essay writing format for ias mains

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Essay Writing

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How to Write a Perfect and Balanced Essay

“It is my ambition to say in ten sentences what others say in a whole book.” -- Friedrich Neitzsche

Essay writing is among those areas in UPSC IAS Exam that can be your savior and improve your marks significantly if worked efficiently. However lack of practice and rudimentary approach may also reduce your marks and jeopardize your chances of selection in Civil services exam . A well-developed approach and rigorous practice can significantly enhance your score in essay paper in UPSC mains Exam . But before delving into the techniques to write a perfect essay it is very important to understand what is an essay and what are its different organs?

What is an essay?

An Essay Writing is a focused, descriptive and analytical write up on any particular topic. But this is different in format and presentation from any other kind of write up on the same topic.
An essay is a tight write up which has a certain theme at its core and the write up is marked by its simplicity, lucidity, flow and orderliness.
It should generally avoid terse and unwieldy expressions, unnecessary exposition and excessive facts, especially numbers.
An essay is a write up that evolves from childhood to youth and thereafter to maturity.
An essay should generally reflect the perceptions, understanding, and stance/take of the writer, which may be supported by facts, quotes and findings of similar kinds.

Let's have a look on Vikram Grewal's Copy

For full copy click here

What an essay writing should not be....

It should not be a mere compilation of information or facts.
It should not be a long note.
It should not be a brief note.
It should not be a theoretical exposition.
It should not be a conglomeration of great ideas by great people.

What constitutes a good essay?

A good essay should have three distinct parts-

Introduction
Description

A good essay should be close to its subject or theme throughout the write up.

Essay Writing Strategy by Vikram Grewal (AIR 51, CSE 2018), A must watch session for more clarity.

A good essay should reflect...

Understanding of the writer
Thoroughness of the writer
Analytical capacity of the writer
Research and analytical capability of the writer
Reading habits of the writer

For Example:

Vikram Grewal's Copy, all the following things are considered by him:

Click Here for Full Copy

Essay needs a higher level of communication abilities viz..

Articulation
Effective expression
Logic, flow and rhythm
Right grammar

Brief for practicing essay writing – pre exam hall approach.

How to write a good Essay can be viewed sequentially, as if going through ten sequential steps in an essay writing process.

Research : Begin the essay writing process by researching your topic, making yourself an expert.Assuming you've been given a topic, or have narrowed it sufficiently down, your first task is to research this topic. You will not be able to write intelligently about a topic you know nothing about. To discover worthwhile insights, you'll have to do some patient reading and information gathering. Though IAS aspirants are hard pressed of time but don’t forget it is of 250 marks and highly neglected. It can be done through integration of your daily newspaper reading and through preparation of GS also. But you need some different strategy to do so.
Analysis : Now that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the essays/articles you're reading. Clearly define the claims, write out the reasons, the evidence, etc. Look for weaknesses of logic, and also strengths. Learning how to write an essay begins by learning how to analyze essays written by others.

In case of analysis Vikram Grewal shows it perfectly: Here is a look

For Full Copy Click Here

3 .Brainstorming : Your essay will require insight of your own. Ask yourself a dozen questions and answer them. Meditate with a pen in your hand. Think and think until you come up with original insights to write about.

Thesis: Pick your best idea and pin it down in a clear assertion that you can write your entire essay around. Your thesis is your main point, summed up in a concise sentence that lets the reader know where you're going, and why. It's practically impossible to write a good essay without a clear thesis.
Outline: Sketch out your essay before straight away writing it out. Use one-line sentences to describe paragraphs, and bullet points to describe what each paragraph will contain. Play with the essay's order. Map out the structure of your argument, and make sure each paragraph is unified.
Introduction: Now sit down and write the essay. The introduction should grab the reader's attention, set up the issue, and lead in to your thesis. Your intro is merely a buildup of the issue, a stage of bringing your reader into the essay's argument.(Note: The title and first paragraph are probably the most important elements in your essay. This is an essay-writing point that doesn't always sink in within the context of the classroom. In the first paragraph you either hook the reader's interest or lose it.)
Paragraphs: Each individual paragraph should be focused on a single idea that supports your thesis. Begin paragraphs with topic sentences, support assertions with evidence, and expound your ideas in the clearest, most sensible way you can. Speak to your reader as if he or she were sitting in front of you. In other words, instead of writing the essay, try talking the essay.
Conclusion: Gracefully exit your essay by making a quick wrap-up sentence, and then end on some memorable thought, perhaps a quotation, or an interesting twist of logic, or some call to action. Is there something you want the reader to walk away and do? Let him or her know exactly that.
Style: Format your essay according to the correct guidelines for citation. All borrowed ideas and quotations should be correctly cited in the body of your text, followed up with a Works Cited (references) page listing the details of your sources.
Language: You're not done writing your essay until you've polished your language by correcting the grammar, making sentences flow, incorporating rhythm, emphasis, adjusting the formality, giving it a level-headed tone, and making other intuitive edits. Proof read until it reads just how you want it to sound. Writing an essay can be tedious, but you don't want to bungle the hours of conceptual work you've put into writing your essay by leaving a few slippy misspellings and poorly worded phrases.

Steps to be followed during examination:

We must keep in mind that an essay writting in the examination hall is developed on the spot within a given time period, is something different from an essay written leisurely and with mature deliberation for a publication or for a prize competition.

A Candidate writing an essay for Civil Service Examination should keep in mind that he has to satisfy the examiner with regard to 3 things:

He has good ideas on given subject / chosen field.
He can arrange his ideas systematically.
He can express, and analyze his opinion correctly using good language.

Required Steps to create a rough sketch before actual writing :

Selection of suitable topic
Make an outline of your ideas
Write introduction points
Write main points of the body
Brief sketch about view, history, facts, illustrations, examples etc
Idea about critical discussions, pro and opposite views
Drawing a conclusion that clearly expresses your opinion and always end with a futuristic note

Selection of topic is the key for scoring in essay writing . Around 15 to 20 minutes can be spent on choosing best topic. we also needs to be sure about the flow of thought, rich facts and figures, history, analytical expression and all to be collectively rated high in the selected topic. It impacts your marks. Out of six topics consider each one independently in-depth your knowledge and presentation skills not in bird-eye-view manner.

Patience and perseverance must be maintained while selecting a topic and make it sure about excellence to present cogently.

Next step is outlining the selected topic by putting ideas in a separate page, in organized form by writing sub topics and important points to be covered in the essay. For this one can make use flow chart model or line chart or tabulation. Grouping of thoughts must in a way to categories the sub headings while writing the detailed essay. We can use 15 to 20 minutes for this task.

Then start with the introduction which can be a dialogue, quotation or anecdotes produces complete idea to the reader about the essay. A dialogue could be simply the pertinent fact that explicitly illustrates the point you are planning to make. An anecdote is stories that illustrate the point. Be sure your anecdote is short, precise and relevant to the topic.

Three problems that candidates face while writing an essay. They are:

Coherent arrangement
Expression Ideas

Essay Copy: Vikram Grewal(AIR 51, CSE 2018)

About the subject is nothing but knowledge that needs to be looked in different perspective, whether social, economical, political, religious, cultural, literary, national, and environmental. Candidate should think on different questions

What are definition / scope / history of the topic?
What can be said on particular subject from various perspectives?
What are positives / negatives?
Answers for different questions/dimensions
your thought for critical appraisal

Arrangement :

Arrangement of an essay means the contents with a definite structure to be framed. The structure must be exposed indirectly through the flow of writing with interlinking of sub topics and paragraphs explaining the scope meaning, description and discussion.

