best essay on sustainable agriculture

Essay on Sustainable Agriculture

Introduction: what is sustainable agriculture, importance of sustainable agriculture, population growth, per capita food consumption, sustainable agriculture and technology, green politics, conclusion of sustainable agriculture.

Bibliography

Sustainable agriculture has dominated the sociological understanding of the rural world largely. Following the enthusiasm around the concept as a means of eradication of poverty and turning the economy to a “resource-efficient, low carbon Green Economy” 1 . Global population, and consequently consumption has increased.

However, technology development has matched the demand for food in terms of food production, but the distribution of food is not evenly distributed. This has brought forth the question of the possibility of supplying adequate food to the ever-growing global population.

Further, the challenges posed by depleting non-renewable sources of energy, rising costs, and climate change has brought the issue related to sustainability of food production and the related social and economic impact of the food production into forefront. This paper outlines the meaning and technology related to sustainable agriculture and tries to gauge its impact as a possible solution to the impending food crisis.

Sustainable agriculture is a process of farming using eco-friendly methods understanding and maintaining the relationship between the organisms and environment. In this process of agriculture and animal husbandry are combined to form a simultaneous process and practice. In other words, sustainable agriculture is an amalgamation of three main elements viz. ecological health, profitability, and propagating equality.

The concept of sustainability rests on the principle of not wasting any resources that may become useful to the future generation. Therefore, the main idea of sustainability rests on stewardship of individual and natural resources. Before understanding the technology involved in sustainable agriculture, it is important to know why we need it in the first place.

The rise in population growth and urbanization of people has led to a dietary change of the world population, which now rests more on animal protein 2 . Therefore understanding the demographic changes in the world population has become an important parameter to judge the future demand for food.

As population growth rate is the key variable that affects the demand for food, therefore understanding the number of people increasing worldwide is important. According to the UNDP results, the annual population growth rate had declined from 2.2% in 1962 to 1.1% in 2010, however, this increase to indicate an increase of 75 million people 3 .

However, this increase in population is not equitably distributed as some areas such as Africa, Latin America, and Asia face a growth rate of 2% while others such as the erstwhile Soviet bloc countries have a negative rate.

According to the UNDP predictions, population worldwide is expected to increase to 9 billion in 2050 from the present 7 billion 4 . Therefore, the uncertain growth in population is expected to affect food demand and therefore food production.

Undernourishment is a prevalent problem in the developing world, wherein almost 20% of the developing world that is more than 5 billion people is undernourished.

Further, in emerging economies, food consumption is increasing with increased preference for animal protein such as meat, dairy products, and egg. Therefore, the growth of consumption of animal protein has increased the necessity of grazing of livestock, therefore, increasing further pressure on the food supply.

It is believed that the increase in the demand for food due to the increase in global population and change in dietary habit of the population. In the past, the demand for food and the rate of production has remained at par, but the unequal distribution of food has led to the major problem in food supply and starvation in various parts of the world.

Another problem that food production in the future faces is the constraint of non-renewable natural resources. The most critical resources, which are becoming scant for the future generations are –

• Land : Availability of land globally to cultivate food has grown marginally due to the increase in global population. The availability of land available per person to grow food has declined from 1.30 hectares in 1967 to 0.72 hectares in 2007 5 . Therefore, a clear dearth in agricultural land is a deterrent to future agriculture.
• Water : The world comprises of 70% freshwater resources, available from river and groundwater. Deficiency of freshwater has been growing as usage of water has increased more than twice the rate of population growth 6 . As water is required for irrigation purposes, water availability to is not equally distributed around the world. Therefore, reduced water supply would limit the per capita production of food.
• Energy : Globally, the scarcity of the non-renewable resources of energy is another concern. The global demand for energy is expected to double by 2050, consequently increasing energy prices 7 . Therefore, food production for the future will have to devise a technology based on renewable sources of energy.

The question of sustainability in agriculture arose due to some pressing issues that have limited the utilization of erstwhile processes and technologies for food production. However, it should be noted that sustainable agriculture does not prescribe any set rule or technology for the production process, rather shows a way towards sustainability 8 .

Sustainable agriculture uses best management practice by adhering to target-oriented cultivation. The agriculture process looks at disease-oriented hybrid, pest control through use of biological insecticides and low usage of chemical pesticide and fertilizer. Usually, insect-specific pest control is used, which is biological in nature.

Water given to the crops is through micro-sprinklers which help is directly watering the roots of the plants, and not flooding the field completely. The idea is to manage the agricultural land for both plants and animal husbandry.

For instance, in many southwestern parts of Florida’s citrus orchards, areas meant for water retention and forest areas become a natural habitat for birds and other animals 9 . The process uses integrated pest management that helps in reducing the amount of pesticide used in cultivation.

Sustainable agriculture adopts green technology as a means of reducing wastage of non-renewable energy and increase production. In this respect, the sustainable agricultural technology is linked to the overall developmental objective of the nation and is directly related to solving socio-economic problems of the nation 10 .

The UN report states, “The productivity increases in possible through environment-friendly and profitable technologies.” 11 In order to understand the technology better, one must realize that the soil’s health is crucial for cultivation of crops.

Soil is not just another ingredient for cultivation like pesticides or fertilizers; rather, it is a complex and fragile medium that must be nurtured to ensure higher productivity 12 . Therefore, the health of the soil can be maintained using eco-friendly methods:

Healthy soil, essential to agriculture, is a complex, living medium. The loose but coherent structure of good soil holds moisture and invites airflow. Ants (a) and earthworms (b) mix the soil naturally. Rhizobium bacteria (c) living in the root nodules of legumes (such as soybeans) create fixed nitrogen, an essential plant nutrient.

Other soil microorganisms, including fungi (d), actinomycetes (e) and bacteria (f), decompose organic matter, thereby releasing more nutrients. Microorganisms also produce substances that help soil particles adhere to one another. To remain healthy, soil must be fed organic materials such as various manures and crop residues. 13

This is nothing but a broader term to denote environment-friendly solutions to agricultural production. Therefore, the technology-related issue of sustainable agriculture is that it should use such technology that allows usage of renewable sources of energy and is not deterrent to the overall environment.

The politics around sustainable agriculture lies in the usage of the renewable sources of energy and disciplining of the current consumption rates 14 . The politics related to the sustainable agriculture is also related to the politics of sustainable consumption.

Though there is a growing concern over depleting food for the future and other resources, there is hardly any measure imposed by the governments of developed and emerging economies to sustain the consumption pattern of the population 15 .

The advocates of green politics believe that a radical change of the conventional agricultural process is required for bringing forth sustainable agriculture 16 . Green politics lobbies for an integrated farming system that can be the only way to usher in sustainable agricultural program 17 .

Sustainable agriculture is the way to maintain a parity between the increasing pressure of food demand and food production in the future. As population growth, change in income demographics, and food preference changes, there are changes in the demand of food of the future population.

Further, changes in climate and increasing concern regarding the depletion of non-renewable sources of energy has forced policymakers and scientists to device another way to sustain the available resources as well as continue meeting the increased demand of food.

Sustainable agriculture is the method through which these problems can be overlooked, bringing forth a new integrated form of agriculture that looks at food production in a holistic way.

Batie, S. S., ‘Sustainable Development: Challenges to Profession of Agricultural Economics’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 71, no. 5, 1989: 1083-1101.

Dobson, A., The Politics of Nature: Explorations in Green Political Theory, Psychology Press, London, 1993.

Leaver, J. D., ‘Global food supply: a challenge for sustainable agriculture’, Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 36 , 2011: 416-421.

Martens, S., & G. Spaargaren, ‘The politics of sustainable consumption: the case of the Netherlands’, Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, vol.1 no. 1, 2005: 29-42.

Morris, C., & M. Winter, ‘Integrated farming systems: the third way for European agriculture?’, Land Use Policy, vol. 16, no. 4, 1999: 193–205.

Reganold, J. P., R. I. Papendick, & J. F. Parr, ‘Sustainable Agriculture’, Scientific American , 1990: 112-120.

Townsend, C., ‘ Technology for Sustainable Agriculture. ‘ Florida Gulf Coast University, 1998. Web.

United Nations, ‘ Green technology for sustainable agriculture development ‘, United Nations Asian And Pacific Centre For Agricultural Engineering And Machinery, 2010. Web.

—, ‘ Sustainable agriculture key to green growth, poverty reduction – UN officials ‘, United Nations, 2011. Web.

1 United Nations, Sustainable agriculture key to green growth, poverty reduction – UN officials, UN News Centre, 2011.

2 J. D. Leaver, ‘Global food supply: a challenge for sustainable agriculture’, Nutrition Bulletin , vol. 36, 2011, pp. 416-421.

3 Leaver, p. 417.

5 Leaver, p. 418.

7 Leaver, p. 419.

8 J. N. Pretty, ‘Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture’, World Development , vol. 23, no. 8, 1995, pp. 1247-1263.

9 Chet Townsend, ‘Technology for Sustainable Agriculture’, Florida Gulf Coast University , 1998.

10 United Nations, ‘Green technology for sustainable agriculture development’, United Nations Asian And Pacific Centre For Agricultural Engineering And Machinery , 2010.

11 United Nations, p. 17.

12 J. P. Reganold, R. I. Papendick, & J. F. Parr, ‘Sustainable Agriculture’, Scientific American , 1990, pp. 112-120.

13 Regnold et al., p. 112.

14 S. S. Batie, ‘Sustainable Development: Challenges to Profession of Agricultural Economics’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 71, no. 5, 1989, pp. 1083-1101.

15 S. Martens & G. Spaargaren, ‘The politics of sustainable consumption: the case of the Netherlands’, Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy , vol.1 no. 1, 2005, pp. 29-42.

16 A. Dobson, The Politics of Nature: Explorations in Green Political Theory , Psychology Press, London, 1993, p. 82.

17 C .Morris & M. Winter, ‘Integrated farming systems: the third way for European agriculture?’, Land Use Policy , vol. 16, no. 4, 1999, pp. 193–205.

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• Natural Resources, Their Classification and Impacts
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What is Sustainable Agriculture and Why Is It Important?

A new approach to agriculture is taking hold across the United States—an approach that has the potential to transform our entire food system for the better.

A few years ago, if you had opened the doors to a chicken house on Halley Farm in Texas, you would have been hit with the stench of ammonia. You would have heard—and then, as your eyes adjusted to the darkness, you would have seen—thousands of chickens packed into a vast warehouse. Looking closer, you would have noticed countless animals lying on the ground, nursing broken bones and painfully raw patches of skin, all of them suffering. You would have seen a system that was, to put it simply, unsustainable.

Today, if you open those same doors, you’ll see rows and rows of green hemp plants drying after harvest, providing a long-term source of revenue for the farm. You’ll see a system better for the Halley family, better for the community, better for the environment, and—of course—better for the animals. Halley Farm is a member of Mercy for Animals’ Transfarmation Project , just one example in the widespread movement toward a more sustainable agricultural system.

What is sustainable agriculture?

“Sustainable agriculture” simply refers to farming practices that incorporate and prioritize sustainability, or the ability to maintain a process over time. It describes an agricultural system that can be sustained indefinitely, providing food and fiber to meet the needs of the present and the needs of future generations. Author and environmentalist Wes Jackson is credited with having coined the term in his 1980 book New Roots for Agriculture—and the buzzy phrase has since been used (sometimes inaccurately) in books, in films and documentaries, on product packaging, in news articles, at industry summits, and even in US law.

Practitioners of sustainable agriculture take a holistic viewpoint. Rather than just aiming to maximize profit and production in the short term, they prioritize the longevity of the system—considering how their farming practices impact the environment, local communities, animals, and every person they encounter on the journey from farm to table. Rather than working against nature—destroying forested landscapes , killing insects with harmful pesticides , and depleting soil with chemical fertilizer—sustainable agriculture aims to work with the natural landscape, creating a system that’s built to last.

Although the word “sustainable” often has environmental connotations, it can also refer to societies, economies, and ways of life. That’s why the main idea behind sustainable agriculture is to steward both natural resources and human resources—protecting the wellbeing of farmers, strengthening local economies, improving living conditions in surrounding communities, promoting consumer health, and much more.

While proponents of animal farming often characterize some forms of animal agriculture as being “sustainable” (such as the popular idea of regenerative ranching ), it’s important to note that livestock-based systems are inherently unsustainable. Not only does cattle ranching waste valuable land and water by growing crops for animal feed rather than human consumption, but the concept of using cattle to support carbon sequestration also faces significant issues of scale. Dr. Tara Garnett of the University of Oxford, who led an exhaustive research report on regenerative ranching, points out that "rising animal production and consumption, whatever the farming system and animal type , is causing damaging greenhouse gas release and contributing to changes in land use.” A truly sustainable system of agriculture uses as few resources as possible, while causing the least amount of harm and destruction—which ultimately means a system focused on growing plants.

Why is sustainable agriculture important?

Starting in the early 1900s, as the Industrial Revolution blossomed across the United States, farms began to look different. Flourishing, colorful fields bursting with a variety of fruits and vegetables came to be replaced by monocultures —vast fields of a single, identical crop. Nutrient-rich soil, once nourished by garden compost, became thin and lifeless. And picturesque farm fields were replaced by enormous windowless sheds , or Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)—all packed as tightly as possible with suffering animals.

Industrial agriculture had become the new face of the US food system, characterized by large-scale monocultures used for animal feed, high levels of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and CAFOs where living beings were treated as nothing more than products. Instead of being run by small farmers, these machine-like operations were managed by giant corporations wielding inordinate amounts of money and political power. This was the case for Halley Farm, which was locked into a contract with Pilgrim’s Pride —leaving the family with sick chickens, their own injuries and health complications from working with the animals in hazardous conditions, and hundreds of thousands of dollars of debt.

The system of intensive agriculture described above aims to maximize profits and production—all with blatant disregard for the climate, soils, water, humans, and animals involved. Along with relying on systemic cruelty toward people and animals, industrial animal agriculture has an enormous carbon footprint , with some estimates showing food systems are responsible for one-third of greenhouse gas emissions. So while this current system meets our immediate needs, it’s destroying the very environment and resources it relies on.

Sustainable agriculture represents a paradigm shift: Rather than extracting as many resources as possible, it aims to work in harmony with the natural environment, creating a self-sustaining system that will endure for generations to come. This means shifting away from our current system of intensive, animal-focused agriculture and toward a more efficient, harmonious, plant-focused system. Notably, sustainable and plant-centric agricultural practices can help mitigate catastrophic climate change , while also remaining resilient in the face of extreme weather, drought, and flooding.

Here are just a few of the benefits of sustainable agriculture.

1. Saving water

Intensive animal agriculture wastes enormous amounts of water. Every day, a single dairy cow uses between 40 and 50 gallons . On top of that, growing the crops used for animal feed is incredibly water-intensive—so much so that animal agriculture is responsible for nearly 20% of freshwater use globally. By contrast, sustainable farming practices view water as the precious resource it is, aiming to conserve whenever possible—through smarter irrigation systems, drought-tolerant plants, cover crops to support soil structure, and moving away from animal farming altogether.

2. Reducing pollution

Along with wasting water, factory farming pollutes critical water sources—with agricultural runoff listed among the leading causes of water pollution in the US. High concentrations of animals on these farms result in enormous volumes of waste, all rich in phosphorus and nitrogen. When this pollution seeps into the groundwater and nearby bodies of water, it causes enormous “ dead zones ,” or algae blooms that kill fish and other marine life.

Factory farming also pollutes the very air we breathe —whether from the toxic ammonia emanating from poultry farms, massive amounts of pesticides sprayed on crops grown for animal feed, or emissions of nitrous oxide from nitrogen fertilizer. Air pollution harms the health of the animals, farm workers, and even the surrounding community. By transitioning to more sustainable and plant-centric agricultural practices, farmers can help ensure clean air and water for future generations.

3. Increasing resilience to extreme weather

“Agriculture is a risky business,” Laura Lengnick points out in her Introduction to Climate Resilience in Agriculture, a resource for farmers. “The outcome of every growing season hinges on dynamic interactions between soils, crops, livestock, pests, weather, finances, regulations and markets… But in recent years, managing weather-related risk, already one of the highest risk factors in agriculture, has become even harder , as weather patterns become more variable from day to day and season to season.”

As the impacts of climate change continue to worsen, the farms that grow our food need to be able to withstand drought, wildfires, flooding, and other forms of extreme weather. Through sustainable practices, many farmers are working to increase the resilience of their systems. Methods include diversifying crops (which reduces economic vulnerability), adding improved drainage or irrigation systems, protecting and strengthening soil by planting cover crops, and more.

4. Protecting soil health and storing carbon

Soil itself is a living ecosystem that supports plants, animals, and humans. It’s the foundation of our life on earth! And, as is the case for any living being, the overall health of soil is of utmost importance. Healthy soil should be able to effectively cycle nutrients to make them available to plants, maintain a strong enough structure to hold water, filter contaminants to clean the freshwater supply, and withstand erosion. Protecting soil health is a key component of sustainable agriculture, which seeks to ensure the longevity of soil rather than depleting it for immediate gain.

Perhaps the most magical thing about healthy soil is that it works as a carbon sink, sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. So not only does protecting soil increase its resilience to extreme weather, it also helps mitigate the worst effects of climate change.

What is the main goal of sustainable agriculture?

The main goal of sustainable agriculture is simply to ensure that our food system will continue to effectively provide for future generations—even within the evolving conditions caused by global climate change. Rather than solely focusing on profits, sustainable agriculture practitioners aim to steward the environment, advance social equity, and strengthen local economies—all while profiting economically to sustain their work for the long term.

As noted in the USDA’s National Agricultural Library: “If advocating the need for a sustainable agriculture has become universal, agreement as to what is required to achieve it has not .” Despite the rich conversation it has inspired over the last few decades, sustainable agriculture still lacks a single definition or clear standard. While a few groups have attempted to define a set of guidelines and provide “sustainable agriculture” certifications, including the Rainforest Alliance , the term’s official meaning is still under debate. US Congress first addressed the concept of sustainable agriculture by attempting to define it in the 1990 “Farm Bill”—but their definition, according to US Code Title 7, Section 3103, still suggests that animal production practices can be sustainable:

“An integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long-term— (A) satisfy human food and fiber needs (B) enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agriculture economy depends (C) make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls (D) sustain the economic viability of farm operations (E) enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.”

There’s still room in the discussion for a plant-centric definition of sustainable agriculture, one that prioritizes productivity, efficiency, and longevity—and not at the expense of animals, people, or the environment.

What are sustainable agriculture practices?

However it’s defined, sustainable agriculture should be thought of as an ongoing practice and philosophy, guiding all decisions and processes on a farm. Here are some of the ways farmers can practice sustainable agriculture on a day-to-day basis.

"No-till" farming

Remember the importance of protecting soil health? By reducing or eliminating tillage (the traditional method of plowing a garden), farmers avoid disturbing the soil, helping to reduce erosion and increase biological activity within the soil. According to the USDA, soil left to its own biological processes often has a higher organic matter content than conventionally tilled soil. This method also saves money and time, which is more sustainable for farmers as well.

Planting cover crops and perennials

Another way to protect, nourish, and restore soil is to plant cover crops . Generally, these crops are planted in the fall or winter to protect vulnerable soil from wind and snow. By creating a protective canopy, cover crops reduce soil runoff and lock in nutrients—resulting in better soil structure, stability, and moisture over time. Common cover crops include clovers, turnips, mustard, buckwheat, alfalfa, and radishes.

Integrated pest management (IPM)

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a fancy way of saying… protecting gardens from bugs! Rather than spraying harmful pesticides, IPM takes the holistic viewpoint that is characteristic of sustainable agriculture. It encourages creative solutions like disrupting the pest’s environment, bringing in “natural enemies” (which might even be other insects!), planting crops that discourage certain bugs, and closely monitoring the situation to accurately diagnose and predict pest problems. While IPM sounds more labor-intensive than spraying pesticides, it actually aims to find the most effective and least-risk option, preventing further problems (and more work) later on. Along with its agricultural applications, IPM can also be used to manage pests in homes, businesses, and recreational areas.

Rotating crops and encouraging diversity

Ecosystems are meant to exist as interdependent, resilient communities, with diverse forms of life supporting each other’s various processes. But intensive agriculture today looks very different. Always profit- and efficiency-driven, it prioritizes monocultures, or vast fields of a single crop—usually corn, soybeans, or wheat. These plants are especially vulnerable to disease and pests, as they aren’t supported by the biodiversity that protects plants in the natural world.

Farmers can change this through polyculture and crop rotation, which supports the soil and helps suppress disease and pest infestations. Diversified farms are also more economically resilient, protecting farmers from becoming totally dependent on a single vulnerable crop—and from price fluctuations associated with evolving supply and demand.

Adopting agroforestry practices

Agroforestry is when a farmer intentionally integrates trees into their crop systems. This could mean planting crops in an area protected by trees, known as a “windbreak;” growing crops under a forest canopy for shade; or planting trees and shrubs along a river to prevent erosion and filter farm runoff. With their sturdy roots and the protection from wind, sun, and rain they provide, trees offer a wonderful way to work in harmony with the natural landscape.

What is the current greatest threat to agricultural sustainability?

Unfortunately, the existing system of intensive animal agriculture is incredibly powerful—and so is its marketing. In the last few years, phrases like “grass-fed beef,” “regeneratively grown,” and “sustainably sourced” have popped up all over store shelves. The idea that regenerative ranching could provide a climate solution has given the meat industry a convenient excuse to keep producing hamburgers—and emissions. Switching to grass-fed beef is simply not a solution . Instead, opting for a plant-based diet can keep money out of the pockets of Big Ag, instead diverting it to projects like Halley Farm that are working to diversify and strengthen our food system.

A food system for the future

Picture a lush and vibrant landscape bursting with a variety of trees, vegetables, and native plants. Beneath the surface, the rich soil is busy cycling nutrients and sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. Above ground, the lush plants exhale oxygen and provide nourishing food for insects, animals, and humans. Trees offer generous shade, wild birds and animals take shelter in the plant life, and bright flowers create a peaceful oasis for all to enjoy.

This is the future that sustainable agriculture imagines—and the future that the Halley Farm family, in partnership with Mercy for Animals, is trying to work toward. By transitioning from raising poultry to growing hemp, they’ve experienced not only better financial investment and payoff, but also a much higher quality of life on the farm.

“It’s been really great to see Bo and Sam go from very troubled, angry, and broken people while the chicken houses were here to just flourishing with joy working with the plants,” says family friend Evan about the two brothers. “It just melts your heart... How can you not love that?”

What you can do

As a consumer, you have tremendous power. Simply cutting back on animal products can help divert money away from industrial agriculture—revoking support for factory farming and the monocultures used to grow animal feed. Instead, opt for a diverse, colorful diet of fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes. Diversifying your plate is a simple way to support a more diversified, sustainable food system.

The large-scale transition to a more sustainable food system won’t happen in a day. But in the meantime, we can end the worst forms of abuse—especially for animals like chickens, who account for 9 in 10 land animals raised for food around the world. Join us in demanding that corporate giants sign onto the Better Chicken Commitment and end the most extreme forms of animal abuse.

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Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program

• What is Sustainable Agriculture?

The goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Practitioners of sustainable agriculture seek to integrate three main objectives into their work: a healthy environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. Every person involved in the food system—growers, food processors, distributors, retailers, consumers, and waste managers—can play a role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system.

There are many practices commonly used by people working in sustainable agriculture and sustainable food systems. Growers may use methods to promote  soil health , minimize  water use , and lower  pollution levels  on the farm. Consumers and retailers concerned with sustainability can look for “ values-based ” foods that are grown using methods promoting  farmworker wellbeing , that are  environmentally friendly , or that strengthen the local economy. And researchers in sustainable agriculture often cross disciplinary lines with their work: combining biology, economics, engineering, chemistry, community development, and many others. However, sustainable agriculture is more than a collection of practices. It is also process of negotiation: a push and pull between the sometimes competing interests of an individual farmer or of people in a community as they work to solve complex problems about how we grow our food and fiber.

