapers
🔎 AutociteYes
📥 Download toMicrosoft Word, Google Docs

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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Citing Your Sources in APA 7th: Books and eBooks

  • Books and eBooks
  • Encyclopedia and Dictionary Entries
  • Government Documents
  • Images, Artwork, Charts, Graphs and Tables
  • Journal Articles
  • Newspaper and Magazine Articles
  • Social Media
  • Videos and Other Multimedia
  • Advertisements
  • Book Reviews
  • ChatGPT and Generative AI
  • Emails, Interviews, and Personal Communications
  • Formatting Your Paper
  • How to Identify Source Types
  • Other Styles

How to Cite Books and eBooks

Books in print, book chapters, book in print (basic format).

Author(s). (Year of publication).  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle.  Publisher.

Lorde, A. (2007).  Sister outsider: Essays and speeches.  Crossing Press.

Book With Both Author(s) and Editor(s)

Author(s). (Year of publication).  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle  (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher.

Austen, J. (2008).  Emma  (J. Kinsley, Ed.). Oxford UP.

Book with Editor(s) but No Author

Editor(s). (Ed/s.). (Year of Publication).  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle . Publisher.

Leitch, M. G. (Ed.). (2019).  A new companion to Malory.  D. S. Brewer.

Book with No Author or Editor

Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle.  (Year of Publication). Publisher.

Encyclopedia of Indiana . (1993). Somerset.

Book with Translator

Author(s). (Year of publication).  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle  (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR)

Foucault, M. (1988).  Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason  (R. Howard, Trans.). Vintage-Random House. (Original work published 1961)

Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry

See Encyclopedias and Dictionaries .

Religious Text

See Religious Texts .

eBook (Accessed from Library Database)

Author(s). (Year of publication).  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle.  Publisher. DOI or Permalink [if available, skip if not]

Waldau, P. (2010)  Animal rights: What everyone needs to know.  Oxford University Press.

eBook (Accessed from Website)

Author(s). (Year of publication).  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle.  Publisher. DOI or URL

Speed, H. (1913)  The practice and science of drawing.  Seeley, Service & Co. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14264

eBook (Accessed from eReader)

Author(s). (Year of publication).  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle.  Publisher. DOI or URL [if available, skip if not]

Machiavelli, N. (2018).  The prince (W. K. Marriott, Trans.). Library of Alexandria.

Chapter or Article in an Edited Book

Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter or article. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.),  Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle  (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI [if available]

Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.),  A new companion to Malory  (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.

How to Format Author Names

  • Works Cited List
  • In-Text Citation

Last Name, First Initial. or Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial (if provided in source).

Name Examples:

Anzaldúa, G. Kendi, I. X. Wallace, D. F.

Citation Example:

Anzaldúa, G. (2012).  Borderlands / la frontera: The new mestiza  (4th ed.). Aunt Lute Books. 

Two Authors

Last Name, A. A., & Last Name, B. B.

Wykes, M., & Gunter, B. (2005).  The media and body image: If looks could kill.  Sage.

Three to Twenty Authors

Last Name, A. A., Last Name, B. B., & Last Name, C. C.

Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117 (5), 879-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

More Than Twenty Authors

Last Name, A. A., Last Name, B. B., Last Name, C. C., Last Name, D. D., Last Name, E. E., Last Name, F. F., Last Name, G. G., ... Last Name, Z. Z.

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . .  Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment.  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ,  100 (10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Group or Corporate Author

If the group author is different from publisher.

If the group author and the publisher are different entities, list the Group Name as the author. 

Calgary Educational Partnership Foundation. (1996).  Employability skills: Creating my future . Nelson.

If the Group Author and Publisher Are the Same

If the group author and the publisher are the same, follow the "No Author" rules instead.

If a source has no author, skip the author and start with the title. Do not use "Anonymous" as the author name unless the work is signed as "Anonymous."

"How to Teach Yourself Guitar."  eHow,  Demand Media, www.ehow.com/how_5298173_teach-yourself-guitar.html. Accessed 24 June 2016.

(Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

(Anzaldúa, 2012, p. 30)

(Last Name & Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

(Wykes & Gunter, 2012, p. 53)

Three or More Authors

(First Author's Last Name et al., Year, p. Page Number)

(Nguyen et al., 2019, p. 880)

(Group Name [Abbreviation if Any], Year, p. Page Number)

If a group author uses an abbreviation, you can introduce the abbreviation in brackets the first time you cite them; in subsequent citations, you can use only the abbreviation.

(Calgary Educational Partnership Foundation, 1996, p. 230)

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019) After the first citation: (CDC, 2019).

If your full citation for a group author starts with the title rather than the group's name, follow the "No Author" in-text citation rules instead.

( Title of Longer Work  or "Title of Shorter Work," Year, p. Page Number)

( Fair Housing,  1985, p. 15)

("How to Teach," 2016)

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i format dates.

Many sources only require a publication year. For sources that require more information, dates should be formatted like this: Year, Month Day. Sources might provide a full date, only a month and year, or sometimes a season (such as Spring 2021); include as much information as the source provides. Do not abbreviate any month names. Example:  2021, October 17.

If there is no date, use "n.d." in place of the date.

What is a DOI?

Digital Object Identifiers, or DOIs, are unique numbers or hyperlinks assigned to some online resources, such as journal articles, to make them easier to find.

If a DOI is provided for a source, include it at the end of your citation after any page numbers. In your References list, you should always format a DOI as a URL beginning with "https://doi.org/" followed immediately by the DOI number.

Example:  For DOI "10.5642/jhummath.20170120," the URL version would be: https://doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.20170120

If no DOI is provided but a permalink or stable link is present, you can use that instead.

What if some information is missing?

If a source has no date, include the initials "n.d." (short for "no date") where you would normally put a date. If a source is missing any other information that you need for your citation, you can generally skip that element and move on to the next element in the citation. 

Examples: Some sources don't have an author; in this case, we skip the author and start our citation with the title. Most academic journals are published in volumes and issues, but some only have volumes; in this case, we list the volume number and skip the issue number. 

What if I don't know which source type I'm citing?

If you're not sure what type of source you're working with, don't worry! This is a very common challenge. Check out our page on Identifying Source Types .

What if I need to cite multiple sources by the same author?

References List:  List multiple works by the same author in order of year of publication from earliest to latest. Usually, the year of publication will be enough to distinguish between sources. If the same author has published multiple sources within the same year, add letters to the end of the year and organize alphabetically to distinguish between them, e.g. 2019a, 2019b, 2019c.

In-Text Citations:  Since in-text citations include the year of publication, no extra step is usually needed to distinguish between sources. If your full citation includes letters to distinguish between sources published in the same year, include the letters in your in-text citations as well. 

How do I cite multiple sources in a single in-text citation?

You can separate multiple in-text citations with a semi-colon to cite multiple sources at the same time. List the in-text citations in the order you used them in your sentence or paragraph. 

Example:  (Bennett, 2015; Smith, 2014). 

More Information on APA 7th

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  • Pierce Library's APA 7th Quick Citation Guide Downloadable PDF with sample citations (including in-text) for different types of sources and a sample Works Cited page.
  • APA Style The official APA Style website from the American Psychological Association.
  • Purdue OWL APA 7 Formatting & Style Guide Very thorough overview of APA 7th with examples for how to construct both in-text and Reference List entries.

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Still needing help with APA?

The MBA program and faculty have generally agreed on using a modified APA “lite” in our programs.

This guide provides you with the needed information for writing papers and documenting sources while you are enrolled in the MBA program.

The   APA Style Research Guide  has more detailed APA information

Intended for use by MBA students Note: Statista APA format is not included. Use the information in Statista for correct APA formatting.  