Illustration and quotations known can be presented lively aptly to increase the richness of the content. It is like the flavor added to the dishes to attract the reader to be perfectly relevant to the topic/ argument. If the Quotations exceed unnecessarily, it will disturb the quality of presentation. Interlinking of thoughts, comparison and contrasting viewpoints can be expressed only with the special reference to the application of thoughts.

Opinions and arguments with strong self explanatory sentences will reflect the candidates’ solid and clear understanding of the subjects.

Now you need to give the powerful and logical conclusion which is the consequence of everything discussed earlier. Conclusion brings the reader closure or summing up of points and also gives final perspective. It should not be rhetoric outburst. It must be balanced and free from prejudice. Mind it, give proper space to the conclusion. Don’t sump in haste.

Do s and Don’ts for that ‘killer’ 3 Hrs:

Read the title, understand the meaning and scope.
Think and comprehensive planning before start.
Effective, brief and strong words consist of good thoughts makes your essay best.
Avoid vague generalization, slang’s and colloquialism
Don’t try to present whatever you know on the subject.
In controversial topic discuss pros and cons dispassionately and give effective conclusion.
Length of essay is not fixed. But don’t be exhaustive. This time you may to write multiple essay
Never forget to read and revise the essay written before submission to examiner.

Verifying, please be patient.

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Essay Syllabus – Civil Services Mains Exam UPSC

Last updated on April 3, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

Table of Contents

Tips for UPSC Essay Paper from ClearIAS.com

Do keep in mind the below-mentioned tips. Following these strategies can make a huge boost in your Essay Paper marks .

Try to write a few essays in full during your preparation, simulating the environment in the examination hall.
Familiarize yourself with previous essays asked by UPSC so that you will have a clear picture of the type and standard of questions to be expected.
UPSC/the examiner normally gives credit to new perspectives and fresh analysis.
Avoid verbosity and flowery language. Use a simple style instead.
You may use relevant quotes to reinforce your arguments. But never try to alter the quotes of great personalities.
Good handwriting is always an asset. If your handwriting is not legible, put some effort into that area.
Make your statements precise. Avoid guesses.
The introductory paragraph should have clear indications about what you are going to write in the essay.
You may show your inferences in the concluding paragraph.

Also read: ClearIAS launches Essay Writing Course for UPSC

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Civil Services Study Materials for Online Preparation .
IAS Question Papers .

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Reader Interactions

October 16, 2015 at 12:03 am

Hello sir…. May I know what is the language to write an essay…. I mean English or hindi…thanks

August 8, 2016 at 7:44 pm

Your exam medium is essay langauge

July 7, 2022 at 1:37 am

What types of eassy come in upsc?

May 12, 2016 at 12:59 am

Hello sir…… May I know that what is trade under in IAS. & which is the best course after 12th & which is the best subjects for IAS preparation.

August 28, 2020 at 7:20 am

Make any one of the optional subject as your UG stream .it will help you in the preparation

May 23, 2016 at 7:03 am

plz suggest me books for essay in hindi and english language

October 5, 2016 at 12:25 pm

pls tell me good essay book of bengali version.

December 2, 2016 at 9:15 pm

January 7, 2017 at 4:53 pm

Wt is the medium of essay writing Any language…? We can choose

February 18, 2017 at 9:25 pm

suggest some topics for essay writing

October 13, 2017 at 3:24 pm

Which syllabus for essay writing

October 13, 2017 at 3:26 pm

which topics for essay writing tell me please

April 7, 2017 at 4:45 pm

One of the most discriptive and very helpful website for civil services aapirants..

November 8, 2018 at 1:36 pm

Sir IAS yaa IPS Ke liye physical yaa medical exam bhi dena hota h kya

November 22, 2018 at 11:45 am

PLEASE CLEAR CIVIL SERVICE MAINS PAPER A & B

August 5, 2019 at 9:49 am

my mother tongue is Bengali .can I give the mains exam in Bengali??

August 10, 2019 at 1:15 pm

Hello sir!! Can I know from which topic these essays will be given. Like, generally or from optional subjects we choose?!

September 14, 2019 at 12:39 pm

Go through the previous years question papers to find out what type of essay do UPSC ask

October 13, 2019 at 10:52 am

Sir , What are those tips & advices you are gonna give for school students who’s aim is to become an IAS officer ?

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Essay Writing for UPSC - Weekly Essay Writing Programme

by Vajiram & Ravi

Essay Writing for UPSC: Writing an essay for the UPSC Mains Exam requires a structured and well-organised approach. The UPSC essay paper is not just limited to assessing a candidate's creative writing skills, but rather, the focus is on evaluating a candidate's ability to think critically, express their ideas clearly, and present a balanced perspective on various issues. This article discusses the do’s and don'ts that need to be remembered while writing your Essay for the UPSC Mains Exam.

Check: UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper

Essay Writing for UPSC

The UPSC Mains Examination comprises a total of nine papers, inclusive of an essay paper. The Essay Paper is categorised into sections A and B, each containing four topics. These topics hold a value of 125 marks each, thereby totalling 250 marks (125×2). Candidates are required to choose one topic from each section and compose an essay spanning 1,000 to 1,200 words within the allocated three-hour duration. UPSC provides the following guidelines in its Notification on the Essay Paper:

Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics.
They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion and to write concisely.
Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

Essay Writing for UPSC - What is Expected?

When preparing for the UPSC Mains Essay Paper, there are a few basic points that you should remember. The paper tests the diversity of your content and not its creativity .

When writing your Essay Paper for the UPSC Mains Exam, your focus should be on the following points-

Diversity of the content: Incorporating diverse content in the essay paper not only enriches the content but also showcases your depth of knowledge, analytical skills, and ability to present a comprehensive perspective on complex topics.
Focus on the topic: Centre your essay around the core theme of the chosen topic. By maintaining a clear focus on the topic and consistently reinforcing its relevance, your essay becomes a well-structured and compelling piece that effectively communicates your ideas to the examiner.
Clarity, Depth, and Language: Language plays a crucial role in conveying your ideas effectively. Use precise and simple language to articulate your points and maintain a formal and coherent tone throughout the essay. Focusing on clarity of thought ensures that your ideas are easily understood by the examiner, and providing an in-depth analysis supported by relevant examples, data, and arguments, helps showcase your ability to engage with the topic critically.
Providing Evidence: While stating a Quote, there should be evidence to support your thought. This helps you to avoid the superficial treatment of the subject and delve into its complexities, showcasing your ability to engage with the topic critically.

How to Write Essay for UPSC Mains?

Writing an essay for the UPSC Mains Exam requires a structured and well-organised approach.

Choose the Right Topic

Read the given UPSC essay topics carefully and choose the one that resonates with your strengths and interests. Pick a topic that allows you to showcase your knowledge and understanding effectively.

Brainstorm Ideas

Spend some time brainstorming ideas related to the chosen topic. Jot down key points, arguments, examples, and relevant data that you could use to support your essay.

Create a Structure

A well-structured essay has a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Your introduction should introduce the topic and provide a brief overview of your stance. Each body paragraph should focus on a specific point, argument, or example. The conclusion should summarise your main points and reiterate your thesis.

Format for UPSC Essay Writing

The UPSC essay format requires a thoughtful approach to convey your ideas effectively. There are three stages or steps in any essay - Introduction, Body paragraphs, and Conclusion.

Introduction Paragraph of an Essay

Craft a strong introduction paragraph that outlines your main argument or perspective. This paragraph should be concise and provide a roadmap for your essay. You can begin your essay with a quote, and the last line of the introduction paragraph should end with reinforcing the main topic.