Topics in sustainable agriculture

• Addressing Food Insecurity
• Agritourism
• Agroforestry
• Conservation Tillage
• Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
• Cooperatives
• Cover Crops
• Dairy Waste Management
• Direct Marketing
• Energy Efficiency & Conservation
• Food and Agricultural Employment
• Food Labeling/Certifications
• Food Waste Management
• Genetically Modified Crops
• Global Sustainable Sourcing of Commodities
• Institutional Sustainable Food Procurement
• Biologically Integrated Farming Systems
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Nutrition & Food Systems Education
• Organic Farming
• Precision Agriculture (SSM)
• Soil Nutrient Management
• Postharvest Management Practices
• Technological Innovation in Agriculture
• Urban Agriculture
• Value-Based Supply Chains
• Water Use Efficiency
• Water Quality Management
• Zero-Emissions Freight Transport

Directory of UC Programs in Sustainable Agriculture

This directory is a catalog of UC's programmatic activities in sustainable agriculture and food systems. All programs are sorted by activities and topic areas.

The Philosophy & Practices of Sustainable Agriculture

Agriculture has changed dramatically, especially since the end of World War II. Food and fiber productivity soared due to new technologies, mechanization, increased chemical use, specialization and government policies that favored maximizing production. These changes allowed fewer farmers with reduced labor demands to produce the majority of the food and fiber in the U.S.

Although these changes have had many positive effects and reduced many risks in farming, there have also been significant costs. Prominent among these are topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm laborers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities.

Potential Costs of Modern Agricultural Techniques

A growing movement has emerged during the past two decades to question the role of the agricultural establishment in promoting practices that contribute to these social problems. Today this movement for sustainable agriculture is garnering increasing support and acceptance within mainstream agriculture. Not only does sustainable agriculture address many environmental and social concerns, but it offers innovative and economically viable opportunities for growers, laborers, consumers, policymakers and many others in the entire food system.

This page is an effort to identify the ideas, practices and policies that constitute our concept of sustainable agriculture. We do so for two reasons: 1) to clarify the research agenda and priorities of our program, and 2) to suggest to others practical steps that may be appropriate for them in moving toward sustainable agriculture. Because the concept of sustainable agriculture is still evolving, we intend this page not as a definitive or final statement, but as an invitation to continue the dialogue

Despite the diversity of people and perspectives, the following themes commonly weave through definitions of sustainable agriculture:

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Therefore,  stewardship of both natural and human resources  is of prime importance.  Stewardship of human resources  includes consideration of social responsibilities such as working and living conditions of laborers, the needs of rural communities, and consumer health and safety both in the present and the future.  Stewardship of land and natural resources  involves maintaining or enhancing this vital resource base for the long term.

A  systems perspective  is essential to understanding sustainability. The system is envisioned in its broadest sense, from the individual farm, to the local ecosystem,  and  to communities affected by this farming system both locally and globally. An emphasis on the system allows a larger and more thorough view of the consequences of farming practices on both human communities and the environment. A systems approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections between farming and other aspects of our environment.

Everyone plays a role in creating a sustainable food system.

Making the transition to sustainable agriculture is a process.   For farmers, the transition to sustainable agriculture normally requires  a series of small ,  realistic   steps . Family economics and personal goals influence how fast or how far participants can go in the transition. It is important to realize that each small decision can make a difference and contribute to advancing the entire system further on the "sustainable agriculture continuum." The key to moving forward is the will to take the next step. Finally, it is important to point out that   reaching toward the goal of sustainable agriculture is the responsibility of all participants in the system ,  including farmers, laborers, policymakers, researchers, retailers, and consumers. Each group has its own part to play, its own unique contribution to make to strengthen the sustainable agriculture community. The remainder of this page considers specific strategies for realizing these broad themes or goals. The strategies are grouped according to three separate though related areas of concern:  Farming and Natural Resources ,  Plant and Animal Production Practices , and the  Economic, Social and Political Context . They represent a range of potential ideas for individuals committed to interpreting the vision of sustainable agriculture within their own circumstances.

• Farming and Natural Resources

When the production of food and fiber degrades the natural resource base, the ability of future generations to produce and flourish decreases. The decline of ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean region, Pre-Columbian southwest U.S. and Central America is believed to have been strongly influenced by natural resource degradation from non-sustainable farming and forestry practices. 

Water is the principal resource that has helped agriculture and society to prosper, and it has been a major limiting factor when mismanaged.

Water supply and use.  In California, an extensive  water storage and transfer system  has been established which has allowed crop production to expand to very arid regions. In drought years, limited surface water supplies have prompted overdraft of groundwater and consequent intrusion of salt water, or permanent collapse of aquifers. Periodic droughts, some lasting up to 50 years, have occurred in California.

Several steps should be taken to develop drought-resistant farming systems even in "normal" years, including both policy and management actions:

1) improving  water conservation  and storage measures,

2) providing incentives for selection of drought-tolerant crop species,

3) using  reduced-volume irrigation  systems,

4) managing crops to reduce water loss, or

5) not planting at all.

Water quality.  The most important issues related to water quality involve salinization and contamination of ground and surface waters by pesticides, nitrates and selenium. Salinity has become a problem wherever water of even relatively low salt content is used on shallow soils in arid regions and/or where the water table is near the root zone of crops. Tile drainage can remove the water and salts, but the disposal of the salts and other contaminants may negatively affect the environment depending upon where they are deposited. Temporary solutions include the use of salt-tolerant crops, low-volume irrigation, and various management techniques to minimize the effects of salts on crops. In the long-term, some farmland may need to be removed from production or converted to other uses. Other uses include conversion of row crop land to production of drought-tolerant forages, the restoration of wildlife habitat or the use of agroforestry to minimize the impacts of salinity and high water tables. Pesticide and nitrate contamination of water can be reduced using many of the practices discussed later in the  Plant Production Practices  and  Animal Production Practices  sections.

Wildlife . Another way in which agriculture affects water resources is through the destruction of riparian habitats within watersheds. The conversion of wild habitat to agricultural land reduces fish and wildlife through erosion and sedimentation, the effects of pesticides, removal of riparian plants, and the diversion of water. The plant diversity in and around both riparian and agricultural areas should be maintained in order to support a diversity of wildlife. This diversity will enhance natural ecosystems and could aid in agricultural pest management.

Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on non-renewable energy sources, especially petroleum. The continued use of these energy sources cannot be sustained indefinitely, yet to abruptly abandon our reliance on them would be economically catastrophic. However, a sudden cutoff in energy supply would be equally disruptive. In sustainable agricultural systems, there is reduced reliance on non-renewable energy sources and a substitution of renewable sources or labor to the extent that is economically feasible.

Many agricultural activities affect air quality. These include smoke from agricultural burning; dust from tillage, traffic and harvest; pesticide drift from spraying; and nitrous oxide emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilizer. Options to improve air quality include:

      - incorporating crop residue into the soil       - using appropriate levels of tillage       - and planting wind breaks, cover crops or strips of native perennial grasses to reduce dust.

Soil erosion continues to be a serious threat to our continued ability to produce adequate food. Numerous practices have been developed to keep soil in place, which include:

      - reducing or eliminating tillage       - managing irrigation to reduce runoff       - and keeping the soil covered with plants or mulch. 

Enhancement of soil quality is discussed in the next section.

• Plant Production Practices

Sustainable production practices involve a variety of approaches. Specific strategies must take into account topography, soil characteristics, climate, pests, local availability of inputs and the individual grower's goals.  Despite the site-specific and individual nature of sustainable agriculture, several general principles can be applied to help growers select appropriate management practices:

      - Selection of species and varieties that are well suited to the site and to conditions on the farm;       - Diversification of crops (including livestock) and cultural practices to enhance the biological and economic stability of the farm;       - Management of the soil to enhance and protect soil quality;       - Efficient and humane use of inputs; and       - Consideration of farmers' goals and lifestyle choices.

Selection of site, species and variety

Preventive strategies, adopted early, can reduce inputs and help establish a sustainable production system. When possible, pest-resistant crops should be selected which are tolerant of existing soil or site conditions. When site selection is an option, factors such as soil type and depth, previous crop history, and location (e.g. climate, topography) should be taken into account before planting.

Diversified farms are usually more economically and ecologically resilient.  While monoculture farming has advantages in terms of efficiency and ease of management, the loss of the crop in any one year could put a farm out of business and/or seriously disrupt the stability of a community dependent on that crop. By growing a variety of crops, farmers spread economic risk and are less susceptible to the radical price fluctuations associated with changes in supply and demand.

Properly managed, diversity can also buffer a farm in a biological sense. For example, in annual cropping systems,  crop rotation can be used to suppress weeds, pathogens and insect pests. Also, cover crops can have stabilizing effects on the agroecosystem by holding soil and nutrients in place, conserving soil moisture with mowed or standing dead mulches, and by increasing the water infiltration rate and soil water holding capacity.  Cover crops  in orchards and vineyards can buffer the system against pest infestations by increasing beneficial arthropod populations and can therefore reduce the need for chemical inputs. Using a variety of cover crops is also important in order to protect against the failure of a particular species to grow and to attract and sustain a wide range of beneficial arthropods.

Optimum diversity may be obtained by integrating both crops and livestock in the same farming operation. This was the common practice for centuries until the mid-1900s when technology, government policy and economics compelled farms to become more specialized. Mixed crop and livestock operations have several advantages. First, growing row crops only on more level land and pasture or forages on steeper slopes will reduce soil erosion. Second, pasture and forage crops in rotation enhance soil quality and reduce erosion; livestock manure, in turn, contributes to soil fertility. Third, livestock can buffer the negative impacts of low rainfall periods by consuming crop residue that in "plant only" systems would have been considered crop failures. Finally, feeding and marketing are flexible in animal production systems. This can help cushion farmers against trade and price fluctuations and, in conjunction with cropping operations, make more efficient use of farm labor.

Soil management

A common philosophy among sustainable agriculture practitioners is that a "healthy" soil is a key component of sustainability; that is, a healthy soil will produce healthy crop plants that have optimum vigor and are less susceptible to pests. While many crops have key pests that attack even the healthiest of plants, proper soil, water and nutrient management can help prevent some pest problems brought on by crop stress or nutrient imbalance. Furthermore, crop management systems that impair soil quality often result in greater inputs of water, nutrients, pesticides, and/or energy for tillage to maintain yields.

In sustainable systems, the soil is viewed as a fragile and living medium that must be protected and nurtured to ensure its long-term productivity and stability.   Methods to protect and enhance the productivity of the soil include:

      - using cover crops, compost and/or manures       - reducing tillage       - avoiding traffic on wet soils       - maintaining soil cover with plants and/or mulches

Conditions in most California soils (warm, irrigated, and tilled) do not favor the buildup of organic matter. Regular additions of organic matter or the use of cover crops can increase soil aggregate stability, soil tilth, and diversity of soil microbial life.

Efficient use of inputs

Many inputs and practices used by conventional farmers are also used in sustainable agriculture. Sustainable farmers, however, maximize reliance on natural, renewable, and on-farm inputs.  Equally important are the environmental, social, and economic impacts of a particular strategy. Converting to sustainable practices does not mean simple input substitution. Frequently, it substitutes enhanced management and scientific knowledge for conventional inputs, especially chemical inputs that harm the environment on farms and in rural communities. The goal is to develop efficient, biological systems which do not need high levels of material inputs.

Growers frequently ask if synthetic chemicals are appropriate in a sustainable farming system. Sustainable approaches are those that are the least toxic and least energy intensive, and yet maintain productivity and profitability. Preventive strategies and other alternatives should be employed before using chemical inputs from any source. However, there may be situations where the use of synthetic chemicals would be more "sustainable" than a strictly non-chemical approach or an approach using toxic "organic" chemicals. For example, one grape grower switched from tillage to a few applications of a broad spectrum contact herbicide in the vine row. This approach may use less energy and may compact the soil less than numerous passes with a cultivator or mower.

Consideration of farmer goals and lifestyle choices

Management decisions should reflect not only environmental and broad social considerations, but also individual goals and lifestyle choices. For example, adoption of some technologies or practices that promise profitability may also require such intensive management that one's lifestyle actually deteriorates. Management decisions that promote sustainability, nourish the environment, the community and the individual.

• Animal Production Practices

In the early part of this century, most farms integrated both crop and livestock operations. Indeed, the two were highly complementary both biologically and economically. The current picture has changed quite drastically since then. Crop and animal producers now are still dependent on one another to some degree, but the integration now most commonly takes place at a higher level-- between  farmers, through intermediaries, rather than  within  the farm itself. This is the result of a trend toward separation and specialization of crop and animal production systems. Despite this trend, there are still many farmers, particularly in the Midwest and Northeastern U.S. that integrate crop and animal systems--either on dairy farms, or with range cattle, sheep or hog operations.

Even with the growing specialization of livestock and crop producers, many of the principles outlined in the crop production section apply to both groups. The actual management practices will, of course, be quite different. Some of the specific points that livestock producers need to address are listed below.

Management Planning

Including livestock in the farming system increases the complexity of biological and economic relationships. The mobility of the stock, daily feeding, health concerns, breeding operations, seasonal feed and forage sources, and complex marketing are sources of this complexity. Therefore, a successful ranch plan should include enterprise calendars of operations, stock flows, forage flows, labor needs, herd production records and land use plans to give the manager control and a means of monitoring progress toward goals.

Animal Selection

The animal enterprise must be appropriate for the farm or ranch resources. Farm capabilities and constraints such as feed and forage sources, landscape, climate and skill of the manager must be considered in selecting which animals to produce. For example, ruminant animals can be raised on a variety of feed sources including range and pasture, cultivated forage, cover crops, shrubs, weeds, and crop residues. There is a wide range of breeds available in each of the major ruminant species, i.e., cattle, sheep and goats. Hardier breeds that, in general, have lower growth and milk production potential, are better adapted to less favorable environments with sparse or highly seasonal forage growth.

Animal nutrition

Feed costs are the largest single variable cost in any livestock operation. While most of the feed may come from other enterprises on the ranch, some purchased feed is usually imported from off the farm. Feed costs can be kept to a minimum by monitoring animal condition and performance and understanding seasonal variations in feed and forage quality on the farm. Determining the optimal use of farm-generated by-products is an important challenge of diversified farming.

Reproduction

Use of quality germplasm to improve herd performance is another key to sustainability. In combination with good genetic stock, adapting the reproduction season to fit the climate and sources of feed and forage reduce health problems and feed costs.

Herd Health

Animal health greatly influences reproductive success and weight gains, two key aspects of successful livestock production. Unhealthy stock waste feed and require additional labor. A herd health program is critical to sustainable livestock production.

Grazing Management

Most adverse environmental impacts associated with grazing can be prevented or mitigated with proper grazing management. First, the number of stock per unit area (stocking rate) must be correct for the landscape and the forage sources. There will need to be compromises between the convenience of tilling large, unfenced fields and the fencing needs of livestock operations. Use of modern, temporary fencing may provide one practical solution to this dilemma. Second, the long term carrying capacity and the stocking rate must take into account short and long-term droughts. Especially in Mediterranean climates such as in California, properly managed grazing significantly reduces fire hazards by reducing fuel build-up in grasslands and brushlands. Finally, the manager must achieve sufficient control to reduce overuse in some areas while other areas go unused. Prolonged concentration of stock that results in permanent loss of vegetative cover on uplands or in riparian zones should be avoided. However, small scale loss of vegetative cover around water or feed troughs may be tolerated if surrounding vegetative cover is adequate.

Confined Livestock Production

Animal health and waste management are key issues in confined livestock operations. The moral and ethical debate taking place today regarding animal welfare is particularly intense for confined livestock production systems. The issues raised in this debate need to be addressed.

Confinement livestock production is increasingly a source of surface and ground water pollutants, particularly where there are large numbers of animals per unit area. Expensive waste management facilities are now a necessary cost of confined production systems. Waste is a problem of almost all operations and must be managed with respect to both the environment and the quality of life in nearby communities. Livestock production systems that disperse stock in pastures so the wastes are not concentrated and do not overwhelm natural nutrient cycling processes have become a subject of renewed interest.

• The Economic, Social & Political Context

In addition to strategies for preserving natural resources and changing production practices, sustainable agriculture requires a commitment to changing public policies, economic institutions, and social values.  Strategies for change must take into account the complex, reciprocal and ever-changing relationship between agricultural production and the broader society.

The "food system" extends far beyond the farm and involves the interaction of individuals and institutions with contrasting and often competing goals including farmers, researchers, input suppliers, farmworkers, unions, farm advisors, processors, retailers, consumers, and policymakers. Relationships among these actors shift over time as new technologies spawn economic, social and political changes.

A wide diversity of strategies and approaches are necessary to create a more sustainable food system. These will range from specific and concentrated efforts to alter specific policies or practices, to the longer-term tasks of reforming key institutions, rethinking economic priorities, and challenging widely-held social values. Areas of concern where change is most needed include the following:

Food and agricultural policy

Existing federal, state and local government policies often impede the goals of sustainable agriculture. New policies are needed to simultaneously promote environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. For example, commodity and price support programs could be restructured to allow farmers to realize the full benefits of the productivity gains made possible through alternative practices. Tax and credit policies could be modified to encourage a diverse and decentralized system of family farms rather than corporate concentration and absentee ownership. Government and land grant university research policies could be modified to emphasize the development of sustainable alternatives. Marketing orders and cosmetic standards could be amended to encourage reduced pesticide use. Coalitions must be created to address these policy concerns at the local, regional, and national level.

Conversion of agricultural land to urban uses is a particular concern in California, as rapid growth and escalating land values threaten farming on prime soils. Existing farmland conversion patterns often discourage farmers from adopting sustainable practices and a long-term perspective on the value of land. At the same time, the close proximity of newly developed residential areas to farms is increasing the public demand for environmentally safe farming practices. Comprehensive new policies to protect prime soils and regulate development are needed, particularly in California's Central Valley. By helping farmers to adopt practices that reduce chemical use and conserve scarce resources, sustainable agriculture research and education can play a key role in building public support for agricultural land preservation. Educating land use planners and decision-makers about sustainable agriculture is an important priority.

In California, the conditions of agricultural labor are generally far below accepted social standards and legal protections in other forms of employment. Policies and programs are needed to address this problem, working toward socially just and safe employment that provides adequate wages, working conditions, health benefits, and chances for economic stability. The needs of migrant labor for year-around employment and adequate housing are a particularly crucial problem needing immediate attention. To be more sustainable over the long-term, labor must be acknowledged and supported by government policies, recognized as important constituents of land grant universities, and carefully considered when assessing the impacts of new technologies and practices.

Rural Community Development

Rural communities in California are currently characterized by economic and environmental deterioration. Many are among the poorest locations in the nation. The reasons for the decline are complex, but changes in farm structure have played a significant role. Sustainable agriculture presents an opportunity to rethink the importance of family farms and rural communities. Economic development policies are needed that encourage more diversified agricultural production on family farms as a foundation for healthy economies in rural communities. In combination with other strategies, sustainable agriculture practices and policies can help foster community institutions that meet employment, educational, health, cultural and spiritual needs.

Consumers and the Food System

Consumers can play a critical role in creating a sustainable food system. Through their purchases, they send strong messages to producers, retailers and others in the system about what they think is important.  Food cost and nutritional quality have always influenced consumer choices. The challenge now is to find strategies that broaden consumer perspectives, so that environmental quality, resource use, and social equity issues are also considered in shopping decisions. At the same time, new policies and institutions must be created to enable producers using sustainable practices to market their goods to a wider public. Coalitions organized around improving the food system are one specific method of creating a dialogue among consumers, retailers, producers and others. These coalitions or other public forums can be important vehicles for clarifying issues, suggesting new policies, increasing mutual trust, and encouraging a long-term view of food production, distribution and consumption.  

Contributors : Written by  Gail Feenstra , Writer; Chuck Ingels, Perennial Cropping Systems Analyst; and David Campbell, Economic and Public Policy Analyst with contributions from David Chaney, Melvin R. George, Eric Bradford, the staff and advisory committees of the UC Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program.

How to cite this page UC Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. 2021. "What is Sustainable Agriculture?" UC Agriculture and Natural Resources. <https://sarep.ucdavis.edu/sustainable-ag>

This page was last updated August 3, 2021.

The Positive Impacts of Sustainable Farming on the Environment

• July 28, 2023
• Agriculture

Sustainable farming, also known as agroecology or regenerative agriculture , is an approach to agriculture that focuses on long-term environmental health, social equity, and economic viability. Unlike conventional farming methods, sustainable farming aims to minimize the negative impact on the environment while promoting ecological balance and resource conservation. This article explores the various ways sustainable farming practices positively impact the environment, contributing to a more resilient and sustainable future for agriculture and the planet.

1.Soil Health and Fertility

Sustainable farming emphasizes practices that maintain and enhance soil health. By avoiding or minimizing the use of synthetic chemicals and pesticides, sustainable farmers allow beneficial organisms to thrive, such as earthworms, mycorrhizal fungi, and beneficial bacteria. These organisms contribute to improved soil structure, water retention, and nutrient cycling, promoting healthier and more fertile soil for crops to grow.

2.Biodiversity Conservation

Sustainable farming encourages biodiversity by creating diverse ecosystems on and around farmland. Adopting crop rotation, intercropping, and planting cover crops helps reduce the risk of pest and disease outbreaks, reducing the need for chemical interventions. By providing diverse habitats for wildlife, sustainable farms contribute to the conservation of native plant and animal species, fostering a more resilient and balanced ecosystem .

3.Water Management and Conservation

Water is a precious resource, and sustainable farming practices focus on efficient water management and conservation. Techniques like rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and contour plowing help reduce water waste and soil erosion. Sustainable farmers also prioritize watershed protection, ensuring that water sources remain clean and available for both agricultural and community use.

4.Climate Change Mitigation

Sustainable farming plays a role in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide in the soil. Practices like agroforestry and no-till farming increase carbon sequestration rates, helping to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, sustainable farms often employ renewable energy sources and reduce their reliance on fossil fuels , further reducing their carbon footprint.

5.Reduced Chemical Pollution

Conventional farming practices often involve the use of synthetic chemicals, which can pollute soil, waterways, and the air. Sustainable farming seeks to minimize chemical usage, relying instead on natural alternatives like compost, manure, and integrated pest management. By reducing chemical pollution, sustainable farming contributes to a healthier environment for both humans and wildlife.

we can conclude this, Sustainable farming practices offer a promising path towards a more environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture system. By prioritizing soil health, biodiversity conservation, water management, climate change mitigation, and reduced chemical pollution, sustainable farming positively impacts the environment and contributes to the overall well-being of our planet. Embracing these practices on a broader scale can lead to a more resilient and sustainable future for agriculture, ecosystems, and future generations.

1.What is sustainable farming, and how does it benefit the environment?

Sustainable farming is an approach to agriculture that focuses on long-term environmental health. It minimizes the use of synthetic chemicals and promotes practices that enhance soil health, conserve water, and protect biodiversity. These methods positively impact the environment by reducing pollution, conserving resources, and fostering healthier ecosystems.

2.How does sustainable farming help in conserving water?

Sustainable farming employs water-efficient techniques such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting. By reducing water waste and soil erosion, these practices contribute to water conservation. Additionally, sustainable farmers prioritize protecting watersheds, ensuring clean water sources for both agricultural and community needs.

3.Does sustainable farming contribute to combating climate change?

Yes, sustainable farming plays a role in mitigating climate change. Practices like agroforestry and no-till farming sequester carbon dioxide in the soil, offsetting greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable farms also adopt renewable energy sources, reducing their carbon footprint and contributing to climate change mitigation.

4.How does sustainable farming promote biodiversity conservation?

Sustainable farming encourages biodiversity by creating diverse ecosystems on and around farmland. Crop rotation, intercropping, and planting cover crops help reduce the risk of pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical interventions. By providing diverse habitats, sustainable farms support native plant and animal species, fostering a more resilient and balanced ecosystem.

5.What are the benefits of sustainable farming for human health?

Sustainable farming practices reduce the use of synthetic chemicals and pesticides, leading to lower chemical residues on food. This results in healthier and safer produce for consumers. Additionally, sustainable farming promotes soil fertility and nutritious crops, contributing to improved food quality and nutrition for human consumption.

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How Digital Farming Helps Indian Women Farmers Secure Food?

• January 16, 2024

• Technology in Agriculture

The Role of Technology In Helping To Solve Agriculture’s Biggest Issues

• November 24, 2023

Environmental Topics and Essays

Just another sb you: web publishing for you site, sustainable vs. conventional agriculture.

