case study based questions class 11 biology chapter 4

Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

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In Class 11 Final Exams there will be Case studies and Passage Based Questions will be asked, So practice these types of questions. Study Rate is always there to help you. Free PDF Downloads of CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers were Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. Students can solve Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions Animal Kingdom to know their preparation level.

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In CBSE Class 11 Biology Paper, There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Animal Kingdom Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 11 Biology  Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

Case Study/Passage-Based Questions

Case Study 1: Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, an external ectoderm, and an internal endoderm, are called diploblastic animals, e.g., coelenterates. An undifferentiated layer, mesoglea, is present in between the ectoderm and the endoderm.

Coelom – The presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is very important in classification. The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm is called coelom. Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates. In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudo coelom and the animals possessing them are called pseudocoelomates, e.g., aschelminthes. The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates, e.g., Platyhelminthes.

Segmentation – In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. For example, in earthworms, the body shows a pattern called metameric segmentation, and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.

Notochord – It is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called chordates and those animals which do not form this structure are called non-chordates, e.g., porifera to echinoderms.

1.) Diploblastic animals are characterized by _________________.

• a) External ectoderm cell arrangement
• b) Internal endoderm cell arrangement
• c) Both a and b
• d) None of the above

Ans: c) Both a and b

2.) In coelomates, the body cavity is surfaced by____________

• a) Ectoderm
• b) Mesoderm
• c) scattered pouches
• d) Endoderm

Ans: b) Mesoderm

What distinguishes gymnosperms from other seed-producing plants? A) The ovules are enclosed by an ovary wall B) The ovules and seeds remain exposed C) The roots are always fibrous D) The leaves are never compound

What type of roots is associated with N2-fixing cyanobacteria in gymnosperms? A) Tap roots B) Fibrous roots C) Mycorrhizal roots D) Coralloid roots

In gymnosperms like conifers, what is the function of the needle-like leaves? A) Increase water absorption B) Enhance pollination C) Reduce surface area to minimize water loss D) Attract insects for pollination

Which gymnosperm is known for being one of the tallest tree species? A) Cycas B) Pinus C) Sequoia D) Mycorrhiza

What are the male cones or strobili in gymnosperms called? A) Macrosporangiate B) Megasporophylls C) Microsporangiate D) Megaspores

Which type of sporophylls bears the megasporangia in gymnosperms? A) Microsporophylls B) Macrosporophylls C) Strobili D) Male cones

How many megaspores are formed by the megaspore mother cell in gymnosperms? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

In which gymnosperm are male cones and megasporophylls borne on different trees? A) Sequoia B) Pinus C) Cycas D) Mycorrhiza

What kind of spores do gymnosperms produce? A) Heterosporous, producing both microspores and megaspores B) Homosporous, producing only one type of spore C) Only megaspores D) Only microspores

Which part of the gymnosperm is protected by envelopes and referred to as an ovule? A) Pollen grain B) Nucellus C) Microsporangia D) Archegonia

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If you are finding it difficult to solve Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions, you are not alone. Many students face difficulties in solving such questions, as they require in-depth knowledge of the subject. However, with the right resources and guidance, it is possible to overcome these difficulties. One of the best resources for Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions is the myCBSEguide app.

myCBSEguide provides detailed information and Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions that can help you understand the concepts better. Class 11 Biology students can also find several practice questions at the end of each chapter that can help Class 11 Biology students in understanding the concept better.

Biology: The study of living organisms

Biology is the study of life and all living things. It is a natural science that covers a wide range of topics, from the structure and function of the human body to the behavior of plants and animals. Class 11 biology students learn about the various branches of biology, such as anatomy, physiology, ecology, and evolution. In addition, they also study the cell, the building block of all living things. By understanding how cells work, students can better understand how the body works as a whole.

Class 11 students entering the world of Biology

For Class 11 students, biology is the foundation for Class 12 CBSE students. It is a vital topic that helps students grasp the fundamental notions of life and living beings. Cell structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and plant and animal physiology are all themes addressed in biology. Biology is a fascinating topic that teaches students about the natural world around them. Biology is an excellent foundation for Class 11 CBSE students who want to pursue a career in medicine. Biology is critical for understanding the human body and its processes, as well as developing medical remedies.

Significance of Biology for class 11 students

• Biology encourages students to learn the fundamentals of biology.
• It promotes a rational/scientific attitude toward issues such as population, environment, and development by encouraging the acquisition of new information and its application to individuals and society.
• It raises public knowledge of environmental issues, problems, and remedies.
• It raises students’ understanding of the diversity of living species and fosters respect for other living beings.
• It understands that even the most complicated biological phenomena are based on fundamentally simple processes.

Case study questions in Class 11 Biology

Case studies are a part of to Class 11 biology examination paper pattern. These case studies can be used to assess a student’s understanding of a subject as well as their ability to apply that understanding in a real-world context. Incorporating case study questions into Class 11 Biology can provide students with a more hands-on and realistic experience with the subject. Class 11 Biology students can better learn how chemical concepts are utilized in the real world by going through real-life problems. Class 11 Biology Case study questions can also aid in the development of critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

Examples of Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions

We must solve a range of Class 11 Biology case study questions in order to achieve high grades in Biology. Class 11 Biology students must be seeking some examples of case study questions in order to improve their grades. myCBSEguide has prepared a variety of Class 11 Biology case study questions that will undoubtedly assist all students studying the subject. We have compiled a selection of Class 11 Biology case study questions for you. Have a look at the following Class 11 Biology case study question examples.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 1

Read the following and answer any four questions: The detailed structure of the membrane was studied only after the advent of the electron microscope in the 1950s. Meanwhile, chemical studies on the cell membrane, especially in human red blood cells (RBCs), enabled the scientists to deduce the possible structure of the plasma membrane. These studies showed that the cell membrane is composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.

• Nucleic acid
• Carbohydrate
• Phosphoglycerides
• Glycoproteins
• Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
• Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
• Assertion is true but reason is false.
• Both assertion and reason are false.

Answer Key:

• (b) The lipids are arranged in a bilayer in the plasma membrane with the polar head towards the outer sides and the hydrophobic tails towards the inner part.
• (a) The lipid component of the membrane mainly consists of phosphoglycerides.
• (c) In human beings, the membrane of the erythrocyte has approximately 52 percent protein and 40 percent lipids.
• (b) Depending on the ease of extraction, membrane proteins can be classified into two types – integral or peripheral.
• (b) The plasma membrane is selectively permeable to some molecules present on either side of it. Neutral solutes may move across the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient, i.e., from higher concentration to the lower. Hence, both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 2

Read the following and answer any four questions: Plastids are found in all plant cells and in euglenoids. These are easily observed under the microscope as they are large. They bear some specific pigments, thus imparting specific colours to the plants. Plastids consist of numerous membrane layers embedded in a material called the stroma. They have their own genome and ribosomes.

• Leucoplasts
• Chloroplasts
• Chromoplasts
• Carotenoids
• Amyloplasts
• Aleuroplasts
• Elaioplasts
• (a) The leucoplasts are the colourless plastids of varied shapes and sizes with stored nutrients.
• (b) The aleuroplasts store proteins in grains.
• (a) Amyloplasts are leucoplasts store carbohydrates (starch) in potato.
• (c) The space limited by the inner membrane of the chloroplast is called the stroma.
• (c) The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments which are responsible for trapping light energy essential for photosynthesis. The chromoplasts impart colours to the parts of the plant as yellow, orange or red colour. Hence, Assertion is true but reason is false.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 3

Read the following and answer any four questions: In human beings, the lungs are situated in the thoracic chamber which is formed dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs, and on the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm. The anatomical setup of the lungs in the thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary) cavity. Such an arrangement is essential for breathing. Breathing involves two stages – inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, the atmospheric air is drawn in and during expiration, the alveolar air is released out.

• 12 – 16
• 70 – 72
• Ribs lift up
• Diaphragm flattens
• Ribs flatten
• Both ribs lift up and diaphragm flattens
• Tidal volume
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume
• Residual Volume
• Vital Capacity
• 6000 to 8000 mL
• 2500 mL to 3000 mL
• 1000 mL to 1100 mL
• 1100 mL to 1200 mL
• The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient.
• Expiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure.
• The diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles help in generation of pressure gradients.
• Expiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis.

Choose from below the correct alternative.

• a. Only I is true
• b. I and IV are true
• c. III and II are true
• d. I and III are true
• (a) On an average, a healthy human breathes 12-16 times/minute.
• (d) When we breathe in, the ribs are lifted up and the diaphragm flattens which increases the size of the chest cavity. Because of this, the air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
• (a) Volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration is called tidal volume.
• (d) Residual volume of air is the remaining air in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
• (d) The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm and a specialized set of muscles – external and internal intercostals between the ribs, help in the generation of pressure gradients. Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of the diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis. Hence, statements I and III are true.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 4

Read the following and answer any four questions: Exchange of gases also occurs between blood and tissues. O 2  and CO 2  are exchanged in these sites by simple diffusion mainly based on pressure/concentration gradient. The solubility of the gases, as well as the thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion, are also some important factors that can affect the rate of diffusion.

• Atmospheric pressure
• Partial pressure
• Differential pressure
• Capillary pressure
• pO 2  – 104 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 40 mm Hg
• pO 2  – 104 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 140 mm Hg
• pO 2  – 95 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 40 mm Hg
• pO 2  – 40 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 45 mm Hg
• The given diagram represents the exchange of gases at the alveolus and the body tissues with blood and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• The amount of CO 2  that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much lesser compared to that of O 2 .
• All the factors in our body are favourable for the diffusion of O 2  from tissues to alveoli and that of CO 2  from alveoli to tissues.
• The total thickness of the diffusion membrane is much less than a millimetre.
• Only I is true
• I and IV are true
• III and II are true
• I and III are true
• (b) Pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases is called partial pressure.
• (a) Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange of gases.
• (c) The diffusion membrane is made up of three major layers.
• (d) The values of pO 2  and pCO 2  in the body tissues is: pO 2  – 104 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 40 mm Hg.
• (b) The given diagram represents the exchange of gases at the alveolus and the body tissues with blood and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The amount of CO 2  that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher compared to that of O 2 . All the factors in our body are favourable for the diffusion of O 2  from alveoli to tissues and that of CO 2  from tissues to alveoli. The total thickness of diffusion membrane is much less than a millimetre.

Dealing with Class 11 Biology case study questions

There are a number of different ways to approach Class 11 Biology case study questions, but the most important thing is to make sure that Class 11 Biology students answer all parts of the question and provide as much detail as possible. In some cases, you may need to research the topic further in order to be able to answer the Class 11 Biology case study questions fully.

When dealing with Class 11 Biology case study questions, it is also important to think about the different perspectives that might be involved. For example, if you are asked to evaluate a particular decision made by a scientist, you will need to consider the impact of that decision from both the scientist’s perspective and the perspective of those affected by the decision.