For example: Topic: The Health of the Nation is more important than the Wealth of Nation

Start your essay with a quote-

“P ublic Health depends upon winning over Hearts and Minds. It's not enough to just have a good policy; you have to convince people to actually follow it .”

In a country's journey forward, we often talk about how having a lot of money is crucial. But there's another side to this story, which says that the good health of the people in a country is even more vital. If there is something that COVID-19 has taught us, it is how no economy with ample amounts of money can guarantee the health of its nation and how the health of its citizens eventually affects the wealth of the country. This idea highlights how the health of the nation is more important than the wealth of the nation.

Writing in Paragraphs

Writing in paragraphs is important in an essay because it enhances readability and organisation. Each paragraph should focus on a specific idea, argument, or point, making it easier for readers to follow the logical flow of your thoughts . Paragraphs create visual breaks, helping to structure your essay into manageable sections. The following points have to be kept in mind while framing your Essay Paragraphs:

Address Counter-arguments:

Acknowledge potential counter-arguments and address them in your essay. This shows that you have considered multiple perspectives and strengthened your argument.

Use Examples:

Incorporate real-life examples, case studies, and anecdotes to illustrate your points. Examples make your essay more relatable and persuasive.

Gather Evidence:

Collect relevant current affairs facts, statistics, historical examples, and real-life incidents to support your arguments. Ensure that your evidence is accurate and well-researched.

Logical Flow:

Maintain a logical flow between paragraphs and ideas. Each paragraph should transition smoothly to the next, creating a coherent narrative.

Use of simple Language:

Write in a clear, concise, and coherent manner. Avoid using overly complex language that might obscure your message. Focus on communicating your ideas effectively.

Avoid Repetition:

Be mindful of repeating the same points or ideas. Each paragraph should contribute something new to the discussion.

Conclusion of the Essay

The conclusion serves the purpose of providing a seamless ending to the essay. It's worth noting that a strong ending holds the same level of significance as a compelling beginning. Both aspects contribute to achieving higher scores.

To effectively conclude an essay, you can utilise various elements, including facts, statistics, reasons, examples, quotes, opinions, experiences, and sensory details . The essay's conclusion can take on several forms: it might involve briefly reiterating the main points, suggesting potential future steps or actions, or injecting an engaging personal comment or relevant anecdote.

An alternative approach to concluding an essay involves revisiting the topic introduced in the introduction. This is known as a 'cyclic return,' and it's a straightforward method employed in many essays to bring the discussion full circle.

Ultimately, a conclusion should carry a positive perspective, seeking out the silver lining amidst challenges. It should also strive for clarity and brevity, ensuring the ideas are expressed concisely.

Proofread and Revise the Essay

Once you've finished writing, take some time to proofread and revise your essay. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and clarity of expression.

Vajiram & Ravi Essay Module

Our Essay Course,by Mr. Brijendra, offers a comprehensive platform to master essay writing, guiding aspirants through the demanding path of UPSC Civil Services Exam preparation.

Course Objectives:

Enhance Competency: Develop proficiency across diverse and essential themes.
Strengthen Understanding: Utilize provided handouts containing all pertinent information essential for crafting quality essays.
Refine Writing Proficiency: Improve language, grammar, and flow through two specialized classes.
Evaluate Proficiency: Assess skills with a thorough test series.

This meticulously designed Essay Course assists students in structuring their essay preparation and cultivating a crucial set of skills to enhance their chances of securing high scores. Clear, concise, and well-structured essays are indispensable for aspiring civil servants, and mastery of essential elements of essay writing is paramount.

Through this course, students will:

Organize and articulate ideas clearly.
Analyze primary sources with critical insight.
Apply critical thinking to evaluate information.

Course Features:

Comprehensive Classes: 11 sessions covering various themes used for framing essay topics.
Well-Curated Handouts: Concise handouts on each theme providing exam-ready content.
Special Emphasis: Focus on philosophical and quote-based essays.
Mini-Assignments: In-class assignments to master the nuances of essay writing.
Simulated Writing Practice: 6 tests (2 half-length and 4 full-length) for exam-like practice.
Detailed Evaluation: Objective evaluation of essay scripts with exhaustive feedback.
Guidance and Support: Post-test guidance for individual doubt clarification.

This comprehensive essay writing course is designed to equip you with the skills and knowledge necessary to excel in the essay component of the UPSC Civil Services Examination. Join us to enhance your essay writing skills and significantly boost your chances of success in the UPSC Civil Services Exam.

Writing a good Essay in UPSC Mains, Explained by Anudeep Durishetty

ForumIAS announcing GS Foundation Program for UPSC CSE 2025-26 from 26th June. Click Here for more information.

Novelist Stephen King put it beautifully when he said, “I write to find out what I think.”

Writing is a window to your thought process. What you write on paper will tell the reader how you think, how you argue and the way you substantiate your viewpoint. This is why for most competitive examinations and academic entrance tests, essay is mandatory.

In the Civil Services Exam too, we have a paper worth 250 marks, equivalent to a General Studies paper. Despite its importance, essay paper often does not get the attention it deserves from aspirants. First timers think they will write an excellent essay in the final exam itself, whereas experienced aspirants believe that since they had already studied a ton for GS, it will alone be enough to write a good essay. This is a fatal miscalculation.

I was one of those who made these errors in the past, and it is not a coincidence that I scored only 100 in CSE 2015. But in 2017, I devoted adequate time to this paper. I collected useful quotes, prepared notes and even made rough essay drafts for frequently asked topics. All this effort in essay paper helped me score 155.

What follows is an elaborate post on how you should tackle the Essay paper. I’ve organised the content as follows:

What UPSC says about the essay paper

How and from where to prepare?

Improving language and expression

On subheadings and rough drafts
What you must avoid
How to write a powerful introduction?
Developing the content of an Essay

Substantiating your arguments

How to conclude an Essay
My notes, quote collection and sample essays

“Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay, to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion, and to write concisely . Credit will be given for effective and exact expression .”

Essay distinguishes itself from GS in the sense that in GS, marks will be awarded purely for content. But in essay, examiners will pay special attention to not just the content, but also the language, coherence and the way you organise your write-up.

So you must take adequate care to arrange your ideas properly and not commit any fundamental spelling or grammatical errors.

Most of the content you write in Essay will come from your GS preparation. Apart from this, the following sources will help:

Reading non-fiction helps you develop a matured thought process. Apart from imparting knowledge, they will also let you come across good figures of speech, art of argumentation, powerful rhetoric and unique content etc. For example, in an essay on Artificial Intelligence, I took arguments from Yuval Harari’s Homo Deus to argue that AI is an imminent threat to humanity. Or if you read Why Nations Fail, a book replete with examples, you will understand the importance of innovation, political and economic freedoms in propelling a nation forward. So my suggestion is, apart from UPSC related material, develop the hobby of reading non-fiction books. I do not mean to suggest that you should start reading one non-fiction book per topic to get good scores in Essay, but reading them occasionally in your free time will benefit you in the long run.
Referring to specific magazines: For certain topics, you can refer to specific issues of Yojana/EPW/Economic Survey etc. Example: for an essay on tribal issues or public health, you can go through specific issues of these magazines for getting the latest statistics (IMR, MMR, malnutrition levels etc) and also about the positives and criticisms of govt schemes in that sector.
Collecting good stories/anecdotes and quotes: Anecdotes, quotes and real life stories you see in newspapers and books which can be used in essay should be noted down. In most of my essays, I used to start with a relevant story or an anecdote that has the essay topic as its underlying theme. Apart from these, I also used a couple of quotes of eminent persons.

List of quotes, anecdotes I collected are available in the link at the end of this article.