I. Introduction

Farming has enabled human populations to dominate the world’s landscapes for many thousands of years.  The science of agriculture has been refined and perfected over time to accommodate for the ever-increasing human population.  Until recent centuries, productive crops were mostly organic and existed with some permanence as part of a landscape.  As communities grow though, less and less land is available for food production and existing crops become easily exhausted.  Food insecurity caused by rapid population growth has pressured science to step in and produce many synthetic chemicals and gene manipulation techniques to maximize the potential of plants.  In addition, agricultural production has increased tremendously worldwide over the last century.  Coupled with this growth however is the pollution and degradation of the natural environment.  Many agricultural techniques exist today, but in an effort to adjust to the exponential trends of our population without compromising the integrity of the environment it is necessary to have a global transition towards sustainable farming.  With the current population at seven billion and rising, an important question must be addressed: What is the most sustainable and cost effective way to feed the world’s population?  Fortunately humans have been perfecting agricultural methods for thousands of years, which can help to answer this question.

This paper will analyze and compare two types of farming, organic and conventional.  In a comparison of agriculture, my goal is to assess the impact and performance of each practice and then identify the best method for growing crops.  Although there are many types of agricultural practices, they can be generalized as sustainable or conventional based on the techniques used.  Sustainable / organic farming aims to produce a number of crops, without the use of synthetic chemicals or fertilizers, while enhancing soil composition and promoting biodiversity.  This is a traditional, more permanent type of farming that relies on ecosystem services to maintain the integrity of the landscape while still producing sufficient yields.  Conventional farming uses synthetic chemicals and fertilizers to maximize the yield of a particular crop or set of crops, which are typically genetically modified.  This method requires a significant amount of chemical and energy input and weakens the ecology of a landscape.  In a comparative analysis of these two techniques, it is important to highlight the fact that the crops studied differed in soil composition, geography, and rotation systems.  “To carry on extensive long-term trials for a number of crops in several different geographical areas would be of fundamental importance to understand the potential of organic farming as well as to improve farming techniques in general.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Due to the many different factors determining crop health and productivity, there is a need for much more extensive research on the subject.  Therefore, my goal in writing this paper was to use reliable, long-term research that made specific assessments of the two generalized types of farming and then compare the results.

II. History of Agriculture

Agriculture has played a tremendous role in the advancement of human society. Agriculture has been around since roughly 10,000 B.C.E. and has enabled humans to manipulate ecosystems and maximize population growth ( Xtimeline.com ).  The science has encouraged people to live and develop rich, permanent settlements all over the world.  When humans first discovered the potential of planting seeds, they suddenly had the ability to explore the world and establish infrastructures wherever soils were fertile.

Soon after the start of agriculture people began to select for genes that maximized plant yields.  Selective breeding was first implemented on plants over 10,000 years ago to produce desired characteristics in crops ( USDA.gov ).  This discovery further contributed to the permanence and size of settlements.  With breakthroughs in agriculture, populations increased and development spread.

Early farming techniques depended on local climate conditions, but most farmers would continue to plant on the same field year-after-year until the soils were exhausted of nutrients.  This encouraged ingenuities such as crop rotation and intercropping ( Economywatch.com ).  Intercropping is a technique in which a variety of crops are grown together, creating a microclimate that favors the survival of each plant, maximizes potential yields and maintains soil fertility ( Archaeology.about.com ).  For example, Native Americans developed an intercropping technique over 5,000 years ago called the three sisters, where maize, beans, and squash were grown together ( Archaeology.about.com ).  Maize consumes a lot of nitrogen, while beans supply nitrogen to the soil, and squash benefits from a shady, moist climate.  Intercropping is one of many early discoveries in agriculture still being implemented today that promotes biodiversity, maintains soil composition, and fortifies plant health.

Techniques such as irrigation, intercropping, and crop rotation have progressively increased efficiency in agriculture.  Over the last few centuries however, radical changes have been made in farming and many countries have made a shift toward conventional methods.  Factors such as growing populations, economic instability, climate change, and pressures from companies to produce higher yields have contributed to this shift.  However, adopting these conventional methods subjects farmers to the greed of industry, as their crops depend on a high input of energy, synthetic chemicals, and genetically modified organisms.  And once committed to the conventional practices, farmers find themselves locked in a perpetual cycle of loans, subsidies, and debt.

III.  Conventional Agriculture

Conventional agriculture is a broad term that has a number of definitions, but a crop can be classified as conventional if synthetic chemicals are used to maintain the plants.  A significant amount of chemical and energy input is required in conventional agriculture to produce the highest possible yield of crops.  “This method usually alters the natural environment, deteriorates soil quality, and eliminates biodiversity.” ( USDA.gov ).   Conventional agriculture was developed to make farming more efficient, but achieves that efficiency at a major cost to the environment.

The goal of conventional agriculture is to maximize the potential yield of crops.  This is achieved through the application of synthetic chemicals, genetically modified organisms, and a number of other industrial products.  In maintaining a conventional system, biodiversity, soil fertility, and ecosystems health are compromised (Huntley, Collins, and Swisher).  Production of these crops is beneficial to nothing but food security and economy.  Once established, a conventional farm requires constant maintenance but produces maximal yields.

Maintenance is made easy for farmers as conventional farming typically involves monocropping, but is also very expensive.  In a conventional system farmers will designate entire fields to just one crop, which creates uniformity.  Uniformity can determine both the success and failure of conventional systems.  A uniform crop is ideal because it reduces labor costs and makes harvesting easy, but it can also impact biodiversity and make crops susceptible to pathogens (Gabriel, Salt, Kunin, and Benton 2013).  Chemicals and genetically modified organisms make maintenance of conventional systems relatively simple for farmers, but require a constant input of energy and money.  In a conventional system, farmers can apply pesticides and herbicides to crops at a much more efficient rate if they are made up of just one type of plant, but this has a number of unintended consequences.  Since the goal of conventional agriculture is to maximize yields, environmental health and biodiversity are usually not preserved.

IV.  Sustainable Agriculture

Where conventional farming represents one extreme of agriculture, sustainable farming represents the other.  “Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people.  It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.  Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Sustainable agriculture is a more holistic approach to farming than conventional in that it relies on ecosystem services and is typically much less detrimental to the surrounding landscape.  Sustainable agriculture is a natural way to produce food and has a number of social, economic, and environmental benefits.

There are many types of sustainable farming that all rely on natural cycles to ensure plant health and crop performance.  Sustainable farming forgoes the use of synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers to produce food.  Instead, farmers will plant a variety of plants together to promote biodiversity and ward off pests and pathogens (Nicholls and Altieri 2012).  Where conventional systems promote uniformity and depend on synthetic chemicals for protection against disease and pests, sustainable systems rely on biodiversity as a measure to protect against these things.

Sustainable agriculture profits farmers, economies, and food banks while existing symbiotically with the landscape.  One example of many in sustainable farming practices, which emphasizes economic benefits and environmental health, is conservation agriculture.  “By increasing soil organic matter contents and moisture-holding capacity, CA can double subsistence crop yields in areas where use of fertilizers is uneconomic and it can sustain production in years with low rainfall.” (Kassam and Brammer 2013).  Conservation agriculture underlines the focus of sustainable agriculture in that it focuses on producing high yields without compromising the integrity of the environment.

V.  A Comparison of Agriculture

In a comparison of conventional and sustainable agriculture there should be several points of focus: production, biodiversity, soil composition / erosion, water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions.  The environmental impact and production levels of each method will determine its overall viability as a solution to growing trends.  It is necessary to make these comparisons in order to identify the best agricultural method that can sustainably meet the needs of the current population.  Although these comparisons are based off of scientific data, there is much more research that needs to be done in order to make a definitive judgment.

To meet the needs of the current population requires a tremendous amount of resources.  Not taking into account the environmental damage associated with intense production, conventional agriculture is a feasible way to provide for more people; “… population growth and increasing consumption of calorie- and meat-intensive diets are expected to roughly double human food demand by 2050.” (Mueller, Gerber, Johnston, Ray, Ramankutty, and Foley 2012).  In addressing this rapid growth, production levels become a serious point of comparison.  “Organic yields are globally on average 25% lower than conventional yields according to a recent meta-analysis, although this varies with crop types and species and depends on the comparability of farming systems.” (Gabriel, Salt, Kunin, and Benton 2013).  Most research indicates that sustainable crops produce much less than conventional systems.

There are many environmental benefits associated with sustainable agriculture, but its production capacity is limited.  In general, sustainable agriculture fails to match up to conventional agriculture in terms of production.  This result varies though, and in some instances organic crops actually best conventional crops.  For example, under drought conditions organic crops tend to produce higher yields because they typically retain more water; “As part of the Rodale Institute Farming System Trial (from 1981 to 2002), Pimentel et al. , (2005) found that during 1999, a year of extreme drought, (with total rainfall between April and August of 224 mm, compared with an average of 500 mm) the organic animal system had significantly higher corn yield (1,511 kg per ha) than either organic legume (412 kg per ha) or the conventional (1,100 kg per ha).” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Although certain conditions may favor organic crops, conventional agriculture is designed to produce the highest yields possible.

Many factors contribute to this difference in production.  Conventional crops are designed specifically to produce maximal yields; therefore, the difference should be expected.  Typically conventional crops are genetically modified to perform better under certain conditions than sustainable crops (Carpenter 2011).  However, these crops are also sprayed with toxic pesticides and herbicides to make up for their uniformity.  Some research has been done to determine whether increased biodiversity is related to increased yields; “…farmland biodiversity is typically negatively related to crop yield; generally, organic farming per se does not have an effect other than via reducing yields and therefore increasing biodiversity.” (Gabriel, Salt, Kunin, and Benton 2013).  Although levels of production are reduced in sustainable agriculture, studies show that higher levels of biodiversity are linked to healthier crops.

Biodiversity plays a large part in this comparison because it is a determinant of agricultural health and performance.  The greater the biodiversity, the more immune plants are to pests and disease (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  This is important to highlight because conventional agriculture discourages biodiversity and instead relies on synthetic chemicals to maintain crop health.  Over 940 million pounds of pesticides are being applied annually with only 10% of that reaching the desired target, a number that could be greatly reduced if conventional agriculture were to implement sustainable alternatives ( Sustainablelafayette.org ).  Techniques such as integrated pest management and intercropping could be applied to conventional systems and in turn promote biodiversity.

High biodiversity is important to sustainable farming because it enhances the performance of the ecological cycles that the crops depend upon.  Organic agricultural systems are typically much more rich in nutrients and diverse in organisms than conventional systems; “…organic farming is usually associated with a significantly higher level of biological activity, represented by bacteria, fungi, springtails, mites and earthworms, due to its versatile crop rotations, reduced applications of nutrients, and the ban on pesticides.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  It is important to encourage high nutrient levels and biodiversity as these two factors contribute significantly to the health of the crops and the landscape.  Although biodiversity does not directly determine crop yield, it does play a major role in the health and permanence of sustainable farms.

Despite the impacts conventional methods have on agricultural land, not all conventional farms degrade biodiversity.  In fact, there are many ways farmers can reduce the amount of chemicals and energy they use by implementing low input alternatives; “Overall, the review finds that currently commercialized GM crops have reduced the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity, through enhanced adoption of conservation tillage practices, reduction of insecticide use and use of more environmentally benign herbicides and increasing yields to alleviate pressure to convert additional land into agricultural use.” (Carpenter 2011).  The global impact agriculture has can be significantly reduced if conventional farmers adopt sustainable techniques.

In addition to higher levels of biodiversity, sustainable farming is typically associated with better soil quality.  Organic farms have stronger soil ecology because they promote biodiversity rather than uniformity; “The results confirm that higher levels of total and organic C, total N and soluble organic C are observed in all of the organic soil.” (Wang, Li, and Fan 2012).  The increased concentrations of these nutrients can be contributed to the depth of the food web and amount of biomass in sustainable systems.  “In a seven-year experiment in Italy, Marinari et al. (2006) compared two adjacent farms, one organic and one conventional, and found that the fields under organic management showed significantly better soil nutritional and microbiological conditions; with an increased level of total nitrogen, nitrate and available phosphorus, and an increased microbial biomass content, and enzymatic activities.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Sustainable crops are more permanent than conventional crops because they work in harmony with the landscape rather than drain it of nutrients and biomass.

Soil management is vital for existing farms because agricultural production is increasing globally and land is becoming less available to accommodate this growth.  Conventional systems can improve soil quality by practicing sustainable methods like no-tillage farming, agroforestry, and integrated pest management, but sustainable agriculture is the most effective form of food production in terms of maintaining soil conditions.  “Establishing trees on agricultural land can help to mitigate many of the negative impacts of agriculture, for example by regulating soil, water and air quality, supporting biodiversity, reducing inputs by natural regulation of pests and more efficient nutrient cycling, and by modifying local and global climates.” (Smith, Pearce, and Wolfe 2012).  Again, research shows that an increase in biodiversity and a reduction of chemical input can result in conventional farms with more healthy soils and improved crop performance.

A major problem concerning agriculture is soil erosion caused by nutrient loss, run-off, salinity, and drought.  Soil erosion presents a threat to the growth of agriculture because, “Intensive farming exacerbates these phenomena, which are threatening the future sustainability of crop production on a global scale, especially under extreme climatic events such as droughts.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Organic systems enhance soil composition as well as prevent soil erosion due to the greater amount of plant material and biomass in the soil.  Conventional systems manipulate the landscape rather than adapt to it; “…soils under organic management showed <75% soil loss compared to the maximum tolerance value in the region (the maximum rate of soil erosion that can occur without compromising long-term crop productivity or environmental quality −11.2 t ha −1 yr −1 ), while in conventional soil a rate of soil loss three times the maximum tolerance value was recorded.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Compared to sustainable farming, conventional crops are terribly inefficient at maintaining the integrity of agricultural landscapes.  Conventional agriculture is therefore unable meet the demands of the growing populations without consuming a substantial amount of land and non-renewable resources.

On a global scale, water is a renewable resource that can meet the needs of our current population.  Locally, however, water is a scarce resource and must be appropriated efficiently.  The amount of fresh water available for consumption globally is small, but regional constraints make accessing that water even more difficult for many millions of people.  Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of water use worldwide ( USDA.gov ).  Increasing demand for fresh water is pressuring global stocks.  To conserve this resource a drastic overhaul of water saving techniques, especially in agriculture, must occur.

Due to the abundance of flora and fauna in sustainable systems, organic soil typically retains much more water than conventional soil.  This increased retention rate enables sustainable agricultural systems to produce much higher yields than conventional systems during drought conditions (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  This is a desirable characteristic in agricultural land as it allows crops to be more tolerable to changing climate.  “In heavy loess soils in a temperate climate in Switzerland water holding capacity was reported being 20 to 40% higher in organically managed soils than in conventional ones… The primary reason for higher yield in organic crops is thought to be due to the higher water-holding capacity of the soils under organic management.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  To manage available water resources, sustainable agriculture is the more efficient approach to feeding the world.

A gap exists between current production rates and potential production rates of crops.  Through better management of water and soil, much greater yields can be produced.  Increasing efficiency to 100% is not entirely feasible, but implementing sustainable farming techniques would conserve resources and improve crop performance; “Globally, we find that closing yield gaps to 100% of attainable yields could increase worldwide crop production by 45% to 70% for most major crops (with 64%, 71% and 47% increases for maize, wheat and rice, respectively).” (Mueller, Gerber, Johnston, Ray, Ramankutty, and Foley 2012).  Meeting future food demands is a dynamic problem that requires consideration of all things, but most importantly water and soil conservation.

Sustainable agriculture relies solely on natural processes for input and recycles nutrients on-site to eliminate the use of non-renewable resources.  Alternatively, conventional agriculture requires an incredible amount of energy to produce, prepare, and transport food.  Energy efficiency is important to agriculture as it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lower costs of production; “Agricultural activities (not including forest conversion) account for approximately 5% of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2 and the 10–12% of total global anthropogenic emissions of GHGs (5.1 to 6.1 Gt CO 2 eq. yr −1 in 2005), accounting for nearly all the anthropogenic methane and one to two thirds of all anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions are due to agricultural activities.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Agriculture is responsible for a significant percentage of greenhouse gas emissions, but can also mitigate this impact using sustainable methods.  Better management of agricultural land is required to reduce the effects of crop production.

Sustainable agriculture has the ability to offset global greenhouse emissions at a greater rate than conventional agriculture because it is more permanent and does not require much input to produce food.  Conventional systems are inefficient at capturing carbon because of soil composition, constant production, and how much energy is being used to maintain the crops.  “We use so much machinery, pesticides, irrigation, processing, and transportation that for every calorie that comes to the table, 10 calories or energy have been expended.” ( Sustainablelafayette.org ).  However, there are measures that can be taken to increase energy efficiency.  “This carbon can be stored in soil by SOM and by aboveground biomass through processes such as adopting rotations with cover crops and green manures to increase SOM, agroforestry, and conservation-tillage systems.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Conventional agriculture operates at a net energy loss, but implementing sustainable practices can reduce costs and benefit the surrounding landscape.

Sustainable agriculture aims to enhance the composition of a landscape while producing sufficient yields.  This method is so efficient compared to conventional agriculture because it requires no input of synthetic chemicals or fertilizers, which accounts for a large amount of the greenhouse gas emissions.  However, energy efficiency also takes into account the ratio of input to output.  In that sense, there is no substantial difference between the two types of agriculture; “…the energy efficiency, calculated as the yield divided by the energy use (MJ ha −1 ), was generally higher in the organic system than in the conventional system, but the yields were also lower. This meant that conventional crop production had the highest net energy production, whereas organic crop production had the highest energy efficiency.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Even though conventional systems produce greater yields than sustainable systems, organic crop production is the most energy efficient method.

VI.  Conclusion

Studies point toward sustainable agriculture as the best solution to managing the growing population.  Although the benefits of sustainable agriculture are abundant, there are several constraints to adopting this method worldwide.  Climate conditions vary with geography so where sustainable agriculture is the most efficient system in one part of the world, it may not be entirely feasible in another.  “Some authors suggest the adoption of integrated farming, rather than upholding solely organic practices, which they find more harmful than conventional farming, for instance in the case of pest control technologies.” (Gomiero, Pimentel, and Paoletti 2011).  Many factors determine the performance of agricultural methods and often the most effective type of agriculture requires a combination of techniques.  In addition to local constraints, sustainable agriculture also requires much more labor to maintain crops.

The science of agriculture has allowed human populations to grow exponentially and dominate the world’s landscapes.  Advancements in this science have enabled humans to manipulate entire ecosystems to cater to their survival.  But as populations continue to grow, resources are becoming limited.  Water, fuel, and soil are three important factors determining the survival the world’s population and it is crucial that they are used as efficiently as possible.  In a comparison of sustainable and conventional agriculture, organic farming methods are shown to perform much better for a number of indicators.  Sustainable agriculture consumes less water and energy, enhances soil composition, and forgoes synthetic chemical input.  Conventional agriculture cannot meet the needs of the current population without compromising the integrity of the environment.  Sustainable agriculture has the potential to sequester carbon, feed the world, and enrich the environment.  The social, economic, and environmental benefits of this system are reasons why sustainable agriculture is the most viable way to accommodate growing trends.

VII.  References

• Gomiero, T.; Pimentel, D.; Paoletti, M. G. Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices: Conventional Vs. Organic Agriculture. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences [Online] 2011 , Volume 30, Issue 1-2: 95-124; http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07352689.2011.554355#tabModule (Accessed April 17, 2013).
• Carpenter, J, E. Impact of GM Crops on Biodiversity. GM Crops [Online] 2011, Volume 2:1, 7-23; http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/gmcrops/CarpenterGMC2-1.pdf  (Accessed April 20, 2013).
• Nicholls, C.; Altieri, M. Plant Biodiversity Enhances bees and Other Insect Pollinators in Agroecosystems. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development [Online] 2012 ; http://agroeco.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/nicholls-altieri-pollinators.pdf (Accessed May 10, 2013).
• Wu, J.; Sardo, V. Sustainable Vs. Organic Agriculture. Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change, and Soil Science [Online] 2010 , Series 3, 41-76; http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-90-481-3333-8_3 (Accessed May 5, 2013).
• Smith, J.; Pearce, BD.; Wolfe, MS. Reconciling Productivity with Protection of the Environment: Is Temperate Agroforestry the Answer? Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems [Online] 2013 , Volume 28, Issue 1: 80-92; http://apps.webofknowledge.com.libproxy.cc.stonybrook.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=4&SID=4CpkdIbjgdKHalEipLc&page=1&doc=1 (Accessed May 9, 2013).
• Smith, P.; Gregory, PJ. Climate Change and Sustainable Food Production. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society [Online] 2013 , Volume 72, Issue 1: 21-28; http://apps.webofknowledge.com.libproxy.cc.stonybrook.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=4&SID=4CpkdIbjgdKHalEipLc&page=1&doc=6 (Accessed May 1, 2013).
• Mueller, ND.; Gerber, JS.; Johnston, M.; Ray, DK.; Ramankutty, N.; Foley, JA. Closing Yield gaps Through Nutrient and Water Management. Nature [Online] 2012 , Volume 490, Issue 7419: 254-257; http://apps.webofknowledge.com.libproxy.cc.stonybrook.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=4&SID=4CpkdIbjgdKHalEipLc&page=3&doc=24 (Accessed May 8, 2013).
• Kassam, A.; Brammer, H.; Combining Sustainable Agricultural Production with Economic and Environmental Benefits. Geographical Journal [Online] 2013 , Volume 179: 11-18; http://apps.webofknowledge.com.libproxy.cc.stonybrook.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=7&SID=4CpkdIbjgdKHalEipLc&page=1&doc=1 (Accessed May 3, 2013).
• Gabriel, D.; Salt, SM.; Kunin, WE.; Benton, TG. Food Production Vs. Biodiversity: Comparing Organic and Conventional Agriculture. Journal of Applied Ecology [Online] 2013 , Volume 50, Issue 2: 355-364; http://apps.webofknowledge.com.libproxy.cc.stonybrook.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=10&SID=4CpkdIbjgdKHalEipLc&page=1&doc=1 (Accessed April 28, 2013).
• Wang, S.; Li, Z.; Fan, GS. Soil Quality and Microbes in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. African Journal of Microbiology Research [Online] 2012 , Volume 6, Issue 24: 5077-5085; http://apps.webofknowledge.com.libproxy.cc.stonybrook.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=14&SID=4CpkdIbjgdKHalEipLc&page=1&doc=1 (Accessed May 8, 2013).
• Huntley, EE.; Collins, EE.; Swisher, M.E. Effects of Organic and Conventional Farm Practices on Soil Quality. University of Florida [Online]; http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/nsfc/39.htm (Accessed April 26, 2013)
• USDA.Gov . U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2013. Web. http://www.nal.usda.gov/history-art-and-biography/history-agriculture. 1 May 2013.
• Economywatch . Com . Stanley St Labs. 2010. Web. http://www.economywatch.com/agriculture/types/. 25 Apr. 2013.
• Xtimeline . Com . Famento, Inc. 2013. Web. http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/History-of-agriculture-1. 28 Apr. 2013.
• Archaeology.About.Com . About.Com. Web. http://archaeology.about.com/od/tterms/qt/Three-Sisters.htm. 20 Apr. 2013
• Sustainablelafayette.Org. Sustainable Lafayette. 2013. Web. http://www.sustainablelafayette.org/?page_id=1015. 13 May 2013.

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I contacted this herbal Doctor. I received this herbal medicine, he gave me instructions on how to use it, after taken the medicine as instructed, i went for check up and the result shows negative and i was cured of this deadly disease within 2 weeks, I am now free from Herpes. You can contact [ [[email protected]]]……… -GENITAL AND ORAL HERPES -HPV -DIABETES -ED SOLUTION – HEPATITIS A,B AND C -COLD SORE -LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION -HYPERTENSION -SHINGLES -FIBROID -BARENESS/INFERTILITY..