Answering case study questions can be challenging, but it is an important skill to develop if you want to pursue a career in fields such as business or law. With practice, Class 11 Biology students will be able to approach these questions with confidence and provide well-reasoned, detailed answers.

Class 11 Biology curriculum: As fascinating as Biology itself

The current curriculum of Class 11 Biology provides students with up-to-date principles as well as more extensive exposure to current topics in the discipline. Class 11 Biology curriculum also strives to emphasize the basic concepts that are shared by animals, plants, and microbes, as well as the link between Biology and other fields of study. Class 11 Biology structure provides for a straightforward, sequential flow of ideas. It connects the science of biology to actual life through technological advancements. It connects biological discoveries and breakthroughs to everyday issues including the environment, industry, health, and agriculture. The new curriculum of Class 11 Biology also emphasizes scientific ideas and their application, while ensuring that enough chances and opportunities for mastering and recognizing fundamental concepts remain within its framework.

CBSE Class 11 Biology (Code No. 044)

COURSE STRUCTURE

myCBSEguide: An app as intriguing as biology

If you’re looking for an app that’s as intriguing as biology, myCBSEguide is a perfect choice. With millions of downloads, it’s one of the most popular apps on the App Store, and for good reason. myCBSEguide offers extensive coverage of the CBSE curriculum, with detailed explanations of concepts, thousands of practice questions, case study questions and much more. Whether you’re a student, teacher, or parent, myCBSEguide is an essential tool for anyone wanting to learn more about biology.

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CBSE Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are available in Printable format for Free Download.Here you may find NCERT Important Questions and Extra Questions for Class 11 Biology chapter wise with answers also. These questions will act as chapter wise test papers for Class 11 Biology. These Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are as per latest NCERT and CBSE Pattern syllabus and assure great success in achieving high score in Board Examinations

Total Papers :

Biology Topics to be covered for Class 11 Science

• The Living World
• Biological Classification
• Plant Kingdom
• Animal Kingdom
• Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Anatomy of Flowering Plants
• Structural Organisation in Animals
• Cell-The Unit of Life
• Biomolecules
• Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• Transport in Plants
• Mineral Nutrition
• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Respiration in Plants
• Plant - Growth and Development
• Digestion and Absorption
• Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Body Fluids and Circulation
• Excretory Products and Their Elimination
• Locomotion and Movement
• Neural Control and Coordination
• Chemical Coordination and Integration

Structure of CBSE Biology Sample Paper for Class 12 Science is

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There are many ways to ascertain whether a student has understood the important points and topics of a particular chapter and is he or she well prepared for exams and tests of that particular chapter. Apart from reference books and notes, Question Banks are very effective study materials for exam preparation. When a student tries to attempt and solve all the important questions of any particular subject , it becomes very easy to gauge how much well the topics have been understood and what kind of questions are asked in exams related to that chapter.. Some of the other advantaging factors of Question Banks are as follows

• Since Important questions included in question bank are collections of questions that were asked in previous exams and tests thus when a student tries to attempt them they get a complete idea about what type of questions are usually asked and whether they have learned the topics well enough. This gives them an edge to prepare well for the exam.Students get the clear idea whether the questions framed from any particular chapter are mostly either short or long answer type questions or multiple choice based and also marks weightage of any particular chapter in final exams.
• CBSE Question Banks are great tools to help in analysis for Exams. As it has a collection of important questions that were asked previously in exams thereby it covers every question from most of the important topics. Thus solving questions from the question bank helps students in analysing their preparation levels for the exam. However the practice should be done in a way that first the set of questions on any particular chapter are solved and then solutions should be consulted to get an analysis of their strong and weak points. This ensures that they are more clear about what to answer and what can be avoided on the day of the exam.
• Solving a lot of different types of important questions gives students a clear idea of what are the main important topics of any particular chapter that needs to focussed on from examination perspective and should be emphasised on for revision before attempting the final paper. So attempting most frequently asked questions and important questions helps students to prepare well for almost everything in that subject.
• Although students cover up all the chapters included in the course syllabus by the end of the session, sometimes revision becomes a time consuming and difficult process. Thus, practicing important questions from Question Bank allows students to check the preparation status of each and every small topic in a chapter. Doing that ensures quick and easy insight into all the important questions and topics in each and every individual. Solving the important questions also acts as the revision process.

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Case Study Questions for Class 11 Biology

Chapter 1: The Living World Chapter 2: Biological Classification Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals Chapter 8: The Unit of Life Chapter 9: Biomolecules Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division Chapter 11: Transport in Plants Chapter 12: Mineral Nutrition Chapter 13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Chapter 14: Respiration in Plants Chapter 15: Plant Growth and Development Chapter 16: Digestion and Absorption Chapter 17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Chapter 18: Body Fluids and Circulation Chapter 19: Excretory Products and Their Elimination Chapter 20: Locomotion and Movement Chapter 21: Neural Control and Coordination Chapter 22: Chemical Coordination and Integration

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Class 11th Biology - Animal Kingdom Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023

Class 11th Biology - Animal Kingdom Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023 Study Materials Sep-09 , 2022

QB365 provides a detailed and simple solution for every Possible Case Study Questions in Class 11 Biology Subject - Animal Kingdom, CBSE. It will help Students to get more practice questions, Students can Practice these question papers in addition to score best marks.

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Animal kingdom case study questions with answer key.

Final Semester - June 2015

Animals are classified on the basis of their symmetry into three categories. (i) Asymmetrical, (ii) Radially symmetrical and (iii) Bilaterally symmetrical. They are also classified into diploblastic and triploblastic. (a) Name one phylum and an animal as example for each of the following, where animals are (i) diploblastic and radially symmetrical. (ii) triploblastic and radially symmetrical. (b) Name two phyla, where animals are exclusively marine.

Animals of the phyla like Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Chordata, etc. have organ system level of organisation. Organ systems in different groups/phyla of animals exhibit various patterns of complexities. Name and describe the two types of circulatory system among animals and name one phylum as example for each.

The diagram given above shows the arrangement of germinal layers. (i) Identify the parts labelled A, B, C and D. (ii) What technical term is given to animals with pattern (a) and (b), respectively?

Kamal, a student of class IX has brought a crab and an apple snail from the beach. He has identified them both as members of Phylum Mollusca, as they have a shell. As a senior student of biology, help him to identify the animals correctly. (a) Name the phylum, crab belongs to and that which apple snail belongs to. (b) Write any four differences between the animals of the two phyla.

Phylum Chordata includes animals which characteristically possess a notochord either throughout life or during early embryonic life. (a) Give an example of a sub-phylum and an animal, where the notochord (i) extends from head to tail and is persistent throughout life. (ii) is present only in the tail region of the larval stage. (b) What happens to it in the sub-phylum, which reptiles belong to?

Mammals and birds (Aves) are vertebrates and homoiotherms. They show double circulation, but, differ in many other aspects. (a) Write any two adaptations/modifications, a bird has, for its aerial mode of life. (b) Bring out any four differences between Aves and mammals.

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• NCERT Class 11
• NCERT 11 Biology
• Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom enrich students with answers to all the questions in the NCERT textbook. The NCERT solutions are crafted by subject-matter experts at BYJU’S, and are solved accurately, following the latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24.

The board examinations of CBSE Class 11 Biology can be a little tough for some students. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology serves as an excellent tool for reference and study and helps students prepare for the board exam. Simple and comprehensible language has been used in NCERT Class 11 Solutions to help students imbibe the concepts easily.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

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Access Answers to NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

1. What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?

Animals are classified on the basis of common features such as cell arrangement, body symmetry, nature of coelom, digestive tract, circulation or reproductive system. Without these common features, it is very difficult to treat each organism individually. It is impossible to add new species detected every day without common features. To study diversity in animals, classification must be based on common basic features.

Some other difficulties are:

(i) Tracing of interdependence amongst various animals will become difficult

(ii) Difficulty in developing new species of animals

2. If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?

The steps to classify the specimen are given below:

(i) Classify level of organization: Classify the arrangement of cells in the cellular and tissue-level organization.

(ii) Symmetry: Classify the organism according to radial or bilateral symmetry.

(iii) Classify Diploblastic or triploblastic organization

(iv) Presence or absence of body cavity

(v) Type of coelom development

(vi) Classify segmentation

(vii) Differentiate the presence or absence of notochord.

3. How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?

The coelom is the body cavity or fluid-filled space lined by the mesoderm, and an animal with a coelom is called a coelomate. In some animals, the body cavity is not covered by the mesoderm; instead, the mesoderm is a scattered cyst between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Such a body cavity is called a pseudocoelom, and the animals that have them are called pseudocoelomates, for example, Aschelminthes. Some animals have no body cavity; they are called acoelomates, for example, Platyhelminthes.

Classification of the body cavity and coelom is important to decide the complexity of an organism at the organ level.

4. Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion.

5. What is the difference between direct and indirect development?

6. What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?

The typical features of the parasitic platyhelminthes are:

(i) Free-living parasitic forms.

(ii) They have an organ level of organization.

(iii) Mostly hermaphrodites

(iv) Three-layered body wall – the epidermis (outer covering) is often ciliate and covered with cuticle.

(v) The digestive tract is incomplete or absent (vi) The presence of well-defined excretory structures, such as flame cells.

(vii) Presence of anti-toxins and a thick tegument which is resistant to the digestive enzymes of the host.

(viii) Anaerobic respiration. No special respiratory structure was observed.

(ix) The front body part has suckers, hooks, eye spots and auricles to attach to the hosts.

(x) A highly developed reproductive system of parasitic forms.

7. What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?

The following are the causes for the arthropods making up the largest group of animal kingdoms:

(i) They have jointed legs that allow them to be motile, and perform many other functions due to these jointed appendages.

(ii) A hardened skeleton made of chitin protects their body.

(iii) Hard skeletons reduce water loss from the body.

(iv) Demonstrate a different system for locomotion, respiration and reproduction.

(v) Ability to live in diverse conditions and varied habitats.

(vi) In comparison to other phyla, they are pre-developed.

(vii) Well-developed sense organs and nervous system.

(vii) Some insects exhibit pheromones that enable communication.

8. Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:

(a) Porifera (b) Ctenophora (c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata

From the four given options the correct answer is (c) Echinodermata

This is their characteristic. A perforated panel in them, known as madreporite, allows water to percolate in their systems.

9. “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.

Solution The presence of a notochord and paired pharyngeal gill slits is characteristic of the phylum chordate. However, the vertebrata notochord in the embryo in the subfilm is replaced by columns of bony vertebrae in adults. It is, therefore, said that “All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates.”

10. How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?

Air bladder in Pisces regulates Buoyancy, which prevents fish from sinking.

11. What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?

The variations found in birds that help them fly are given below:

(i) The presence of feathers.

(ii) Forelimbs are turned into wings to help with flight.

(iii) Hind limbs have scales.

(iv) They have pneumatic or hollow bones that lighten the skeleton.

(v) Absence of urinary bladder causes net body weight loss and facilitates them to fly.

(vi) Their streamlined body provides less resistance and enables longer flight.

12. Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?