APA & Industry Research Databases

Citing from Industry Research databases such as Hoover's Academic and First Research can be a bit tricky when applying APA formatting. Below are accurate examples of citations you can follow:

Citing from First Research database

Hoover’s Inc. (2018).  Coffee Shops: Industries.  Retrieved Dec. 30, 2018, from First Research database.

Citing from Hoover’s Academic database

Hoover's Inc. (2018).  Ambulance Services.  Hoover's: Industries. Retrieved Jan. 29, 2018, from Hoover’s Academic database.

Citation and Documentation Styles

Trevecca has three primary citation styles, APA, Chicago, and MLA, that students should apply when writing research papers.  Each of these styles is discipline-specific. View the Citation Style Research Guide for specific tutorials and resources by citation style .

AMA Style Manual

APA (American Psychological Association) Style   View the APA guide page here

  • Used in Business, some Communication courses, Education, Medical, Psychology, Sciences, and some Social Sciences programs

Chicago or Turabian Style:  View the Chicago / Turabian style page here

  • Used in some History courses and the Religion program.

MLA (Modern Language Association) Style   View the MLA style page here

  • Used in some Communication courses, English & Literature, History courses, and social sciences programs.

If your major or program of study is not on the list above, check with your professor to see what citation style is preferred.

APA 7 Learning Resources

  • APA 7 Video tutorials
  • Resource Links
  • Online Self-Paced Course to learn APA
  • Quizzes, flashcards

Start with a PLAYLIST.  A playlist means consecutive videos about the topic begin automatically from one URL.

  • Scribbr: APA 7 video tutorial PLAYLIST - Basics of APA 7 In-Text Citations - Creating an APA 7 Reference Entries - Set Up an APA 7 Paper in 6 min! - Formatting the APA 7 Reference List

Choose a single video to help illustrate a topic

Setting up a word doc or google doc to comply with apa 7 student paper format guidelines. .

  • Scribbr: Easy Formatting for APA Style 7th Edition Format your paper in APA Style (7th edition) in just 6 minutes. Everything from the title page and header to the abstract, body section, and reference page. Let’s get started!
  • Univ of Maryland Library: APA 7 Paper Formatting in Word Shows how to set up a Word document to comply with APA 7 Student Paper format guidelines. (5 min 30 sec)

Formatting the References Page or List

  • OWL@Purdue: APA 7th References | Part I In this video, Alyssa explains how to assemble and format a reference list in APA 7. Includes page number references to the APA 7 Publication Manual.
  • OWL@Purdue: APA 7th References | Part II In this video, Alyssa explains how to assemble and format a reference list in APA 7. Includes page number references to the APA 7 Publication Manual.
  • Scribbr: APA 7th Edition: Formatting the APA Reference Page/List: In this video you will learn: how to format the APA reference page, how to create the references, and how to format an annotated bibliography. Scribbr
  • Scribbr: Creating an APA 7 Reference Entries In this video, you’ll learn how to create APA reference entries for different source types (books, journal articles, videos, etc.) and what to do with multiple authors or missing information. It’s simpler than you think!
  • In-Text Citations
  • OWL@Purdue: APA 7th In-Text Citations In this video, Alyssa explains how to write in-text citations according to the 7th edition of the APA style guide. Includes page number references to the APA 7 Publication Manual.
  • Scribbr: The Basics of APA7 In-Text Citations This video will go through what to include in an APA in-text citation, where to place it in a sentence, and how to deal with missing information.

Documents - Handouts, Samples, PDF 

  • APA 7th ed.: Sample Papers You can look through some sample papers provided by APA to find examples of how to format your paper and your reference page.
  • APA 7 Ed.: Scaffolded Reference Elements Worksheet Download this worksheet to help guide you with including the right elements for the various types of resources that may be on your References List. VERY HELPFUL!
  • APA 7th Ed.: Student Sample Paper with Annotations Pop out guide points are included on this sample paper available for PDF download
  • APA 7: Database inclusion in a citation - APA Style Blog Here's what APA says about whether or not to include the database where you found information. What about DOI's? Always include them in your citation if they are available with your article.
  • DOI or URLS: The APA Style Blog, 7th ed.
  • APA 7th ed.: In-text Citations - APA Style Blog Specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.
  • APA 7th ed.: References Basic citation format, database citations, examples, what to do if information is missing, and more from APA.
  • Basics of APA 7th Edition: Academic Writer Tutorial Basics information about the seventh edition of APA Manual of Style, 7th edition, introductory tutorial more... less... Provided by APA
  • APA 7th Ed. Quiz & Scavenger Hunt Learn more about APA 7 formatting by completing the open book quiz and scavenger hunt.
  • Learn APA 7- Flashcards from Quizlet Flashcards to help you learn APA 7 basics and general formatting.

This video explains how to format and coordinate your APA in-text citations with your APA reference citations.

Journal Article Review, APA 7th Ed.

  • Sample Journal Article Review Template
  • FAQ's about APA
  • Basic Citation Format
  • Web Site Citation
  • References page
  • Online Citation Guides

apa format citation essay example

Everything in this section applies to APA 6th edition Style.

APA Style ®  (American Psychological Association) originated in 1929 when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or  style rules , that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.

As with other editorial styles, APA Style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure a clear and consistent presentation of written material. 

Frequently Asked Questions About APA Style ®

APA's Publication Manual, 6th Edition , provides complete style guidelines and should be consulted first in all matters concerning APA Style ® , but these FAQs will help clarify frequent areas of confusion. You might also want to search the  APA 6th Edition Style blog . Search your topic in the search box, top right to navigate to the example information

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 needed?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Basic Citation Formatting

apa format citation essay example

  • APA 6th states that including database information in citations is not necessary because databases change over time
  • Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles.
  • Only use Retrieved from dates  (APA 6th) if the source could change, such as census or industry data sources.

How do you cite the Bible or other classic works?

According to the APA Style Blog, reference list entries are NOT required when you cite ancient Greek and Roman works or classical religious works [such as the Bible'. 

However, in the first text citation, w hether it is general or a direct quote or paraphrase, identify the version you used. You do not need to repeat the version name in subsequent references .

See more here from the  APA Style Blog

Citing Web Sources

For a passing reference to a website in text, the URL is sufficient; no reference list entry is needed.

Gussie Fink-Nottle has set up a discussion forum for newt fanciers (http://gfnnfg.livejournal.com/).

However, when you are citing a particular document or piece of information from a website, include both a reference list entry and an in-text citation. The key to creating the reference list entry is to determine the type of content on the web page. Basically, provide the following four pieces of information on the References list citation:

Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx

The in-text citation i ncludes the author and date (Author, date), as with any other APA Style citation.

More information the APA Style Blog

Publication Manual (6th ed., section 6.32, pp. 189–192; Chapter 7, Examples 29, 30, 54, 55, and 76, pp. 198–215)

From the APA Style website:

  • How do you reference a web page that lists no author?
  • How do you cite website material that has no author, no year, and no page numbers?

From the APA Style Blog:

  • How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style
  • How to Cite Multiple Pages From the Same Website
  • When to Include Retrieval Dates for Online Sources

Information above attributed to :

American Psychological Association. APA Style Blog, Quick Answers - References - Websites.

      Retrieved Jan. 31, 2018 from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/quick-guide-on-references.aspx

The References Page

In-Text  Citations

Start by viewing the video tutorial below to learn more about APA 6th in-text citation formatting.

References Versus Citations

by Timothy McAdoo

APA Style Blog Post , Sept. 20, 2017

In the APA Publication Manual and in many, many blog posts here, we refer to both references and citations . If you are new to writing with APA Style, you might wonder “What’s the difference?” Like this apple and orange, they are created separately but work well together!

References appear at the end of a manuscript. They follow a who – when – what – where format.

For example:

McAdoo, T. (2017, September 20). References versus citations [Blog post].

        Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2017/09/Referencesversus-citations

They appear (a) so you can give credit to your sources and (b) to provide a path for your readers to retrieve those sources and read them firsthand.

Citations appear in the body of your paper and point your reader to your references. For that reason, we sometimes call them in-text citations . They are also sometimes called simply cites .

Citations can appear in a paper in two ways:

  • parenthetically: (Becker, 2012; Lee, 2016; McAdoo, 2017) and
  • narratively: Becker (2012), Lee (2016), and McAdoo (2017) wrote blog posts about APA Style.

Include them i n a paper to support claims you have made and/or to provide the sources for paraphrases and direct quotations.

As shown in the examples above, citations are almost always composed of an author surname or surnames and a date. The surname(s) that appear in a citation must exactly match those used in the reference. Likewise, the year in the citation matches the year shown in the reference . When the reference has a more precise date, the in-text citation includes the year only. For example, compare the reference and the in-text citation for a tweet . For more about creating in-text citations, see Writing In-Text Citations in APA Style .

As noted above, most citations include author names; but, because some references have no author, their citations also have no author: When the reference includes no author, the citation includes the title (or a short version of the title) . Also, many types of legal references do not include author names. To learn more about legal references and citations, see Introduction to APA Style Legal References .

McAdoo, T. (2017, September 20). References versus citations [Blog post].

           Retrieved Jan. 31, 2018 from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2017/09/References-versus-citations

Quick, easy to access to online APA guides, bookmark these!

  • APA Style Blog 6th edition Only APA 6th Ed. guidelines. Search your topic in the search box, top right to navigate to the example information.
  • Purdue OWL - APA 6th Ed. APA 6th Ed. basics, examples of citations for References list, and in-text citations from the Online Writing Center (OWL) at Purdue.
  • RefWorks This link opens in a new window RefWorks is a robust citation manager tool that is freely available to Trevecca faculty and students at all levels.
  • Mendeley Reference Manager A free web and desktop reference management application.
  • TypeCite A free citation tool specializing in APA, MLA, and Harvard formats.
  • Zotero A free browser extension for managing your citations.
 
  • Recite Recite checks that the authors and dates in the body of your work match up with the references at the end. Then Recite tells you where it finds errors. For dissertation work, note that the Free Access allows for 2 Uploads per day with the first 2,500 words checked for citations and only the first 50 references checked. Copy & paste this link to view the reasonable subscription pricing. https://reciteworks.com/pricing

What is a Citation?

Other citation tools on the web.

  • Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) - Provides information on academic citation styles and documentation, research tips, grammar and mechanics, and writing instructions. Also included is information about Stylebooks, e.g., AP Stylebook Online.
  • AP (Associated Press) Stylebook
  • APA Style Citation or APA Academic Writing
  • Chicago Academic Citation Style
  • MLA Academic Citation Style
  • Scribbr Citation Generator Look up a source's title, URL, ISBN, or DOI. Then the Citation Generator will automatically find all the necessary information to generate a citation.

MLA 9th Edition

  • About MLA 9th Ed.
  • Video Tutorials
  • Flashcards & Quizzes

MLA 9th Ed. (2021)

This information is a quick introduction to the Modern Language Association 9th edition citation style. Consult the  MLA Handbook  or the online  MLA Style Center  for detailed standards and procedures. 

Cover Art

Start with a PLAYLIST.   That means consecutive videos about the topic begin automatically from one URL.

  • MLA 9th edition (2021) - David Taylor 3 short videos illustrating how to set your paper up to meet MLA 9th format guidelines, In-Text citations, and formatting the Works Cited list. - MLA Style Essay Format (9th ed. - Complete Guide (2023) - MLA In-Text Citations 9th ed. - Complete Guide (2023) - MLA Works Cited Citations - Complete Guide (2023)
  • Scribbr: MLA 9 video tutorial PLAYLIST 3 short videos illustrating MLA 9th Ed. formatting for a paper, the Works Cited list, and in-text citations. - Setting up MLA Format Paper in Google Docs Step-by-Step (2020) - Basics of MLA In-Text Citations - MLA Works Cited: References and Formatting

Choose a single video to help understand a MLA element

  • MLA 9 Style Tutorial: Part I, Creating citations Cover the basics of MLA 9 citations as well as creating citations, in-text citations, and examples of each.
  • MLA 9 Style Tutorial Part 2: Setting up a paper in Word 2016 In this video, you will see how to set up your paper in MLA 9 formatting using Word 2016. Be sure to check with your instructor to make sure they do not have any specific guidelines they would like you to follow for setting up your paper.

MLA 9 Citation & Formatting Tools

  • MLA 9 Paper (Project) Format Guidelines These guidelines standardize manuscript formatting. Elements include margins, text formatting, title, running head, and more. This is a free chapter excerpt from MLA Handbook 9th ed. Chapter 1.0: Introduction to Formatting Your Research Project.
  • Interactive Practice Template The template is a tool for teaching and learning MLA style, not a citation generator. To verify that your entry is correct, consult the MLA 9th Edition Handbook.
  • Works Cited: A Quick Guide Interactive, self-paced guide to creating citations and building a Works Cited page.

Online MLA Citation Sites for Examples

  • MLA Style from the OWL@Purdue Guidelines and examples used here use MLA 9th edition.
  • Works Cited List Entries - MLA Style Center Each entry in the list of works cited is composed of facts common to most works—the MLA 9 core elements. They are assembled in a specific order that is detailed on this webpage.
  • MLA 9 Style - Quizlet Practice MLA 9 knowledge using this set of flashcards and other learning activities.
  • MLA Style Quiz Test your understanding of some basic MLA Style rules by completing this 10-question quiz created by NIC Library & Learning Commons.

Works Cited List:  Author Last Name, First Name.  Title. Publisher, Year.

In-text:  (Author Last Name Page Number)

. Helmer, Jodi.  . Island Press, 2019.

(Helmer 133)

Cite an e-book as you would a book, but afterward, include the container (the site that hosts the e-book) and the location (URL). 

Lester, Phil.  , Victoria University Press, 2021. , https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/trevecca/detail.action?docID=6473801.

(Lester 87)

Journal Article from Database  

In the Works Cited List:   Author Last Name, First Name. "Title."  Journal/Magazine/Newspaper Title , Publication Information [volume, issue/number, year, pages].  Name of Database , DOI, Permalink, or shortened URL for an article in the database. 

Ex. Abrol, D. P., et al. “Foraging Rhythm of Bees in Relation to Flowering of Sweet Basil, Ocimum Basilicum L.” , vol. 113, no. 12, 2017, pp. 2359–62. , http://www.jstor.org/stable/26493548. 

 Ex. (Abrol 2360-2361)

MLA 9th Ed. Citation Examples

Image of print book citation in MLA 9th edition

  • About MLA 8th Ed.

Works Cited

MLA 8th Edition (2016)

This information is for MLA 8th Ed. users. Keep in mind the most current MLA edition is the 9th Edition (2021). 

  • Using MLA Format Be cautious as much of this content is still using MLA 8. Verify-in MLA 9 before submitting your work.

MLA 8th edition examples. Note:  The hanging indent is not applied in these citations. 

Book with one or two authors -  List the authors in order of appearance on the title page. Use a comma and an  and  to separate authors.

Ex. Gilbert, Richard M. . Chelsea House, 1986.

Ex. Scharre, Paul, and Lauren Fish.  . Center for a New American Security, 2018.

Books (or Articles) with three or more authors -  When a source has three or more authors, only the first one shown in the source is normally given. It is followed by  et al.

Ex. Smith, Barry D, et al. . CRC Press, 2007.