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The reason why most people are finding it difficult to cure HSV is because they believe in medical reports and their drugs (tablets) and supplement which is not helpful to cure herpes virus. Natural herbal roots/herbs medicine is the best remedy which can easily neutralize and eradicate herpes from your body completely because this herbal medication also cured me from the virus within a few weeks. read more about this herbal cure medication on his webpage https://Excelherbalcure.com

I was tested positive for HSV2 and ever since then I was taking different kinds of drugs from my medical doctor but yet no improvement until I saw on the internet how a herbalist has been curing several people from different kinds of herpes virus! I immediately contacted him and after our discussion he prepared the herbal medicine and send it to me which I received and drink according to his instructions. My medical doctor just confirmed me HSV2 negative and my heart is so filled with joy so I appreciate this herbal man for curing me with his herbal medication. If you are reading this and you got Herpes virus you can contact him through his Web address: Excelherbalcure.com

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I have suffered from HERPES Simplex Virus and was totally depressed about it until I met Doctor excel the great herbal healer who cured me from the nasty virus by drinking the herbal medicine that he sent me. for more information visit his website to know more about his medication. https://excelherbalcure.com

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I recently got cured from herpes virus after drinking natural herbal treatment. I read several articles online about how a herbal man cure other people from the same virus with herbal medication and I contacted him and gave it a try and after one month I got rid of the virus by testing negative several times, I will like to advice the world that natural herbal medicine is the best way to cure this mess called herpes. I shared my experience with other patients who are suffering from herpes virus to get in contact with this herbal man called excel, his web address.. https://excelherbalcure.com

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Herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, prompting many to wonder how to get rid of herpes naturally….Does anyone still doubt natural herbs? We all know that herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, prompting many to wonder how to get rid of herpes naturally. Unfortunately, they did not find a definite solution to herpes but today I have brought you the great opportunity we all have been waiting for because I’ve seen the great importance of natural herbs and the wonderful work they have done in people’s lives. I wonder why people still spend their money on surgery, injections and drugs each time they are sick or diagnosed. Natural herbs can cure all kinds of illness including herpes, diabetics, asthma, HIV, hepatitis, etc. I’ve seen it with my own eyes. I was cured of Herpes and my aunt and her husband were cured of HIV by Dr. iniboku using natural herbs to cure different kinds of illness. Even Dr. Sebi and Dr. iniboku have proven to the whole world that natural herbs can cure all diseases and it has cured countless people using natural herbs. I know it is hard to believe but I am a living testimony. There is no harm in trying herbs. He is also a spell caster, he can cast a spell to restore your marriage back to normal, a good luck spell to prosper in life and excel in whatever you do in life. Contact or email Dr. iniboku on:[email protected] or [email protected] (phone/whatsapp no): +2347059186346 or visit page https://www.facebook.com/driniboku/

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I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then i have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. UMA on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i  took according .to his instructions. When i was done taking the herbal medicine i went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise i was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. UMA today on this Email address: [email protected] or whatsapp +2347035619585.

AN AMAZING REMEDY FOR HSV 1 & 2. It’s so unbelievable how wonderful herbs can be. when I first saw a post that said that a man have a perfect cure for HSV 1&2, i was like could this be real or some kind of scam but due to my eagerness to be cured I took the risk of contacting him, he gave me reasons to believe he is a real herbalist so I followed all his instructions on how to take the drugs for 14 days and now all my test results shows HSV 1&2 (-) negative , Dr Aba have the most safe cure for herpes and other stubborn virus which are HSV 1&2,STI,STD just name it he has the cure for them all. Contact him via his personal email address which is [email protected] . Trust me you will like this method, it’s safe, cheap and easy. Do well to let others know about this..

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Life is always beautiful when you have good health.i have be in pain for almost 1 year had HSV 1&2 and I was lonely and sad, luckily I was directed to a very kind and Great Dr Oliha who helped me cure my HSV 1&2 and today I am free from the virus and very healthy thank you so much Dr Oliha .Email [email protected] you can also whatsapp/Call him; +2349038382931

I was infected with Genital Herpes Virus 10 month ago, ever since then I have been searching for a cure everywhere because I was feeling so uncomfortable with it. I have been dating for almost 5 years until I contracted Genital Herpes from my ex-boyfriend. Since then I became very sad about the whole situation, always going online to check if I could get a cure to Genital Herpes, then I came across so many testimonies. Due to my seriousness and eagerness to be completely cured, I became a victim of fraud after contacting several so-called herbal doctors I was referred to. I lost a lot of money but I didn’t stop searching for a cure. Then one faithful day, I came across a testimony of a lady saying that she got her Genital herpes cured by a Great Herbal Doctor she called Dr Iniboku by contacting him through his email address. And she advised anyone with Genital Herpes or Simplex Herpes to contact the herbal doctor for Herbal Cure. I contemplated for about 4 hours whether or not to contact him. Then something inside of me told me ‘Nothing good comes easy’. I then contacted him through his email and told him my problem. He told me all the things I needed to do and also gave me instructions to follow, which I did properly. Just within weeks of drinking and applying the herbal medication he sent to me through DHL delivery service, i started seeing changes, i went to my medical doctor for check-up, i was so happy when the doctor told me i was no more having Genital Herpes Virus, it was all tears of Joy from that moment, People think herpes is really a minor skin irritation herpes has a long term effects on health and if i could ever meet a Genuinely Great Herbal Doctor. I’m so grateful to him. I am completely free from Genital Herpes Virus, i introduced a family friend who has Simplex Herpes virus to him, He called me and told me he was also completely. I promised to share my own testimony like that of the lady on the internet. Friends, If you are also struggling with Herpes disease you can as well Contact him via Email: [email protected] him on via whatsApp at +2347059186346

Hello friends I’m here to share how a herbalist cured me from genital herpes virus with his herbal medication that he sent me to drink. I thought it was all over for me until my doctor confirmed severally that the virus of 3 years is gone, I have never in my life believed that herpes virus could be cured by herbal medicine. you also can try him out and it might as well work for you reach him today via his website https://excelherbalcure.com

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I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES.

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I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES.,

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I am amazed by Dr Aba herbal remedy. I Have had herpes for over 6 years with frequent outbreaks. Sometimes average 2-3 times per month. Before one breakout could end, the next would begin. Nothing has helped me. I came online in search for a possible way to see how I can fight this virus so I found Dr Aba here online after seeing a lot of testimonies of how he cured herpes and other diseases with natural herbs so I decided to give it a try, I only took his remedy for two weeks and I was completely cured. I recommend Dr Aba remedy to anyone suffering from herpes that wants to be completely cured too. email: [email protected] and for quick response Message him on his whatsapp number +2348107155060

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I was diagnosed of genital Herpes 3years ago and was in pain with the knowledge that there is no cure for the virus so I was determined to get my life back! there was a day I saw several post about a herbalist how he’s used natural herbal medicine to cure this particular virus, Immediately I contacted him on his website and he prepared and sent me the herbal meds through DHL delivery and after 14days of usage, the Pain, itching, and sores were gone after about a month. I’m the happiest woman on earth because I just tested negative to the virus! this testimony is real and thanks to Dr excel you can also reach him on his website https://excelherbalcure.com

I’m here to appreciate the great work of a herbal man called Excel, I have been diagnosed of herpes virus for a period of 2years, I lost all hope that there is no cure and I have been taken medicine to sustain the virus till I got to know about a herbalist called Excel through a friend who he cured of same virus with his boyfriend. I contacted him and he sent me a Herbal Medicine to drink which he prescribed for me to drink for some period of days then after waiting for two weeks I went to the hospital for test and I was confirmed Herpes Negative several times after 2 years of being positive, it is indeed a miracle, Dr Excel is a great herbal man, I have heard so much about how he has help lot of people, if you have same virus you can contact him for help on his Website: Excelherbalcure.com

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Natural herbs have cured so many illness that drugs and injection cant cure. I’ve seen the great importance of natural herbs and the wonderful work they have done in people’s lives. i read people’s testimonies online on how they were cured of herpes, fibroids cyst, colon cleanse, hiv, diabetics etc by Dr UMA herbal medicine, so i decided to contact the doctor because i know nature has the power to heal anything. I was diagnosed with herpes for the past 7 years but Dr. UMA cured me with his herbs after taking his herbs for just 2weeks and i referred my aunt and her husband to him immediately because they were both suffering from herpes virus and they were cured too .I know is hard to believe but am a living testimony. There is no harm trying herbs. Contact [email protected] or WhatsApp +2347035619585.

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Thank you Dr Hamu for your help in my life, I can’t believe that I am no longer diagnosed with HEPATITIS B. After suffering from it for more than 9years.  Your herbal medication is truly a miracle, If you’re reading this message now whenever you’re in the world, do not waste time but contact this traditional healer for your medication. I found out that he has other herbal solutions to several diseases or STD’s. WhatApp him on: +2348131316143  OR Email: [email protected]

I can’t believe this’s happening, I never believe there is cure to this herpes virus because they all say there is no cure to it, a few months ago I came across this site on the internet with several messages shared by people who has got rid of herpes virus with the help of herbal medication from an herbal man. I contacted this man through his website and asked for his help also, he informed me about the cure process and this man sent me an herbal medicine which I took according to the way he instructed for weeks. I couldn’t believe it when I go for a test several times my result comes out negative and all the symptoms were gone. I am so happy to share this to the world there is a real cure to herpes you can reach and also know about this herbalist on his website https://excelherbalcure.com

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I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES.<

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I bring you Good news.There is a man called Dr.Ayomide a herbal practitioner who helped cure me from Genital herpes,this i had suffered from for the past 2years and i have spent so much money trying to survive from it.I got my healing by taking the herbal medicine he sent to me to drink for about 9days.3days after completion of the dosage,I went for a medical checkup and I was tested Genital Herpes NEGATIVE.I’m sharing this so that other people can know of this great healer called Dr Ayomide because I got to know him through a friend he cured from HIV.I was made to understand that he can cure several other deadly diseases and infections.Don’t die in ignorance and don’t let that illness take your life.Contact Dr Ayomide through his email [email protected] You can also call him or WhatsApp him on:+2348062443909 Thank you Dr. Ayomide. Be kind enough to share as you received.

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I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then i have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. UMA on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i  took according .to his instructions. When i was done taking the herbal medicine i went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise i was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. UMA today on this Email address: [email protected] or whatsapp +2347035619585.<

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HERBAL MEDICINE CONTACT DR ORIANE, I am so Happy to be writing this

article in here, i am here to explore blogs from about the

wonderful and most safe cure for HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS I was positive to

the Virus called HERPES and i lost hope completely because i was

rejected even by my closet friends. I searched online to know

and inquire about a cure for HERPES and I saw testimony about DR ORIANE

online on how he cured so many people from Herpes Disease so I decided

to contact the great herbalist because I know that

nature has the power to heal everything. I contacted him to know how he

can help me and he told me never to worry that he will help me with the

natural herbs from God! After 2 days contacting him, he

told me that the cure has been ready and he sent it to me via FEDEX or

DHL and it got to me after 3 days! I used the medicine as he instructed

me (MORNING and EVENING) and i was cured! it’s really

like a dream but I’m so happy! that’s the reason i decided to also add

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if you need his help WhatsApp him +2349153510730 OR He

also have the herbs to cure difference cure for any sickness (1) HERPES,

(2) DIABETES, (3) HIV & AIDS, (4) URINARY TRACT INFECTION, (5)

HEPATITIS B, (7) BARENESS/INFERTILITY (8) DIARRHEA (9)

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Hello everyone my names are ALEX JACKSON from the UK, I want to use this golden medium to appreciate Doctor Abdul a great spell caster for helping me retrieving back my relationship with my ex lover when he ended and turned back on me for quite a long time now (6 months ago). He performed a spell for me and within 48 hours after the spell had been cast I received a text from my ex saying that he is sorry for the pains and tears that he had caused me and that he will not do such a thing to me again in his life. I was surprised but later accepted him back again. Anyone that is in the same line of problem or different one that wants to contact a spell caster should happily contact Doctor Abdul now on this email [email protected] or message him through his Whatsapp +2348108728256

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Hello, everyone’s, my name is Maria Helena from the United kingdom and I want to use this opportunity to thank Dr Ughulu for helping me to cure my Herpes disease, it has been over 2 years now I had this disease I don’t even know how it got throw me, i have been going to difference hospital just to make sure I get cure and nothing works out for me, until the day I saw a comment online about how someone testify how Dr Ughulu cure her herpes disease and It was so very interesting to me, I really think about it for few minutes before I sent him a message and he said you’re welcome my daughter, he list out what he will buy to work for me and also he said I shouldn’t worried. I will be fine, so I really did the right thing he asked me to do. It didn’t take up to three weeks until I was healed from my herpes disease, I went for a checkup and the doctor told me nothing is wrong with me. Please join me to thank Dr Ughulu. I really appreciate his good work. My God will continue to bless you forever. You can visit his website: https://drughulupowerfulsp.wixsite.com/my-site-ughulu CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841 or email:[email protected]

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My wife broke up with me 3 months ago, and forced me to sign the divorce papers, and I was completely heartbroken. And I could not get back into any shape emotionally. I Thank God for this astonishing and brilliant spell caster that came to my rescue. Wow! This spell caster has helped me so much. Dr Jakuta guaranteed me an urgent 24hrs spell casting, of which I accepted it. Shockingly! this month my wife called me back with lots of apologies after 48hrs which he assured me, and he did everything possible to withdraw the divorce papers which was previously ongoing with the power of this miracle working spell caster. Some people testified that he brought their Ex lover back, some testified that he restores womb, cure cancer, herpes simplex virus and other sickness, Thank you so so so much Lord for your powerful spells. expressions are not sufficient to say than you. Email doctorjakutaspellcaster24@gmail. com. You can also WhatsApp him on +2349161779461

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Greetings to everyone who read my testimony. Using this opportunity to thank the great real spell caster called Dr Ughulu is so exciting to me. I have been looking for a way to cure my HIV Disease but everything seems so wrong with all the herbal remedies I have taken. I was notified on my phone about how Dr. Ughulu cures someone out of herpes Disease. I read all the news that I was notified on the phone so luckily his website was there. That’s when I went through it and I saw he is a powerful man so I took advantage and sent him a message to help me cure my HIV Disease. I was very happy when he responded to me and told me the items needed to be able to cure my HIV Disease after I had spent a lot of money in the Hospitals and also with different types of traditional medicine in my country. Dr Ughulu did his best and sent me herbal remedies to cure my HIV Disease. It didn’t take up to a month. I was cured from HIV Disease. So when I met my Doctor to do a check up and my doctor told me I am fine now and free from HIV Disease. EMAIL: [email protected] GET A QUICK RESPOND TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841

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Greetings to everyone who read my testimony. Using this opportunity to thank the great real spell caster called Dr Ughulu is so exciting to me. I have been looking for a way to cure my HIV Disease but everything seems so wrong with all the herbal remedies I have taken. I was notified on my phone about how Dr. Ughulu cures someone out of herpes Disease. I read all the news that I was notified on the phone so luckily his website was there. That’s when I went through it and I saw he is a powerful man so I took advantage and sent him a message to help me cure my HIV Disease. I was very happy when he responded to me and told me the items needed to be able to cure my HIV Disease after I had spent a lot of money in the Hospitals and also with different types of traditional medicine in my country. Dr Ughulu did his best and sent me herbal remedies to cure my HIV Disease. It didn’t take up to a month. I was cured from HIV Disease. So when I met my Doctor to do a check up and my doctor told me I am fine now and free from HIV Disease. EMAIL: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @gmail.com GET A QUICK RESPOND TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841

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I want to thank Dr Ughulu for what he has done for me, it has been 1 year and 4 months I have being suffering from HIV disease all because I cheated on my husband I had this HIV disease through the man I had sex with when I was cheating behind my husband, so after I have been suffering from the HIV disease I have spent a lot of money in the hospital just to get a cure and nothing work out for me, one day I was searching something online that I saw a comment about how someone testify Dr Ughulu , so when I saw it and I read it I was afraid to message him but I make up my mind and I sent him a message I explain everything to him, he told me what to do that can cure my HIV disease so I did exactly what he said, it didn’t take up to 2 weeks my HIV disease was totally cured. Then I went for a checkup. The doctor told me I no longer have HIV disease in my body anymore. That was the beginning of my happiness. Thank you so much Dr Ughulu for all you have done for me. You can also contact him through his email: [email protected] or CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841

I read on the internet about a traditional herbal man who cures herpes virus with herbal medicine, I had my doubts and was skeptical but unlike many I decided to place my destiny in my own hands by going further to contact and follow his instructions. This is the words of someone who has felt the pains of being infected and affected with genital Herpes virus and finally got cured after drinking a natural herbal medicine from dr excel the herbalist, after being diagnosed for 4years. I am a witness today that herbal medication can cure genital herpes because I have just test negative for the second time and all the symptoms were totally gone. you should contact Doctor Excel by visiting his website https://excelherbalcure.com

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I want to thank Dr Ughulu for what he has done for me, it has been 1 year and 4 months I have being suffering from HIV disease all because I cheated on my husband I had this HIV disease through the man I had sex with when I was cheating behind my husband, so after I have been suffering from the HIV disease I have spent a lot of money in the hospital just to get a cure and nothing work out for me, one day I was searching something online that I saw a comment about how someone testify Dr Ughulu , so when I saw it and I read it I was afraid to message him but I make up my mind and I sent him a message I explain everything to him, he told me what to do that can cure my HIV disease so I did exactly what he said, it didn’t take up to 2 weeks my HIV disease was totally cured. Then I went for a checkup. The doctor told me I no longer have HIV disease in my body anymore. That was the beginning of my happiness. Thank you so much Dr Ughulu for all you have done for me. You can also contact him through his email: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @gmail.com or CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841

I want to use this as opportunity to appreciate DR Excel for curing me from genital herpes virus after 2 years of having it, It was shocking to me when I was diagnosed of herpes because I didn’t know how I got it and I became depressed when my doctor said there was no cure to it and every attempt I made to get cured failed until a friend told me about DR Excel and I contacted him at once through his website and he sent me his herbal medication and also guide me through on how I’m to be drinking it and now I’m free from that nasty virus, I tested negative several times since I finished with the herbal meds. get to know more about his herbal medication through his website https://excelherbalcure.com

I want to thank Dr Ughulu for what he has done for me, it has been 1 year and 4 months I have being suffering from HIV disease all because I cheated on my husband I had this HIV disease through the man I had sex with when I was cheating behind my husband, so after I have been suffering from the HIV disease I have spent a lot of money in the hospital just to get a cure and nothing work out for me, one day I was searching something online that I saw a comment about how someone testify Dr Ughulu , so when I saw it and I read it I was afraid to message him but I make up my mind and I sent him a message I explain everything to him, he told me what to do that can cure my HIV disease so I did exactly what he said, it didn’t take up to 2 weeks my HIV disease was totally cured. Then I went for a checkup. The doctor told me I no longer have HIV disease in my body anymore. That was the beginning of my happiness. Thank you so much Dr Ughulu for all you have done for me. You can also contact him through his email: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @ gmail.com or CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841

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I have taken time out to thank someone who cured me from herpes virus with herbal medicine! It became a major problem for me as it was affecting my daily life as I was no longer comfortable so I decided to look for a solution which I came across several posts about how Dr Excel has been helping people of the same problem then I quickly contacted him and told him all I have been facing in my life, he told me how to get his product and how to take it, after everything I found out that all was okay with me and that my Herpes problem was gone after testing negative several times, this is why I have come out today to say thanks to him and for others to also believe that there’s cure for herpes Contact him today on his webpage https://excelherbalcure.com

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I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES.;’

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I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then i have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. UMA on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i  took according .to his instructions. When i was done taking the herbal medicine i went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise i was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. UMA today on this Email address: [email protected] or whatsapp +2347035619585…

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Hello everyone my name is Kiara Hahn from California US. I’m here to testify of a great and powerful spell caster called Dr Jakuta. I was so confused and devastated when my fiance left me without a word, I’ve spent the last month crying and feeling guilty. I wasn’t talking to anybody, so one day I search online on love tips because I needed him back desperately and I loved him so much, until I found Dr Jakuta who has solved so many relationship problems then I contacted him and he promised that in less than 72hrs he will come back to me. After I did all he asked, to my greatest surprise my fiance who had refused to speak with me came to my house and asked for forgiveness for all he had made me go through and now we are living happily together, if you have any relationship problem you can contact him Below are his contact details: Email him at doctorjakutaspellcaster24@gmail. com WhatsApp +2349161779461

HELLO EVERYONE.. FEW MUNINETS TO REDY THIS INFOR ON HERPES CURE 2018.. 2017 MY MOTHER WAS DIAGNOSED OF HERPES/ KNOWN AS GENITAL WARTS ,I SPENT A LOT OF MONEY ON HER MEDICATION TILL A POINT I EVEN LOST HOPE,BECAUSE MY MOTHER WAS GRADUALLY DYING AND LOST HER MEMORY TOO, I WAS SO DESPERATE TO GET MY MOTHER BACK TO NORMAL, ONE DAY MY UNCLE WHO LIVES IN LONDON UNITED KINGDOM TOLD ME ABOUT DR OLIHA ,WHO HELPED HIM GET RID OF HERPES /GENITAL WART WITH HERBAL MEDICINE AND HIS HERBAL SOAP ,I WAS SO SHOCKED WHEN HE TOLD ME ABOUT THIS ,ALTHOUGH I NEVER BELIEVE IN HERB BUT, I KEEP TO BELIEVE BECAUSE MY UNCLE CAN’T TELL ME LIES WHEN IT COMES TO HEALTH CONDITION I CONTACTED DR OLIHA VIA HIS EMAIL; [email protected] , YOU CAN TALK TO HIM VIA CALL OR WHATSAPP MESSENGER ON +2349038382931 , HE REPLIED AND ASK ME TO SEND MY HOME ADDRESS AND MY MOTHER’S DETAIL AND THEN I PURCHASED THE HERBAL MEDICINE,SENT ME THE HERBAL MEDICINE THROUGH COURIER SERVICE, WHEN I RECEIVED THIS HERBAL MEDICINE USED IT FOR 2 WEEKS, AND 4 DAYS OF USAGE THE WARTS FELL OFF, MY MOTHER I NOW TOTALLY CURED AND MY MOTHER IS LIVING FREE AND HAPPY AGAIN. YOU CAN TALK TO DR VIA HIS MOBILE NUMBER OR WHATS APP HIM ON +2349038382931  ALL THANKS TO DOCTOR DR OLIHA  

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I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES.;.

I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES./’

Hello everyone my names are ALEX JACKSON from the UK, I want to use this golden medium to appreciate Doctor Abdul a great spell caster for helping me retrieving back my relationship with my ex lover when she ended and turned back on me for quite a long time now (6 months ago). He performed a spell for me and within 48 hours after the spell had been cast I received a text from my ex saying that she is sorry for the pains and tears that he had caused me and that he will not do such a thing to me again in his life. I was surprised but later accepted him back again. Anyone that is in the same line of problem or different one that wants to contact a spell caster should happily contact Doctor Abdul now on this email [email protected] or message him through his Whatsapp +2348108728256

GREAT NEWS… This testimony is worth sharing to the world. I am here to tell the world of the good works of DR.BALBOSA. My name is Olivia Bolton and I am from the UK.. My man left me and my kids for another older woman. It was not so easy for me…I love my husband so much and I did not lose hope and I kept praying and believing. Finally, my prayers were answered…i searched online for a spell caster to help me unite me and my lover back forever and I saw so many testimonies of how DR.BALBOSA has helped so many people online and I decided to give him a trial…I contacted him and explained to him. He told me not to worry that he will bring back my man within 24 hours. He consulted his powers and assured me not to worry. He did his work and cast the natural spell and to my greatest surprise, my husband came back the same day begging and crying just as DR.BALBOSA said. He begged me for forgiveness and he promised never to leave me for any reason. We are happy and we live together as one. Contact DR.BALBOSA now and be happy forever. dont lose hope and good luck…you can also contact DR.BALBOSA from any part of the world… EMAIL: balbosasolutionhome@gmail. com WEBSITE: https://balbosasolutionhome.com WHATSAPP NO: +1 (204) 650-0572

I am writing this testimonial with immense gratitude and a renewed sense of hope in my heart. For years, I battled with the physical and emotional torment caused by the herpes virus. It felt like an unending struggle, until I discovered a remarkable solution that changed my life forever.

Like many others, I had tried countless remedies, medications and therapies in search of a cure. I had lost hope, resigned to the belief that herpes was something I would have to live with indefinitely. However, fate intervened and led me to a breakthrough that altered the course of my life.