No, the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother are not equal. The number of eggs produced by oviparous mothers is more comparatively because, in oviparous animals, fertilization takes place outside the uterus, whereas in viviparous animals’ development takes place inside the uterus, which makes successful incubation of young animals less.

When eggs are present outside, there is a risk of getting eaten by predators due to their immobility. Therefore, in order to sustain the progeny, there is a requirement for more eggs.

13. Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following?

(a) Platyhelminthes (b) Aschelminthes (c) Annelida (d) Arthropoda

From the four given options, the correct answer is (c) Annelida

14. Match the following:

15. Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.

Some animals that are found parasitic in humans are as follows:

i. Ancylostoma (Hookworm)

ii. Taenia (Tapeworm)

iii. Enterobius (Pinworm)

iv. Wuchereria (Filarial worm)

v. Ascaris (Roundworm)

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 The Animal Kingdom is covered under Unit 1 – Diversity in the Living World in CBSE Syllabus 2023-24. Questions appearing from this unit constitute about 10% of the question paper, as per past trends. Hence, students are required to concentrate on understanding the concepts covered in this unit.

List of subtopics covered in Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom:

Biology is a vast subject. NCERT Solutions provide answers to all the questions completely, developed accurately for the benefit of students. Chapter Animal Kingdom explains the differences in structure and form of different animals.

There are a few fundamental features that are common to various individuals in relation to the organization of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, and pattern of different systems such as digestive, circulatory or reproductive systems. These are the fundamental features that form the basis for the classification of animals. Some of these are explained in detail in the chapter.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

• Simple and easy-to-understand
• Solutions framed by subject matter experts
• Solutions are provided as per the expected answering pattern
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• CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom Revision Notes
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Revision Notes for CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 - Free PDF Download

Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 enlists the importance of Animal Kingdom. The Animal Kingdom is one of the most prominent of the remaining Five-Kingdom Scheme of classification proposed by ecologist R.H. Whittaker. CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Notes discusses the multicellular eukaryotic organisms- those that lack a cell wall.

Vedantu’s Class 11 Chapter 4 Biology Notes provides a comprehensive understanding of the chapter Animal Kingdom through solved exercise questions that enhance students’ preparation for the exam. Students can download and refer to the Biology Class 11 Chapter 4 Notes PDF curated by experts for free from Vedantu.

Important Topics Covered in Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 - Animal Kingdom

Following are the important topics covered in Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom. Students can read through these topics first before diving into the details of this chapter.

Basis of Classification

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Aschelminthes

Phylum Coelenterata

Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Annelida

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Hemichordata

Phylum Arthropoda

Division of Vertebrata

Super Class - Pisces

Super Class - Tetrapoda

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Chordata

Download CBSE Class 11 Biology Revision Notes 2023-24 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 11 Biology revision notes for other chapters:

Animal Kingdom Chapter Related Important Study Materials It is a curated compilation of relevant online resources that complement and expand upon the content covered in a specific chapter. Explore these links to access additional readings, explanatory videos, practice exercises, and other valuable materials that enhance your understanding of the chapter's subject matter.

Cbse class 11 biology revision notes for chapter 4 animal kingdom.

In comparison to the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom has a much greater diversity of life. Metazoans are all animals (multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic animals).

4.1 Basis of Classification: 

Classification is based on characteristics such as:

• Cell arrangement 

• Level of body organization 

• Body symmetry 

• Nature of coelom 

• Patterns of digestive, circulatory, or reproductive systems

4.1.1 Levels of Organisation 

It varies significantly between animals. The major types are as follows:

• Cellular level.  

Cells are grouped together in loose cell aggregates. It demonstrates no coordination in the formation of tissues. Individual cells have the ability to perform specific functions. Sponge, for example.

• Tissue level.  

Tissues are formed by the accumulation of cells that perform similar functions. Coelenterates (hydra, for example)

• Organ level.  

Organs are made up of tissues that have been grouped together. Each organ is tasked with carrying out a specific function. Platyhelminthes and other higher phyla are examples.

• Organ system level.  

An organ system is a collection of organs that function as a single entity. The organ system is organised in a multitude of ways, as indicated in the diagram below.

Digestive system 

The digestive system in animals consists of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. There are two kinds of it.

• Incomplete: The digestive system has only one exit to the outside world. It serves as both an anus and a mouth. Platyhelminthes and Coelenterates are two examples.

• Complete: The digestive system has two separate openings, the mouth and the anus, at each end. For instance: man

The circulatory system includes the following components:  

There are two kinds of it.

• Open type: The heart pumps blood to the tissues, which is bathed in it. Mollusks and arthropods are two examples.

• Closed type: Blood flows within blood vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins, capillaries) without making direct contact with body cells. In many invertebrates (cephalopods) and all vertebrates, for example.

4.1.2 Symmetry 

Body parts are arranged on either side of the body's main median axis. Haeckel came up with this concept.

Animals have three types of symmetry.

• Asymmetry: The body cannot be divided into two equal halves by any plane that passes through the center. Sponge, for example

• Radial symmetry: Any plane which goes across the central axis can split the body into two equivalent halves. These creatures have two ends, the oral and aboral ends, but no left and right sides in the main body axis. Coelenterates, Ctenophora, and Echinodermata are a few examples.

• Bilateral symmetry: The body can only be divided into two identical halves by a single plane that passes through the central axis. There is a front end and a back end to such creatures. They have an upper and lower side as well. They have the same lateral sides on the left and right. Annelids, Arthropods, and so on.

Types of Symmetry

4.1.3 Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation 

This classification is divided into two categories based on the number of embryonic cell layers:

• Diploblastic: Cells are organized into two embryonic layers, outer ectoderm and inner endoderm, with a middle undifferentiated mesoglea in between. Coelenterates and Sponges, for example.

• Triploblastic: There are three embryonic layers present, namely the outer ectoderm, the middle mesoderm, and the inner endoderm. These three layers are responsible for the formation of all tissues and organs. Ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system, for example, while mesoderm gives rise to muscles, endoskeleton, reproductive organs, coelom, and so on, and endoderm gives rise to the alimentary canal, lungs, and so on. 

• For example, platyhelminthes

Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation

4.1.4 Coelom 

The coelom is an animal's fluid-filled body cavity located between the body wall and the digestive tract. On either side of the coelom, mesodermal epithelium lines the space. The coelom contains all of the internal organs. The coelom enhances body flexibility. It is a shock absorber. It protects internal organs from external shocks in soft-bodied animals. It serves as an internal skeleton in some animals. As an example, consider the earthworm.

Animals are classified into three groups based on the nature of their coelom.

• Acoelomates: There is no body cavity, and the coelomic space is occupied by parenchyma-like cells. For instance, Platyhelminthes

• Pseudocoelomates: Animals with a false coelom. The mesodermal epithelium does not form the body cavity. Mesoderm appears as a smattering of pouches between the ectoderm and endoderm. Pseudocoelom develops in these animals from the embryonic cavity known as the blastocoel. As an example, consider Aschelminthes.

• Coelomates or Eucoelomates: Animals that have a true body cavity, such as annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates.

4.1.5 Segmentation 

In some animals, the entire length of the body is divided transversely into a number of ring-like parts known as segments. This segmentation phenomenon is known as metamerism.

This pattern can be seen in annelids such as earthworms and arthropods such as millipedes and centipedes. Segmentation aids locomotion in earthworms.

Metameric segments in arthropods can be paired appendages for various functions such as legs for locomotion, antennae for sensory functions, and mouth for feeding, among others.

In insects, these metameric segments form body regions such as the head, thorax, and abdomen.

4.1.6 Notochord 

It is a rod-like structure derived from mesoderm that is present dorsally during embryonic development. It is a stiff and flexible tissue rod that runs along the dorsal side of the body, below the nerve cord and above the alimentary canal.

Animals are classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of a notochord.

• Chordates:  Animals that have a notochord. The notochord is present in chordates at some point in their lives. For example, fish, birds, mammals, and so on.

• Non-chordates: Animals that lack a notochord. They do not have the notochord at any stage of their life, for example, Porifera to Echinoderms.

4.2 Classification of Animals 

The animal kingdom is divided into three phyla, 11 of which are major phyla and the rest are minor phyla. Invertebrates make up nearly 99 percent of all animals.

Animalia is divided into 11 phyla based on shared fundamental characteristics.

• Porifera 

• Coelenterata 

• Ctenophora 

• Platyhelminthes 

• Aschelminthes 

• Annelida 

• Arthropoda 

• Mollusca 

• Echinodermata 

• Hemichordata 

• Chordata. 

4.2.1 Phlyum Porifera 

(porus-to-bear; fere-to-bear)

It is the sponges, a group of the most primitive animals.

ELLIS identified these as animals.

ROBERT GRANT coined the term "porifera."

PARAZOOLOGY is the study of sponges.

The majority of them are marine and remain affixed to rocks.

Some people live in freshwater.

Spongilla is a sponge that lives in freshwater.

Sponge Canal System

Important characteristic features:  

• They live in sedentary habitats and can be solitary or colonial. They are organized at the cellular level. Cells join together to form the body plan.

• The majority of them are asymmetrical, but some are radially symmetrical.

• They are pore-bearing animals, with numerous openings or pores called OSTIA perforating their bodies.

• Body wall: There are two loosely differentiated layers of cells in the body wall. An outer dermal layer of pinacocytes and an inner layer of flagellated cells known as collar cells or choanocytes. They have a diploblastic structure.

• Water transport system (water canal system): The body is a cylinder which envelopes a spongocoel, which is a huge cavity. Spongocoel is accessed through a narrow opening known as the osculum. This pathway aids them in food gathering, respiratory exchange, and waste removal. Ostia or pores (through which water enters) spongocoel (central cavity) osculum or pores (water goes out).

• Choanocytes: Each ostium connects to a canal, which connects to the spongocoel. Choanocytes, which are flagellated collar cells, line the canal. It transports food and oxygen as well as excretory and reproductive waste. Each choanocyte has a long flagellum that protrudes from the free end of the cell. A transparent collar surrounds the lower part of the flagellum. The canal is not well developed in simple sponges. In such cases, the ostia open into the spongocoel via porocytes, and the spongocoel is lined with choanocytes.

• Mesenchyme is a non-living gelatinous matrix that exists between the two layers of the body. There are amoeboid cells, spicules, and sponging fibers in the mesenchyme. Amoeboid cells: amoeboid cells that move through the matrix carrying food between them. Spicules: These are siliceous or calcareous structures made of silica or calcium carbonate. Sponging fibers are elastic structures made of silk.

• Spicules and sponging fibers make up the skeleton.

• Sponges are nutritionally holozoic (take solid food). The digestion takes place within the cell.

• Reproductive system: shemaphrodites (sexes are not separate) Reproduces sexually as well as asexually.

Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation and budding. During unfavorable conditions, freshwater sponges produce buds known as gemmules, which remain dormant until the next favorable season.

Sexual reproduction: Some amoeboid cells develop into eggs or sperm during sexual reproduction.