Article found in print, not online  - Basic format elements for a journal article citation:

  • Name of the author  as it appears in the journal 
  • Title of the article in quotation marks 
  • Title of the journal (italicized)
  • Volume number, issue number (include issue number whenever available)
  • Date of publication (abbreviate all months except May, June, and July)
  • First and last page numbers
  • Capitalize first and last word, and all principal words in the article title (See MLA Handbook 8th. ed., section 1.2 on Title of Sources)
Ex. Murray, Yxta Maya. “When the Prophet Gazed upon the Face of the Lord.” , vol. 47, no. 3, 2021, pp. 125–47. 

Article from a database -   The formatting for articles from online databases is the same as the print periodical formatting above. However, to aid in locating the article, the container (name of database) and the location (URL, doi, or permalink) should be added unless otherwise instructed by your professor.

Ex. Saunders, Manu E. “Bees Visiting Unopened Flowers: Bumbling Burglars or Sneaky Pollinators?” , vol. 98, no. 7, 2017, pp. 1968–69. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27068478. Accessed 22 Jul. 2022.

Works Cited is the title of the bibliography.

It is a list of 'Works Cited' within the document's text.

The title 'Works Cited' is centered on a new page.

This video shows how to format a Works Cited page in Microsoft Word properly. The example page uses the newest updated 2016 MLA 8th edition citation guidelines.

In-Text Citation

The list of Works Cited at the end of your paper tells your reader what resources you used to write your paper. To avoid plagiarism or taking credit for ideas that are not your own, you must also indicate in the text of your paper precisely what is borrowed from a source and where to locate that information in the source.

The in-text citation usually appears in parentheses and corresponds directly to an entry in your list of Works Cited. The author's last name and the page number are usually enough to indicate the location in the source. If the author's name is used in the introductory sentence, do not repeat it in the citation.

[Narrative format] - Author’s name in the text

...Sellers had expressed that the market changed in the 17th century (91-92).  

[Parenthical format] - The author’s name follows paraphrased content

…the view on economic growth is not widely embraced among historians (Sellers 91).

Online MLA 8th ed. Citation Guides

  • MLA Style 8th Ed from the OWL@Purdue Some guidelines and examples of MLA 8th ed. formatting.
  • MLA 8 Formatting Guidelines from EasyBib Concise information about using MLA 8th, Ed. Style for formatting.
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  • Last Updated: Sep 19, 2024 2:37 PM

Generate accurate APA citations for free

  • Knowledge Base
  • APA Style 6th edition
  • APA format for academic papers (6th edition)

APA Format (6th ed.) for Academic Papers and Essays [Template]

Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on September 4, 2023.

In addition to guidelines for APA citations , there are format guidelines for academic papers and essays. They’re widely used by professionals, researchers and students.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

The most important APA format guidelines in the 6th edition are:

  • Use 12 pt Times New Roman
  • Set 1 inch page margins
  • Apply double line spacing
  • Insert a running head on every page
  • Indent every new paragraph ½ inch

APA format

Table of contents

Apa format template, running head, reference page, in-text citations and references, setting up the apa format.

Instead of applying the APA guidelines to your document you can simply download the APA format template for Word.

APA Format Template

Download APA Format Template (.docx)

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

In the header of each page you include the paper title and page number. If your paper title is longer than 50 characters you should use a shortened version as running head. The page number should be positioned in the top right-hand corner. On the title page the APA running head is preceded by the words “Running head:”.

APA running head example title page

Throughout your paper you use different heading levels. The levels ranging from one to five help structure the document. Major headings, or heading 1, are used for the titles of chapters such as “Methods” or “Results”. Heading levels two to five are used for subheadings. Each heading level is formatted differently. These are the APA heading guidelines :

Heading level APA format
Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3 The body text begins immediately after the period.
Heading 4 The body text begins immediately after the period.
Heading 5 The body text begins immediately after the point.

Title case capitalization : Capitalize the first, last, and principal words. Sentence case capitalization : Capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns.

Note that you are not required to include a table of contents in APA style , but if you do choose to include one, all headings should be formatted as plain text, with an additional indent for each level.

The APA title page , also called cover page, is the first page of your paper. The regular formatting guidelines regarding font and margins apply. In addition, an APA formatted title page contains:

  • Running head including page number
  • Full paper title (in title case)
  • Author name(s), without titles and degrees
  • Institutional affiliation

Note: APA style has specific guidelines for including more than one author or institutional affiliation on the title page .

APA Title page

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

  • Missing commas and periods
  • Incorrect usage of “et al.”
  • Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
  • Missing reference entries

apa format citation essay example

An APA abstract is a one paragraph (± 250 words) summary of your paper. It introduces the objective or problem statement of the paper and includes information on the method, research results, and conclusions of your research. In a separate article we explain in-depth how to write an abstract .

Although most regular APA formatting guidelines apply, the abstract page also has specific requirements. The abstract starts with a centered heading “Abstract”. In contrast to regular APA headings, no styling is applied. The first line of the paragraph is, unlike regular paragraphs, not indented.

At the end of the abstract, keywords relevant to the research are included. These keywords improve the findability of your paper in databases. Indent the line with keywords and start with the italicized word “Keyword:”, followed by the keywords.

APA format abstract

The APA reference page , also called reference list, is where all sources that are cited in the text are listed. The citations differs for each source type. Aside from the references itself the reference page as a whole also has specific APA formatting guidelines.

The APA reference page example below highlights those guidelines regarding page margins, hanging indent and the reference page title “References”. Furthermore, the reference list is sorted alphabetically . You can easily create APA references with Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator .

APA reference page example

APA reference page format

APA format citations consist of parenthetical citation in the text ( APA 6 in-text citations ) and the full reference in the reference list. For each webpage, journal article, book or any other source specific citation guidelines apply.

To make things easier Scribbr created the free APA Citation Generator that cites every source perfectly. Just enter the URL, journal DOI or book ISBN and both the in-text citation and full reference are generated.

In addition, Scribbr has in-depth APA citation examples for every source type ranging from journal articles and books to YouTube videos and tweets .

This video will demonstrate how to set up the APA format in Google Docs.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2023, September 04). APA Format (6th ed.) for Academic Papers and Essays [Template]. Scribbr. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/6th-edition/archived-format/

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MLA 에세이 형식으로 쓰는 방법 (예제 포함)

MLA 에세이 형식이 인용 스타일만이 아니라는 것을 알고 계셨나요? 제목, 간격, 여백 등의 가이드라인도 포함되어 있습니다. 모든 것을 어떻게 엮어야 할지 잘 모르겠다면 걱정하지 마세요 - 우리는 당신을 도와드릴 준비가 되어 있습니다. 이 기사에서는 전문 작가처럼 MLA 에세이 형식으로 작성하는 데 도움이 되는 명확한 지침과 예제를 제공할 것입니다!

많은 고등 교육의 학생들이 학술 과제를 효과적으로 작성하기 위해 현대 언어 협회(MLA) 형식에 익숙해져야 합니다. 이 작성 방법의 형식 가이드는 약 400페이지 분량이므로, 시작하는 데 필요한 몇 가지 기본적인 지침을 모았습니다.

MLA, 즉 현대 언어 협회( Modern Language Association )는 연구 논문 및 에세이와 같은 학술 저작을 위한 표준 형식입니다. 대학생으로서 인문학 및 과학 과정에서는 거의 항상 MLA 인용 및 문서 형식을 요구합니다. 이 기사에서는 Office에서 MLA 형식으로 문서를 작성하는 방법에 대한 자세한 지침을 찾을 수 있습니다.

MLA 형식은 무엇을 의미합니까?