Upon stumbling upon a revolutionary treatment option, my skepticism slowly transformed into a flicker of hope. The treatment was a natural remedy from Dr Awase [ HERBS ]

Over time, as I followed the treatment diligently, I started noticing positive changes and I experienced a boost in my overall well-being. I am ecstatic to share that I am now herpes-free confirmed by my Dr after a test was done. The treatment I received was nothing short of miraculous and I couldn’t be more grateful. I have regained my self-confidence and the burden that once weighed heavily upon me has been lifted. I was cured of my herpes virus through natural medication.

If you, like me, have been struggling with herpes and searching for a way out, please know that hope exists. May my story inspire hope in the hearts of those who need it. He also specializes in getting rid of HPV, OVARIAN CYST, ALZHEIMER, PCOS, HEPATITIS and a lot more.

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BEST AND REAL LOVE SPELL CASTER TO BRING BACK YOUR EX LOVER HE IS SO PERFECT MY IS FINE AND SHE BACK WITH ME LIVING HAPPILY ALL THANKS TO DOCTOR ABDUL LOVE SPELL CONTACT HIM ON WHATSAPP +2348108728256

I want to give all the glory to a herbalist for changing my life by destroying the yoke of Herpes Virus from my system with herbal herbs medication. I have had the virus for three and half years now, I continued to pray for divine intervention for my healing because I’m a believer, my condition was so obvious because of the constant Fever & flu like symptoms, Tingling, burning or itching sensation in the area where blisters will appear. I started using antiviral drugs until I saw on the internet that a herbalist called Excel specializes in curing herpes! Everyone on the site was talking about him so I got in contact with the herbalist, I dived at the instructions that was given to me by him and he assured me I will get rid of the virus within a month or two. I believed in herbal means and I really needed his help. He sent me the herbal medicine through delivery to drink for two weeks! after a month I was experiencing changes in my body system cause the whole pain, Muscle aches were gone and now I have gotten myself back through herbal means and I advice you do the same by contacting this herbalist his website https://excelherbalcure.com

I want to thank Dr Ughulu for what he has done for me, it has been 1 year and 4 months I have being suffering from HIV disease all because I cheated on my husband I had this HIV disease through the man I had sex with when I was cheating behind my husband, so after I have been suffering from the HIV disease I have spent a lot of money in the hospital just to get a cure and nothing work out for me, one day I was searching something online that I saw a comment about how someone testify Dr Ughulu , so when I saw it and I read it I was afraid to message him but I make up my mind and I sent him a message I explain everything to him, he told me what to do that can cure my HIV disease so I did exactly what he said, it didn’t take up to 2 weeks my HIV disease was totally cured. Then I went for a checkup. The doctor told me I no longer have HIV disease in my body anymore. That was the beginning of my happiness. Thank you so much Dr Ughulu for all you have done for me. You can also contact him through his email: drughulupowerfulsp [email protected] or CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841

I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then i have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. UMA on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i  took according .to his instructions. When i was done taking the herbal medicine i went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise i was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. UMA today on this Email address: [email protected] or whatsapp +2347035619585.;?

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I wanna share my experience on how I got cured from herpes through the help of Dr excel. I’ve been suffering from herpes for the past three year now and I’ve been trying and taking some antiviral medication but they were not working out for me until I saw a post about Dr Excel natural herbal remedy then I contacted him and he prepared and sent the herbal medicine to me using DHL which I drink just as he ask me to and my problems was solved because I was totally cured and tested negative. he is a real traditional herbal doctor and he has cured a lot of people from herpes virus. Visit & Contact him on his website https://excelherbalcure.com

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Get rid of all kinds of Herpes with Natural Root and Herb medication. I was once infected with Herpes Genital Warts and after using Dr Excel herbal Medicine for a couple of weeks I couldn’t trace it anymore because all the symptoms disappears totally and I even did a test severally and it came out Negative. Get Your cure today from him by visiting his website https://excelherbalcure.com

My wife broke up with me 3 months ago, and forced me to sign the divorce papers, and I was completely heartbroken. And I could not get back into any shape emotionally. I Thank God for this astonishing and brilliant spell caster that came to my rescue. Wow! This spell caster has helped me so much. Dr Jakuta guaranteed me an urgent 24hrs spell casting, of which I accepted it. Shockingly! this month my wife called me back with lots of apologies after 48hrs which he assured me, and he did everything possible to withdraw the divorce papers which was previously ongoing with the power of this miracle working spell caster. Some people testified that he brought their Ex lover back, some testified that he restores womb, cure cancer, herpes simplex virus, hiv and other sickness, Thank you so so so much Lord for your powerful spells. expressions are not sufficient to say thank you. Email doctorjakutaspellcaster24@gmail. com. WhatsApp him on +2349161779461

Get rid of all kinds of Herpes with Natural Root and Herb medication. I was once infected with Herpes Genital Warts and after using Dr Excel herbal Medicine for a couple of weeks I couldn’t trace it anymore because all the symptoms disappears totally and I even did a test severally and it came out Negative. Get Your cure today from him by visiting his website: https://excelherbalcure.com

My name is Nina Williams, and I am divorced. I have three kids with my ex-husband, who messed up my credit report before we got divorced. This made my life with my kids a living hell, and I felt frustrated. However, I met a friend in church who recommended H A C K M A V E N S CREDIT SPECIALIST. I contacted them, and within 7 days, they fixed my credit and increased my score from 515 to 785. Now, I can take loans, own a house, and run a business. If you have any credit-related issues, you can reach out to them via EMAIL: H A C K M A V E N S 5 @ G M A I L. C O M or Call/Text/Whats-App: [+ 1 (2 0 9) 4 1 7 – 1 9 5 7].~

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I still don’t know the right words to express my gratitude to Herbalist Dr. UGHULU. After being diagnosed with Herpes Virus 2 months ago, I was given so many health prescriptions and advice with no improvement, I totally lost hope, until I found testimonies of Great Dr. UGHULU online when I was researching on a Blog, Like anybody would be, I was very skeptical about contacting him but I later did and he opened up to me and told me what was involved and he started. the remedies for my health. Thank God, I was cured from Herpes Virus by the herbal medication I received from him. I never thought that Herpes Virus can be cured, From the bottom of my heart I’m truly grateful and I pray you have long life so you can help many more people on earth with your herbal medical support, You can Email him via email :drughulu [email protected] or Text/Call:+1 (252) 409-1841 One thing I love most about Dr. UGHULU he is a good man with kind hearted, He is very polite with his patience, Everything he told me was what he did and his herbal medicine are very affordable.

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Sustainable Agriculture: The Future of Farming

“Sustainability” is a buzzword with a variety of meanings. When it comes to sustainable agriculture, the definition seems simple: provide nutritious food for human consumption while utilizing farming practices that preserve natural resources and protect the environment. The UN projects that the global population will reach about ten million by 2050 , so it is becoming increasingly important to moderate the consumption of our resources to ensure that the earth can support the growing population for years to come.

In 2019, agriculture accounted for 10% of the United State’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, deforestation, which often occurs to clear space for livestock grazing and farming, was responsible for another 10% of total greenhouse gas emissions.

In the last century, the number of farms in the United States has decreased dramatically and the average size of farms has increased, a product of the agriculture industry’s shift towards large-scale factory farms. This diminished the number of family-owned farms as large corporations began to produce the majority of food in America. This shift towards large-scale agriculture has had a myriad of negative effects, such as topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, degradation of rural communities, harmful conditions for farmworkers, and increased production costs. Sustainable agricultural practices seek to address these issues, ultimately improving both labor conditions for farmworkers and farming’s impact on the environment.

Sustainable agriculture is a dynamic practice that encompasses technology and farming methods to preserve natural resources and ensure their viability for years to come. Some commonly used sustainable agriculture practices include:

• Increased crop diversity: This allows farmers to profit from high yields of multiple crops year round, limit reliance on chemical pesticides, and enhance soil fertility.
• Planting cover crops: Cover crops are planted to protect soil from erosion and provide it with nutrients between growing seasons. They can also be used for livestock grazing, and are effective in limiting pesticide runoff and adding organic matter to soil.
• Hydroponics and aquaponics : These farming practices grow crops without soil so that they can be grown inside or outside in areas with limited space.
• Use of renewable energy sources: Harnessing energy sources like solar, hydroelectric, or wind limits dependence on nonrenewable energy.
• No-till farming: Tilling turns over the top layer of soil before planting new crops, which erodes the soil and kills microbes essential for soil health. No-till farming maintains soil structure and quality for multiple growing seasons.

These are just a few  examples of the many sustainable agriculture practices that farmers are implementing around the world to preserve our natural resources and provide nutritious food for the global population. About two million people on Earth are currently experiencing moderate to severe levels of food insecurity, and if current agricultural practices do not shift towards sustainable farming, this number will only increase with the growing population. Sustainable agriculture will allow the planet to thrive while simultaneously supplying healthy food for humans.

To learn more about a farm using sustainable practices, check out our Faces of Farmlink profile on Pierre Sleiman Jr ., founder and CEO of GoGreen Agriculture.

Lauren graduated from Chapman University in May 2020 with a degree in Environmental Science and Policy and joined The Farmlink Project in September 2020. In addition to writing for the newsletter, she is also on a sustainability and carbon credits team. She is originally from Orange County, California, and is currently located in Boston. She is passionate about the environment and leaving the planet better than we found it. Lauren loves hiking and swimming and her favorite produce is butternut squash!

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Sustainable Agriculture

History and Key Concepts

Sustainable Agriculture and the Management of Natural Resources

Sustainable agriculture and society, acknowledgements.

Feenstra, G., Ingels, C., Campbell, D. What is Sustainable Agriculture? University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. http://asi.ucdavis.edu/sarep/about/def

References and Recommended Reading

Altieri, M. A. Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.

Gliessman, S. R. Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000.

Hinrichs, C. C. & Lyson, T. A. Remaking the North American Food System: Strategies for Sustainability. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.

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Making Small Farms More Sustainable — and Profitable

• Lino Miguel Dias,
• Robert S. Kaplan,
• Harmanpreet Singh

A case study of Better Life Farming, an innovative public-private partnership in India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh.

Smallholder farms provide a large proportion of food supply in developing economies, but 40% of these farmers live on less than U.S.$2/day.  With a rapidly growing global population it is imperative to improve the productivity and security of farmers making up this sector.  This article presents the results of Better Life Farming, an ecosystem that connects smallholder farmers in India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh to the capabilities, products, and services of corporations and NGOs.

More than 2 billion people currently live on about 550 million small farms, with 40% of them on incomes of less than U.S. $2 per day. Despite high rates of poverty and malnutrition, these smallholders produce food for more than 50% of the population in low-and middle-income countries, and they have to be part of any solution for achieving the 50% higher food production required to feed the world’s projected 2050 population of nearly 10 billion people.

• LD Lino Miguel Dias is Vice-President Smallholder Farming in the Crop Science Division at Bayer AG, a global pharmaceuticals and life sciences company based in Germany, and Invited Professor at University of Lisbon, Portugal.
• Robert S. Kaplan is a senior fellow and the Marvin Bower Professor of Leadership Development emeritus at Harvard Business School. He coauthored the McKinsey Award–winning HBR article “ Accounting for Climate Change ” (November–December 2021).
• HS Harmanpreet Singh is Smallholder Partnerships Lead for the Asia Pacific region at Bayer AG, a global pharmaceutical and life Sciences company.

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Agriculture and Food

Agriculture can help reduce poverty, raise incomes and improve food security for 80% of the world's poor, who live in rural areas and work mainly in farming. The World Bank Group is a leading financier of agriculture.

Healthy, sustainable and inclusive food systems are critical to achieve the world’s development goals. Agricultural development is one of the most powerful tools to end extreme poverty, boost shared prosperity, and feed a projected  10 billion people by 2050 . Growth in the agriculture sector is  two to four times more effective  in raising incomes among the poorest compared to other sectors.

Agriculture is also crucial to economic growth: accounting for 4% of global gross domestic product (GDP) and in some least developing countries,  it can account for more than 25% of GDP .

But agriculture-driven growth, poverty reduction, and food security are at risk: Multiple shocks – from COVID-19 related disruptions to extreme weather, pests, and conflicts – are impacting food systems. The goal of ending global hunger by 2030 is currently off track. Conflicts, climate change, and high food prices are driving food and nutrition insecurity, pushing millions into extreme poverty, and reversing hard-won development gains. Around a quarter of a billion people now face acute food insecurity .

The growing impact of climate change could further cut crop yields, especially in the world’s most food-insecure regions. At the same time, our food systems are responsible for about 30% of greenhouse gas emissions.

Current food systems also threaten the health of people and the planet and generate unsustainable levels of pollution and waste. One third of food produced globally is either lost or wasted. Addressing food loss and waste is critical to improving food and nutrition security, as well as helping to meet climate goals and reduce stress on the environment.

Risks associated with poor diets are also the leading cause of death worldwide. Millions of people are either not eating enough or eating the wrong types of food, resulting in a  double burden of malnutrition  that can lead to illnesses and health crises. Food insecurity can worsen diet quality and increase the risk of various forms of malnutrition, potentially leading to undernutrition as well as people being overweight and obese. An estimated 3 billion people in the world cannot afford a healthy diet.

Last Updated: Mar 15, 2024

The World Bank Group provides knowledge, advice, and financial resources in low- and middle-income countries to transform food systems to reduce poverty and achieve green, resilient, and inclusive development.

Our work in food and agriculture focuses on: 

• Food and nutrition security , where we work with efforts to share information, and to rapidly provide resources where they are needed, while helping countries design the long-term reforms needed to build resilient food and nutrition systems.
• Climate-smart agriculture by working with client governments to provide solutions that address global climate priorities, while recognizing national contexts and development objectives.
• Data-driven digital agriculture by expand the frontier of financing and expertise for digital agriculture.
• Mobilizing capital for development in agriculture & food . We identify and leverage growth areas for productive investments, focusing on innovation and impact. And we design projects to ensure that financing boosts sustainable productivity gains, reaches smallholders and SMEs, and creates jobs to end poverty and hunger.
• Public policy and expenditure by working with governments to facilitate the adoption of more sustainable approaches, technologies, and practices, alongside policies that promote public and private sector investment.
• Sustainable and health diets to ensure that food can support a healthy population.

For fiscal year 2024, a total of $2.98 billion in new IBRD/IDA commitments to agriculture and related sectors are being delivered. Around half of this investment will directly support climate action.

 As part of a comprehensive, global response to the food and nutrition crises, the World Bank is scaling up its responses , making $45 billion available in 90 countries. Our intervention is expected to benefit 335 million people, equivalent to 44% of the number of undernourished people. More than half of the beneficiaries are women, who are disproportionately affected by the crisis. It includes both short term interventions such as expanding social protection, also longer-term resilience such as boosting productivity and climate-smart agriculture. The World Bank has also included food and nutriton security as part of the global challenges that it will address at scale.

Increasingly, the Bank supports country efforts to transform their food systems by taking a holistic look at public policies and spending for agriculture and food. A Multi-Donor Trust Fund,  Food Systems 2030 , provides a platform for change in this area.

In Angola, a project  co-financed by the World Bank and the French Agency for Development, contributed to the government economic diversification agenda by supporting the transition from subsistence to a more market-oriented, competitive agriculture sector. The project is helping producers or small and medium enterprises prepare and finance agriculture investments. As of December 2023, 268 projects have been approved, equivalent to about $37 million in agriculture investment. The project funded the first partial credit guarantees scheme ever dedicated to the agriculture sector in Angola – an innovation for the country’s agribusiness sector – mobilizing so far $4.1 million in private bank financing. 

In  Argentina , the Bank supported 14,630 families who benefited from better socioeconomic inclusion. Under the project, 2,409 families accessed water for human and animal consumption, also irrigation; 7,499 rural families improved their productive capacity; and over 900 families accessed infrastructure, equipment and training that improved their marketing. Based on the model of productive alliances, 2,801 families from different regions became beneficiaries by linking their production with the markets. Among the funded activities, the production of honey, orchards, forage, livestock, nuts, spices, yerba mate and tea, among others, stand out.

In Benin, between 2011-2021, the Agricultural Productivity and Diversification Project facilitated the adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies for 327,503 crop producers, leading to 135,549 hectares of land cultivated with improved technologies. The project interventions resulted in increased yields from 0.45 ton to 0.81 ton for cashew; from 1.2 tons to 2.97 tons for maize, from 4 tons to 6.2 tons for rice, and from 50 tons to 70 tons for pineapple. The project led to significant increases of milled rice and fish output. Combined with support for crop production and processing, support to exports has led to increases in the export of cashew and pineapple.

For the past 18 years, Bolivia has been developing a strategy to improve agricultural production and marketing through the productive alliances model. This model links small rural producers with markets, and facilitates their participation in value chains, and access to technical assistance and technology for better market access. Currently, over 2,600 productive alliances have been implemented, benefiting 107,308 producer families. In 2023, the third phase of productive alliances model was launched, expecting to have a significant impact on nearly 130, 000 rural producer’s communities, with a focus on food security, adoption of innovative practices for resilient agriculture and the increased participation of women producers.

A Bank-supported project implemented in partnership with the Government of Rio Grande do Norte, one of Brazil's poorest and most violent states, has aimed to improve agricultural productivity, the quality of and access to health, public security, education and public sector management across the state. The project has implemented 131 subprojects in family farming, renovated 274km of roads, renovated and strengthened the safety of an important dam, and built 22 modern, multi-service Citizen Centers.

In Bhutan,  a project  is supporting the government's efforts to reduce rural poverty and malnutrition through climate-smart agriculture. Irrigation technology and greenhouses introduced through the project have helped farmers to increase their access to local and export markets. More than 6,500 people have increased the quality and quantity of produce like rice, maize, potato, vegetables, quinoa, citrus, apples, and potatoes, as well as high-value spices such as cardamom and ginger. 

In Burkina Faso, the Bank supported the Burkina Faso Livestock Sector Development Project which ran from 2017 to 2022. By project completion, beneficiaries among selected value chains increased their yield by 8.4%. Yield increase for cattle, sheep, and egg production reached 6.76%, 11.93%, and 6.50%, respectively. Sales increased by 45% exceeding the target of a 30% increase. The volume of loans granted by partner financial institutions reached $5.02 million, exceeding the original target of $4.38 million. The project reached a total of 329,000 beneficiaries, out of which 138,314 were women and 112,573 were youth.

In the Central African Republic, through the Emergency Food Security Response project, 330,000 smallholder farmers received seeds, farming tools, and training in agricultural and post-harvest techniques. The project helped farmers boost their crop production and become more resilient to climate and conflict risks. Local food production increased by 250%, from 28,000 tons in September 2022 to 73,000 tons in June 2023. Moreover, 21,006 agricultural households received training on post-harvest loss management and provided equipment, such as mobile storage units, to enhance packaging of agricultural products, leading to higher selling prices.

In  Colombia, since 2010, the adoption of environmentally friendly silvopastoral production systems  (SPS) for over 4,100 cattle ranches has converted 100,522 hectares of degraded pastures into more productive landscapes and captured 1,565,026 tons of CO2 equivalent. In addition, almost 40,000 hectares of pastureland were transformed to SPS and 4,640 hectares into intensive Silvopastoral Production Systems (iSPS). Moreover, 4,100 direct farmers beneficiaries, of which 17% were women, were trained in SPS and iSPS, and over 21,000 farmers, technicians and producers were also trained, visited demonstration farms, and participated in workshops and events and technology brigades. A network of 116 plant nurseries were also established, which produced around 3.1 million fodder trees that were delivered to beneficiary farmers. 

In Cote d’Ivoire, between 2013 and 2017, the Agriculture Sector Project  boosted the productivity of 200,000 farmers and rehabilitated 6,500 kilometers of rural roads allowing farmers to better transport their products  and reduce post-harvest losses. To aid the cashew industry, the Bank also supported a research program that helped disseminate 209 genotypes of high-performing trees and establish 18 nurseries. The Bank-financed project also helped leverage $27.5 million in private investment to boost productivity on at least 26,500 hectares.

In Ethiopia, since 2015 a project has helped 2.5 million smallholder farmers increase agricultural productivity and commercialization by establishing market linkages, increasing access to agricultural public services, building smallholder farmer capacity in efficient water and crop management to implement climate change mitigation and adaptation, and improving diet diversification. The project has also been promoting the use of nutrition sensitive agriculture and gender and climate-smart agriculture including dietary diversity through nutrient-dense crops, livestock products, post-harvest processing/handling and social behavioral change communication, along with food safety and child and maternal health. The project has supported farmers increase yield in crops and livestock by 19% and 52% respectively and their revenue by 96.2%. To date the project has also provided 58,823 hectares of land with irrigation and water related services, and over 1.6 million farmers have adopted improved agriculture technologies promoted by the project. Nearly one million jobs for rural people, including for women and youth in fragile and conflict affected areas have been created as a result of the project interventions.

In Grenada , the World Bank supported local farmers and fisherfolk, along with aggregators and agro-processors to enhance their access to markets and sales from 2017 to 2023 through the OECS Regional Agriculture Competitiveness Project. The project provided vouchers to 206 farmers and fisherfolk and offered co-financing opportunities for 10 agro-processors, leading to significant improvements in their production facilities and market access. Additionally, 260 employees and 53 extension workers received training, improving their skills in agricultural production and market reach. Through the project, 150 producers adopted various climate-smart technologies, such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems, underscoring the project's dedication to sustainability and efficiency.

In Guinea, from 2018 to 2023, through the  Guinea Integrated Agricultural Development Project , local farmers increased agriculture's productivity, and sustainability. To help local communities, the project disseminated high-yielding seeds, improve irrigation, and trained women and youth to access funds to create jobs. The project also promoted the use of climate-smart, gender-sensitive digital technologies with local producers. The project has reached 149,000 farmers (of whom 38% are women and 30% are youth). The project’s results include a 30% increase in yield of rice and maize; a 42% increase in commodity sales; a 47,470-hectare area covered by improved technologies; over 97,000 users of improved technologies, and more than 2,000 jobs created for women and youth.

In Haiti , a World Bank project strengthened the institutional capacity of Haiti’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development by accessing technologies to increase not only agricultural productivity and production but also improved livelihoods and resilience. The project developed irrigation and drainage on 2,244 hectares; established 115 farmer field schools, and trained facilitators in agricultural extension techniques. A total of 78,242 small producers increased their market access, half of whom were women; more than 3,368 private and public sector staff (including staff from the Ministry of Agriculture, municipal staff, among others) and 600 farmers were trained on surveillance and vaccination, the use of fruit fly traps, mealybugs control, and protection of animals against rabies and anthrax and more than 3.6 million animals were vaccinated.

In Honduras, since 2010 , 12,878 small farmers, of which 27% are women, have used productive alliances to improve productivity and access to markets, which has leveraged $33.5 million in finance from commercial banks and microfinance institutions. Under the project, gross sales of producer organizations rose by 25.3%. Also, support to Honduras’ Dry Corridor Alliance, has helped 12,202 households implement food security and agricultural business plans, and improved agricultural yields, nutrition, and food diversity of project beneficiaries.

In India, the  Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project  supported over 400,000 farm families and 1,270 businesses and over 100 of industry associations and producer organizations in improving their productivity and incomes and helping develop new marketing channels since 2017.

In  Kenya, since 2016,   1.5 million farmers , where over 60% are women, have increased their productivity , climate resilience and access to markets. The digital registry (including geo tagging) of these 1.5 million farmers enables them to access agro-weather and market advisories. In addition, the Bank is facilitating partnerships between the government and 26 ag-tech support agencies which enables almost 500,000 farmers to access a range of services (inputs, financial services and markets) by leveraging digital technologies.  

In Kosovo , the Bank provided 775 grants to farmers and 103 grants to agri-processors to increase production capacities and enhance market competitiveness in the livestock and horticulture sector. This was done through upgrading facilities, adopting new technologies, and introducing food safety and environmental standards. Further, support was provided for the rehabilitation of irrigation schemes covering an area of 7,750 hectares which had an impact on the production, yield, quality, and variety of products cultivated in the area.