Internal fertilization occurs, and larval development occurs indirectly. The zygote develops into a larva after fertilization. Sponge larvae are ciliated and swim freely.

They are classified into two types: amphiblastula and parenchymula.

• All sponges have a high rate of regeneration.

• Examples of Common sponge species may include, Leucosolenia, Sycon (scypha), Euspongia (bath sponge), Spongilla (freshwater sponge), and Eupelectella (venus flower basket).

In Japan, its dried skeleton is given as a costly wedding gift. It is regarded as a symbol of union until death. More examples include Hyalonema (glass rope sponge), Cliona (sulphur sponge), Chalina (dead man finger sponge), and Proterion (neptunes cup).

Classification of Porifera 

Class I: Calcarea is a type of plant (calcareous sponges. eg: Sypha, Leucosolenia, etc.)

Class II: Demospongia (sponging fiber skeleton. Sponge class with the most members. For example, Euspongia, Spongilla, and so on.

Class III: Hexactinellida (glass sponges with siliceous spicules, such as Euplectella and Hyalonema)

4.2.2 Phylum Coelenterata 

Coelenterates or Cnidarians are the common names for animals in the phylum coelenterata. They have true tissues, which makes them more advanced than sponges. It contains approximately 9000 species.

They are aquatic in nature. The majority of them are sea creatures. Hydra is a type of freshwater.

Important Characteristic Features 

• They can swim sessile or free.

• They are organized at the tissue level.

• Acoelomates are a type of acoelomate.

• It is radially symmetrical. However, sea anemones are biradially symmetrical.

• Diploblastic body wall (outer ectoderm, inner endoderm and middle mesoglea)

• Body cavity: A central gastro-vascular cavity or coelenteron that exits through the mouth or hypostome. Anus is not present. The body cavity is responsible for both digestion and food circulation. Coelenterates are holozoic and carnivorous eaters.

• Digestion occurs both intracellularly and extracellularly. Tentacles are finger-like structures that surround the mouth. It is used for food capture as well as defense.

• Cnidoblasts: Cnidaria is derived from the transformation of certain ectodermal cells into stinging cells, cnidodoblasts, or cnidocytes. Each cnidoblast has a stinging capsule called a nematocyst, which contains poisonous fluid. Cnidoblasts are defensive cells that kill or paralyze prey and enemies. They're mostly found on tentacles. 

• Physalia's nematocyst poison is a neurotoxin

Polyp: Sedentary, with a tubular body and mouth encircled by a circlet of tentacles It denotes the asexual stage. Hydra and Adamsia are two examples.

Medusa: a free-floating creature with a soft, transparent bell-like body and tentacles on the rim. Like an umbrella. The mouth is located in the center of a concave surface that is directed downward. It symbolizes the sexual stage. Medusa can be thought of as an upside-down polyp. As an example, consider the word Aurelia. The hydra medusa stage does not exist. In the polyp stage, it reproduces sexually.

• Reproduction: both asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction: It occurs through polyp budding and gives rise to medusa. During sexual reproduction, medusa releases gametes into the surrounding water. The zygote develops into a larva after fertilization. Cnidarian larvae are ciliated and swim freely. They are known as planula. The planula transforms into a sessile polyp. Coelenterates exhibit generational alternation throughout their life cycle. Asexual polyp generation alternates with sexual medusa generation in coelenterates that exist in both forms (polyp and medusa). For instance, Obelia

• Polymorphism: This phenomenon is seen in many colonial cnidarians, where the individuals (zooids) of the colony show morphological and functional differentiation. For example, Halistemma and Physalia.

• Common coelenterates include Hydra, Obelia (sea fur), Aurelia (jellyfish), Physalia (portuguese man of war), Adamsia (sea anemone), Vallela (sail by wind), Fungia (mushroom coral), Astraea (star coral), Pennatula (sea pen), Gorgonian (sea fan), Madrepora (stag horn coral), Meandrina

Classification of Coelenterata  

Class I: Hydrozoa (both polyp and medusa forms are found). Hydra Obelia, Physalia, and so on)

Class II: Scyphozoa (only the medusa form is found. Aurelia, for example)

Class III: Anthozoa (only the polyp form is found. For example, Adamsia, Fungia, Astraea, Pennatula, Gorgonia, Madrepora, Meandrina, Corallium, and so on.

4.2.3 Phylum Ctenophora 

(Ktene-bearing; phors-bearing)

Eschololz identified this phylum for the first time in 1928. It only contains a small number of animals (50 species). The animals in this phylum are commonly referred to as sea walnuts or comb jellies.

They are either free swimmers or pelagic.

They are sea creatures.

The body is transparent and soft gelatinous.

They are acoelomates with the ability to emit bioluminescence.

Symmetry: They seem to be radially symmetrical (the comb plate arrangement provides the appearance of radial symmetry), while tentacles and gastrovascular cavity branching are symmetrical in both directions. According to some zoologists, it is a biradial symmetry Diploblastic organism with tissue level organization.

Comb plates: the animal's body has eight rows of cilia on the outside. Comb plates are formed when cilia in each row join together. Comb plate ciliary movements aid in locomotion.

Tentacles: A pair of long, retractile tentacles emerge from blind pouches on opposite sides of the body; the tentacles contain colloblast or collocytes that aid in food capture.

Digestion: It exists on both the extracellular and intracellular levels.

Statocyst: a strange sense organ seen at the opposite end of the mouth It aids in the maintenance of equilibrium.

Reproduction: Only sexually. They are both male and female. Fertilization is done externally. Cydipid larva are in development. Pleurobrachia (sea-gooseberry), Ctenoplana, Cestum (venus girdle), Hormiphora, and Beroe are examples of common ctenophores.

4.2.4 Phylum Platyhelminthes 

(Platys-flat; helmins-worms)

GEGENBAUR was the first to mention Platyhelminthes. They are commonly referred to as flatworms. Today, approximately 13,000 species of flatworms are known. The body is generally flat dorsi-ventrally, hence the name flatworm. This is the first animal group in which the anterior part develops into a head.

• The first animal group to have an organ system level of organization.

• Parasitic adaptations: hooks and suckers are present.

• Bilateral symmetry with dorsal and ventral surfaces The first group of animals with bilateral symmetry.

• Triploblastic animals: these are the first animals to have three germ layers.

• Acoelomate animals: The space between the body cavity and the alimentary canal is filled with mesoderm-derived loose parenchyma cells (mesenchymal cells).

• Alimentary canal: It has a number of branches. It has a single opening called the mouth that allows it to exit. Anus is not present. The alimentary canal is absent in parasitic flatworms. While living in the host intestine, they absorb nutrients through their body wall.

• Excretory system: it is made up of branching tubes that lead to specialized cells known as flame cells (protonephridia). These cells are responsible for osmoregulation and excretion.

• Reproduction: Hermaphrodites predominate. They can undergo reproduction in both asexual and sexual ways. Asexual reproduction is accomplished through fragmentation and regeneration. Some members have a high capacity for regeneration.

• Fertilisation: It occurs within the body and includes larval stages of development (amphiblastula and parenchymula).

• Tapeworm (Taenia or pork tapeworm), Liver fluke (Fasciola), Blood fluke (Schistosoma), Planaria, and Echinococcus are common examples of flatworms (Dog tapeworm).

Classification of Platyhelminthes 

Class I: Turbellaria (free living flatworms, eg : Planaria) 

Class II: Trematodes are parasitic worms (ecto or endoparasites with oral and ventral suckers, eg : liver fluke, blood fluke, etc). 

Class III: Cestoda (endoparasites with scolex, such as Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), and others).

4.2.5 Phylum Aschelminthes: 

Animals in this phylum are commonly referred to as roundworms, threadworms, bagworms, or nematodes. It contains approximately 15,000 species. Around 15 of these species are human parasites.

• Whether aquatic or terrestrial, free-living or parasitic in plants and animals.

• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, pseudocoelomate animals with organ system level.

• Body wall: It is tubular and tapered at both ends, with a thin cuticle covering it.

• The epidermis has multiple nuclei.

• Digestive system: They have a tubular and complete alimentary canal that includes the mouth, muscular pharynx, intestine, and anus. The mouth may have teeth that can cut and pierce the tissues. The muscular pharynx is well developed, assisting in the sucking of food from the host.

• The circulatory and respiratory systems are not present. 

• They have a nervous system and exhibit flexible body movements.

• Reproduction: Dioecious, with sexual dimorphism. Males are smaller than females. Copulatory spicules are found in males and aid in the process of copulation.

• Fertilization: It is an internal problem. To withstand harsh conditions, the zygote has a thick wall. Development can be either direct or indirect. Parasites in humans are common examples of this phylum, including Roundworms, Hookworms, Filarial worms, Pinworms, and Guinea worms. Other members of this phylum include the eye worm (Loaloa), the whip worm (Trichuristrichura), and the Trichina worm (Trichinella)

4.2.6 Phylum Annelida 

(annulus-small ring, lidos-shape)

Animals in this phylum are commonly referred to as annelids or segmented worms. Lamarck coined the term "Annelida'' in 1809. There are approximately 9,000 annelid species known today. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from 1mm to 2.5m in length.

• They are terrestrial, marine, freshwater, or parasitic, and have organ system-level body organization.

• True coelomates that are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.

• Metamerically segmented: the body is divided into segments called metameres on the outside. The true segmentation of annelids is a remarkable feature.

• A thick cuticle covers the body's surface. Both longitudinal and circular muscles tend to exist in the body wall.

• The organs of locomotion in aquatic annelids, such as Nereis, are setae or unjointed lateral appendages called parapodia, which aid in swimming.

• Digestive system: It is complete and includes the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, and other organs.

• Typhlosole: A longitudinal fold in the intestine that increases the surface area available for secretion and absorption.

• Chloragogen cells: These are cells found in the cavity of the typhlosole that store food. They produce glycogen and store fat. They also have excretory functions.

• Excretory organs are paired segmentally arranged coiled tubes known as nephridia. They also assist with osmoregulation.

• Circulatory system: It is of the closed variety. Blood flows through a blood vessel that is closed. For the first time in animal evolution, a heart to move the oxygen-carrying blood is discovered.

• They demonstrate skin respiration.

• Nervous system: It is made up of a brain, segmented ganglia, and two ventral nerve cords.

• Reproduction: They have either dioecious or monoecious reproduction. They reproduce in a sexual manner. A trochopore larval stage has been observed in many members.

The common examples of this phylum are:  

Pheretima and Megascolex earthworms, Nereis, Hirudinaria (blood sucking leeches), Aphrodite (sea mouse), Tubifex, Chaetopterus, and Terebella

Classification of this phylum:  

Class I: Polychaeta (a large number of setae on the parapodia. Nereis, Aphordite, Chaetopterus, and so on)

Class II: Oligochaeta (setae are sparsely distributed throughout the body. As an example, consider the term "Earthworm."

Class III: Hirudinea (no parapodia or setae). There are two suckers present. As an example, consider the term "leech."