Language in essay must be simple and clear with as little jargon as possible. If you want to use complex definitional terms such as, say, ‘Constitutionalism’ or ‘Sanskritisation’ please define it in sentence just before you use it. Examiner will also understand clearly what you want to convey. Clear writing is clear thinking. And that is what any reader looks for.

Keep your sentences short and powerful. Long, winding sentences makes it difficult to read and understand. If you tack on one clause after another through conjunctions, what you get is a bad sentence sprawl.

Example of a bad sentence sprawl:

At the end of World War 2, on the one hand, while capitalism was successfully championed by the nations in North America and Europe, on the other hand, it was USSR that put Communism at the forefront due to which there was an ideological clash between the the two superpowers which had led to proxy wars in various parts of the globe, a nuclear arms race and a rapid deterioration of the security of the world.

(By the time readers finish reading it, they will lose their breath and the point of the sentence)

So I had a simple rule: If you run out of your breath while reading a sentence, then probably you will have to break it into two.

Rewriting the aforementioned example after breaking it into two (which makes it much easier to read and comprehend):

After World War 2, while the North American and European nations championed capitalism, USSR put communism at the forefront. This ideological clash between the superpowers led to several proxy wars, a nuclear arms race and a rapid deterioration of world security.

There is no need to memorise complex words for writing a good essay. But an occasional use of a powerful word, or a good phrase definitely gives your write-up an edge.

Also, I believe that learning numerous words by rote will not make them stick in your brain for long. The best way to build your vocabulary is by reading non-fiction and English newspapers. While reading these, if you come across a good turn of phrase, or a word that you don’t recognise, please note it down in a book, find its meaning and understand the context in which the word was used. This helps in long term memory. Having a dictionary app on your phone also helps.

Building vocabulary is a slow process, but with consistency, anyone can become better at using an expansive set of words.

Subheadings & Rough Drafts

We can be a little innovative in our subheadings. Instead of bland subheadings such as ‘ Benefits of Nuclear Energy’ we can use “ Nuclear Energy: Promise or Peril?’ Similarly, for the essay on Social Media, instead of writing ‘ Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media ’, I wrote “Social Media: A Double Edged Sword”

You can find my collection of a few such subheadings in the link to my notes, given at the end of the article.

I also prepared a rough draft for a few essay topics (link given at the end). You may need to modify the structure as per the demand of the question.

What you must avoid in Essay

Do not focus excessively only on one point, or one dimension (such as the historical or political aspect) Your essay needs to be expansive and multi-dimensional.
During preparation, we read a lot and it’s understandable that we feel strongly about certain topics. And since essay offers freedom to write, it’s very easy to get carried away with such a topic. But make sure that you write what is asked, not what you know or feel like. No mann ki baat . Always stick to the subject of the topic. It helps to read the question in the midst of your essay to ensure that you are not steering away from the topic.
If you are not comfortable writing about abstract philosophical topics (I am terrible at writing them), avoid such questions. Your choice of topic has no bearing on the marks and that is why, selecting an unpopular topic just for the sake of it is unwise. Also, if there’s a technical term in the question, be doubly sure that you understand it correctly. For instance, in 2014, there was a question on ‘standard tests’, which is a technical term. I misunderstood it and wrote a generic essay. I got 112.
When you take a final stand on an issue, it’s best to avoid extreme or highly unpopular opinions. We are free to have any opinion in the privacy of our minds, but in UPSC essay why take that risk? For instance, in an essay on Capital Punishment, in the main body content, you should present a case for both abolition and retention. But when you take a stance, it’s best to be an abolitionist.
No ranting. You might be a great fan of Karl Marx, but if there’s a question on Capitalism, do not rant or rail against it ? You must present both the positives and negatives of Capitalism and end the essay on a balanced note.
Do not dedicate disproportionate amount of time for the first essay and scamper through the second. Both carry equal marks, so please invest equal time.

How to transition smoothly from one para to the next

This can be done in three ways.

Through a link sentence at the end of a para:

Here, at the end of a para, you write a sentence that signals to the examiner what’s coming next. For example, let’s say you have just written a para about the threat posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) to jobs. At the end of that para you can write a link sentence— “Further, we must be mindful of the fact that Artificial Intelligence poses a major challenge not just economically, but also ethically.” And in the next para, you can write about the ethical issues concerning AI.

Through a question:

Instead of a link sentence, you can also add a question at the end of a para so that examiner’s attention is helplessly carried to the next. To take the similar example as above, the question can be something like— “Thus we have examined the threat posed by AI to our economy, but what about the challenges brought by AI to our ethics and morals?” And in the next para, you can write about the ethical issues concerning AI.

Signalling the shift at the start of next paragraph:

Here you can simply add a word or two at the beginning of a para that signals a shift in your subtopic. For example in an essay on Globalisation , let’s say you have just written a para about its historical evolution and impact. You can start the next para with something like— “Politically too, globalisation has had a tremendous impact……” This way examiner immediately knows what to expect.

These steps will ensure that the transition between paragraphs is not abrupt.

How to write a good Introduction to your Essay?

Essay introduction can be:

a fictitious incident or story (where you introduce a character); a real life anecdote; a quote; or a simple definition of the words in the question (not recommended in Essay)

In GS, definitional approach is a great way to introduce your answers. But in essay, they are rather stale, lacking in any human element. I always believe that a good way to start your essay is to have that touch of humanity and warmth in your introduction.

In my Mains exam, this was my introduction to the essay ‘Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classroom’

“The year was 1945. Towards the end of a gruesome world war, the world powers decided to carve up the Korean peninsula along the 38th parallel.

“Before partition, North and South Korea might have been homogeneous in every respect, but after the division, they steered onto different paths. While schools in the North chose to ‘educate’ their children in the worship of a cult leader, ideological indoctrination and servility, its southern counterpart focused on liberal education, innovation and economic growth.

“Today, almost seven decades later, the difference in the fates of these people and the trajectories of both these nations cannot be more stark. One is known for gross violation of human rights, while the other a champion of liberal democracy. One is known for gut-wrenching poverty, while the other unbridled prosperity.

“This only proves the age old adage that the destiny of a nation is indeed shaped in its classrooms.”

Similarly, for the Social Media essay, my introduction sought to bring to the fore the paradox of Social Media. I wrote on how social media was leveraged to crowdsource help and rescue during Chennai floods in 2015. At the same time, I mentioned how it was used nefariously in 2012 to cause mass exodus of northeast people from Bangalore. And taking cue from this introduction, in the main body, I discussed about the inherent selfishness and altruism associated with social media.

These real life stories, anecdotes and incidents are everywhere in our books and newspapers. So when you come across them, note down and ponder as to how you can use them in your essay.

Developing the Main Content from the Topic

This is like spinning the web from a thread. Depending on the topic, you can choose among the following options that fits best.

Temporal: Past, present and future
Sectoral: Media, Science & Tech, Business, Sports, Religion, Politics, Administration etc
Walks of Life : Individual, Family, Professional workplace, Society, Community, National, Global
Problem & Solution: Concept (historical evolution+status), benefits, problems, solutions
Standard : Social, Political, Economical, Administrative, International, Environmental, Historical, Scientific, Security/Defence, Legal

Example: for a topic like “Has Globalisation delivered on its promise?” I find the problem & solution method an apt way to develop your narrative. So choose as per the question.

In the main body of the essay, each para must have an argument or an idea and a reasoning to back that argument. You can substantiate it through a real life example, a statistic, an authentic committee or organisational report etc.

For example, if you are arguing that Capital punishment is an expensive form of justice, you should be able to given an example or a statistic or Law Commission’s opinion as to how the subjects of death penalty are overwhelmingly from poor communities.