In the Kyrgyz Republic, the Additional Financing to the Integrated Dairy Productivity Improvement Project is improving productivity through better technologies and breeds of dairy animals rather than increasing their numbers. The project provides training, artificial insemination services, and monitoring milk yields per cow and the quality of milk to processing companies. To date, 10,000 small farmers including 5,000 women farmers, have received training to enhance productivity and climate-smart agriculture. Over 13,000 cows received artificial insemination for breed improvement with positive pregnancy rate of 67.3% which is above the global average. With improved breeds of dairy animals, the market value of the crossbred calves is higher than local calves and the average milk yield per cow has increased by nearly 15%. The project has also established a digital tool to monitor milk quality which is being used by eight dairy processing companies. The project established 30 milk collection points through famers’ Jamaats that are equipped with refrigerated tanks and advanced testing equipment, strategically located to ensure consistent milk quality and timely delivery, especially during hot summers.

In Madagascar, since 2016 , the Bank has boosted the productivity of over 130,000 farmers. Sixty-thousand hectares of irrigated rice fields have been rehabilitated. The Bank also supported the cocoa sector through research, the development of certified seeds, and promotion of improved production and processing techniques. This allowed 4,000 cocoa producers to increase their incomes and increase production and export volumes by 50%. The Bank also financed the country’s largest land rights registration, facilitating the delivery of over 200,000 land certificates to farmers. 

In Mauritania, between 2016 and 2021, the intervention of the Sahel regional support project offered agricultural assets and services to more than 400,000 farmers/pastoralists, where nearly 30% are women. More than 1.9 million hectares of land under sustainable management practices, in addition to the construction of 133 vaccination parks and the realization of 118 water points (wells and boreholes) as well as other infrastructure of valorization and trade of animals were provided to agro-pastoralist communities. Additionally, from April 2023- June 2028, the Bank offered to support the  Agriculture Development and Innovation Support Project (PADISAM)  to improve land resources management and foster inclusive and sustainable commercial agriculture in selected areas of Mauritania. It is anticipated that by the end of the project, there will be 72,000 direct beneficiaries and about 5,000 Ha of land under sustainable landscape management practices.

Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the resulting spikes in wheat prices in 2022, the World Bank provided emergency support to several countries in the Middle East and North Africa to mitigate the negative socio-economic consequences on the poor and vulnerable. These emergency projects secured access to affordable bread for over 89 million people across the region. In Lebanon, a project ($150 million) has been financing wheat imports that supports universal access to affordable Arabic bread for over a year to 5.36 million people living in Lebanon, of which 1 million are Syrian, Palestinian, and other refugees. In Egypt, a project helped procure around 1.15 million metric tons of wheat – equivalent to at least a 2-month supply to cover the needs of 72 million vulnerable people. A project in In Tunisia procured 160,099 metric tons of soft wheat, equivalent to seven weeks of bread supply for a population of 12 million.

In Moldova, since 2012 , the Bank has helped more than 7,500 farmers gain access to local and regional high-value markets for fresh fruit and vegetables and boosted land productivity through the promotion of sustainable land management practices on 120,000 hectares of farmland.

In  Montenegro , the bank, through the Second Institutional Development and Agriculture Strengthening (MIDAS2), helped the government launch the very first Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance for Agriculture and Rural Development (IPARD)-like agro-environmental measure in a manner compliant with EU requirements, increasing the amount of meadows and pasture lands recorded in the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) from 13,600 hectares (ha) to 92,000 ha. The Bank has also supported almost 4,000 farmers working on orchards, vineyards, livestock and aromatic plants, 224 agro-processors, and 59 farmers working on processing on-farm complying with the European Union requirements for food safety and 278 agricultural households adopting agro-environmental measures, improving their competitiveness and sustainability.

In Morocco , the Strengthening Agri-food Value Chains Program for Results has financed the construction of the first modern regional wholesale market in Rabat, which will improve the distribution of agricultural products throughout the region, benefiting more than 4.6 million inhabitants. The program also financed the establishment of the male sterile Ceratite production center, which will enable citrus producers in the Souss-Massa and Berkane regions, which represent 52% of national citrus production and generate about 6 million working days per year, to protect their production from damage caused by the Mediterranean fruit fly. The program also enabled more than 1,000 agri-food SMEs to obtain sanitary approval after upgrading, leading to an increase in employment by almost 61%. The program co-financed more than 70 units of packaging, cold storage and processing, which leveraged about US$86 million as private investment and led to an overall increase in production value of around 34%.

In Niger , through  the Climate Smart Agriculture Support Project , the World Bank supported over 370,000 farmers, where 145,000 of whom are women. The farmers benefited from the project’s investments in small and large-scale irrigation, improved climate-smart agriculture, and sustainable land management practices. Over 154,000 hectares of land were developed with sustainable land management practices, and 4,400 hectares of cropland were brought under irrigation. In collaboration with the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics and FAO, the project promoted good agriculture practices through farmer led e-extension services and technical assistance. The project investments led to significant increases in agriculture productivity: yields of cowpea, millet, and sorghum increased by 169, 164, and 142 percent, respectively. The project also strengthened the national climate information system by building the capacity of the National Meteorology Department (the project installed 30 meteorological stations and 600 rain gauges). Through its support to the Sahel Regional Center for Hydro and Agrometeorology, the project strengthened the early warning systems of national institutes such as National Meteorology and the National Hydrology Directorate.

In Nigeria,  APPEALS Project   was designed to enhance agricultural productivity of small and medium scale farmers and improve value addition along priority value chains. Since 2017, the project has demonstrated 204 improved technologies to 93,000 farmers. Food crop production has surged, with 304,516 metric tons produced, representing 3.1% of the national output. Furthermore, the project has reached 61,171 farmers with processing assets to improve the quality of their produce. The project also trained 10,346 women and youth, including persons with disability, providing them with business, technical and life skills training, support to business planning and facilitation of business name registration, start-up grant to establish a commercially viable business, and mentorship to provide the beneficiaries with continued support from established agribusiness entrepreneurs. The project linked farmers to market through the facilitation of commercial partnerships resulting in a total of 327 business alliances with 147 off-takers already buying farmers’ produce across the 11 value chains, with a transaction worth of US$ 59.7 million. Similarly, the project has linked 200 agribusiness clusters to infrastructures which includes 55km rural farm access road, 75 aggregation and cottage processing centers, 102 solar-powered water intervention and energy supplies.

In Paraguay, since 2008, 20,863 farmers  increased their agricultural income by at least 30% and 18,951 adopted improved agricultural practices, boosting the productivity of their land.

In the  Philippines, since 2015 , the Bank helped raise rural incomes, enhance farm and fishery productivity, improve market access and mainstream institutional and operational reforms, as well as science-based planning for agricultural commodities in 81 provinces. The project has benefitted a total of 323,501 people–46% of them women–with farm roads, irrigation, and agricultural enterprise projects, boosting incomes by up to 36%. 

In  Rwanda, since  2010, the Bank helped support over 410,000 farmers – half are women – in improving their agricultural production by developing over 7,400 hectares for marshland irrigation, providing hillside irrigation on over 2,500 hectares, and several hundreds of farmers benefitted matching grants to support their investments in Farmer-Led Irrigation Development (FLID) technologies on over 1,200 hectares of their land. Interventions also included improving soil conservation and erosion on more than 39,000 hectares of hillside. Maize, rice, beans, and potato yields have all more than doubled and around 2.5 tons of vegetables are exported to Europe and the Middle-East every week from intervention areas, or locally, where more horticulture produce is sold to premium markets including 5-star hotels or the national airline, RwandAir. Less than two years after  one of the Bank supported projects  introduced greenhouse farming in its intervention areas to minimize the impacts of unfavorable weather conditions and better manage crop pests and diseases, by 2023, the demand for these technologies has seen a rapid increase in these areas and 132 units have been acquired and installed through the matching grants program under the project. Evidence shows relatively high revenues for farmers investing in greenhouse technology, with revenues increasing up to 15 times for vegetable growers.

Since 2019, the ongoing Serbia Competitive Agriculture Project has been supporting the government economic diversification and competitiveness agenda for small and medium scale farmers and their participation in a more market-oriented agriculture sector. The productive alliance model supported by the project has contributed to the improvement of the agri-food market linkages of 823 farmers, of which 330 are women farmers. Through the project, 4,356 farmers have received technical assistance to prepare their business ideas and plans (1,307 are women), while 1,319 business plans have received support in various forms, such as matching grants, technical assistance, and business development support. The farmers have signed their loans with commercial banks to invest in farm innovations, including equipment, on-farm irrigation, digital agriculture, climate-smart agriculture technologies. By providing co-financing with EUR 24.17 million in matching grants, the project-supported business plans have leveraged an additional EUR 24.17 million in private capital so far, including commercial loans to farmers at market interest rate from 11 local banks, and cash contributions from the beneficiary farmers. Amongst them, 1,117 beneficiary farmers are first-time users of credit.

In  Tajikistan , the Bank supported the establishment of 545 farmer groups in horticulture value chains, specifically apricot, apple, pear, lemon, cucumber, and tomato, and dairy value chain benefiting a total of 13,516 farmers out of which 48% were women. The Bank also supported the establishment of 342 productive partnerships benefitting 4,340 smallholder farmers. A total of 21,882 beneficiaries achieved an increase in commercial activity. The project supported training for 13, 516 farmers, on value chain development.

In  Tunisia, the Bank helped 113 remote rural villages improve  land management practices on 37,000 hectares of land to increase productivity and improve 930 kilometers of rural roads serving some 160 villages. 

In  Uruguay, since 2014, climate-smart agriculture techniques  have been adopted on 2.7 million hectares and adopted by 5,541 farmers, providing for a carbon sequestration potential of up to 9 million tons of CO2 annually.

In Uganda, since 2015 , the  Agriculture Cluster Development Project’s e-voucher scheme has leveraged over $12 million of farmer investments enabling over 450,000 farm households access and use improved agro-inputs resulting in higher farm yields. Provision of matching grants has enhanced storage capacity by 55,000MT, acquiring value addition equipment and machinery thereby facilitating Producer Organizations to add value and undertake collective marketing. Additional infrastructure support addressing road chokes has also led to improved market access.

The Bank has also made investments into strengthening regulatory and administrative functions of the Ministry of Agriculture through the development of IT Platforms and tools facilitating timely planning and decision making.

In the Uganda Multi-Sectoral Food and Nutrition Security Project, the Bank has supported enhanced knowledge on nutrition resulting in improved household nutrition and incomes for 1.55 million direct project beneficiaries.

In Uzbekistan, the Horticulture Development Project has helped create, 34,520 jobs, including 13,124 for women; increase beneficiary productivity by 24% and profitability by 124%, including through entry into new export markets. The  Livestock Sector Development Project  supported a sub-loans benefitting 560 large scale commercial livestock farmers, and a total of 135 value chain development projects benefiting 1,456 smallholder farmers (Dekhans). As a result, the share of improved and high yielding livestock breeds increased by 98.7%; increasing milk and meat productivity by 33% and 38% respectively. The Ferghana Valley Rural Enterprise Project has supported the establishment and operation of nine business incubation hubs in Andijan, Namangan, and Ferghana regions, to support local entrepreneurs in business plan preparation, and facilitated access to finance, technology infusion, also organized training among 5,000 project initiators in 36 districts of Ferghana Valley. The project, under its credit line activities, financed a total of 501 investment sub-projects with $119.6 million of the project fund, of which 77.8% were for small business entrepreneurs This created substantial number of new jobs, and increased the incomes of rural enterprises,

In Vietnam, since 2010, the Bank has promoted sustainable livelihoods by helping develop 9,000 “common interest groups” comprising over 15,500 households and partnering them with agricultural enterprises. The Bank also helped  over 20,000 farmers  improve their livestock production and benefited an additional 130,000 people through capacity building in food safety. 

Under the  West African Agricultural Productivity Program , the Bank supported a research and development effort that promoted technology generation, dissemination, and support to local farming systems in 13  ECOWAS  countries. The project reached over 2.7 million beneficiaries, 41% of whom were women. It also generated 112 technologies that reached over 1,850,000 hectares.

The Yemen Food Security Response and Resilience Project has directly benefited over 1 million beneficiaries to date. The project is focusing on resilience building amidst protracted crisis – including conflict, insecurity, and climate-related shocks. The project has created around 20,000 short-term jobs and benefited over 50,000 smallholder farm households through various agricultural infrastructure improvements. The project invested in the vaccination of 11 million small ruminants and treated a similar number for parasites. In addition to building resilience, as a short-term response, the project supported 20,000 vulnerable households with kitchen gardens and livestock kits, business development training and start-up grants to vulnerable women. Furthermore, the project facilitated a supplemental feeding program for over 740,000 most vulnerable beneficiaries.

Last Updated: Apr 09, 2024

The World Bank works with a range of partners to achieve ambitious development goals: transforming food systems, boosting food security and empowering smallholder farmers, to realize zero hunger and poverty by 2030. 

The World Bank Group is a joint convener, with the G7 Presidency, of the Global Alliance for Food Security (GAFS) . A key outcome of the Global Alliance is the  Global Food and Nutrition Security Dashboard , a key tool to fast-track a rapid response to the unfolding global food security crisis, designed to consolidate and present up-to-date data on food crisis severity, track global food security financing, and make available global and country-level research and analysis to improve coordination of the policy and financial response to the crisis.

The Bank hosts a  Multi-Donor Trust Fund,  Food Systems 2030 , that helps countries build better food systems, fostering healthy people, a healthy planet and healthy economies. The Trust Fund aims to deliver improved livelihoods and affordable, and nutritious diets for all, and progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals of zero poverty and hunger by 2030 and the climate goals of the Paris Agreement. Food Systems 2030 provides advice and analytical products to underpin policy options, funds to pilot innovative approaches, and information to build support for change in different country contexts. It engages with the private sector by supporting the design, piloting and de-risking of innovative public-private partnerships that advance development and climate goals.   

The  Global Agriculture and Food Security Program , a multilateral financing platform, is dedicated to improving food and nutrition security worldwide. Launched by the  G20 in the wake of the global response to the 2007–08 food price crisis, GAFSP works to build sustainable and resilient agriculture and food systems in the world’s poorest and most vulnerable countries. Since its inception in 2010, the Program has mobilized more than US$2 billion in donor funds to reach more than 16.6 million people. GAFSP provides financial and technical resources – investment grants, technical assistance, concessional finance, and advisory services – to demand-driven projects along the food chain to accelerate the transformation of food systems at scale.

The World Bank leads the  Food Systems, Land use and Restoration Global Platform (FOLUR) , financed by the Global Environment Facility, in partnership with UNDP, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Landscapes Forum and the Food and Land-use Coalition. FOLUR is a $345 million, seven-year program that aims to improve the health and sustainability of landscapes that produce the world’s food. FOLUR targets sustainable production landscapes in 27 country projects for eight major commodities (livestock, cocoa, coffee, maize, palm oil, rice, soy, and wheat).

The World Bank chairs the System Council of  CGIAR , a global partnership that advances cutting-edge science to reduce rural poverty, increase food security, improve human health and nutrition, and ensure sustainable management of natural resources.

For more information, contact Clare Murphy-McGreevey on [email protected].

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2023

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10 Sustainable Agriculture Methods and Farming Practices

When you take a walk through the authentic Romanian countryside, you will see people working on their fields from the early morning until the evening. You will see them manually weeding rows of corn and beans, you will see them carefully planting potatoes, cabbage, onions, carrots, or beets on some plots, while sowing clover and alfalfa over other parts as animal fodder. Every inch of their land is utilized for producing food for their families and their animals.

These are subsistence farmers. Their land is their biggest treasure and they care for it more than they care for their own health, often working outside under the scorching summer sun to ensure the best harvest, to stack up hay rich in meadow flowers from their high-value grasslands, or spending all day in the rain preparing the soil for the next season.

These people have unique relationship with the land. Their families have been farming the same land for generations and the first lesson they have learnt was to do it sustainably . Otherwise, their harvest would fail. They would end up hungry in the winter. They would have to watch their kids and animals suffer.

While it is clear that not everyone can become a subsistence farmer and agriculture needs to supply increasing amounts of food to growing populations at low prices, it is also clear that it cannot be achieved in the highly industrial and damaging manner it has been doing in the last few decades. We have increasing evidence that in many places this has led to soil degradation and environmental pollution which impairs health of many people even far away from the affected areas.     

This time, when we are challenged by the changing climate, calls for a smarter approach to farming. An approach for the long-term sustainability of our food production systems.

What is meant by sustainable agriculture?

A sustainable food system is one that does not require chemicals, conserves energy and water, emphasizes local production, decreases inputs and utilizes resources more efficiently on site, values biodiversity and ecology, and works within our global natural resource limitations.

In order for agriculture to be truly sustainable, it must incorporate following principles:

• The needs of people: provide nutrient rich food for farmers, farm families, communities, help to maintain good public health, but also improving the quality of life in rural areas.
• Profit : a farming operation must be profitable, or it will go out of business quickly.
• The planet and the environment: farming practices must be ecologically sound, promoting healthy biodiversity and sensible management of natural resources.

Benefits of sustainable agriculture for the environment and our wellbeing

Unlike intensive agriculture, sustainable farming has a great potential for benefiting the environment and preserving natural resources. It does so by following natural cycles, recycling nutrients and water, while omitting excessive use of agricultural chemicals.

Sustainable agriculture strives to help the environment by:

• Reducing agricultural runoff;
• Preventing pollution of lakes and rivers;
• Saving water;
• Naturally maintaining soil fertility by recycling nutrients on farm;
• Enhancing carbon sequestration by soils and perennial vegetation;
• Promoting energy efficiency of farming operations;
• Decreasing emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases;
• Creating habitats for pollinators and beneficial insects;
• Ensuring welfare of farm animals but also providing space for the respectful coexistence with native wildlife [1] .

Our wellbeing is closely linked to the health of the environment where we live. Since sustainable farming methods affect the environment in a positive way, they also contribute to our quality of life.

Firstly, and most importantly, sustainable agriculture produces safe food with high nutritional value. The quality of food is now more important than ever before. Numerous studies found out that the nutritional content of grains and fruits with vegetables keeps decreasing. Scientists believe that popular high yielding varieties of crops often have poorer capacity of absorbing nutrients from the soil due to their weaker root systems, which can result in the lower nutritional content of the final produce [2] .

And negative effects of increased pesticide levels in foods produced from intensively farmed lands do not even have to be mentioned. Everyone probably agrees that less pesticides and other chemicals used to grow food is only better for us.  

Food diversity is also much greater from sustainable farms, as they are not solely focused on producing cash crops like corn or wheat. Instead, they often cultivate local varieties in highly diversified farming systems.

But that’s not all. There are more advantages to sustainable farming in terms of providing economic opportunities to rural communities, such as giving jobs to young people and supporting socio-economic development of rural areas. At the same time, sustainable food production is better adaptable to climate change and helps to strengthen ecosystem resilience [3] . Both of these characteristics are extremely important for building a successful food production system that will withstand future challenges.

10 Sustainable farming methods and practices

Sustainable farming system doesn’t have to be only organic agriculture. There are more methods that overlap in many principles that are sustainable in the long-run and may be 100 percent organic or at least from the biggest part.

The following ten sustainable farming methods and practices are just a few examples of the many ways that we can achieve a much more sustainable agriculture.

#1 Permaculture

Permaculture  is a design system that applies principles that are found in nature to the development of human settlements, allowing humanity to live in harmony with the natural world. Permaculture principles and ethics can be applied to almost any area of living, including local economies, energy systems, water supplies, housing systems, and food production. Foundational to producing food through permaculture is intention, design, and “working smarter not harder” to banish waste and to create efficient systems.

There is a particular emphasis on the use of perennial crops such as fruit trees, nut trees, and shrubs that all function together in a designed system that mimics how plants in a natural ecosystem would function. Permaculture design techniques include  herb spirals ,  hugelkultur garden beds ,  keyhole and mandala gardens , sheet mulching,  growing grain without tillage , each plant serving multiple purposes, and  creating swales on contour to hold water high on the landscape .

#2 Biodynamic farming

Biodynamics incorporates ecological and holistic growing practices that are based upon the philosophy of “ anthroposophy .” Farmers are encouraged to manage their farm as one living organism where cultivated species intertwine and support each other’s health.

This includes raising animals on a farm in a way that they help replenish soil fertility and enhance plant growth. One of the building pillars of biodynamics is high biodiversity of plants, animals and beneficial insects. The goal is the creation of a resilient ecosystem that benefits us and other living organisms.    

Biodynamics emphasizes the importance of reducing the use of off-site inputs (such as importing soil fertility) by generating the necessary health and soil fertility for food production onsite. This is achieved through the implementation of practices such as composting, application of animal manure from farmed animals, cover cropping or rotating complementary crops.

It also places great importance on working with the natural phenomenon of the cosmos and its influences upon the heath of the soil, plants, and animals during different moon and sun cycles. Biodynamic practices can be applied to farms that grow variety of produce, gardens, vineyards, and other forms of agriculture.

#3 Hydroponics and aquaponics

These innovative farming techniques involve the growing of plants without soil, nourishing the plants through specialized nutrients that are added to water. In  hydroponic  systems, crops are grown with the roots directly in a mineral solution or with the roots in an inert medium like gravel or perlite. Aquaponics  combines the raising of aquatic animals (such as fish) with the growing of hydroponic crops. In aquaponic systems, the water containing the waste material from the aquaculture fish is used to nourish the hydroponic plants. After the water is used by the plants, the water is then recirculated back into the system to be reused by the fish. Both hydroponic and aquaponic systems are available in a variety of scales, from small home-scale systems to commercial-scale systems.

#4 Urban agriculture

The need to localize our food system requires that we grow food much closer to home, including in cities.  Since most of the global population is predicted to live in cities in the future , there is a tremendous opportunity for urban agriculture to make a significant positive impact moving forward when it comes to how we produce our food around the world.

Today, many innovative and sustainable growing techniques are already being used in cities, including backyard farms and gardens, community gardens,  rooftop farms , growing crops in urban greenhouses, indoor hydroponic farms, and perhaps even growing food inside urban farm towers someday.

#5 Agroforestry and food forests

Agroforestry  involves the growth of trees and shrubs amongst crops or grazing land. Agroforestry systems can combine both agriculture and forestry practices for long-lasting, productive, and diverse land use when approached sustainably.

In agroforestry systems, trees create a favorable microclimate that maintains favorable temperature and soil humidity, while protecting crops from wind or heavy rain. Trees have another important role. They stabilize soils, minimize nutrient runoff and improve soil structure. This is the reason why agroforestry has become one of the powerful tools of farmers in dry regions with soils susceptible to desertification.

Besides promoting healthy growth of food crops and maintaining soil fertility, trees in this farming system provide wood and fruits as an additional source of income for farmers. In these systems, possibilities for product diversification are many. Farmers can go even as far as growing a whole edible forest. Patterned after natural forest ecosystems,  food forests (also known as “forest gardens”) are designed permaculture systems that consist of a multilayered edible “forest.” Such a “forest” is composed almost entirely of perennial food plants, including a canopy of tall and dwarf fruit and nut trees, a fruit shrub layer, layers of perennial herbs, mushrooms and vegetables at the ground level, climbing plants, and root vegetables underground. 

Food forest systems  are very productive, due to both the diversity of plants that are growing there, and all of the plants within the system that are taking advantage of each existing niche within the system.

#6 Polycultures and crop rotation

Both of these techniques are trying to mimic natural principles to achieve the best yields.

Polyculture farming involves growing multiple crop species in one area. These species are often complementary to each other and aim at producing greater diversity of products from one plot while fully utilizing available resources. High biodiversity makes the system more resilient to weather fluctuations, promotes balanced diet and applies natural mechanisms to preserve soil fertility.

Crop rotation is based on growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. The planned rotation may vary from a growing season to a few years or even longer periods. It is one of the most effective agricultural control strategies that is used in preventing the loss of soil fertility.

By diversifying the crops that are grown on an area of land in polycultures and through the rotation of crops that are grown, farmers can greatly reduce the opportunity for disease and pests to take hold. It is because their development cycles get interrupted by changing crops. These practices also lead to reductions in the need to apply fertilizers and pesticides.

#7 Growth of heirloom and older varieties

Today, due to the industrialization of the global food system, only a few varieties of our food plants are grown commercially. This situation evolved in order to meet market demand for the viability of produce to travel long distances and to be stored for long periods of time.

This reduced genetic variety in our food crop species reduces those species’ opportunity to adapt to changes in climate, diseases, and pest conditions in the environment  [4] .

There is currently a great need to grow heirloom and older varieties of crops in order to preserve the biodiversity of seeds. If gardeners and farmers do not continue to grow  heirloom  and other older varieties of plants and save their seeds, many of the remaining varieties of our food plants could be lost to the world forever.