현대 언어 협회(MLA) 스타일은 "MLA에서 학술 저작 및 학생 연구 논문을 작성하기 위해 제안하는 스타일"이라고 Thesaurus.com에서 설명합니다. MLA 형식 또는 MLA 스타일로 작성된 에세이에는 특정 요소가 필요합니다: 머리글, 성과 페이지 번호가 있는 쪽 매김, 제목, 12포인트 크기의 Times New Roman 글꼴 사용, 전체 이중 간격, 모든 면의 여백 1인치 설정, 그리고 출처 목록 페이지의 포함입니다.

MLA 형식은 언제 사용됩니까?

예술 분야의 대부분의 과정(영어, 영화, 문학, 철학 및 초기 창작 작문 포함)에서는 MLA 형식을 사용해야 합니다. 입문 과정의 강사들은 학생들이 선호하는 인용 스타일과 에세이 형식을 선택하는 데 약간의 여유를 줄 수 있지만, MLA는 가장 간단한 형식 중 하나이기 때문에 자주 사용됩니다.

내 Google Docs 문서를 MLA 스타일로 제대로 구성하려면 어떻게 해야 합니까?

Google 문서 사용 를 통해 쉽게 MLA 형식으로 작성된 논문을 만들 수 있습니다. 이미 Gmail 계정이 있으면 Google Docs는 무료 보너스입니다. 이미 계정이 없다면 Google 계정을 만드는 데 비용이 없습니다.

MLA 스타일에서 내 논문에는 몇 개의 부분이 있어야 합니까?

MLA 에세이에 대한 단락 요건은 강사의 요구 사항에 따라 다를 수 있습니다. 대신 특정 단어 수나 페이지 수를 목표로 삼는 것이 좋습니다. 에세이에 기대되는 최소 단어 수나 페이지 수를 교육자에게 확인하십시오. 고등학교 및 대학 신입생을 위한 에세이는 일반적으로 3~5페이지, 즉 약 1,250~1,500단어(2~3단락)입니다.

MLA 스타일을 사용할 때 논문의 단어 수는 얼마여야 합니까?

최종 MLA 에세이의 길이는 강사의 과제 세부 정보에 크게 의존합니다. 강사와 상담하여 작문에 필요한 길이를 확인하십시오. 일반적으로 신입생에게 주어지는 에세이는 3~5페이지에 이릅니다. 이중 간격으로 작성된 표준 5페이지 논문의 평균 길이는 약 1,250단어입니다.

APA 스타일을 사용할 때 책을 제대로 인용하려면 어떻게 해야 합니까?

책에 대한 출처 목록 페이지를 만드는 과정에서 어려움을 겪을 필요는 없습니다. 책 인용에 포함해야 할 요소는 다음과 같습니다: 이니셜, 성, 서적 설명. 배급 장소, 출판사, 출판 연도.

MLA 스타일의 일반 지침 알아보기

언어 수업과 문학 과정에서 MLA 스타일로 작성된 에세이를 접할 가능성이 가장 큽니다. 디자인에는 어느 정도 유연성이 있지만, 따라야 할 엄격한 지침도 있습니다. 2021년에는 스타일 매뉴얼의 아홉 번째 버전이 출판되었습니다.

확신이 없을 때는 일반 레이아웃을 따르십시오.

아래 다섯 가지 지침은 모든 MLA 스타일 문서에 대한 기준입니다.

기본 글꼴을 Times New Roman, 크기 12로 변경하십시오.

종이 여백 크기는 모든 면에서 1인치가 권장됩니다.

세미콜론 뒤에 두 개의 공백을 사용하지 마십시오.

왼쪽 여백과 각 열의 첫 번째 줄 사이에 반 인치 공백을 두십시오. (스페이스바 대신 탭을 사용하여 들여쓰기를 만드십시오).

전체 기사에 대해 이중 간격을 사용하십시오.

머리글, 각주 및 페이지 번호의 올바른 사용이 중요합니다.

귀하의 논문이 쉽게 이해될 수 있도록 하는 것이 중요합니다. 올바른 머리글 및 표지판 사용은 표절을 방지할 수 있습니다.

강사가 따로 지정하지 않는 한, 표지판은 필요하지 않습니다.

본문에 사용되는 장황한 제목은 기울임체로 설정해야 합니다.

작성물의 첫 페이지 왼쪽 상단에 자신의 이름을 적어야 합니다.

자신의 이름 아래 줄에 강사의 이름을 적고, 그 아래에 수업 이름을 입력하십시오. 마지막으로 날짜도 아래에 포함하는 것을 잊지 마십시오.

페이지 번호를 오른쪽 상단에 만드십시오. 페이지 번호는 귀하의 성(Jones 1) 왼쪽에 나타나야 합니다. 이것은 전체 문서의 머리글 역할을 합니다.

날짜 아래의 줄 중앙에 에세이의 주제를 적어야 합니다.

부분이 있다면 번호 매기기 제목을 사용해야 합니다. 참고를 위해 에세이의 부분을 다음과 같이 번호 매기십시오: "1. 첫 번째 부분, 2. 두 번째 부분, 3. 세 번째 부분" 등.

본문 내에서 참고할 때의 기준은 저자의 성과 페이지 번호를 괄호 안에 넣는 것입니다.

같은 단락에서 같은 출처를 여러 번 인용하고 그 섹션에 다른 인용이 없는 경우, 단순히 그 단락 뒤에 인용을 나열할 수 있습니다.

작품 목록 페이지 앞에 별도의 페이지에 각주를 포함해야 합니다. 이 섹션의 제목은 "노트"라고 해야 합니다.

작품 목록 페이지에 대해 이해하기 

MLA 형식에서는 작품 목록 페이지가 포함되며, 참고 문헌 또는 출처 섹션은 포함되지 않습니다. 이러한 유연성을 달성하기 위해 MLA 9는 아홉 가지 기본 요소로 구성된 컨테이너 구조를 사용합니다.

기본 works cited 형식을 사용하십시오:

이니셜, 성 등. 원작자 제목. 컨테이너 제목, 기타 저자의 이름, 판 및 번호, 출판사, 출판 날짜, 배급 장소.

각 항목은 귀하의 연구에 사용한 진정한 자원으로, 귀하의 논문에서 적절하게 인용되어야 합니다.

필요한 자료가 없다면 위의 단계 중 일부를 건너뛸 수 있습니다.

책, 웹사이트, 잡지, TV 프로그램 및 앨범의 제목은 기울임체로 만들어야 합니다.

기사 제목, 잡지 제목, 에피소드 제목 및 음악 제목은 논문이나 에세이에서 사용할 때 따옴표로 묶어야 합니다.

저자의 성을 기준으로 시작하는 참고 문헌의 알파벳 목록을 작성하십시오.

저자가 없는 경우, 출처 제목을 항목의 첫 번째 위치에 두고 제목에 따라 항목을 알파벳 순으로 정렬하십시오.

프로젝트에 대한 추가 정보로는 원래 출판 날짜, 원래 출판 도시, 접근 날짜, URL 및 디지털 객체 식별자가 포함됩니다.

지금은 중요하지 않게 보일 수 있지만, MLA 스타일의 기본을 이해하면 대학 논문을 작성할 때 훨씬 수월해질 것입니다. 이러한 기준은 더 많이 읽고 적용할수록 두 번째 천성이 될 것입니다.

4개의 MLA 형식 에세이 예제

제인 도                                                                                                                                                                    

2022년 9월 6일

와이파이가 무엇인가요?

그 느낌을 아시죠: 웹사이트를 읽거나 영화를 스트리밍 하던 중 Wi-Fi가 끊겼을 때. Wi-Fi는 무엇이며, 왜 우리는 그렇게 많이 의존하는 걸까요? Wi-Fi 개념을 이해하는 것은 현대 기술 사용자에게 중요합니다. 왜냐하면 우리는 그것이 세계와 연결해주기 때문입니다.