Statistics, examples, expert opinions and constitutional provisions are crucial and they make your arguments authoritative.

Concluding an Essay

Conclusion needs to be on a futuristic, optimistic note. You need to summarise the complete essay in 3-4 sentences, after which you can write your vision for future.

You can source some useful terms from the speeches of PM Modi. Phrases like Sabka saath sabka vikas , Reform-Perform-Transform, Building A New India etc can come handy. Rhetoric, lofty expressions, constitutional ideals, sanskrit slokas and quotes are a good way to conclude your essay.

But suppose in your introduction, if you had written about a fictitious character, then it’s always advisable to end your write-up with a reference to that character. It gives a sense of completeness to the essay.

Readers should keep in mind that these notes are written rather haphazardly (I mean who makes notes thinking that in future, they might have to upload them publicly :D)

They are fragmented in certain pages, so you may not be able to comprehend them completely, but nevertheless I hope you take home something useful.

Link to handwritten notes:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jmVMGOzAk2d9B5Y0HQ9XpVF5Mh2IXGku

Quote collection:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jk71jLao60hHwJoTuGYaIDgJWccxa5Xn

List of Topics one needs to prepare:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1q0W0PeH-80EKt6ucJTFOVPUlmXvCIzd-

Sample Essays:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jqfUi1FXdG0icBdJpdQvwH1wlAizCMvo

Read More at: https://anudeepdurishetty.in/

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7 Easy Steps Essay Writing UPSC Mains Exam

7 Easy Steps on Essay Writing for UPSC Mains Exam

The UPSC Mains Exam has a total of 9 papers which includes an essay paper as well. The Essay Paper in the IAS Mains Exam consists of two sections A and B with four topics each of 125 marks and a total of 250 (125×2) marks. Candidates have to select a topic from each section and write about it in 1,000 to 2,000 words within the given time of three hours. The Essay paper is considered as crucial in determining the final result of selection and ranking of a candidate. The Essay Paper is considered as crucial as it is a compulsory paper and its marks are incorporated in computing the total and moreover what makes it crucial is that there is no in-depth study in an essay unlike optional subjects where any aspirant can claim expertise. Let us take a look at the conventional way of writing an essay that includes introduction, body and conclusion. Though this is fundamental but the concept of an essay when it comes in terms of UPSC Paper it is quite tricky. An essay should be of topical text that is easy to understand or follow and comprehensive, succinct, composite and definite, as well as informative and logical. So, here are a few tips on how to structure an Essay Paper in the UPSC Mains Exam. For the effective composition of an essay one should generally follow the below points that are ideally suggested by the senior UPSC Aspirants and toppers: What to write in the Essay?

Read the topic carefully
Think and recollect the points to be included in the topic for 30 minutes

What not to write in the Essay?

Provoking Essay
Do not get personal
Deviating from the subject

Tips to enhance your Essay writing

Recommended Reading
Reading Books as Hobby

Before choosing the topic, read all the topics more than once and choose the topic wisely from the given choices so that you will find enough points to write about the topic. Once you choose a topic and start to write you may find difficult and tend to change the topic in between which would be foolishness and it will be too late to change the topic as you would have already utilized much time. Read the topic twice and think about the topic for 30 minutes.

Once you have chosen the topic to write don’t start to write immediately instead ‘think about the topic for 30 minutes’. Because when one starts writing without thinking about the topic they may miss out on many important points and in between or at the end they may remember more significant points which would be too late as there would be no enough pace left in the answer sheet or time to write more. Hence, it is recommended to utilize the first 30 minutes to think about the topic before starting to write as you have three hours to write the essay.

Think about the topic for 30 minutes
Write down the random points that come to your mind at the end of the sheet
Arrange the points that you have jotted down in sequence

Some important tips to make your Essay worthy

Once you have recalled, collected and noted the points then the next step is to structure it as given below:

Introduction
Background/past example
Main concept/theory
Correlate with current event
Advantages and disadvantages
Suggested Changes

Step-4: Don't be provocative in your writing

It is advised while writing an essay on a topic that may be provocative not to get personal and criticize a person or government in your writing. Some topics would be provocative where you may tend to lose control of your writing and write something in an offensive way, which is not appreciable and recommended as well. If you are writing about the disadvantages it is suggested to come up with a few reforms that may change the disadvantages into advantages.

Always memorize the quotes correctly and the name of the person who has quoted them. If you are not sure about the quote then it is advised to leave it instead of writing it incorrectly.

For effective essay writing one should clearly be sure of the purpose of writing the essay and should remember the “Five Wives and One Husband” concept i.e., – Who?, Why?, What?, When?, Where?, and How?, that is taught in the school on the first day of Essay Writing. Following this concept will make you stick around the topic and not paddle away from the topic.

Essay writing also needs continuous reading; hence it is suggested to candidates read diverse topics and books some of the recommended are:

Editorial section of The Hindu Newspaper
Magazines like Frontline, Kurukshetra, Yojana
Watch discussions and debates on television
Work on previous question papers essay topic

Finally, when it comes to Essay as one of the papers in the UPSC Exam , it is all about understanding and assessing the personality of a candidate through which his/her views, ideas, suggestions, values, attitude, aptitude, coordination, and communication (written) abilities and other attributes are analyzed that especially UPSC looks for in an aspirant. If you want to analyze or enhance your essay writing skills then participate now in our UPSC Essay Contest and win a cash prize as well as free registration for UPSC Civil Services Mains Test Series.

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This exam necessitates a lot of serious study and devotion. Every applicant who understands the UPSC’s trends and expectations and works diligently toward achieving a rank under suitable supervision has a chance to succeed.

This year’s Mains – 2021 questions in GS, Essay, and even Optional papers need in-depth examination of trending topics as well as certain key static topics that may or may not be in the news.

Analytical skills can only be enhanced by regularly thinking and writing. Regular writing, in particular, is essential for improving your analytical abilities. Writing answers after reading other people’s answers or reading a synopsis will get you nowhere.

You must adhere to the standards outlined in the preceding article. You can get knowledge but not wisdom by consulting a summary.

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How to write an Essay in IAS Exam

One of the biggest mistakes majority of IAS aspirants make during their mains exam preparation is not giving the required attention to their essay paper. You must know how to prepare for essay in UPSC Mains to score expected marks.

The essay paper is crucial. There are two compulsory essays to be written, both of which carry 125 marks each . If you are lagging behind in this section, it means you lose out on a big chunk of marks out of 250!

250 marks can literally make or break your chances at cracking your mains. Therefore, you must take your essay preparations seriously.

In this article, we will cover practical preparatory tips as well as an essay writing strategy that will help you score high in your paper.

The Right Way To Prepare For Your IAS Essay Paper

1. start with an example.

Surf the Internet for essays by toppers and experts. Read their write-ups and understand their approach on the topic. The more you read, the more knowledge you will gain as to what is expected by the UPSC.

2. Open the newspaper’s editorials

The Hindu has the best editorial page of any newspaper in the country. Make it a practice of spending much of your daily newspaper reading time on this section.

Mostly, essay questions are asked out of current affairs . Editorials are an apt gateway to the summation of the entire event, what went wrong, who’s who, and powerful insights into the topic on the whole.

3. Keep quotes handy

Every time you come across an impactful quote/phrase while reading your newspaper/magazine or even casually, make it a point to note it down. Phrases directly said by authorities on the issue at hand are more effective. Introduction with a good quote can make your essay quite interesting.

The opening and closing lines of the essay form the crux of it all. So, make sure you keep it interesting with quotes/phrases.

4. Practice essays on general topics

There are certain themes the UPSC sticks to. These include women, healthcare, development, internet, education, technology, etc.