Losing traditional varieties could be compared to losing an important source of genetic information and part of our ancestral heritage, as these plants have adapted precisely to make the most out of local conditions. Generations of our ancestors have spent decades of selecting only the best seeds that have provided the most nutritious and flavored food. Their quality is often supreme, and it is rather wasteful to let them disappear.

It was these varieties that have nourished our ancestors, and therefore, contributed to who we are today. They deserve to be preserved because their unique traits may help us in establishing future climate-resistant varieties that will nourish our children.

#8 Natural animal raising

Sustainable animal farming is possible and is better for everyone. Not only that it is good for the environment and our nutritional needs, it is also good for the animals. Animals that are raised on the pasture or in their preferred environment live under less stress, closer to their natural way of living. They can have fulfilling social interactions with other animals and behave in a way that is natural to them (roll in the mud, pick plants they want to eat, rest side by side, play).

Allowing animals to graze and live in pasture is much healthier for animals than confined animal feeding operations are. You will even notice that these animals are cleaner, smell better and have that curious spark in their eyes. Their health and happiness reflect in the quality of products we get from them. Tastier meat, yellower eggs, milk richer in the mineral and vitamin content.

Since animals and grasslands have evolved in a mutually beneficial relationship, livestock grazing and other pastoral systems enrich the land in multiple ways. Manure returns nutrients back into the soil, completing the natural nutrient cycle. Soils get aerated by the animal hoof action and greater diversity of plants flourishes because animals suppress dominant species, providing opportunity for a variety of rarer plants.

Grasses also grow stronger root systems and abundant tufts after being grazed and trampled under the hooves. This helps to prevent erosion, build soil through the rich growth of diverse pasture grasses, sequester carbon emissions in the soil from the atmosphere, and conserve grassland habitats that can host many other species of wildlife and insects [5] .

#9 Natural pest management

One of the main aims of sustainable agricultural practices is the prevention of the use of synthetic pesticides and other chemicals that should suppress pest infestations and pathogens. Applying increasing amounts of chemicals to grow food is not part of the long-term solution and doesn’t help our health either. Farmers from sustainable farms, therefore, look for solutions in nature and try to recreate conditions that do not favor pests.

They achieve this through the set of practices that strengthen natural resilience of crops and practices that interrupt pest cycles.

Greater diversity of crops, intercropping and crop rotations are among the methods that have proven successful. The key to their success lies in dispersing preferred food sources of pests by blending in crops they do not favor. Additionally, diverse crops attract diverse insects and some of them are natural predators of pests, helping to keep their populations within limits, thus mimicking how the real ecosystem balances itself out.  

Farmers can also release or provide habitat for populations of beneficial insects (such as ladybugs, lacewings, and fly parasites), as well as encourage other organisms (such as birds and bats) that will serve as predators of crop-eating pest insects.

#10 Mulching, groundcovers, and manual weed control

Farmers and other growers can dramatically reduce the growth of weeds and conserve soil moisture by covering the soil around their plants through the use of mulching and ground covers.

By naturally suppressing weed growth, these practices greatly reduce, or in some cases even eliminate, the need to apply herbicides to kill weeds. And the most stubborn weeds that appear from time to time can be easily controlled by hand because their numbers are minimized.

We can see this practice widely applied on strawberry fields where plants need to have larger spacing between them, which would give the opportunity for weeds to take over. A layer of protective material on top of the soil even keeps strawberries from rotting too fast, as they do not lay directly on the hard soil while ripening. Afterall, as their name suggests “straw-berries,” people have known about the benefits of growing these yummy fruits surrounded by the straw ground cover for many generations.

Organic mulch material like, for example, wood chips, straw or grass clippings also improves nutrient retention in soils and encourages activity of soil microorganisms that help create healthy aerated soil structure. This reduces the need for tillage as soils are less compacted [6] .

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Greentumble was founded in the summer of 2015 by us, Sara and Ovi . We are a couple of environmentalists who seek inspiration for life in simple values based on our love for nature. Our goal is to inspire people to change their attitudes and behaviors toward a more sustainable life. Read more about us .

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Home / Blog

Importance and Future of Sustainable Agriculture

January 20, 2022 

Sustainable agriculture has a significant role to play in feeding the growing worldwide population and reducing the impact of climate change.

Today, agriculture accounts for up to 30% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, according to the World Bank. The agriculture infrastructure churns out emissions through transportation; the planting, harvesting, and processing of crops; and the production of livestock. That’s not to mention water pollution from pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.

Clearly, there’s a need to reduce agriculture’s impact on the environment, but at the same time, increase productivity to feed a growing world population. Those who are interested in this challenge and want to learn more about the importance of sustainable agriculture should consider advancing their education in a field such as  sustainability .

The Importance of Sustainable Agriculture

The world population is expected to grow from 7.7 billion today to 9 billion by 2050, and, at the same time, agricultural land is being lost to expanding urban areas and climate change. The World Bank estimates that food production will have to increase by 70% by 2050 to make up the difference.

That’s where the importance of sustainable agriculture comes in. The U.S. Department of Agriculture defines it as practices intended to protect the environment, expand Earth’s natural resource base, and maintain and improve soil fertility.

The desired outcomes are to:

•  Satisfy human food and fiber needs
• Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agriculture economy depends
• Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls
• Sustain the economic viability of farm operations
• Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole

Sustainable Agriculture Benefits

Some elemental sustainable agriculture methods can help reduce the environmental impact of farming. Benefits include the following:

• Keeping carbon in the soil . A method called  no-till farming  maintains carbon in the soil instead of releasing it into the air. No-till farming calls for the farmer to leave crop detritus in the field after harvest instead of plowing it under. It can extend to planting, when the farmer drops seed on the ground rather than submerging under the soil surface. It also reduces the number of passes through a field with machinery.
• Reducing the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers . The practice of alternating different crops in the same field, called  crop rotation , helps keep the soil healthy and productive, developing a mix of nutrients in the soil. This can help reduce the use of fertilizer and chemicals to kill weeds and insects.
• Maintaining pastureland. Rotating grazing livestock  from field to field builds up soil from the animals’ manure, boosting the robustness of different pastures since the livestock doesn’t strip one field of its grass. It also enables the soil to store more carbon.
• Reducing fuel consumption . Planting crops that come up every year, called perennials, reduces the number of times farmers must take machinery into the field to plant and apply chemicals.

These basic practices are important for sustainable agriculture because they can be implemented on small farms in the U.S. and other developed nations as well as in agricultural settings in developing countries. The up-front costs are low and the payoff can be realized quickly.

Trends Shaping the Future of Sustainable Agriculture

Farmers, if not early adopters of technology, have been consistent in bringing tech to the field. Today, farmers plow fields with the aid of satellites, get information about their soil from sensors, and manage operations with the aid of sophisticated software.

Farm technologies help make crops more productive by providing more accurate and timely field and weather data, decreasing the need for fertilizers and pesticides, increasing efficiency, and reducing fuel use.

The technologies that are important to sustainable agriculture include the following:

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems analyze data to help farmers determine when and where to plant crops and feed livestock or even when to sell to get the best prices. Data can help farmers apply fertilizers in a more timely and accurate manner. The more farmers know before they grow, the better they can allocate resources and, ultimately, use less chemicals and fuel.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is one of the oldest tools that farmers have for improving crops. Over eons, crossbreeding has produced hardier plants with better yields as well as heftier livestock.

Sophisticated modern methods developed in the lab have decreased the time it takes to crossbreed plants, adding or deleting characteristics to adapt to conditions.

Although these methods are controversial — opponents fear that modified crops could introduce unforeseen and potentially devastating effects — proponents point to how crops can be made more productive and resistant to insects and disease and better able to respond to local conditions, such as more severe droughts or higher amounts of moisture.

The new gene editing CRISPR technology can also be used to increase productivity and disease resistance by altering specific traits.

Farmers continue to find more uses for drones that help them manage crops more efficiently. At first, drones were deployed to spray crops with chemicals. Other emerging uses include taking aerial photos to assess crops and capture data from sensors that can be mined to determine the health of crops as well as weed populations. In some cases, drones drop tree seeds for reforestation projects.

Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology is commonly associated with the buying and selling of cryptocurrencies, but it has applications in agriculture. Blockchain technology tracks transactions securely and accurately. Using blockchain in agriculture allows for the tracking of ag products from farm to consumer. Agricultural supply chains are already using it to determine where outbreaks of salmonella and other food poisoning causes originated.

Challenges to Building Sustainable Agriculture Strategies

It’s good if one farmer farms sustainably, but it’s better if neighbors do, too, and even better if it’s a regional or national implementation of sustainable agriculture practices.

However, wide adoption of sustainable agriculture runs into obstacles. Farmers compensate for poor growing conditions by applying more chemicals. Even in more productive areas, farmers may feel that the only way to increase production is to add more fertilizer. Perhaps the most obstinate obstacle is that sustainable agriculture tries to change practices that’ve become ingrained over decades, if not centuries.

Overcoming Obstacles

Wherever an obstacle exists, there’s an opportunity for those in sustainability roles to advocate for and champion sustainable agriculture. Individuals can use their command of sustainability principles and processes to clear roadblocks and help sustainability blossom.

Organizations and agencies in the U.S. and around the world have places for those who understand the importance of sustainable agriculture. They include the following:

• National Institute of Food and Agriculture.  Part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, NIFA offers loans and grants for projects that boost agricultural yields; improve the efficiency of water and nitrogen use; reduce losses from stresses, diseases, and pests; reduce foodborne diseases; and develop bio-based fuels, chemicals, and coproducts.
• American Farm Bureau Federation . AFBF is a mainstream organization representing farmers and agribusinesses. It provides information about sustainable practices to its members, focusing on “climate smart” farming, carbon markets, renewable energy, and research.
• 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference . Some 45 nations promised action and investment to protect the environment and move to sustainable farming methods. Pledges to be achieved by 2030 included plans by Brazil to increase its ABC+ low-carbon farming program and plans by Germany to lower emissions from land use by 25 million tons.
• World Bank . The World Bank sponsors sustainable ag projects that affect sustainable transportation, processing, and markets.
• Private sector . The private sector recognizes the importance of sustainable agriculture as well as potential sales and profits. Large multinational companies develop seeds for crops that can grow more efficiently. Startup companies in Silicon Valley and elsewhere are adapting technology to meet sustainable farming needs, such as making beef and dairy cattle farming more productive and efficient and analyzing soil health.

Help Make the Change That Changes the World

Sustainable agriculture is an important piece of the puzzle of how to feed more people and reduce climate change. Shifting food and fiber production to a sustainable system helps attain both objectives. Sustainable agriculture practices are intended to protect the environment, expand Earth’s natural resources, and maintain and improve soil fertility.

Learn about sustainable agriculture and sustainability tools and strategies in  Maryville University’s online Bachelor of Science in Sustainability  program. With a core curriculum covering everything from Earth Systems to Understanding Statistical Inference, along with three concentrations (Environmental Science, Business, and Policy), Maryville’s program can provide the knowledge and skills you need to pursue a career in this vital and challenging field.

Recommended Reading

Sustainability vs. Sustainable Development: Examining Two Important Concepts

Careers in Sustainability with a Bachelor of Science Degree

Soil Conservation Guide: Importance and Practices

  Sources

American Farm Bureau Federation, Our Impact

Climate Institute, “Carbon Sequestration: Addressing Climate Change and Food Security Through Sustainable Agriculture”

National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Sustainable Agriculture

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Three Key Challenges Facing Agriculture and How to Start Solving Them”

U.N. Climate Change Conference UK 2021, Nations and Businesses Commit to Create Sustainable Agriculture and Land Use

U.S. Farmers & Ranchers in Action, “5 Tools and Technologies tThat Drive Sustainable Agriculture”

World Bank, Climate-Smart Agriculture

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5 sustainable farming methods assessed

Vertical farms conserve space as well as water. Image:  REUTERS/Abdel Hadi Ramahi

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Stay up to date:, agriculture, food and beverage.

• Agriculture is one of the leading contributors to global warming.
• To make agriculture more sustainable, innovators have come up with new ideas, like vertical farming.
• Lizzy Rosenberg, an environmental journalist, evaluates these different methods to see how sustainable they are.

Although one might think that farming would benefit the environment by providing people and animals with food sources, it often does more harm than good. Various techniques, such as tillage and the use of pesticides, decreases the quality of soil, which unfortunately is responsible for sequestering large amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere. Fertilizers and pesticides also tend to pollute fresh drinking water, and the pesticides ultimately end up harming wildlife and humans alike.

Meanwhile, many irrigation techniques use unsustainable amounts of water, to the point where it may one day become a non-renewable resource. Large amounts of land are also cleared to create farming space, leading to deforestation and requiring large amounts of energy. That said, it's important to consider the many farming techniques we could and should more often be using, to ensure the agricultural industry is running low-impact — take a look at many sustainable techniques, below:

Have you read?

Almost 90% of the world's animal species will lose some habitat to agriculture by 2050, here’s why cloning could be the future of agriculture, could vertical farms feed the world.

Soil conservation methods

The well-being of our planet's soil is crucial — it sequesters large amounts of CO2, it's a natural compost, and it's home to many important organisms. Unfortunately, though, synthetic manures, pesticides, and poor farming practices harm our soil, but there are many ways to preserve it through soil conservation methods .

Regenerative Farming

A process called regenerative agriculture , which is a certain type of soil conservation method, has grown particularly popular. It basically focuses on soil restoration while growing crops by using cover crops, crop rotation, compost, and animal manures. Others include rain gardens and shade trees.

Organic farming

Organic farming only uses natural pest control methods and biological fertilizers to grow crops, without the use of chemicals or pesticides. To obtain the official organic label, farmers are required to go through an intense certification process to prove their techniques are 100 percent clean and free of any harmful substances. This ultimately impacts the water, nearby wildlife, surrounding lands, the atmosphere and farmers in a positive way.

Vertical farming

One reason why farming is so harmful to the planet is because of deforestation, or clearing out trees for the sake of farmland. It destroys habitats, requires massive amounts of energy, and kills trees that would otherwise sequester CO2. But vertical farms conserve space as well as water. Often allowing plants and crops to grow upwards, they provide space in the air for plants to grow, without having to clear much space at all. They also use technology to save water, only doling the amount plants need.

Two billion people in the world currently suffer from malnutrition and according to some estimates, we need 60% more food to feed the global population by 2050. Yet the agricultural sector is ill-equipped to meet this demand: 700 million of its workers currently live in poverty, and it is already responsible for 70% of the world’s water consumption and 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

New technologies could help our food systems become more sustainable and efficient, but unfortunately the agricultural sector has fallen behind other sectors in terms of technology adoption.

Launched in 2018, the Forum’s Innovation with a Purpose Platform is a large-scale partnership that facilitates the adoption of new technologies and other innovations to transform the way we produce, distribute and consume our food.

With research, increasing investments in new agriculture technologies and the integration of local and regional initiatives aimed at enhancing food security, the platform is working with over 50 partner institutions and 1,000 leaders around the world to leverage emerging technologies to make our food systems more sustainable, inclusive and efficient.

Learn more about Innovation with a Purpose's impact and contact us to see how you can get involved.

Vegan farms

We're always discussing the many reasons why veganism will better the planet — in addition to preventing future pandemics , a vegan lifestyle (and a vegan farm!) doesn't use animals for the use of their meat or byproducts, making it cruelty-free. Animal farms also contribute to massive amounts of methane being released into the atmosphere, and many are handled unsustainably, often letting large amounts of manure contaminate nearby water supplies. Gross.

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Sustainable Agriculture is Good for the Environment and the Bottom Line

By sydney o’shaughnessy.

July 22, 2020

Over 70 percent of rural Americans believe that environmental issues are very important. However, despite strong support for the environment, proposed federal environmental legislation is rarely supported by rural Americans because their needs are often overlooked by federal policymakers. In order to alleviate this issue and create representative environmental policy, rural leaders are calling for collaborative solutions between stakeholders and policymakers in order to accomplish national sustainability goals. But what do these collaborative solutions look like? And how are rural stakeholders involved in mitigating climate change?

To answer these questions, EESI spoke with rural leaders from across the country in an attempt to highlight the important transdisciplinary work being done to address climate change.

----------------------

Farming is what Fred Yoder knows best. As a fourth-generation Ohio farmer with over 40 years of experience, working on the land and producing food for a growing population is his expertise. Yet despite Yoder’s generational history in agriculture, his farming business is not immune to economic hardships.

“Twenty years ago, I was very frustrated and thinking there just wasn't any profit in farming,” Yoder said. “Productivity was not a problem, but I didn't have enough money left to live on afterwards.”

To change his economic position, Yoder researched different farming methods to save money and came across no-till farming, which is an agricultural strategy aimed at growing crops while reducing soil turnover and erosion. He began implementing no-till on parts of his soybean fields and then slowly transitioned his corn and wheat fields until, eventually, his whole farm used the method.

“One of the things I really noticed when I went to no-till was that my soil improved,” Yoder said. “So I was increasing my soil health at the same time as I was cutting costs.”

In addition to reducing fuel and labor costs, no-till farming also retains nutrients in the soil and sequesters carbon, making it a viable conservation technique. Realizing this, Yoder began experimenting with other sustainable farming methods, like cover crops , to further help him cut costs and reduce his farm’s carbon footprint. After implementing cover crops, Yoder was able to cut his farm’s fertilizer use by 20 percent, eliminate weeds, and reduce his use of chemicals, all while saving more money and improving his crop yield.

“When I bought the farm off of my father back in the late ‘80s, my father asked that I leave it in better shape than when I got it,” Yoder said. “And my farm is more productive today, more sustainable today, more resilient today than it's ever been and I've doubled my yields in the last 20 years.”

Despite the proven success of sustainable agriculture techniques, many farmers are hesitant to change their practices, citing perceived financial burdens as one of the main reasons. According to a Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education (SARE) study , the top reasons farmers hesitate to adopt sustainable agriculture practices is because of a lack of financial resources, economic incentives, and reliable information. In order to get farmers to try sustainable farming practices, Yoder states economic incentives are vital.

“It's really important to understand the way a farmer looks at things,” Yoder said. “You can't start with something like reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A farmer's gonna say, ‘Well there's nothing in it for me.’ You have to show them the economic advantage of doing it. If it pays for itself, then he will consider it.”

Unfortunately, economic issues are not the only ones standing in the way of farmers adopting sustainable practices. According to a report from the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, the politicization of climate change has turned many farmers away from the subject altogether. This politicization often leads to unrepresentative environmental policy. Ernie Shea, president of the nonprofit Solutions from the Land , said that those in the environmental community often focus solely on the problems in the agriculture industry and demand that all farmers make sweeping changes that may not actually work for each region.

“Pointing the finger does not engender participation, ownership, and support,” Shea said. “It builds walls that they then can hide behind and duck, deny, delay, and deflect.”

Participatory Policymaking in Action

Solutions from the Land is working to break down these walls to create integrated solutions that address food production, economic development, and climate change while ensuring that all stakeholders have a part in environmental policy conversations. Shea believes in a collaborative approach to environmental policy and has worked with agricultural leaders across the country—including Yoder—to create environmental policy recommendations that work for farmers.

“Farmers were tired of being only valued and described as producers of commodities and they wanted to be valued for more than that,” Shea said. “They wanted to be valued for everything they do. So we created the 25x’25 Alliance and then worked to develop state chapters that were populated by like-minded farmer leaders, environmental leaders, rural economic development leaders, and defense and national security leaders.”

Solutions from the Land worked with various state chapters to facilitate climate conversations and assist in creating environmental policy recommendations that are appropriate for each state. For example, in North Carolina, Shea worked closely with the state’s agriculture and forestry leaders. The participants agreed that their livelihoods and communities were vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and eventually broke into four working groups. These working groups developed recommendations on how North Carolina could become more resilient to climate change while also delivering climate solutions. The working groups published their results and presented them at a state summit, which garnered widespread support in the state government, state universities, and businesses. This support enabled the formation of climate policy and sustainable agricultural practices fully-backed by farmers. In 2008, Solutions from the Land's state-level work grew into a provision included in the energy portion of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA) .

“So that is essentially how it goes for each state, but each state is different,” said Shea. “There are different types of agriculture, different types of climate, and different types of geography, so each state’s needs are a little bit different.”

At the national level, Solutions from the Land works with the North America Climate Smart Agriculture Alliance (NACSAA). According to Shea, dozens of groups in the agriculture sector come together and share knowledge to develop and enable policy recommendations at the national level through NACSAA.

NACSAA regularly submits recommendations to Congress after compiling information from farmer leaders and agriculture organizations across the nation. In 2020 alone, NACSAA has submitted two sets of recommendations to Congress: one to the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis describing the importance of climate smart agriculture in policy development, and another to the Senate Democrats' Special Committee on the Climate Crisis outlining the “critical role agriculture plays in bridging gaps in policy arenas—from food security and nutrition, to energy and national security, to rural development and job creation, to environmental protection and climate mitigation.”

Looking Ahead

Overall, creating environmental policy recommendations with input from agricultural stakeholders is vitally important for the success of environmental policies. Considering that there are over 20,000 types of soil in the United States, a solution that works for one region may not work for another, so adaptive solutions are more likely to gain traction amongst rural stakeholders.

Dr. Lois Wright Morton, a rural sociologist and current farmer, has dedicated her life to understanding how rural communities manage their natural resources, and she believes that adaptable environmental policies are the only option for a carbon-free future.

“Farmers are important to the stewardship and also the keepers of the natural resource base,” Morton said. “I think, from a policy standpoint, we need to invest in farmers so that they can choose the practices that are best for the crop that they are growing and the conditions that they are under, while also understanding that farmers have a really important role to play as we try to protect our ecosystems.”

Yoder, Shea, and Morton all agree that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to address climate change, and that environmental discussions must include the perspectives of agricultural leaders. They believe that a range of approaches must be adopted to combat climate change from all angles to ensure a healthier future.

“Let's figure out ways we can all work together rather than just have a select few decide our direction,” Yoder said. “If we can agree on the outcome and focus on getting there, then we all just need to decide what our contribution can be and work together to get where we need to be.”

Collaborative, incentive-based climate solutions are closer now than ever. The Senate recently introduced the bipartisan Growing Climate Solutions Act , which would enable farmers to get paid for sequestering carbon on their land. With such an economic incentive, farmers may be more willing to adopt sustainable farming practices and transform their livelihoods.

As for Yoder, he continues to work day after day on his land, implementing sustainable solutions and advocating for systemic changes in land-use practices, research, education and policy that are necessary to address climate change.

“I really feel strongly about leaving this land in better shape so my son and his son can go ahead and create food for the rest of the world in years to come,” Yoder said.

Author: Sydney O’Shaughnessy

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Essay on Sustainable Development: Samples in 250, 300 and 500 Words

• Updated on  
• Nov 18, 2023

On 3rd August 2023, the Indian Government released its Net zero emissions target policy to reduce its carbon footprints. To achieve the sustainable development goals (SDG) , as specified by the UN, India is determined for its long-term low-carbon development strategy. Selfishly pursuing modernization, humans have frequently compromised with the requirements of a more sustainable environment.

As a result, the increased environmental depletion is evident with the prevalence of deforestation, pollution, greenhouse gases, climate change etc. To combat these challenges, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in 2019. The objective was to improve air quality in 131 cities in 24 States/UTs by engaging multiple stakeholders.

‘Development is not real until and unless it is sustainable development.’ – Ban Ki-Moon

The concept of Sustainable Development in India has even greater relevance due to the controversy surrounding the big dams and mega projects and related long-term growth. Since it is quite a frequently asked topic in school tests as well as competitive exams , we are here to help you understand what this concept means as well as the mantras to drafting a well-written essay on Sustainable Development with format and examples.

This Blog Includes:

What is sustainable development, 250-300 words essay on sustainable development, 300 words essay on sustainable development, 500 words essay on sustainable development, introduction, conclusion of sustainable development essay, importance of sustainable development, examples of sustainable development.

As the term simply explains, Sustainable Development aims to bring a balance between meeting the requirements of what the present demands while not overlooking the needs of future generations. It acknowledges nature’s requirements along with the human’s aim to work towards the development of different aspects of the world. It aims to efficiently utilise resources while also meticulously planning the accomplishment of immediate as well as long-term goals for human beings, the planet as well and future generations. In the present time, the need for Sustainable Development is not only for the survival of mankind but also for its future protection. 