Class IV: Archiannelida (no setae or parapodia). Annelids in their primitive state. Polygordius, Bonelia, and others are examples).

4.2.7 Phlum Arthropoda 

(poda-appendages; arthros-joint)

They are the animals with appendages and jointed legs. Von Siebold made the first mention of it. It is the animal kingdom's largest phylum. It contains two-thirds of all named animal species on the planet. They first appeared around 600 million years ago. Trilobites are arthropod fossils that lived approximately 600 million years ago. TRILOBITES, the horse-shoe crab, an ancient relative of the Arachinds, can be found in warm estuarine zones such as Bengal's Sunderbans.

Important characteristic features.  

• Their distribution is cosmopolitan. They can be found in freshwater, marine water, on land, and in the air.

• They have two feet that are joined together. They are organized at the organ system level of the body.

• It is symmetrical on both sides.

• They are triploblastic creatures.

• They are segmented creatures.

• They share a dorm room. True coelom is diminished. The body cavity is called haemocoel because it is filled with blood.

• Insects, for example, have a segmented body divided into three regions: head, thorax, and abdomen. In some cases, the head and thorax fuse to form a single region known as the cephalothorax, as in Arachinds, Crustaceans, and so on. Some arthropods, such as myriapods, have only a head and a trunk.

• Exoskeleton: The chitinous jointed exoskeleton covers the entire body. The exoskeleton is light in weight, tough, and made up of proteins and chitin, a polysaccharide that results in a chitinous cuticle. Moulting, also known as ecdysis, is the casting of an old exoskeleton.

• Podomeres: These organisms have jointed appendages that are differentially modified to perform various functions. Each body segment is equipped with a pair of segmented appendages. Their segments are known as podomeres.

• Circulatory system: It is of the open variety and has a dorsal heart.

• Digestive system: It is fully developed and functional. The mouth is surrounded by mouth parts that have evolved into various types based on the feeding habits of various arthropods.

• Respiratory system: In aquatic forms, respiratory organs are gills (e.g., prawn) or gill books (e.g., horseshoe crab), while in terrestrial forms, respiratory organs are book lungs (e.g., scorpion) or tracheal system (e.g., insects).

• Excretion: Green glands or malpighian tubules are excretory organs. There is no nephridia.

• Cilia is not present.

• The presence of the brain.

• Sensory organs have matured. Simple or compound eyes are possible. The compound eye is made up of several independent visual units known as ommatidia, each with its own lens. Chirping crickets and cicadas have sound receptors. Many arthropods have feelers called antennae on their heads that allow them to detect odors and sensations of touch. Insects communicate using chemicals known as pheromones.

• Reproduction: most are dioecious. Fertilisation occurs externally in aquatic arthropods and internally in terrestrial arthropods.

• Most arthropods are oviparous. Some of them are viviparous. The eggs hatch within the female and the young are born in such arthropods.

• In many arthropods, development is direct, and juveniles resemble adults. In several insect groups, development occurs in an indirect manner. In such arthropods, the egg hatches into a separate larva that is not related to the adult. The most common arthropods are: Araneus (garden spider), Limulus (king crab), Eupagurus (hermit crab), Cancer, Macrobrachium (prawn), Lepisma (silver fish), Periplanata (cockroach), Apis (bee), Anopheles (mosquito), Musca (housefly), Triops (tadpolefish), Daphnia (water flea), Xensops (Lepas and Balanus)

Classification of phylum Arthropoda:  

Class I: Crustacea-Aquatic animals with gills as respiratory organs (eg: prawn, crab, hermit crab, barnacles, etc.) 

Class II: Myriaopoda- a terrestrial, air-breathing, multi-legged animal (eg : millipede, centipede, etc)

ClassIII: Arachnids are air-breathing creatures with four pairs of legs (eg: spider, scorpion, king crab, etc.)

Class IV: Insecta – air breathing creatures with three pairs of legs (eg: cockroach, butterfly, Lepisma, Oryctes, Leptocorisa, Musca, Apis silkworm, etc.) 

Class V: Onychopora – a terrestrial, air-breathing creature with clawed legs (eg: Peripatus, a living fossil)

4.2.8 Phylum Mollusca 

It is the animal kingdom's second largest phylum. Johnston coined the term "mollusca." They have a soft body as well as a shell. Malacology is the study of mollusks, and chonochology is the study of molluscan shells.

Important characteristic features 

• They are mostly aquatic in nature. The majority of them are marine, but some are freshwater and a few are terrestrial. A grey slug is a type of terrestrial mollusk that lacks a shell.

• Molluscs are all soft-bodied, unsegmented animals.

• They have organ system level body organization and are bilaterally symmetrical, with the exception of univalves.

• They are true coelomates, but the coelom in adults is reduced. 

• Their soft body is protected by an unsegmented external shell, which is a haemocoel. The shell is made of calcium carbonate and can be one piece (univalve) or two pieces (dualvalve) (bivalve). In some cases, the shell is internal or not present at all.

• The body is divided into four sections: the head, mantle, visceral hump, and foot. Sensory tentacles can be found in the head region. The vital internal organs are housed in the visceral hump. It is protected by a soft, spongy layer of skin known as the mantle or pallium. Shell is secreted by the mantle. Gills can be found in the mantle cavity. It has a soft and muscular foot. It is known as the locomotory organ.

• Digestive system: It is fully developed, complete with salivary glands and a liver.

• The circulatory system is of the open variety. The heart has chambers and is valvular.

• Excretion: Nephridia is present.

• Nervous system: A network of nerves connects paired ganglia. Tentacles and eyes are examples of sense organs.

• Respiration: Ctenidia (gills) in aquatic forms. Pulmonary sacs in a terrestrial setting.

• Reproduction: Dioecious. Fertilization can be external or internal, oviparous or viviparous. Glochidium, Trocophere, and Veliger are the larval forms. Pila (apple snail), Achatina (land snail), Lamellidens (mussel), Pinctada (pearl oyster), Sepia (cuttlefish), Loligo (squid), and other common molluscans.

Classification 

Class I: Polyplacophora- shell made up of 8 pieces. Chilton, for example.

Class II: Monoplacophora- a single-piece shell. As an example, consider the word neopilina.

Class III: Aplacophora-shell is missing. As an example, consider the term neomenia.

Class IV: Tubulr of Scaphopoda. As an example, consider dentalium.

Class V: Pelecypoda- shell in two pieces For example, Mussel, Oyster, Teredo, and so on.

Class VI: Gastropoda- a spirally coiled shell made of one piece. For example, Pila, Snail, Slug, and so on.

Class VII: Cephalopoda- internal or reduced shell. Loligo, Cuttlefish, Devil fish, and so on.

4.2.9 Phylum Echinodermata 

(Echinos/spines; derm/skin)

They have a spiny skin or a spiny body. J.Klein coined the term "echinodermata."

• They are exclusively marine animals. 

• The body is covered by a large number of spines, most of which are immovable and serve a protective function, but some spines are movable and aid in locomotion. A few spines are also modified to form defense organs known as pedicellaria. For example, sea urchins, starfish, and so on.

• They have organ system-level body organization. They are triploblastic creatures.

• They are unsegmented and pentamerous in the adult, radially symmetrical, but bilaterally symmetrical in the larval forms.

• They have an endoskeleton made up of calcareous plates called ossicles that are embedded in the skin.

• They are true coelomates, but a large portion of the coelom has been modified to form the water-vascular system, which aids in locomotion, food capture and transport, and respiration.

• A water vascular or ambulacral system in which sea water enters through a porous plate known as madreporite.

• Tube feet: The water vascular system is made up of radiating canals and tube-like appendages that contain water. Tube feet are the name given to these appendages (podia). Their primary function is locomotion and food capture.

• Digestive system: Includes a mouth on the ventral (lower) side and an anus on the dorsal side (upper side).

• Respiration: It is carried out by skin gills that protrude from the coelom over the skin.

• Circulatory system: It has been slowed.

• Excretory system: It is not present. Nitrogenous wastes are expelled through the gills.

• Nervous system: It consists of a central nerve ring with radial nerves that extend to each arm.

• Reproduction: Sexes are distinct. External fertilization. The larva develops in an indirect manner as it swims freely.

• Echinoderms have a high capacity for automy and regeneration. Asterias (star fish or sea star), Echinus (sea urchin), Echinocardium (heart urchin), Antedon (feather star or sea silly), Cucumaria (sea cucumber), and Ophiura are the most common echinoderms (brittle star).

Classification of Phylum Echinodermata  

Class I: Asteroidean (a star with five arms. As an example, consider the starfish.)

Class II: Ophiuroidea (slender and flexible arms. Brittle fish, for example)

Class III: Echinoidea has no arms and a globular body with long spines. For example, sea urchin) 

Class IV: Holothuroidea (armless, long body with long spines. For example, sea cucumber) 

Class V: Crinoidea (slender, forked arms with branches. As an example, consider the sea lily.)

4.2.10 Phylum Hemichordata : 

Have small worm-like sea creatures. Previously classified as a sub-phylum of Phylum Chordata. Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, and coelomate. The body is cylindrical, with a proboscis, collar, and trunk. The circulation is of the open type. Respiration via the gills Proboscis gland excretion The sexes are distinct. Fertilization from outside sources Development that is done indirectly. Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus are two examples.

4.2.11 Phylum Chordata: 

The presence of a Notochord (between gut and nerve cord) Have a hollow nerve chord on the dorsal side. There are two pharyngeal gill slits. The heart is located ventral. There is a postanal tail present. Organ system level of organization is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and coelomate. Circulation is of the closed variety. The distinctions between Chordata and Non-chordata are shown below.

Chordata 

1. Notochord is found in the embryonic stage Absent 

2. Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single Ventral, solid and double 

3. Pharyngeal gill slits present Absent 

4. Ventral heart Dorsal heart (if present) 

5. Post-anal tail present Absent 

The phylum Chordata is divided into three sections: 

1.Urochordata or Tunicata, 

2.Cephalochordata, 

3.Vertebrata.

Sub-Phyla Urochordata: 

The notochord is only found in the larval stage's tail. The body is covered by test or a tunic made entirely of tunicin. Metamorphosis that regresses Ascidia, Salpa, and Doliolium are examples of hermaphrodites.

Subphylum Cephalochordata: 

The segmented notochord is a persistent structure that extends from head to tail. The body has a pharynx-like sac with gill slits for filter feeding and respiration. Fish-like only in the sea There is no clear coelom. The sexes are distinct. Branchiostoma, for example (Amphioxus or Lancelet)

Sub-Phyla Vertebrata: 

Only during the embryonic period do you have a notochord. The notochord is replaced by the vertebral column, which can be bony or cartilaginous. A ventral muscular heart with two, three, or four chambers is preferred. Fins or limbs with paired appendages. Kidneys are responsible for excretion and osmoregulation. Vertebrata: Agnatha and Gnathostomata are the two divisions. Agnatha (Toothless): There is one class included: Cyclostomata

4.2.11.1 Class: Cyclostomata: 

Suction and a circular mouth without jaws Some fishes host ectoparasites. There are no scales and no paired fins. The cranium and spinal column are cartilaginous. Although it lives in the sea, it migrates to freshwater to spawn and dies afterward. After metamorphosis, larvae of Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine return to the ocean (Hagfish).