During practice, you must try to include related data, quotes on the issue said by an authority figure, smart diagrams, case studies, initiatives of the government, etc.

5. Stick to reality and not theory

Agreed that essays are theoretical in nature, and some subjects are unfortunately way too theoretical for you to state realistic points. But a good essay is one, which highlights the topics in the sense of the present. You must avoid technical jargon as much as you could. Stick to current facts, data, and real-life examples.

It is good to give hypothetical examples, but nothing can beat the impact of a real situation that occurred.

For example,

In a topic like “Is gender Equality a myth or possible reality?”: –

Instead of repeatedly focusing on history of women in India, and theoretical paragraphs loaded with how bad a woman’s situation is, focus on data on disparity between male-female employment ratio, school enrollment rates, sex ratio, cases of female feticide, government policies for women’s development etc.

6. Include the crucial parameters

Irrespective of the topic, your essay is good only if it addresses the following parameters:

Environmental
International (if the topic demands)

Keep in mind to not get carried away by your passion for the topic. One-sided arguments and aggressive writing tone are detrimental to a good essay.

7. Mind the time

When you practice essay writing, keep an eye on the clock. Right from selecting the right topic, brainstorming the pointers in your head, framing the structure and penning it down, everything must be timed.

8. Seek out help from experts

You are definitely great at what you do, but nothing beats expert guidance! Take your written essays to be evaluated by an expert or someone you look up to as a mentor.

They will help identify and rectify your mistakes with effective feedback.

Let Us Quickly Understand The Best Strategy To Write A Great Essay:

1. It all starts with the right topic

Many candidates make the grave error of selecting an uncommon topic from the options, thinking that unconventionality will get them a higher score.

Do not make this mistake.

Irrespective of the topic, it’s the subject matter that gets the marks home. Select a topic you are confident about. Quickly brainstorm in your mind all the related quotes, data, facts, current issues, examples, government initiates, pros, cons, etc., you can draw on the topic.

If you feel you have enough information, pick that topic.

2. A strong structure is a must

It’s best to outline your essay around the PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE approach. Stick to the past least and more towards the present and future.

Your essay must necessarily have the following components:

Introduction
An interesting introduction can be a quote, a hypothetical relatable situation, or a real-life example. Avoid definitions as they’re too cliché. You introduction should clearly hint at what you will be covering in your essay.
In well-linked, clearly worded, simple sentences analyze your topic.
In case of debatable topics, discuss both sides.
For others, keep it straightforward. And less story-like
Present multiple arguments; examine both sides of an argument
Give related examples
Summarize your topic and present your concluding stand. Always end your essay on a visionary note.

I hope this answers all your questions on How to Prepare for Essay in UPSC.

About the Author

Greeta sulochana.

Greeta Sulochana is a content evangelist with a flair for compelling creative writing. She has penned down her thoughts in poetry and prose since the past five years, and has catered her skills to the Indian and international audiences. She started out as an advertising intern with Grey worldwide, and is now a full-fledged writer in passion and profession, who has worked for major national brands.

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UPSC Mains: Syllabus, Question Papers, Mock Tests, Art of Answer Writing

Mains GS Papers Topicwise from 2013-2023
Mrunal’s Model Answers for UPSC GSM-2020 Paper

Mains GS Paper1: History, Social Science, Geography

Mains gs paper2: polity, governance,international relation, mains gs paper3: economy, environment, sci-tech, internal security, mains gs paper4: ethics, integrity, attitude, mains gs and essay papers topicwise from 2013-2022.