Wi-Fi는 근처의 장치 간에 무선 네트워크입니다. 무선 라우터, 컴퓨터, 스마트폰, 태블릿 또는 외부 드라이브와 같은 장치 간에 연결됩니다. LAN(지역 네트워크) 프로토콜의 일부로, 이더넷 유선 옵션을 크게 대체했습니다. 장치에 Wi-Fi를 켜놓으면 가장 가까운 라우터를 찾을 수 있습니다. 라우터가 모뎀에 연결되어 인터넷 서비스 제공업체(ISP)와 함께 작동하면 장치가 이제 인터넷과 네트워크의 다른 장치에 접근할 수 있습니다. Wi-Fi는 휴대폰 기지국보다 훨씬 제한된 영역을 커버합니다. 그러나 Wi-Fi는 LTE나 4G와 같은 비싼 모바일 데이터를 사용하지 않습니다.

많은 사람들은 Wi-Fi가 “무선 충실도”의 약어라고 믿고 있습니다. 무선 이더넷 호환성 연합의 창립 멤버들은 “무선 이더넷”보다 기억하기 쉬운 이름이 필요했고, Wi-Fi의 실제 원래 이름인 “IEEE 802.11b 직렬 탐색”보다 훨씬 쉬웠습니다. 그들은 “무선 충실도 표준”이라는 슬로건을 추가했지만, 사람들이 Wi-Fi의 의미를 오해한 후 이를 버렸습니다. 이 이름은 “하이파이”라는 용어의 변형으로, 스테레오 사운드의 고품질 재생을 뜻하며 (“고충실도”) Wi-Fi와는 아무 관계가 없습니다. IEEE 802.11b 표준은 그 이후로 802.11g, 802.11n 및 802.11ac와 같은 더 빠른 프로토콜로 업그레이드되었습니다.

Wi-Fi의 광범위한 사용과 인기 덕분에 Merriam-Webster는 2005년에 “Wi-Fi”를 사전에 추가했습니다. 이는 그것이 발명된 지 불과 8년 후의 일이었습니다. 오늘날 대부분의 현대 컴퓨터는 인터넷 접속을 위해 Wi-Fi에 의존하고 있습니다. 많은 식당, 호텔, 카페에서 무료 Wi-Fi를 제공합니다. 또한 개인 용도로 집에 설치하기도 쉽습니다. 그러나 개인 Wi-Fi 연결조차도 비밀번호 보호해야 합니다. 보호되지 않은 Wi-Fi 네트워크에 가입하거나 다른 사람들이 귀하의 네트워크에 가입하도록 허용하면 온라인 안전과 개인 정보를 위협할 수 있습니다.

Wi-Fi가 무엇인지 이해하는 것은 귀하와 귀하의 정보를 보호할 수 있습니다. 올바르고 안전하게 사용하면 Wi-Fi는 21세기 경험의 필수적인 부분입니다. 좋아하는 프로그램을 보고 있거나 연구 논문을 마무리 하든지 간에, 데이터가 귀하의 장치로 이동하는 방법에 대해 더 많이 아는 것이 필요합니다.

알렌 베일리                        

2022년 8월 3일

모두가 때때로 두려움을 느낍니다. 떨림을 느끼는 것부터 평생의 공포와 직면하는 것까지, 목표를 달성하려 할 때 두려움을 제쳐놓는 것은 어렵습니다. 하지만 용감해지기 위해 두려움을 잊을 필요는 없습니다. 사실, 용기는 그 뒤에 진정한 두려움이 없이는 존재하지 않습니다.

용기는 위험하거나 어려운 도전에 직면할 때 취하는 마음가짐입니다. 이 작업은 전투에 참여하거나 힘든 상황에서 운전하는 것과 같이 객관적으로 위험할 수 있습니다. 어떤 사람은 계단을 오르거나 만나고 싶은 사람과 대화하는 것과 같은 무해한 상황을 도전으로 느낄 수 있습니다. 용감한 행동은 사람에게 그 일을 회피하는 것이 아니라 직면하고 포용하도록 요구합니다.

모든 공동체에서 용기의 예를 찾을 수 있습니다. 당신의 지역 소방서나 경찰서에서 용기의 행동을 볼 수 있습니다. 공동체의 영웅들은 자신의 목숨을 크게 위협하면서도 매일 크고 작은 방법으로 다른 사람들을 돕습니다. 학생들은 괴롭히는 사람에게 맞서거나 전체 수업 앞에서 프로젝트를 발표할 때 용감합니다. 작은 용기의 행동을 실천하는 것은 사람으로 하여금 영웅적인 삶을 살도록 준비하게 할 수 있습니다.

“두려움 없는” 것이 용기의 의미가 될 수 있지만, 진정한 동의어는 아닙니다(구경꾼들은 용감한 사람이 두려움 없이 행동한다고 믿을지 모르지만). 어떤 작업이 어딘가에서 두렵지 않다면, 그 작업은 전혀 간단하게 완수할 수 있습니다. 용기를 발휘하는 영웅들은 종종 다른 사람을 돕기 위해 자신을 위험에 빠뜨립니다. 용기의 가장 가까운 동의어는 “용기”입니다. 실제 또는 인식된 위협에도 불구하고 올바른 일을 할 수 있는 능력은 힘을 요구하며, “인내”는 용기의 또 다른 근접 동의어입니다.

용기는 두려움 없이 존재하지 않습니다. 얼마나 도전적이거나 위험한 작업이든지 간에, 용기는 사람이 두려움과 함께 작업할 수 있도록 합니다. 다음 번에 누군가가 영웅적으로 행동하는 것을 보게 된다면, 그들이 아마 그 순간에 두려움을 느끼고 있을 것임을 상기하세요 - 그리고 그것이 그들을 더욱 용감하게 만듭니다.

아담스 아데르손                      

2022년 7월 12일

여성이 알아야 할 가장 중요한 건강 위험

여성 건강은 최근 몇 년 동안 주목을 받으며 중요한 사안이 되었습니다. 여성은 남성과 다른 건강 위험에 직면하고 있으며, 이를 인식해야 건강한 삶을 유지할 수 있습니다. 유방암, 심장병, 골다공증, 우울증 및 성전파 감염(STI)은 여성들이 인식해야 할 가장 중요한 건강 위험 중 일부입니다. 이 에세이에서는 이러한 위험을 각각 자세히 논의하고 이를 완화하는 방법에 대한 조언을 제공할 것입니다.

유방암은 전 세계적으로 여성들 사이에서 가장 흔한 암입니다. 유방 세포가 통제 없이 성장할 때 발생합니다. 유방암 발생 위험은 나이에 따라 증가하며, 유방암 가족력이 있는 여성도 더 높은 위험에 처해 있습니다(미국 암 협회). 유방암을 조기에 발견하는 가장 좋은 방법은 정기적인 유방촬영술을 받는 것입니다(국립 유방암 재단). 여성들은 또한 매달 유방 자가 검진을 하여 변화를 의사에게 보고해야 합니다. 건강한 체중을 유지하고, 알코올 소비를 피하고, 규칙적으로 운동하는 것도 유방암 발생 위험을 낮출 수 있습니다(미국 암 협회).

심장병은 미국 내 여성의 주요 사망 원인입니다. 가족력이 있는 여성, 고혈압 및 고콜레스테롤이 있는 여성은 심장병 발생 위험이 더 높습니다(미국 심장 협회). 건강한 식단을 유지하고, 규칙적으로 운동하며, 흡연하지 않고, 스트레스를 관리하는 것은 심장병 예방에 효과적인 방법입니다(국립 심장, 폐 및 혈액 연구소). 여성들은 또한 정기적으로 혈압과 콜레스테롤을 검사해야 합니다.