Division Gnathostomata (Bear Jaws) 

SUPER-CLASS: PISCES 

4.2.11.2 Class 1: Chondrichthyes : 

Marine animals that have a stream-lined body and a cartilaginous endoskeleton. The mouth is located ventrally. The notochord is present throughout life. Gill slits are distinct and lack an operculum. The skin is covered in placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales found in the jaw. Predaceous in most cases. There is no swim bladder. The heart has two chambers. (One auricle and one ventricle) certain of them possess electric organs (for example, Torpedo) and few carry poison stings. (For example, Trygon) Poikilotherms are people who are cold-blooded. Dioecious. The male's pelvic fin bears claspers, indicating sexual dimorphism. Internal fertilization. Many are viviparous. Torpedo (Electric ray) and Rhinobatus are two examples (Guitar fish).

4.2.11.3 Class 2: Osteichthyes:  

Fish from both salt and freshwater are included. Endoskeleton made of bone. Usually, the mouth is the last stop. The operculum covers four pairs of gill slits. Scales on the skin are cycloid/ctenoid. For buoyancy, an air bladder is present. The heart has two chambers. Animals with cold blood. Dioecious. Monomorphic in both sexes. Fertilization is done externally. The majority of them are oviparous. Development is a two-way street. Exocoetus (flying fish) and Hippocampus are two marine examples (Sea horse). Labeo (freshwater) (Rohu). Clarias, Catla (Katla) (Magur). Betta (fighting fish) aquarium, Pterophyllum (Angel fish).

SUPER CLASS: TETRAPODA – 

4.2.11.4 Class-1: Amphibia  

It is a type of terrestrial tetrapod that lives in both water and on moist land because the skin lacks protective scales and the larval stage is aquatic. The creature has two pairs of jointed pentadactyl limbs. Their digits lack claws, nails, and hoofs. The body is categorised into two major parts: the head and the trunk. Skin that is moist and free of scales. Tympanum is a symbol for the ear. The cloaca is the common chamber through which the alimentary, urinary, and reproductive tracts emerge. Respiration via the gills, lungs, or skin Cold blooded animals have a three-chambered heart (two auricles and one ventricle). The sexes are separated. Fertilization is an external process that necessitates the use of water. Indirect development, oviparous. Ichthyophis, Necturus, Siren, Amphiuma, Salamandra, Rana, Bufo, Hyla, and other genera are examples.

4.2.11.5 Class - 2: Reptilia  

The crawling or creeping mode of locomotion. The skin on the body is dry and cornified, with epidermal scales or scutes. Tympanum is a symbol for the ear. When limbs are present, they are in pairs. Crocodiles have a four-chambered heart, which is unusual for a three-chambered heart. Scales shed by snakes and lizards as skin cast. Poikilotherm. The sexes are distinct. Internal fertilization occurs. Direct development, oviparous. Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous Snakes – Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Wall lizard) (Viper).

4.2.11.6 Class - 3: Aves  

The presence of feathers, and the majority of them fly, with the exception of flightless birds such as the ostrich. Jaws reshaped to form a beak with no teeth. Wings are formed from the forelimbs. Scales cover the hind limbs. Except for an oil gland at the base of the tail, there are no glands on the skin. The endoskeleton has nearly completely ossified. Spongy or pneumatic bones Long bones are hollow and contain air cavities. There are no epiphyses. The skull has a monocondylic shape. The digestive tract contains additional chambers such as the crop and gizzard. The heart has four chambers. Homoiothermous, or warm-blooded, with the ability to maintain a constant body temperature. To supplement respiration, air sacs are connected to the lungs. Oviparous. Direct advancement. Examples include pigeons, crows, sparrows, and peacocks.

4.2.11.7 Class- 4: Mammalia  

Mammary glands secrete milk to nourish young ones. You have two sets of limbs. Hairs can be found on skin. There are external ears or a pinna present. Jaw teeth come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The heart has four chambers. Homoiothermous. Respiration via the lungs. Sexes separate, and fertilization occurs internally. It is either viviparous or oviparous. Direct advancement. Examples: Ornithorhynchus ovary-Ornithorhynchus ovary-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus). Viviparous - Macropus (Kangaroo), Camelus (Camel), Pteropus (Flying Fox), Rattus (Rat), Macaca (Monkey), Felis (Cat), Canis (Dog), Equus (Horse), Elephas (Elephant), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Panthera leo (Tiger), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panther (Lion).

Fast Track Revision: 

1. Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with a variety of cell-organization patterns. Structural Organization Levels: a. Cellular level b. Tissue level c. Organ level d. Organ system level

2. Animals can be asymmetrical or symmetrical based on symmetry.

3. Diploblastic animals exist.

4. The coelom is the body cavity lined by mesoderm. The presence or absence of coelom is also used to classify organisms, as shown below 

a. Coelomates Pseudocoelomates 

b. Pseudocoelomates 

c. Acoelomates

5. Animalia is divided into five kingdoms based on the presence or absence of a vertebral column.

a. Invertebrate 

b. Vertebrate. 

6. During embryonic development, mesodermal cells form the notochord, a rod-like structure on the dorsal surface. Chordates are animals that have a notochord and non-chordates are animals that do not have a notochord.

7. Non-chordates include

a. Phylum Porifera 

b. Phylum Cnidaria 

c. Phylum Ctenophora 

d. Phylum Platyhelminthes 

e. Phylum Aschelminthes 

f. Phylum Annelida 

g. Phylum AArthropoda 

h. Phylum Mollusca 

i. Phylum Echinodermata 

j. Phylum Hemichordata 

k. Phylum Chordata. 

8. Phylum Chordata is further subdivided into the following subphyla:

a. Urochrodata 

b. Cephalochordata 

c. Vertebrata.

Animal Kingdom Basic Subjective Questions - Class 11 Revision Notes

Section–A (1 Mark Questions)

1. Animals of which class do not have jaws in their mouth?

Ans. Animals of Class Cyclostomata are called jawless fishes as these animals do not possess jaws in their mouth.

2. Name an animal which belongs to Class Chondrichthyes.

Ans. Trygon (Stingray) is a cartilaginous fish that belong to Class Chondrichthyes.

3. Name an animal which has both the following characteristics.

a. Radial symmetry

b. Freshwater habitat

Ans. Hydra is an animal which has radial symmetry and freshwater habitat. 

4. Animals considered as the connecting link between chordates and non-chordates belong to phylum ……….

Ans. Animals of Phylum Hemichordata are considered as a connecting link between chordates and non-chordates. 

5. Animals of which phylum developed the organ system level of organization for the first time?

Ans. Animals of Phylum Aschelminths were the first to show the organ system level of organization. 

Section–B (2 Mark Questions)

6. Name two oviparous animals which belong to class Mammalia.

Ans. Oviparous mammals are egg laying mammals. Viviparous animals give direct birth to the young ones. Animals of Class Mammalia are viviparous with few exceptions. Platypus ( Ornithorhynchus ) and Echidna ( Tachyglossus ) are oviparous mammals.

7. Answer the following questions.

(i) Segmentation in the body is first observed in phylum ………. .

(ii) Name all the phyla where segmentation occurs.   

Ans. (i) Segmentation was first observed in animals of Phylum Annelida.  

(ii) Other than annelids, animals of Phylum Arthropoda and Phylum Chordata also have segmentation. 

8. How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?  

Ans. The air bladder is found to be present in the members of Class Osteichthyes, the bony fishes.  The main function of air bladder is to regulate the buoyancy and it helps the fishes to float in the water preventing sinking. Air bladder is absent in cartilaginous fishes (Class Chondrichthyes). Since cartilaginous fishes do not have air bladder they have to swim continuously to avoid sinking.

9. Name the animals which have the following structures along with their respective functions.

(a) Flame cells

(b) Ambulacral system

Ans. (a) Flame cells: Flame cells are found in the excretory system of flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes). They also help in osmoregulation. Planaria has flame cells and it belongs to Phylum Platyhelminthes.

(b) Ambulacral system: Ambulacral system or the water vascular system is the characteristic feature of Phylum Echinodermata. The water vascular system helps in locomotion, capture of food and respiration. Astarias (Starfish) possess an ambulacral system.

10. Why are hemichordates not classified as chordates? Name an animal which is placed in Phylum Hemichordata.

Ans. Hemichordates were initially grouped under Phylum Chordata because both chordates and hemichordates are enterocoelus. Later on, more studies proved that none of the animals of Phylum Hemichordata have a notochord, which is a distinguishing feature of chordates. Hence, these animals have been given a separate phylum, called the Hemichordata.  

Balanoglossus (Acorn) belongs to Phylum Hemichordata. 

11. Give an example of the following animals with their scientific name.

(i) A freshwater poriferan

(ii) A flightless bird

(iii) A limbless reptile

Ans. (i) A freshwater poriferan- Fresh water sponge ( Spongilla)

(ii) A flightless bird – Ostrich ( Struthio )

(iii) A limbless reptile – Indian Cobra ( Naja naja )

Overview of Class 11 Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

Biology Notes for Class 11 Chapter 4 gives a brief comprehension of eukaryotic, multicellular species belonging to the Kingdom Animalia. The chapter presents the unique characteristics of every animal classification. The animals enlisted under the Animal Kingdom obtain their energy either by feeding on other animals or from plants. Kingdom Animalia holds millions of identified species. While a few species share similar characteristics, others differ drastically.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom Notes presents a brief on Phylum Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. 

The Animal Kingdom classification is based on the different critical and essential characteristics such as the level of organisation, symmetry, habitat, and pattern of organ systems.

Levels of Organisation

There are four levels of the organisation, and they are as follows.

Cellular Level of Organisation

Tissue Level of Organisation

Organ Level of Organisation

Organ System Level of Organisation

At the Cellular Level of Organisation, the cells are arranged as loose aggregates. An example of a Cellular Level of Organisation is Sponges.

At the Tissue Level of Organisation, the cells that perform the same function are arranged into tissues. An example of the Tissue Level of Organisation is Coelenterates.

At the Organ Level of Organisation, the tissues are grouped to form organs. Each organ is specialised for a particular function. An example of an Organ Level of Organisation is Platyhelminthes.

Organ System Level of Organisation:

In the Organ System Level of Organisation, the organs associate to form some functional systems like Arthropods, Annelids, Chordates, Echinoderms, and Molluscs. An example of an Organ System Level Organisation is the Circulatory System.

Body Symmetry

There are three levels of Body symmetry:

Asymmetrical

Radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Asymmetrical Body Symmetry

Those organisms falling under the asymmetrical body symmetry cannot be divided into two halves through a median plane. An example of asymmetrical body symmetry is Sponges.