[Download] UPSC Mains Essay Paper, Including Topicwise last 30 YEARS Essay Question Papers (1993-2023) with booklist, strategy!
[Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-1 (GSM1): History, Geography, Social Science
[Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-2 (GSM2): Polity, Welfare, Governance, International Relations (IR) since new Syllabus of 2013-2023
[Download] Topicwise UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-3 (GSM3): Economy, Agriculture, Disaster Management, EIA, Science, Internal Security since new Syllabus of (2013-2023)
[Download] UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-4 (GSM4) Topicwise Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude – All Papers (2013-2023)
Indian culture covers the salient features of Literature, Art Forms, and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Modern Indian history include the significant events, personalities, issues during the middle of the eighteenth century until the present
Various stages and important contributors and contributions from different parts of the country in ‘The Freedom Struggle’
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country
History of the world includes events, forms and effect on the society from 18th century like world wars, industrial revolution, colonization, redrawal of national boundaries, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc
Salient aspects of Diversity of India and Indian Society
Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and remedies
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism
Distribution of key natural resources across the world including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent; factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world including India
Effects of globalization on Indian society
Salient features of world’s physical geography
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes
[Download] ALL UPSC GSM1 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1: Urban poor women living conditions more deplorable than rural counterparts
[Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Democractic Elements in Religious Reforms (250 Words)
[Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Quit India Movement- Planned or Spontaneous? (250 Words)
[Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Gandhi’s Secular Image vs. Khilafat Support
[Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: British Imperialism Exigencies
[Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Hindu elements in Mughal Architecture
[Lecture] UPSC Mains Answer Writing with Self-Assessment-Benchmarks: Chola Bronze Sculptures
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q20: Geography / Urbanization- New Problems of IT-BPO Cities (250 words, 15 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q19: How religiosity transformed into communalism in Independent India? (250 words)
[Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains General Studies Paper-1 with FREE Question-cum-Answerbooklet (QCA)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q18: Women Issues & Debates in the 19th Century India (250 words, 15 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q17: Geography- Monsoon climate that feeds over 50% population of World
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q16: Geography- Converting floods into irrigation & inland navigation sources?
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q15: Implications of Market-based Petro Refineries on developing country?
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q14: Oceanic Salinity variations & its multi-dimensional effects (250 words, 15 marks) Physical Geography
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q13: New Objectives added to vision of Free India since 1920s
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q12: How traditional artisanal industry’s decline crippled rural economy of colonial India
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q11: Indian society’s spirit of tolerance & love in past & present times
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q10: Major legal initiatives by the State since Independence on discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q9: Whether regions form cultural units or States? (10 Marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q8: Geography: How does Cryosphere affect Global Climate?
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q7: Benefits of Pulse Cultivation, Why UN declared International Year of Pulses?
[Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q5: Physical Geography: NASA’s Juno Mission: Knowing Earth’s Origin from Jupiter’s Data?
[Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q4: World History- Decolonization problems in Malay Peninsula
[Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q3: Freedom Struggle: Why Moderates failed to convince masses by end of 19th Century?
[Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q2: Spectre of fragmented polity in mid-eighteenth century India (150 words, 10 Marks)
[Model Answer] GSM1-2017/Q1: Gupta coins & numismatic art was better than its successive dynasties. Justify (150 Words, 10 Marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM1-2017/Q6: Carbon Imperialism vs Economic Cost of Renewable Energy vs Social Cost of Thermal Powerplants: Model Answers in Hindi & English
[Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS1, Set#1: History & Culture, Society & Geography; with sources for Model Answerkey
[AW/GSM1] Art & Culture: Declining Male Classical Dancers & Sanskrit Literature in Modern India- with Model Answers
[AW/GSM1] History: Thugs of Hindustan, Criminal Tribes Act 1871, Rise of Totalitarianism in Europe- with Model Answers
[AW/GSM1] Society: Post-Truth & Rise of Intolerance in India vs (GSM2): Constitution: Liberty of Thought & Expression? With Model Answers
[AW/GSM1] Post-Independence: LTTE vs IPKF & Globalization vs FLPR with Model Answers
Lecture/Rao forGSM1: Narasimha Rao’s Diplomacy & Mains Answer writing Basics
Lecture/GSM1: Right wing Vigilantism in India vs Alt-Right in Trump’s USA: Compare Contrast
Lecture/GSM1&4: DeenDayal- Integral humanism (एकात्म मानवदर्शन), One India (एक भारत), Dharma Rajya
Lecture/GSM1: Leather Industry- Location Factors, Opportunities, Challenges, Cow Vigilantism
Lecture/GSM1- Urban Floods: Problem, Remedies, Chennai Floods & Disaster Mitigation
FREE Complete Lecture Series on World History by Pratik Nayak
Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries
Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions
Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these
Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies
Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity
Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act
Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections
Health, Education, Human Resources
Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders
Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to
Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures
Issues relating to poverty and hunger
Role of civil services in a democracy
Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
India and its neighborhood- relations
Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate
Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora
[Download] ALL UPSC GSM2 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Critically Examine the Need to abolish No-Detention Policy under Right to Education Act (150 words)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Explain the signifiance of ‘Affordable Housing’ in Human & Economic Development of India (150 words)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Why did Govt. propose Triple Talaq Bill / Ordinance? List Salient Features (150 words)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Diplomacy- Modi’s De-hyphenation Policy vs Nehru’s NAM Policy (250 words, 15 Marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Son Meta-Preference impact on India’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) at UNDP (250 words)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Ayushman Bharat-NHPM: Features, Fiscal & Administrative challenges (250 words, 15 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: 15th Finance Commission’s Terms of Reference (TOR)- Why are States apprehensive? (250 words)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Law Commission Report#276: Legalizing Sports-Betting in India. Discuss your Stand (250 words)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: National Register of Citizens (NRC) & Assam Accord: Features & Interconnections (250 words)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: Article 239AA & Lieutenant Governor’s Absolutism Post-SC Judgement
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: OBC Sub-categorization: Constitutional and Legal dimensions (150 words, 10 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM2: American Senate is more powerful than Indian Rajya Sabha. Analyse
[Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS2: Set#2- US Senate vs Rajya Sabha, Modi’s De-hyphenated Policy vs Nehru’s NAM
[Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS2: Set#1 with model Answerkey: SC guidelines on Section 498-A
[Economy/GSM2] Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) vs WTO: MFN-Forward, Standstill & Ratchet, India’s stand, with Model Answers in Hindi & English
[AW/GSM2] Art of Answer writing: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)- 3 Mock Questions & Model Answers in Hindi & English
[AW/GSM2] Art of Answer writing: Regulatory Bodies autonomy & independence: Model Answers in English & Hindi
Lecture/GS2: Natural Fiber Textiles vs SDG; Bulk Drugs & API Industry- Govt Policies
Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Referendum in India? Lessons from BREXIT, Columbia & Scotland
Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Refugee & Asylum Framework in India? Lessons from EU-Refugee Crisis
Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Parliamentary Secretary, Office of Profit: Constitutional origins?
Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Directly Elected Mayor system in ULBs, Private Member’s Bill- merits of
Lecture/GSM2: Polity- Regulatory Bodies: Algo-Trading vs SEBI, MCI vs NMC?
Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.
Government Budgeting.
Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers
Economics of animal-rearing.
Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions
Land reforms in India.
Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
Investment models.
Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of Indians in science & technology;
Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Disaster and disaster management.
Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention
Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
[Download] ALL UPSC GSM3 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q12: Disaster Vulnerability types & characterization in हिंदी & English (10m, 150 words)
Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q11: Hazard Zonation Mapping for Landslide Disaster Preparedness in हिंदी & English (15m, 250 words)
Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q10: Govt Reforms to make PDS food grain distribution system more effective (15m, 250 words) in हिंदी & English
Model Answers for UPSC Mains → GSM3-2019/Q9: Govt initiatives for Food Processing Sector in India (15m, 250 words) in हिंदी & English
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q8: Contributions of Sir M.Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q7:National Watershed Project in increasing agricultural production? (10m, 150 words)
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q6: Integrated Farming System for sustaining agricultural production? (10m, 150 words)
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q5: Biotechnology for Farmers Income Improvement? (15m, 250 words)
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q3: Is Indian Economy in Good shape?
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q3: Inclusive Growth strategy for Sustainability
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q2: Public Expenditure Management challenges Post-LPG Reforms
[Model Ans in हिंदी & English] UPSC GSM3-2019/Q1: Comment on Revenue implications of GST
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q12: How is Protectionism & Currency Manipulation affecting Indian Economy?
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q11: How principles of NITI Aayog different from Planning Commission? (15 marks) incl. HINDI ANSWER
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q10: Internal Security- Govt’s approach to Left Wing Extremism (LWE)? (10m)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q9: Why India distanced from China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)? (10 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q8: 100% Organic Farming State’s ecological and economical benefits? (10 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q7: Ramsar “Wise use” Concept for wetland conservation (150 words, 10 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q6: How to remove Toxic Solid Waste from Habitable Environment? (10 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q5: Discuss how Bose-Einstein Statistics revolutionized the field of Physics? (10 marks)
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q4: Food-Processing: How Supermarket supply chain management (SCM) eliminates intermediaries?
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q3: Agriculture Issues- How MSP protects farmers from Low-Income Trap?
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q2: Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) & Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget
[Model Answer] UPSC GSM3-2018/Q1: Energy Access initiatives for SDG: Ujjwala, Saubhagya, Gram-Jyoti, Urja Ganga, Uday (150 words)
[AW/GSM3] Internal Security: Preventing Lone Wolf & Hate Speech on Social Media: Mock Questions with Model Answer Writing
[GSM3/Disasters] Human Stampede Prevention, Role of Science Tech (GSM3) & Code for Media (GSM4) With Model Answer Writing
[AW/GSM3] Economy: Give Fiscal stimulus for 6-Quarter GDP dip & GST troubles of MSME/Small Traders? Critically Examine. Model Answer Included
[Economy] WTO Buenos Aires Summit #EPICFAIL: Model Answers for UPSC Mains GS2 & GS3
[AW/GSM3] Carbon Imperialism vs Economic Cost of Renewable Energy vs Social Cost of Thermal Powerplants: Model Answers in Hindi & English
[Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Credit & Inputs (Part 1/3) for Descriptive Exams gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
[Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Extension & Research, GM Crops (Part 2/3) for Descriptive Exams gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
[Summary] Economy#4A: Agriculture Output Selling (3/3): Price Deficiency Payment (PDP), MSP, APMC & Food Management gist of Survey Vol1&2, NITI 3YRs & SDG30
[AW/GSM3] Tomato Inflation, Organic Farming, Pulses Inflation: Mock Questions & Model Answer Writing for UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam
[AW/GSM3] Art of Answer writing: Minor Forest Produce (MFP) significance & challenges for Tribal economy: Model Answers in English & Hindi
[Economy] GSM3: New Metro Rail Policy 2017: Investment Models, PPP vs EPC, DFBOT, VGF with Model Answers in Hindi & English
Lecture/Rao forGSM3: Rao’s Economic Reforms, Impact of Liberalization & industrial Policy
Lecture/GSM3- SENDAI Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction & India’s updated NDM Plan 2016
Lecture/GSM3: Pollution- Kigali Amendment, India- a Rejectionist Power in SDG, Paris, ICAO?
Lecture/GSM3/Agri: Pulses inflation: Arvind Subramanian report, PPP procurement, higher MSP, DBT?
Lecture/GSM3/Agri: GM Mustard, DMH-11 Hybrid should we adopt in India? GEAC report? Cartagena Protocol?
Lecture/GSM3/Budgeting: Why Plan-Non plan merger? Is Revenue-Capital classification sufficient?
Lecture/GSM3/Budgeting: Why Budget advanced to 1st February? Merits, Rationale, Summary
Lecture/GSM3/Budgeting: Why change Financial Year of India instead of 1st April-31st March?
Lecture/GSM3/Economy: GST-Proposed Framework, Benefits, Challenges- Summary
Lecture/GSM3/Poverty: UBI- Universal Basic Income for Indian Poor: Benefits, Challenges- Summary