골다공증은 뼈를 약하게 하여 골절될 가능성을 높이는 질병입니다. 여성은 남성보다 더 작은 뼈를 가지고 있기 때문에 골다공증이 발생할 위험이 더 큽니다(국립 골다공증 재단). 여성들은 칼슘과 비타민 D를 충분히 섭취하고, 규칙적으로 운동하며, 흡연 및 과도한 알코올 소비를 피하여 뼈 건강을 유지해야 합니다. 50세 이상의 여성은 정기적인 골밀도 검사를 받아야 합니다.

우울증은 여성에게 남성보다 두 배 더 자주 발생하는 일반적인 정신 건강 장애입니다. 우울증 가족력이 있는 여성, 외상을 경험한 여성, 만성 질환이 있는 여성은 우울증 발병 위험이 더 높습니다(국립 정신 건강 연구소). 정기적인 운동, 건강한 식단, 좋은 수면 습관 및 사회적 지원은 우울증 예방에 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 지속적인 슬픔, 활동에 대한 흥미 상실 및 수면 문제와 같은 우울증 증상이 나타난다면 정신 건강 전문가에게 도움을 요청하십시오.

성 전파 감염(STI)은 성적 접촉을 통해 전파되는 감염입니다. 여성은 생식기 계통의 해부학적 구조 때문에 남성보다 STI에 걸릴 위험이 더 높습니다(질병 통제 예방 센터). STI를 예방하는 가장 효과적인 방법은 콘돔을 사용하고 정기적으로 STI 검사를 받는 것입니다. 여성들은 또한 자궁경부암으로 이어질 수 있는 인유두종바이러스(HPV) 백신을 맞아야 합니다(미국 암 협회).

여성은 신중하게 고려해야 할 고유한 건강 위험에 직면하고 있습니다. 유방암, 심장병, 골다공증, 우울증, 성 전파 감염은 여성들이 인식해야 할 가장 중요한 건강 위험 중 일부입니다. 건강한 식단을 유지하고, 정기적으로 운동하며, 흡연하지 않고, 정기적인 의료 서비스를 받는 등 건강한 습관을 실천함으로써 여성들은 이러한 위험을 완화하고 길고 건강한 삶을 살 수 있습니다. 여성들은 자신의 건강을 우선시하고 건강 문제를 조기에 예방하고 발견하기 위해 조치를 취해야 합니다.

미국 암 협회. "유방암 위험 및 예방." Cancer.org, 미국 암 협회, 2022, https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention.html .

미국 심장 협회. “심장판막 및 질병” heart.org, 미국 심장 협회, 2022, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease

베넷 브라운                      

2022년 10월 22일

산란 억제 및 임신이 여성의 정신에 미치는 영향

여성의 생식 건강은 항상 중요한 문제였으며, 최근에 주목을 받고 있습니다. 산란 억제 및 임신은 여성의 정신에 영향을 미치는 두 가지 주요 요인입니다. 산란 억제는 신체적 및 심리적 효과를 모두 가지고 있으며, 반면 임신은 여성의 정신적 및 정서적 상태에 상당한 변화를 가져올 수 있습니다. 이 에세이에서는 산란 억제 및 임신이 여성의 정신에 미치는 영향을 탐구할 것입니다.

산란 억제는 원치 않는 임신을 예방하는 일반적인 방법입니다. 경구 피임약, 패치, 및 호르몬 IUD와 같은 호르몬 피임 방법은 여성의 호르몬 수치를 변경하여 배란을 예방하는 방식으로 작동합니다. 호르몬 피임을 사용하는 것은 여성의 기분 및 행동 변화와 관련이 있습니다. 국립 보건 연구소가 실시한 연구에서, 호르몬 피임약을 사용하는 여성은 사용하지 않은 여성보다 우울증 및 불안 증상을 경험할 가능성이 더 높다고 보고하였습니다(Skovlund 외).

그러나 모든 여성에게 호르몬 피임이 우울증과 불안을 유발하는 것은 아니라는 점도 중요합니다. 우울증 또는 불안의 병력이 있는 여성은 이러한 부작용에 더 취약할 수 있습니다. 또한, 모든 여성이 이러한 부작용을 겪는 것은 아니며, 일부 여성에게는 산란 억제가 월경 전 증후군과 관련된 증상을 줄여 마음의 건강을 개선할 수 있습니다.

임신은 여성의 신체와 정신에 수많은 변화를 가져오는 중요한 사건입니다. 임신 기간에는 감정의 고저가 있을 수 있으며, 많은 여성들이 임신 중에 기분 변동, 불안 및 우울을 경험합니다. 미국 임신 협회에 따르면, 여성의 최대 20%가 임신 중 우울증을 경험합니다(미국 임신 협회).

임신 중 우울증 위험의 요인 중 하나는 호르몬 변화입니다. 임신 중에는 에스트로겐과 프로게스테론 수치가 증가하여 여성의 기분과 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 또한, 여성의 사회적 및 경제적 지위의 변화와 새 아기를 준비하는 스트레스도 임신 중 우울증을 유발하는 데 기여할 수 있습니다.

그러나 모든 여성이 임신 중 우울증을 경험하는 것은 아닙니다. 일부 여성들은 임신 중에 더 에너지가 넘치고 행복하다고 보고합니다. 또한 많은 여성들은 새 아기의 도착을 준비하면서 목적의식을 느끼고 기쁨을 보고합니다.

산란 억제와 임신은 여성의 정신에 영향을 미치는 두 가지 중요한 요인입니다. 호르몬 피임은 기분과 행동에 변화를 가져오고, 임신은 여성의 정신적 및 정서적 상태에 상당한 변화를 가져옵니다. 여성들은 이 잠재적인 효과를 인식하고 중요한 기분 변화를 경험할 경우 의사의 조언을 구해야 합니다. 모든 여성이 피임이나 임신으로 인한 부정적인 부작용을 경험하는 건 아니며, 각 여성의 경험은 독특하다는 점을 기억하는 것이 중요합니다.

미국 임신 협회. "임신 중 우울증." Americanpregnancy.org, 미국 임신 협회, 2022, https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/depression-during-pregnancy/

스코블룬드, 샬롯 웨셀 외. "호르몬 피임약과 우울증의 연관성." JAMA 정신의학, 제73권, 제11호, 2016, pp. 1154–1162.

결론적으로, MLA 형식은 연구 논문 및 에세이에서 출처를 문서화하기 위한 지침을 제공함으로써 학문적 진실성을 보장하는 데 도움이 되는 널리 사용되는 인용 스타일입니다. MLA 형식으로 글을 쓰려면 12포인트 글꼴 사용, 이중 간격 및 성과 페이지 번호가 포함된 머리글 추가와 같은 몇 가지 간단한 지침을 따르는 것이 중요합니다. 

MLA 에세이 형식을 마스터하는 것은 처음에는 위협적으로 보일지 모르지만, 연습과 지침을 통해 자신 있게 명확하게 글을 쓸 수 있습니다. 본 기사에서 정리한 주요 요소인 인용, 작품 목록 페이지 및 올바른 형식을 따르면, MLA 기준을 충족하는 고품질 에세이를 작성하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다.

하지만 MLA 형식에 대한 확고한 이해가 있더라도, 글쓰기 과정은 여전히 어려울 수 있습니다. 여기서 Jenni.ai 가 도움이 됩니다. 당사의 AI 기반 글쓰기 도우미는 아이디어 생성부터 문법 및 철자 오류 확인에 이르기까지 글쓰기의 모든 측면을 도와줄 수 있습니다. Jenni.ai의 고급 기능인 AI 자동 완성과 인용 지원은 MLA 에세이 형식으로 정밀하게 편리하게 글을 쓰는 것을 더 쉽게 만듭니다.