Radial Body Symmetry

Those organisms falling under the radial body symmetry can be divided into two identical halves through any plane passing through the central axis. An example of radial body symmetry is coelenterates, echinoderms and ctenophores.

Bilateral Body Symmetry

Those organisms falling under the bilateral body symmetry can be divided into two identical left and right halves through only one plane. An example of bilateral body symmetry is annelids and arthropods.

Germ Layers

Based on the germ layers, the animals are classified as follows:

Diploblastic

Here, the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers—an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. Besides, an undifferentiated layer known as mesoglea is present. 

Triploblastic

Here, the developing embryo possesses a third germinal layer, mesoderm, between the ectoderm and endoderm.

Important Questions on Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

Give 5 examples of Arthropoda.

Why are air sacs and pneumatic bones essential for aves?

What is the role of feathers in birds?

Give 5 differences between open and closed circulatory systems.

What are sponges?

Differentiate between complete and incomplete digestive systems.

Give examples of limbless reptiles and oviparous mammals.

What are coelomates?

How many types of patterns are there in the organ system?

What are the functions of the coelom and body cavity in animals? Support your answer with relevant diagrams.

Benefits of Studying Vedantu’s Class 11 Biology Revision Notes for Chapter 4 - Animal Kingdom

There are several advantages of studying Vedantu’s Class 11 Biology Revision Notes for Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom. However, the following are the ones that help students the most during their revision before the exam. 

Vedantu’s revision notes are precise and comprehensive, and they help students gain knowledge of all the important concepts and areas covered in Class 11 Animal Kingdom before the exam without wasting much time. 

Our subject experts have created these revision notes in a manner that students find these notes extremely easy to read and understand, without allowing any missing out on any information due to great readability and easy language. 

Our revision notes are in line with the latest Class 11 CBSE syllabus and guidelines. Therefore students can get a clear idea of the question patterns and the weightage of marks for their CBSE Class 11 Biology exam.

Students can prepare the CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 with the help of our study materials. They can download and refer to the Animal Kingdom Important Questions, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4, and NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 11 Animal Kingdom. They can also refer to the topic-wise notes for a better understanding of the topics. Vedantu provides previous years’ question papers, sample papers, and solutions for NCERT and other reference books for Class 11 Biology and other subjects. Students can access and download the study materials for free and prepare for the Class 11 Biology exam as well as the NEET exam.

FAQs on CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom Revision Notes

1. Enlist the patterns of organ systems.

Patterns of Organ Systems:

Incomplete Digestive System- This pattern of organ system has one opening while the fully formed/complete digestive system consists of two openings - mouth and anus.

Circulatory System- The circulatory system comprises blood vessels that carry blood towards and away from the heart.

Open Circulatory System- In this pattern of an organ system, the blood is pumped out of the heart, and all the cells and tissue are directly bathed in it.

Closed Circulatory System- In this pattern of an organ system, the blood is circulated through arteries, veins and capillaries.

2. Enlist a few of the essential characteristics of Phylum Porifera.

A Few Characteristics of Phylum Porifera are:

The members of Phylum Porifera are commonly referred to as Sponges. Sponges are mostly marine and possess a cellular level of organisation and asymmetrical body symmetry. The skeletons of this phylum are composed of spongin fibres or spicules.

Phylum Porifera holds a canal system or a water transport where the water seeps in through minute pores known as Ostia. The mode of respiration, nutrition and excretion occurs through the pathway of the water transport system. An example of Phylum Porifera is- Sycon and Spongilla.

3. Do Vedantu’s Revision Notes contain all the important topics of Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 “Animal Kingdom?”

Yes, Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 “Animal Kingdom” contains all the significant topics from the chapter. These include:

a) Basis of Classification

b) Classification of animals

Under the classification of animals, all the important categories have been mentioned like phylum Porifera, Phylum Annelida, Phylum Annelida, Cyclostomata, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, etc. Basically, every important topic from the chapter has been mentioned comprehensively in our revision notes.  These notes are your perfect revision tool for examinations.

4. Are Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 “Animal Kingdom” explained with diagrams?

Yes, Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 “Animal Kingdom” is explained with well-labelled diagrams wherever necessary. "Animal Kingdom" contains several important diagrams. Such diagrams are extremely important to practice when studying Biology. You will be asked to draw diagrams in the exams as well.

5. How can I use Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 “Animal Kingdom” for exam preparation?

Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 are the ultimate revision tool for your exams. To avail of their full benefit:

a) Read the NCERT textbook thoroughly.

b) As you complete practising the content and diagrams of "Animal Kingdom," go through Vedantu's Revision Notes multiple times. This will help ingrain the information perfectly in your mind.

c) You can also take a quick glance at these notes right before the examination for a quick revision session.

6. What are the important characteristics of Phylum Ctenophora according to Chapter 4 of Class 11 Biology?

Following are the significant characteristics of Phylum Ctenophora:

a) Aquatic, sessile or  free-swimming

b) Radially symmetrical

c) Presence of cnidoblasts or cnidocytes: These contain nematocysts (used for anchorage, defence, and capturing prey.)

d) Have tissue-level organization

e) Diploblastic

f) Have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening, mouth on the hypostome.

g) Digestion is intracellular and extracellular

h) It may have a skeleton of calcium carbonate

i) Two body forms: polyp and medusa

j) Eg: Physalia and Adamsia

7. What are mammary glands according to Chapter 4 of Class 11 Biology?

Animal class Mammalia is characterized by the presence of mammary glands. These are responsible for producing milk in animals. Hence, they are also referred to as milk-producing glands. The milk produced by mammary glands helps in the nourishment of the young ones.  These functioning glands are present in female mammals. They are also present in the males but in a non-functional and rudimentary manner.

Study Materials for Class 11 CBSE Board

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Case Study Questions for Class 11 Biology PDF Download

We have provided here Case Study questions for Class 11 Biology for final board exams. You can read these chapter-wise Case Study questions. These questions are prepared by subject experts and experienced teachers. The answer key is also provided so that you can check the correct answer for each question. Practice these questions to score well in your exams.

CBSE 11th Standard CBSE Biology question papers, important notes, study materials, Previous Year Questions, Syllabus, and exam patterns. Free 11th Standard CBSE Biology books and syllabus online. Important keywords, Case Study Questions, and Solutions.

Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions

CBSE Class 11 Biology question paper will have case study questions too. These case-based questions will be objective type in nature. So, Class 11 Biology students must prepare themselves for such questions. First of all, you should study NCERT Textbooks line by line, and then you should practice as many questions as possible.

Chapter-wise Solved Case Study Questions for Class 11 Biology

• Chapter 1 : The Living World
• Chapter 2 : Biological Classification
• Chapter 3 : Plant Kingdom
• Chapter 4 : Animal Kingdom
• Chapter 5 : Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Chapter 6 : Anatomy of Flowering Plants
• Chapter 7 : Structural Organisation in Animals
• Chapter 8 : Cell : The Unit of Life
• Chapter 9 : Biomolecules
• Chapter 10 : Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• Chapter 11 : Transport in Plants
• Chapter 12 : Mineral Nutrition
• Chapter 13 : Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Chapter 14 : Respiration in Plants
• Chapter 15 : Plant Growth and Development
• Chapter 16 : Digestion and Absorption
• Chapter 17 : Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Chapter 18 : Body Fluids and Circulation
• Chapter 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination
• Chapter 20 : Locomotion and Movement
• Chapter 21 : Neural Control and Coordination
• Chapter 22 : Chemical Coordination and Integration

Class 11 MCQ Questions

Class 11 students should go through important Case Study problems for Biology before the exams. This will help them to understand the type of Case Study questions that can be asked in Grade 11 Biology examinations. Our expert faculty for standard 11 Biology have designed these questions based on the trend of questions that have been asked in last year’s exams. The solutions have been designed in a manner to help the grade 11 students understand the concepts and also easy to learn solutions.

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• Previous Years Questions
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom enriches students with answers to all the questions provided in the NCERT textbook. The solutions are crafted by subject matter experts at CoolGyan’S, solved accurately and to the point.

Examinations can be intimidating for some students. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology serves as an excellent tool for reference as well as to study from. Use of language while solving NCERT Solutions is extremely comprehensible and easy to understand.

Download PDF of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

Access Answers to NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

1. What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?

Animals are classified on the basis of common features such as cell arrangement, body symmetry, nature of coelom, digestive tract, circulation or reproductive system. Without these common features it is very difficult to treat each organism individually, it is impossible to add new species detected every day without common features. To study diversity in animals, classification must be based on common basic features

Some other difficulties are:

(i) Tracing of interdependence amongst various animals will become difficult

(ii) Difficulty in developing new species of animals

2. If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?

The steps to classify the specimen are:

(i) Classify level of organization: Classify the arrangement of cells in cellular and tissue level organization.

(ii) Symmetry: Classify the organism as radial or bilateral symmetry.

(iii) Classify Diploblastic or triploblastic organization

(iv) Presence or absence of body cavity

(v) Type of coelom development

(vi) Classify segmentation

(vii) Differentiate the presence or absence of notochord.

3. How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?

The coelom is the body cavity or fluid filled space lined by the mesoderm, and an animal with a coelom is called a coelomates. In some animals, the body cavity is not covered by the mesoderm; Instead, the mesoderm is a scattered cyst between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Such a body cavity is called a pseudocoelom and the animals that have them are called pseudocoelomates, for example – Aschelminthes. Some animals have no body cavity, they are called acoelomates, for example – Platyhelminthes.

Classification of body cavity and coelom are important to decide the complexity of an organism at organ level.

4. Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion?

5. What is the difference between direct and indirect development?

6. What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?

The typical features of the parasitic Platyhelminthes are:

(i) Free-living parasitic forms.

(ii) The body organization observed is of tissue organ grade

(iii) Mostly hermaphrodites

(iv) Three-layered body wall – epidermis (outer covering) is often ciliate and covered with cuticle.

(v) The Digestive tract is incomplete or absent (vi) The presence of well-defined excretory structures, such as flame cells.

(vii) Presence of anti-toxins and a thick tegument which is resistant to the digestive enzymes of host. (viii) Anaerobic respiration. No special respiratory structure was observed.

(ix) The front body part has suckers, hooks, eye spots and auricles to attach to the hosts.

(x) A highly developed reproductive system of parasitic forms.

7. What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?

The following are the causes of arthropods, which make up the largest group of animal kingdoms

(i) They have jointed legs that allow them to motile, and perform many other functions due to these jointed appendages.

(ii) A hardened skeleton made of chitin protects their body.

(iii) Hard skeletons reduce water loss from the body.

(iv) Demonstrate a different system for locomotion, respiration and reproduction.

(v) Ability to live in diverse conditions and varied habitats.

(vi) In comparison to other phyla, they are pre-developed.

(vii) Well-developed sense organs and nervous system.

(vii) Some insects exhibit pheromones that enable communication.

8. Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:

(a) Porifera (b) Ctenophora (c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata

Form the four given options the correct answer is (c) Echinodermata

This is their characteristic. Among them is a perforated panel known as madreporite, which allows water to percolate in their systems.