Looking for ideas to incorporate in your Essay on Sustainable Development? Read our blog on Energy Management – Find Your Sustainable Career Path and find out!

To give you an idea of the way to deliver a well-written essay, we have curated a sample on sustainable development below, with 250-300 words:

To give you an idea of the way to deliver a well-written essay, we have curated a sample on sustainable development below, with 300 + words:

Must Read: Article Writing

To give you an idea of the way to deliver a well-written essay, we have curated a sample on sustainable development below, with 500 + words:

Essay Format

Before drafting an essay on Sustainable Development, students need to get familiarised with the format of essay writing, to know how to structure the essay on a given topic. Take a look at the following pointers which elaborate upon the format of a 300-350 word essay.

Introduction (50-60 words) In the introduction, students must introduce or provide an overview of the given topic, i.e. highlighting and adding recent instances and questions related to sustainable development. Body of Content (100-150 words) The area of the content after the introduction can be explained in detail about why sustainable development is important, its objectives and highlighting the efforts made by the government and various institutions towards it.  Conclusion (30-40 words) In the essay on Sustainable Development, you must add a conclusion wrapping up the content in about 2-3 lines, either with an optimistic touch to it or just summarizing what has been talked about above.

How to write the introduction of a sustainable development essay? To begin with your essay on sustainable development, you must mention the following points:

• What is sustainable development?
• What does sustainable development focus on?
• Why is it useful for the environment?

How to write the conclusion of a sustainable development essay? To conclude your essay on sustainable development, mention why it has become the need of the hour. Wrap up all the key points you have mentioned in your essay and provide some important suggestions to implement sustainable development.

The importance of sustainable development is that it meets the needs of the present generations without compromising on the needs of the coming future generations. Sustainable development teaches us to use our resources in the correct manner. Listed below are some points which tell us the importance of sustainable development.

• Focuses on Sustainable Agricultural Methods – Sustainable development is important because it takes care of the needs of future generations and makes sure that the increasing population does not put a burden on Mother Earth. It promotes agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and effective seeding techniques.
• Manages Stabilizing the Climate – We are facing the problem of climate change due to the excessive use of fossil fuels and the killing of the natural habitat of animals. Sustainable development plays a major role in preventing climate change by developing practices that are sustainable. It promotes reducing the use of fossil fuels which release greenhouse gases that destroy the atmosphere.
• Provides Important Human Needs – Sustainable development promotes the idea of saving for future generations and making sure that resources are allocated to everybody. It is based on the principle of developing an infrastructure that is can be sustained for a long period of time.
• Sustain Biodiversity – If the process of sustainable development is followed, the home and habitat of all other living animals will not be depleted. As sustainable development focuses on preserving the ecosystem it automatically helps in sustaining and preserving biodiversity.
• Financial Stability – As sustainable development promises steady development the economies of countries can become stronger by using renewable sources of energy as compared to using fossil fuels, of which there is only a particular amount on our planet.

Mentioned below are some important examples of sustainable development. Have a look:

• Wind Energy – Wind energy is an easily available resource. It is also a free resource. It is a renewable source of energy and the energy which can be produced by harnessing the power of wind will be beneficial for everyone. Windmills can produce energy which can be used to our benefit. It can be a helpful source of reducing the cost of grid power and is a fine example of sustainable development. 
• Solar Energy – Solar energy is also a source of energy which is readily available and there is no limit to it. Solar energy is being used to replace and do many things which were first being done by using non-renewable sources of energy. Solar water heaters are a good example. It is cost-effective and sustainable at the same time.
• Crop Rotation – To increase the potential of growth of gardening land, crop rotation is an ideal and sustainable way. It is rid of any chemicals and reduces the chances of disease in the soil. This form of sustainable development is beneficial to both commercial farmers and home gardeners.
• Efficient Water Fixtures – The installation of hand and head showers in our toilets which are efficient and do not waste or leak water is a method of conserving water. Water is essential for us and conserving every drop is important. Spending less time under the shower is also a way of sustainable development and conserving water.
• Sustainable Forestry – This is an amazing way of sustainable development where the timber trees that are cut by factories are replaced by another tree. A new tree is planted in place of the one which was cut down. This way, soil erosion is prevented and we have hope of having a better, greener future.

Related Articles

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals established by the United Nations in 2015. These include: No Poverty Zero Hunger Good Health and Well-being Quality Education Gender Equality Clean Water and Sanitation Affordable and Clean Energy Decent Work and Economic Growth Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Reduced Inequality Sustainable Cities and Communities Responsible Consumption and Production Climate Action Life Below Water Life on Land Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Partnerships for the Goals

The SDGs are designed to address a wide range of global challenges, such as eradicating extreme poverty globally, achieving food security, focusing on promoting good health and well-being, inclusive and equitable quality education, etc.

India is ranked #111 in the Sustainable Development Goal Index 2023 with a score of 63.45.

Hence, we hope that this blog helped you understand the key features of an essay on sustainable development. If you are interested in Environmental studies and planning to pursue sustainable tourism courses , take the assistance of Leverage Edu ’s AI-based tool to browse through a plethora of programs available in this specialised field across the globe and find the best course and university combination that fits your interests, preferences and aspirations. Call us immediately at 1800 57 2000 for a free 30-minute counselling session

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MIT Technology Review

• Newsletters

How I learned to stop worrying and love fake meat

Let’s stop inventing reasons to reject cultured meat and other protein alternatives that could dramatically cut climate emissions.

• James Temple archive page

Fixing our collective meat problem is one of the trickiest challenges in addressing climate change—and for some baffling reason, the world seems intent on making the task even harder.

The latest example occurred last week, when Florida governor Ron DeSantis signed a law banning the production, sale, and transportation of cultured meat across the Sunshine State. 

“Florida is fighting back against the global elite’s plan to force the world to eat meat grown in a petri dish or bugs to achieve their authoritarian goals,” DeSantis seethed in a statement.

Alternative meat and animal products—be they lab-grown or plant-based—offer a far more sustainable path to mass-producing protein than raising animals for milk or slaughter. Yet again and again, politicians, dietitians, and even the press continue to devise ways to portray these products as controversial, suspect, or substandard. No matter how good they taste or how much they might reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, there’s always some new obstacle standing in the way—in this case, Governor DeSantis, wearing a not-at-all-uncomfortable smile.  

The new law clearly has nothing to do with the creeping threat of authoritarianism (though for more on that, do check out his administration’s crusade to ban books about gay penguins). First and foremost it is an act of political pandering, a way to coddle Florida’s sizable cattle industry, which he goes on to mention in the statement.

Cultured meat is seen as a threat to the livestock industry because animals are only minimally involved in its production. Companies grow cells originally extracted from animals in a nutrient broth and then form them into nuggets, patties or fillets. The US Department of Agriculture has already given its blessing to two companies , Upside Foods and Good Meat, to begin selling cultured chicken products to consumers. Israel recently became the first nation to sign off on a beef version.

It’s still hard to say if cultured meat will get good enough and cheap enough anytime soon to meaningfully reduce our dependence on cattle, chicken, pigs, sheep, goats, and other animals for our protein and our dining pleasure. And it’s sure to take years before we can produce it in ways that generate significantly lower emissions than standard livestock practices today.

But there are high hopes it could become a cleaner and less cruel way of producing meat, since it wouldn’t require all the land, food, and energy needed to raise, feed, slaughter, and process animals today. One study found that cultured meat could reduce emissions per kilogram of meat 92% by 2030, even if cattle farming also achieves substantial improvements.

Those sorts of gains are essential if we hope to ease the rising dangers of climate change, because meat, dairy, and cheese production are huge contributors to greenhouse-gas emissions.

DeSantis and politicians in other states that may follow suit, including Alabama and Tennessee, are raising the specter of mandated bug-eating and global-elite string-pulling to turn cultured meat into a cultural issue, and kill the industry in its infancy. 

But, again, it’s always something. I’ve heard a host of other arguments across the political spectrum directed against various alternative protein products, which also include plant-based burgers, cheeses, and milks, or even cricket-derived powders and meal bars . Apparently these meat and dairy alternatives shouldn’t be highly processed, mass-produced, or genetically engineered, nor should they ever be as unhealthy as their animal-based counterparts. 

In effect, we are setting up tests that almost no products can pass, when really all we should ask of alternative proteins is that they be safe, taste good, and cut climate pollution.

The meat of the matter

Here’s the problem. 

Livestock production generates more than 7 billion tons of carbon dioxide, making up 14.5% of the world’s overall climate emissions, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.

Beef, milk, and cheese production are, by far, the biggest problems, representing some 65% of the sector’s emissions. We burn down carbon-dense forests to provide cows with lots of grazing land; then they return the favor by burping up staggering amounts of methane, one of the most powerful greenhouse gases. Florida’s cattle population alone, for example, could generate about 180 million pounds of methane every year, as calculated from standard per-animal emissions . 

In an earlier paper , the World Resources Institute noted that in the average US diet, beef contributed 3% of the calories but almost half the climate pollution from food production. (If you want to take a single action that could meaningfully ease your climate footprint, read that sentence again.)

The added challenge is that the world’s population is both growing and becoming richer, which means more people can afford more meat. 

There are ways to address some of the emissions from livestock production without cultured meat or plant-based burgers, including developing supplements that reduce methane burps and encouraging consumers to simply reduce meat consumption. Even just switching from beef to chicken can make a huge difference .

Let’s clear up one matter, though. I can’t imagine a politician in my lifetime, in the US or most of the world, proposing a ban on meat and expecting to survive the next election. So no, dear reader. No one’s coming for your rib eye. If there’s any attack on personal freedoms and economic liberty here, DeSantis is the one waging it by not allowing Floridians to choose for themselves what they want to eat.

But there is a real problem in need of solving. And the grand hope of companies like Beyond Meat, Upside Foods, Miyoko’s Creamery, and dozens of others is that we can develop meat, milk, and cheese alternatives that are akin to EVs: that is to say, products that are good enough to solve the problem without demanding any sacrifice from consumers or requiring government mandates. (Though subsidies always help.)

The good news is the world is making some real progress in developing substitutes that increasingly taste like, look like, and have (with apologies for the snooty term) the “mouthfeel” of the traditional versions, whether they’ve been developed from animal cells or plants. If they catch on and scale up, it could make a real dent in emissions—with the bonus of reducing animal suffering, environmental damage, and the spillover of animal disease into the human population.

The bad news is we can’t seem to take the wins when we get them. 

The blue cheese blues

For lunch last Friday, I swung by the Butcher’s Son Vegan Delicatessen & Bakery in Berkeley, California, and ordered a vegan Buffalo chicken sandwich with a blue cheese on the side that was developed by Climax Foods , also based in Berkeley.

Late last month, it emerged that the product had, improbably, clinched the cheese category in the blind taste tests of the prestigious Good Food awards, as the Washington Post revealed .

Let’s pause here to note that this is a stunning victory for vegan cheeses, a clear sign that we can use plants to produce top-notch artisanal products, indistinguishable even to the refined palates of expert gourmands. If a product is every bit as tasty and satisfying as the original but can be produced without milking methane-burping animals, that’s a big climate win.

But sadly, that’s not where the story ended.

After word leaked out that the blue cheese was a finalist, if not the winner, the Good Food Foundation seems to have added a rule that didn’t exist when the competition began but which disqualified Climax Blue , the Post reported.

I have no special insights into what unfolded behind the scenes. But it reads at least a little as if the competition concocted an excuse to dethrone a vegan cheese that had bested its animal counterparts and left traditionalists aghast. 

That victory might have done wonders to help promote acceptance of the Climax product, if not the wider category. But now the story is the controversy. And that’s a shame. Because the cheese is actually pretty good. 

I’m no professional foodie, but I do have a lifetime of expertise born of stubbornly refusing to eat any salad dressing other than blue cheese. In my own taste test, I can report it looked and tasted like mild blue cheese, which is all it needs to do.

A beef about burgers

Banning a product or changing a cheese contest’s rules after determining the winner are both bad enough. But the reaction to alternative proteins that has left me most befuddled is the media narrative that formed around the latest generation of plant-based burgers soon after they started getting popular a few years ago. Story after story would note, in the tone of a bold truth-teller revealing something new each time: Did you know these newfangled plant-based burgers aren’t actually all that much healthier than the meat variety? 

To which I would scream at my monitor: THAT WAS NEVER THE POINT!

The world has long been perfectly capable of producing plant-based burgers that are better for you, but the problem is that they tend to taste like plants. The actual innovation with the more recent options like Beyond Burger or Impossible Burger is that they look and taste like the real thing but can be produced with a dramatically smaller climate footprint .

That’s a big enough win in itself. 

If I were a health reporter, maybe I’d focus on these issues too. And if health is your personal priority, you should shop for a different plant-based patty (or I might recommend a nice salad, preferably with blue cheese dressing).

But speaking as a climate reporter, expecting a product to ease global warming, taste like a juicy burger, and also be low in salt, fat, and calories is absurd. You may as well ask a startup to conduct sorcery.

More important, making a plant-based burger healthier for us may also come at the cost of having it taste like a burger. Which would make it that much harder to win over consumers beyond the niche of vegetarians and thus have any meaningful impact on emissions. WHICH IS THE POINT!

It’s incredibly difficult to convince consumers to switch brands and change behaviors, even for a product as basic as toothpaste or toilet paper. Food is trickier still, because it’s deeply entwined with local culture, family traditions, festivals and celebrations. Whether we find a novel food product to be yummy or yucky is subjective and highly subject to suggestion. 

And so I’m ending with a plea. Let’s grant ourselves the best shot possible at solving one of the hardest, most urgent problems before us. Treat bans and political posturing with the ridicule they deserve. Reject the argument that any single product must, or can, solve all the problems related to food, health, and the environment.

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The decision follows years of controversy and the departure of one of the program’s key researchers.

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Priced Out of Housing, Communities Take Development Into Their Own Hands

Across the country, neighborhood groups are uniting to fund mixed-use developments that meet housing and business demands, giving locals a place to live, work and learn new skills.

By Keith Schneider

Reporting from Traverse City, Mich.

As the owner of the coffee retailer Higher Grounds Trading Company, Chris Treter had a problem: Business was booming, but his new hires couldn’t find affordable places to live.

“Traverse City is becoming Myrtle Beach meets Hilton Head — a place catering to a population outside the region,” Mr. Treter said. “Our work force can’t live here anymore.”

Mr. Treter and others in this small Lake Michigan community with a population of nearly 16,000 came up with a solution: a 47,000 square-foot building that offered spaces for residences, businesses and community activities that had been in short supply as gentrification in the city pushed prices up and local residents out.

What sets this project apart from others like it is how it’s paid for. Mr. Treter developed the space with Kate Redman, a lawyer who works with nonprofit organizations, and several other entrepreneurs who were dealing with similar challenges. They created a crowdfunding campaign that recruited nearly 500 residents to invest $1.3 million as a down payment to help finance the project’s construction and earn up to 7 percent annually in dividend payments. Roughly 500 more residents contributed $50 each to join the project as co-op members.

The $20 million development, called Commongrounds, opened late last year. It is at full occupancy and consists of 18 income-based apartments (rent below market rate based on median income), five hotel-like rooms for short-term rentals, a restaurant, three commercial kitchens (for the restaurant and to be used for events and classes), a food market, a coffee training center (for new hires and developing new drinks), a 150-seat performing arts center, a co-working space, offices and a Montessori preschool.

The owners, made up of over 1,000 co-op members, also embrace a cooperative management approach to operations. Shareholders, business tenants and apartment renters elect the project’s nine-member board of directors.

Commongrounds is the latest and largest example of what developers of similar projects across the United States call “community-owned cooperative real estate.” The strategy was developed a decade ago by a nonprofit legal group and a nonprofit neighborhood group in Oakland, Calif., and has been refined by legal and development groups in Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Portland, Ore., and other cities.

The cooperative strategy enables neighborhood groups to finance unconventional construction or renovation projects that banks and institutional lenders, which prefer strong cash-flow operations, won’t touch.

“It’s part of a robust movement for community control and affordable real estate, rather than enabling high-priced development at the whims of the market,” said Mohit Mookim, a lawyer at the Sustainable Economies Law Center, a nonprofit group in Oakland that helped develop the strategy.

Much of the approach stems from efforts by the federal and local governments to make it easier for small investors to put money into real estate developments. Federal rules once barred small investors — those whose net worth is less than $1 million or who make less than $200,000 a year in income — from participating in development projects; that changed in 2015. At the same time, a few states enacted laws allowing small investors to put their money into local developments.

“Until that change, 90 percent of the residents in a community couldn’t make direct investments in a real estate project,” said Chris Miller, the board chairman of the National Coalition for Community Capital, a nonprofit group. “Michigan allows nonaccredited investors to invest up to $10,000 in a project now. That was unheard-of before.”

Cooperative developments can now be found throughout the country. For this article, we identified roughly 15 cooperatively owned projects in the United States. Here are a few of them:

In Oakland, the East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative is widely credited with being one of the first community groups to apply the community-owned cooperative concept to a neighborhood project. In 2019, the group raised $185,000 from a crowdfunding campaign that attracted more than 25 investors to help finance a $1.3 million project to buy and renovate Co-op 789, a four-unit apartment building in North Oakland.

Noni Session, a co-founder and the director of East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative, said community-owned cooperative projects responded to the economic disruption caused by what she called the “standard capital pathway” of conventional development. Developers and private bankers who live and work outside the city, she said, typically ignore local residents as they pursue projects that are heralded as “neighborhood revitalization.”

“Almost all of that overlooks every single person in a nonaffluent community like West Oakland,” Ms. Session said. “Our model is economic inclusion. The goal is to reclaim our city and recapture power for how it develops.”

In Boston , 81 community investors raised $142,500 to start construction in 2022 on a vacant lot on Dorchester Avenue for a five-story building that consisted of 29 affordable apartments and a bookstore on the ground floor.

The developer, TLee Development, recruited the individual investors for the $9.65 million project, which was completed last year.

“We’re involved in 15 projects like this around Boston,” said Declan Keefe, a co-founder of CoEverything, a Boston architecture and development consultancy that specializes in community-owned cooperative projects. “The focus is community ownership so that people aren’t being displaced.”

In Atlanta , a worker-owned cooperative called the Guild established the Community Stewardship Trust, in which local residents could buy shares and have a say in future projects that the Guild is involved with. The Guild’s first project is the purchase of an abandoned 7,000-square-foot building on Dill Avenue that it is expanding to 21,000 square feet for 18 units of affordable housing, a grocery store, a co-working space and three commercial kitchens. The project is expected to open this year.

“Our goal is making sure that in neighborhoods that are gentrifying, the people that made these neighborhoods great get to benefit from the development that’s happening,” said Nikishka Iyengar, the founder and director of the Guild.

In Traverse City, Commongrounds was driven by some of the same principles of affordability and community oversight. Once a temperate seasonal beachfront outpost, the city has added 1,000 new residents over the past decade and evolved into a busy, increasingly expensive all-season urban center.

Downtown is booming with new and expensive residential and commercial construction. A one-bedroom apartment typically rents for over $1,900 a month, while annual median individual incomes have barely nudged above $31,000. The median price for homes climbed to nearly $400,000 in February, more than twice what it was in 2010.

Joe Sarafa, a local developer and property manager, helped guide Mr. Treter through the details of buying the half-acre Commongrounds site along the Boardman River, which flows through the city. Eight residents, most of them prominent community activists, invested $550,000 to buy the property and become the project’s first investors.

Ms. Redman, with the help of volunteers, organized public meetings to decide the project’s core mission and develop the crowdfunding strategy. They worked with city officials to adjust several zoning restrictions, such as drastically reducing parking requirements.

Another important player was Jeff Hickman, a vice president of Coastal States Bank who lives in Traverse City and arranged $8 million in rural business and industry loan guarantees from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The balance was funded by a nonprofit lender, and state and county grants.

The finished building, with its sunlight-filled public spaces and inviting offices and residences, was designed by Ray Kendra, a local architect.

“What I want to do now is work on more community-owned projects,” said Ms. Redman, who manages the building’s staff. “There’s interest here to develop more housing and more real estate that meets community needs.”

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Azerbaijan: EIB Global and Bank Respublika sign €10 million loan agreement to boost finance access for small businesses

• The loan agreement with Bank Respublika will offer attractive terms and conditions, making it easier for small businesses to access finance.
• The loan is being provided by EIB Global under its €100 million MSME Outreach Initiative for the Southern Caucasus.
• It contributes to a sustainable, innovative, green and competitive economy in Azerbaijan under the European Union’s flagship Economic and Investment Plan for the Eastern Partnership.

EIB Global, the arm of the European Investment Bank (EIB) for financing activities outside the European Union, has signed a €10 million loan agreement with Bank Respublika to support micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Azerbaijan. The agreement will promote financial inclusion by providing loans to small businesses on preferential terms and with the option of disbursal in local currency, boosting investment, growth and employment.   

The loan is part of the EIB’s MSME Outreach Initiative for the Southern Caucasus, which works to improve access to finance for MSMEs. The initiative will stimulate competition in the banking sector and increase the quality and quantity of finance accessible to small businesses. It will help create or maintain some 26 500 jobs in the Southern Caucasus region, fuelling private sector-driven growth and promoting social inclusion.

The operation also furthers the objectives of the Economic and Investment Plan for the Eastern Partnership, the flagship EU initiative to support 25 000 MSMEs in Azerbaijan.

EIB Vice-President Teresa Czerwińska , responsible for the Bank’s activities in Azerbaijan , remarked, “The EIB is pleased to support small businesses in Azerbaijan. Thanks to the partnership with Bank Respublika, this loan will promote financial inclusion for underserved MSMEs and increase their contribution to the economy. It will contribute to a diversified, sustainable and innovative economy in line with the European Union’s Economic and Investment Plan in the country.”

Director-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations of the European Commission Gert Jan Koopman emphasized, “The EU places a strong focus on supporting micro, small and medium-sized enterprises – a key part of the implementation of the EU’s Economic and Investment Plan in Azerbaijan. This loan is an important milestone of EIB activity in Azerbaijan and a welcome opportunity to support business opportunities and economic development, improving livelihoods across the country.”

Bank Respublika CEO Tariyel Ismayilov stated, “We are proud to be a key partner for the EIB in Azerbaijan. This agreement is another important indicator of the confidence international financial institutions have in both the stability of the country’s banking system and the reliability of Bank Respublika. The mobilised funds will allow us to strengthen credit support for the real sector, which is our main priority, and MSMEs in particular, enabling entrepreneurship in the country to develop.”

Background information

About the EIB and EIB Global

The EIB is the long-term financing institution of the European Union, owned by the Member States. It provides long-term finance for sound investments in pursuit of EU policy goals, supporting projects in four priority areas: infrastructure, innovation, climate and environment, and SMEs.

EIB Global is the EIB Group’s specialised arm devoted to increasing the impact of international partnerships and development finance, contributing to the three overarching priorities of the European Union: the European Green Deal, the Global Gateway and jobs, and sustainable and inclusive growth. Within Team Europe, EIB Global fosters strong, focused partnerships alongside fellow development finance institutions and civil society, in close cooperation with other multilateral development banks. EIB Global brings the EIB Group closer to local people, companies and institutions through our offices around the world

Related project(s)

Msme outreach initiative - caucasus.

Funding to smaller financial intermediaries in countries of the Southern Caucasus to reach out to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that currently face difficulties to access finance.

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Georgia: eib global and credo bank signed a loan agreement worth gel 28.8 million to support micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.

The European Investment Bank (EIB), the lending arm of the European Union, has strengthened its long-term cooperation with Credo Bank, Georgia’s fifth-largest commercial bank, by signing a new five-year loan agreement worth GEL 28.8 million (€10 million).

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The EIB on Wednesday (16th September) signed a EUR 50 million loan agreement with International Bank of Azerbaijan, the country's leading bank, to finance projects promoted by SMEs and midcaps.

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The EIB, the European Union's long-term financing institution, and the Republic of Azerbaijan concluded the Framework Agreement under which the Bank may start financing investment projects in Azerbaijan. The agreement was signed today in Brussels by H.E. Shahin Mustafayev, Minister of Economic Development and EIB Vice-President Wilhelm Molterer.

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