그러니 오늘 Jenni.ai를 사용해 보세요 그리고 우리 플랫폼이 글쓰기 프로세스를 간소화하고, 글쓰기 기술을 향상시키고, 가장 높은 MLA 형식 기준을 충족하는 최고의 에세이를 제출하는 데 어떻게 도움이 되는지 직접 확인해 보세요?

오늘 제니와 함께 글작성을 시작하세요

오늘 무료 Jenni AI 계정에 가입하세요. 당신의 연구 잠재력을 열어보고 그 차이를 직접 경험해보세요. 학문적 우수성을 향한 당신의 여정은 여기에서 시작됩니다.

American Psychological Association

Title Page Setup

A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution has requested they use the professional version. APA provides a student title page guide (PDF, 199KB) to assist students in creating their title pages.

Student title page

The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.

diagram of a student page

Title page setup is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.3 and the Concise Guide Section 1.6

apa format citation essay example

Related handouts

  • Student Title Page Guide (PDF, 263KB)
  • Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3MB)

Student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution.

Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page.

Paper title

Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms.

Author names

Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name.

Cecily J. Sinclair and Adam Gonzaga

Author affiliation

For a student paper, the affiliation is the institution where the student attends school. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author name(s).

Department of Psychology, University of Georgia

Course number and name

Provide the course number as shown on instructional materials, followed by a colon and the course name. Center the course number and name on the next double-spaced line after the author affiliation.

PSY 201: Introduction to Psychology

Instructor name

Provide the name of the instructor for the course using the format shown on instructional materials. Center the instructor name on the next double-spaced line after the course number and name.

Dr. Rowan J. Estes

Assignment due date

Provide the due date for the assignment. Center the due date on the next double-spaced line after the instructor name. Use the date format commonly used in your country.

October 18, 2020
18 October 2020

Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header.

1

Professional title page

The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example.

diagram of a professional title page

Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.

Paper title

Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms.

Author names

 

Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name.

Francesca Humboldt

When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals after author names to connect the names to the appropriate affiliation(s). If all authors have the same affiliation, superscript numerals are not used (see Section 2.3 of the for more on how to set up bylines and affiliations).

Tracy Reuter , Arielle Borovsky , and Casey Lew-Williams

Author affiliation

 

For a professional paper, the affiliation is the institution at which the research was conducted. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author names; when there are multiple affiliations, center each affiliation on its own line.

 

Department of Nursing, Morrigan University

When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals before affiliations to connect the affiliations to the appropriate author(s). Do not use superscript numerals if all authors share the same affiliations (see Section 2.3 of the for more).

Department of Psychology, Princeton University
Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University

Author note

Place the author note in the bottom half of the title page. Center and bold the label “Author Note.” Align the paragraphs of the author note to the left. For further information on the contents of the author note, see Section 2.7 of the .

n/a

The running head appears in all-capital letters in the page header of all pages, including the title page. Align the running head to the left margin. Do not use the label “Running head:” before the running head.

Prediction errors support children’s word learning

Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header.

1

COMMENTS

  1. APA Sample Paper

    Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat Reader. Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication).

  2. APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.)

    Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr. Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).

  3. Sample Papers

    These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.

  4. APA Sample Papers

    D. Complete Sample APA Paper. We've included a full student paper below to give you an idea of what an essay in APA format looks like, complete with a title page, paper, reference list, and index. If you plan to include an APA abstract in your paper, see the Professional Paper for an example. If you're looking for an APA format citation ...

  5. How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition)

    On the first line of the page, write the section label "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: Double spacing (within and between references) Hanging indent of ½ inch.

  6. PDF 7th edition Common Reference Examples Guide

    This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...

  7. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

    Resources on using in-text citations in APA style. The Basics General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. ... APA Sample Paper Tables and Figures Abbreviations ...

  8. Reference Examples

    More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...

  9. In-Text Citations: The Basics

    When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

  10. PDF APA 7 Student Sample Paper

    In this sample paper, we've put four blank lines above the title. Commented [AF3]: Authors' names are written below the title, with one double-spaced blank line between them. Names should be written as follows: First name, middle initial(s), last name. Commented [AF4]: Authors' affiliations follow immediately after their names.

  11. Fillable Template and Sample Paper

    Learn how to format your paper in APA 7th edition with a fillable template and a sample paper. Includes tips on title case and proper nouns.

  12. APA In-Text Citations and Sample Essay 7th Edition

    In-text citations point the reader to the sources' information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided. More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American ...

  13. APA Style

    APA Sample Papers. Annotated Bibliography. Argumentative Essay From a Beginning Writing Class (traditional style) Argumentative Essay From a Psychology Class. Aristotelian Argumentative Essay. Cause and Effect Essay From a Beginning Writing Class. Cause and Effect Essay From an Educational Psychology Class.

  14. APA Citation Examples & Citation Generator

    This guide will show you how to structure APA citations according to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) and will show you example citations for different source types. For information on other APA topics—such as formatting your paper, creating a title page, etc.—check out the EasyBib APA format guide. . It even has an example pa

  15. Setting Up the APA Reference Page

    On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.

  16. UMGC Library: APA 7th Edition Citation Examples: General Rules

    Based on APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition (2020). The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the APA's official citation guide and provides a more detailed explanation of how to use APA style. The Manual is not freely available online, but the American Psychological Association does have Style and Grammar Guidelines on the APA Style website.

  17. PDF Hi, APA Styler! your paper or assignment

    Hi, APA Styler! Thank you for using the APA Style annotated sample student paper for guidance when wri ng your paper or assignment. This sample paper PDF contains annota ons that draw aten on to key APA Style content and forma ng such as the tle page, headings, in-text cita ons, references, and more. Relevant sec ons of the seventh edi on of ...

  18. Citation Machine®: APA Format & APA Citation Generator

    In-text citation APA example: ... Structure of an APA format citation in the text narratively, with the author's name missing: ... graces the cover of an essay or paper. An APA title page should follow rules from Section 2.3 of the official Publication manual and include: Page number, which is page 1; Title of your project.

  19. LibGuides: APA 7th Edition Citation Style Guide : Basics & Help

    This guide is a general overview of how to cite common types of sources using APA style. For more complex APA style questions, please consult the official APA formatting rules found in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7 th ed.

  20. How to Cite a Website in APA Style

    Revised on September 5, 2024. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date. If you are citing an online version of a ...

  21. Free APA Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]

    An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official ...

  22. PDF Student Paper Setup Guide, APA Style 7th Edition

    Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.

  23. LibGuides: Citing Your Sources in APA 7th: Books and eBooks

    Format: Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher. ... Citation Example: Anzaldúa, G. (2012). Borderlands / la frontera: The new mestiza (4th ed.). Aunt Lute Books. ... Very thorough overview of APA 7th with examples for how to construct both in-text and Reference List entries.

  24. Citation Help

    Basic citation format, database citations, examples, what to do if information is missing, and more from APA. ... APA 6th Ed. basics, examples of citations for References list, and in-text citations from the Online Writing Center (OWL) at Purdue. ... - MLA Style Essay Format (9th ed. - Complete Guide (2023) - MLA In-Text Citations 9th ed ...

  25. APA Format (6th ed.) for Academic Papers and Essays [Template]

    Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr. The most important APA format guidelines in the 6th edition are: Use 12 pt Times New Roman. Set 1 inch page margins. Apply double line spacing. Insert a running head on every page. Indent every new paragraph ½ inch.

  26. Mla 에세이 형식으로 글쓰는 방법 (예제 포함)

    apa 스타일을 사용할 때, 어떻게 책을 적절하게 인용하나요? 책에 대한 작업인용 페이지를 만드는 과정에서 어려움을 겪을 필요가 없습니다. 당신의 책 인용에는 다음 요소가 포함되어야 합니다: 이니셜, 성, 등. 책 설명. 배포지, 출판사, 출판 연도.

  27. Title Page Setup

    Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.