9. “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.

Solution The presence of Notocard and paired pharyngeal gill slits is characteristic of the phylum chordate. However, the vertebrata notocard in the embryo in the subfilm is replaced by columns of bony vertebrae in adults. It is therefore said that “All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates.”

10. How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?

Air bladder in Pisces regulates Buoyancy which prevents fishes from sinking.

11. What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?

The variations found in birds that help fly are:

(i) The presence of feathers.

(ii) Forelimbs are turned into wings, to help with flight.

(iii) Hind limbs have scales.

(iv) They have pneumatic or hollow bones that lighten the skeleton

(v) Absence of urinary bladder causes net body weight loss and facilitates them to fly

(vi) Their streamlined body provides less resistance and enables longer flight

12. Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?

No, the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother are not equal, the number of eggs produced by oviparous mothers is more comparatively because in oviparous animals, fertilization talks place outside the uterus whereas in viviparous animals’ development takes place inside the uterus which makes successful incubation of young animals lesser.

When eggs are present outside, there is a risk of getting eaten by predators due to their immobility. Therefore, in order to sustain the progeny, there is a requirement for more of eggs.

13. Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following:

(a) Platyhelminthes (b) Aschelminthes (c) Annelida (d) Arthropoda

Form the four given options the correct answer is (c) Annelida

14. Match the following:

15. Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.

Some animals that are found parasitic in humans are as follows:

i. Ancylostoma (Hookworm)

ii. Taenia (Tapeworm)

iii. Enterobius (Pinworm)

iv. Wuchereria (Filarial worm)

v. Ascaris (Roundworm)

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 the Animal Kingdom is covered under Unit 1 in Biology – Diversity in the Living World. Questions appearing from this unit constitutes for about 10% of the question paper as per past trends, hence students are required to concentrate on understanding concepts covered in this unit.

List of subtopics covered in Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom:

Biology is a vast subject. NCERT Solutions provide answers to all the questions completely, developed accurately for the benefit of students. Chapter Animal kingdom explains the differences in structure and form of different animals.

There are a few fundamental features that are common to various individuals in relation to the organization of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, pattern of different systems such as digestion, circulatory or reproductive systems. These are the fundamental features that form the basis for the classification of animals, some of these are explained in detail in the chapter.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

• Simple and easy to understand
• Solutions framed by subject matter experts
• Solutions are provided as per the expected answering pattern
• NCERT Solutions are available to download
• Efficient and effective study tool

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 4

List some animals that are found parasitic on human beings from the chapter 4 of ncert solutions for class 11 biology., is the ncert solutions for class 11 biology chapter 4 free of cost, what questions can i expect from the chapter 4 of ncert solutions for class 11 biology in the exam.

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Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants

Case study questions class 11 biology chapter 14 respiration in plants.

CBSE Class 11 Case Study Questions Biology Respiration in Plants. Important Case Study Questions for Class 11 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Respiration in Plants.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants

We have till now seen that glucose has been broken down to release CO2 and eight molecules of NADH + H+ ; two of FADH2 have been synthesised besides just two molecules of ATP in TCA cycle.

Pyruvic Acid produced by glycolysis undergoes aerobic oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix through the TCA cycle. This cycle serves a common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates fats and proteins.

1.) ____________ is the end product of glycolysis, which undergoes aerobic oxidation in citric acid cycle.

a) Acetyl-CoA

b) Pyruvate

c) Malic acid

d) Oxalic acid

2.) When Acetyl-CoA is condensed with oxaloacetic acid, it leads to the formation of ______

a) Citric Acid

b) Succinic Acid

c) Malic Acid

d) Oxalic Acid

3.) Why Krebs cycle is also referred as Citric Acid Cycle?

4.) Name the cycle provides common oxidative pathway for various respiratory substrate, such as carbohydrates fats and proteins.

5.) Explain how Acetyl-CoA molecules are formed?

3.) Krebs cycle is also referred to as the Citric Acid Cycle. Citric acid is the first product formed in the cycle.

4.) Citric acid cycle provides common oxidative pathway for various respiratory substrate, such as carbohydrates fats and proteins. This cycle is also known as Tricarboxylic acid cycle and Krebs cycle.

5.) Before entering the TCA cycle pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion. Here pyruvic acid is decarboxylated and the remaining 2-carbon fragment is combined with a molecule of coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.

The scheme of glycolysis was given by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, and is often referred to as the EMP pathway. In anaerobic organisms, it is the only process in respiration. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is present in all living organisms.It is completed in two phases as preparatory phase and pay-off phase. In this process, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. In plants, this glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the end product of photosynthesis, or from storagecarbohydrates. Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by the enzyme, invertase, and these two monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic pathway. Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-6- phosphate by the activity of the enzyme hexokinase. This phosphorylated form of glucose then isomerises to produce fructose-6- phosphate. Subsequent steps of metabolism of glucose and fructose are same. The various steps of glycolysis are depicted in Figure. In glycolysis, a chain of ten reactions, under the control of different enzymes, takes place to produce pyruvate from glucose.

ATP is utilised at two steps: first in the conversion of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate and second in the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. The fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). We find that there is one step where NADH + H+ is formed from NAD+ ; this is when 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) is converted to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPGA). Two redox-equivalents are removed (in the form of two hydrogen atoms) from PGAL and transferred to a molecule of NAD+ . PGAL is oxidised and with inorganic phosphate to get converted into BPGA. The conversion of BPGA to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), is also an energy yielding process; this energy is trapped by the formation of ATP. Another ATP is synthesised during the conversion of PEP to pyruvic acid.

Pyruvic acid is then the key product of glycolysis. What is the metabolic fate of pyruvate? This depends on the cellular need.There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis. These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions in many prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. For the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O, however, organisms adopt Krebs’ cycle which is also called as aerobic respiration. This requires O2 supply.

1.) ________________ is the end product of preparatory phase in glycolysis.

a) Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate

b) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

c) Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate

d) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosulphate

2.) ________________ is the end product of payoff phase in glycolysis.

c) 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate

d) Pyruvate

3) Give the number of ATP molecules are used in preparatory phase of glycolysis

4.) Name the common step which occurs in respiration in presence of oxygen and in absence of oxygen.

5.) Write the chemical equation for first phase of glycolysis.

3) In preparatory phase of glycolysis two ATP molecules are used to produce two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate from glucose.

4) Glycolysis is the common step which occurs in respiration in presence of oxygen and in absence of oxygen.

5) chemical equation for first phase of glycolysis:

In eukaryotes these steps take place within the mitochondria and this requires O2. Aerobic respiration is the process that leads to a complete oxidation of organic substances in the presence of oxygen, and releases CO2, water and a large amount of energy present in the substrate. This type of respiration is most common in higher organisms.

1.) Under ______________________ condition incomplete oxidation of respiratory substrate take place.

b) Anaerobic

c) Aerobic and anaerobic

d) None of the above

2.) In fermentation process,

a) pyruvic acid is converted to O2 and ethanol

b) pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethylene

c) pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethanol

d) pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethephon

3.) Name the enzyme which facilitate the reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethanol.

4.) Name the process which leads to a complete oxidation of organic substances in presence of oxygen.

5.) What resulted in animal, when oxygen is inadequate for cellular respiration during muscular exertion?

3.) Pyruvic acid decarboxylase and Alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse the reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethanol.

4.) Aerobic respiration is the process that leads to a complete oxidation of organic substances in the presence of oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, water and a large amount of energy present in the organic substance.

5.) In animal cells during muscular exertion like exercise, when oxygen is inadequate for cellular respiration pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase.

1.) Identify the correct statement

Statement 1 – During aerobic respiration, O2 is consumed and O2 is released

Statement 2 – During aerobic respiration, O2 is consumed and CO2 is released

Statement 3 – During aerobic respiration, CO2 is consumed and O2 is released

Statement 4 – During aerobic respiration, CO2 is consumed and CO2 is released

c) Both 1 & 2

2.) In case of aerobic respiration oxygen is _____________

a) Consumed

c) Released

d) All of the above

3.) How respiratory ratio or respiratory quotient are calculated in case of aerobic respiration.

4.) Give reason – why respiration is referred as oxidative reaction?

5.) Name the respiratory substrate in which equal amounts of CO2 and O2 are evolved and consumed.

3) Respiratory quotient (RQ) or Respiratory ratio is nothing but the ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration. It can be calculated by the formula given below,

RQ = Volume CO 2 evolved/Volume of O 2 consumed

4.) Respiration is referred as the oxidation reaction because it involves the breakdown of respiratory substrate in the presence of oxygen to release carbon dioxide water and a large amount of energy. This use of oxygen to produce energy from substrate is called as the oxidation reaction.

5.) Carbohydrate is the respiratory substrate in which equal amounts of CO2 and O2 are evolved and consumed.

Photosynthesis, of course, takes place within the chloroplasts (in the eukaryotes), whereas the breakdown of complex molecules to yield energy takes place in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria (also only in eukaryotes).In prokaryotic cells Respiration occurs in the cytosol and around the plasma membrane. The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells, leading to release of considerable amount of energy is called respiration. The compounds that are oxidised during this process are known as respiratory substrates. Usually carbohydrates are oxidised to release energy, but proteins, fats and even organic acids can be used as respiratory substances in some plants, under certain conditions. During oxidation within a cell, all the energy contained in respiratory substrates is not released free into the cell, or in a single step. It is released in a series of slow step-wise reactions controlled by enzymes, and it is trapped as chemical energy in the form of ATP. Hence, it is important to understand that the energy released by oxidation in respiration is not (or rather cannot be) used directly but is used to synthesise ATP, which is broken down whenever (and wherever) energy needs to be utilised. Hence, ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell. This energy trapped in ATP is utilised in various energy-requiring processes of the organisms, and the carbon skeleton produced during respiration is used as precursors for biosynthesis of other molecules in the cell.

In eukaryotes these steps take place within the mitochondria and this requires O2. Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen to produce energy. It is a continuous process that takes place within the cells of animals and plants. This process can be explained with the help of the chemical equation;

Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) + Oxygen (6O 2 ) → Carbon dioxide (6CO 2 ) + Water (6H 2 O) + Energy (ATP)

This type of respiration is most common in higher organisms. Respiration is a catabolic process wherein complex organic substrate is oxidized to simple components to generate biological energy. Cellular respiration occurs in two different ways as aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

1.) Respiration is _________________

a) Constructive process

b) Energy trapping process

c) Energy releasing process

d) Energy storing process

2.) Respiration is _________________

a) Catabolic process

b) Anabolic process

c) Endergonic process

d) Energy trapping

3.) Name the site of respiration in eukaryotes .

4.) Define aerobic respiration.

5.) Give the balanced chemical equation for Respiration take place in presence of oxygen?  

3.) Respiration occurs in the cytosol and around the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, respiration takes place in the mitochondria,

4.) Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen to produce energy.

5.) Balanced chemical equation for Cellular Respiration –

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