This paper includes questions to check the candidate’s’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his/her problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him/her while dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects and covers area:

Ethics and Human Interface- Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships
Human Values- lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values
Attitude- content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration- Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance
Probity in Governance- Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information; sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption
Case Studies on above issues.
[Download] ALL UPSC GSM4 Question Papers (Topicwise) from 2013-22 with Analysis & Future Strategy
[Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS4: Set#1 Ethics, Integrity, Aptitude incl. Case Studies on Blue Whale Game, Gender Equality, Artistic Freedom
[Full Length Mock] UPSC Mains GS4: Set#2- Ethics, Integrity, Aptitude with case study on recruitment, Ostracism, Friendship & More
[AW/GSM4] Art of Answer writing: Transparency of Rules Act (TORA) vs RTI vs Citizen Charter for Transparency, Accountability & Good Governance
Lecture/Rao forGS3&4: LPG Legacy= Growth NOT Redistributed? Crisis Mgmt using Kautilya?
FREE Complete Lecture Series on Ethics by UPSC Topper Kavan Limbasiya (IRS)
More Case Studies and Articles

Study Notes
Current Affairs
Getting Started

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UPSC : GUIDELINES ON ESSAY WRITING

Upsc : guidelines on essay writing .

An essay is a written exposition on a given subject which allows the writer to organize her/ his thoughts intellectually, and present them in a logical and coherent manner. Essay writing aids in critical reading and in developing written communication skill. It fosters a spirit of logical inquiry and an ability to identify significant aspects of any topic. It allows the writer to construct arguments supported by evidence.Essay is a critical examination of the issue which presents its various dimensions. All pertinent questions are raised and answered. The author is required to take a stand after examining all facts and facets and present it in a convincing and well thought out manner. The objective of an essay is to convey the author’s thoughts on the topic s/he sets out to examine. A well written essay can shed new light on the subject and add significantly to the existing body of knowledge.

Theme and Topic:

1. National Security: Threats to National Security in Coming Decade 2. National Integration and Communal Harmony : Science and Technology as a promoter of Communal harmony in the Society 3. Human Rights : Nationalism, Globalisation and Humanitarian Crisis-The paradox of our times 4. Science and Human Development : Nurturing Scientific Temper in India: Challenges and Prospects


			40
			20
			10
		Originality	10
		Adherence to word limit	10
		Overall impact of the Essay	10

Note: 100 marks will have a weightage of 10 marks in Director’s assessment. Style: Every individual has a style of expression and word usage. It becomes very clear to the reader when an essayist cobbles up random quotes from various sources since there is no consistency in style. Use of short and simple sentences is preferable. It is better to spread out complex/compound sentences. Flowery language and archaic use puts off readers and more often does not communicate the meaning at all. Word / phrase usage should be appropriate. Refer to get the correct meaning and the context of usage of words, whenever in doubt. Usually essays are written in third person singular. However, narrative in the first person can be adopted if you have a flair for it. Avoid use of words which convey vagueness or uncertainty. Avoid repetitive use of words. (Example –but, therefore, supposedly, as they say, not only but also, used to etc.) Lay out: Every essay has the following layout1. Introduction 2. Body /Discussion 3. Conclusion Plan the word limit for each of these sections. As you research the topic, it is useful to take notes with relevant references and later on arrange them in logical sequence.

Introduction generates interest in the topic. A statement, a quotation or an incident can be used to open an essay. The body contains review of available literature, raises pertinent issues or questions, presents them in the context, and sheds light on the views of the author and the thought process that leads her/him to those views. Every idea is presented in one or more separate paragraphs arranged in logical sequence. When there is a need to reiterate an idea already discussed, it can be mentioned in detail. While reinforcement of a line of thought may need reiteration, try and reduce redundancy. Pay attention to Grammar and spelling. The conclusion of an Essay is more than just a summary. It gives a comprehensive idea of what has been discussed and the settled thoughts of the author after due inquiry.

Referencing: Same guidelines to be followed as given for the Book review. Foot notes:

Foot notes can be given wherever relevant. Care should be taken that they are short and never longer than the main text on the page. Plagiarism: Plagiarism is strictly prohibited. The Essay has to be put through Turn it in Software before submission. More than 10% of commonality will attract penal action and the essay will be marked zero.The entire activity of Essay writing should result in knowledge and skill enhancement to the writer. A good essay gives a comprehensive idea of the topic and makes for an interesting reading. Suggested References: Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M Williams, (2008) The Craft of Research, University of Chicago Press: Chicago

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Prelims Preparation

The UPSC essay paper is one of the nine papers for the IAS main exam. With this, the scores obtained in the UPSC essay topics will also be considered in the merit list. Hence, it is important to cover all the aspects of the UPSC essay syllabus .

In this paper, candidates need to write two essays, each with a word limit of 1000-1200 words. Moreover, they are required to choose one IAS essay topic out of the four options in each section i.e. A and B.

The UPSC essay paper is conducted for 250 marks with one essay UPSC paper for 125 marks. Therefore, aspirants should use the best books and strategies to excel in this section.

In this article, we have compiled all the details of the UPSC IAS essay for the candidates aspiring for the upcoming civil services exam.

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UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Structure

As per the UPSC exam pattern , the essay paper is one of the nine subjects in the civil services main exam. In this paper, aspirants need to write essays on assigned UPSC essay topics .
Candidates should practice writing essays on multiple topics in order to learn how to arrange their ideas and execute the same in the proper order.
Furthermore, the UPSC essay paper will carry 250 marks with an exam duration of 3 hours.

UPSC Essay Previous Year Papers

The previous year’s UPSC essay paper is one of the finest resources to prepare well for this section. This will strengthen their vocabulary and writing skills and also provide them insights into the type of essay topics UPSC asked over the years.

Hence, we have compiled below the official UPSC essay previous paper PDF link for 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, and 2018 for the reference of the candidates.

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2022
2021
2020
2019
2018

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Best Strategy for UPSC Essay Writing

UPSC essays must be well-formatted and presented in a manner that the readers can easily understand without any obstacles. Above all, it must include the ideas about the issue mentioned in the question.

Candidates must note that the general essay papers also play an important role in compensating for the less scores in general studies and optional papers. Hence, it is advisable to focus on improving the vocabulary and writing skills from the first leg of the preparation.

Let’s look at the best strategy to score high marks in the UPSC essay topics in the main exam.

Go through the entire UPSC essay syllabus to cover all the aspects of the section.
Build a habit of reading newspaper editorials and journals every day. Going by the trend analysis, it is found that many essay questions were asked directly from current affairs in the past few years.
Next, note down relevant quotes from the books/magazines/journal and implement them whenever required in the essay writing.
Focus on IAS essay topics related to democracy, environment/urbanization, judiciary, social justice/poverty, philosophies, media & society, education, economic sector, etc as questions can be asked from these topics.
Pick the essay topic very carefully. Also, it is advised to take some time to think about the topic and collect ideas and thoughts.
One should make sure that the essay comprises sections like introduction, main body, theme, and conclusion.
Moreover, aspirants can also reach out to their mentors, experts, seniors, or teachers for feedback on their essay writing. This will allow them to recognize their mistakes and focus more on their weak points for effective preparation.

Read More: How to write an essay for UPSC here!

Best Books for UPSC Essay Writing

Along with the best UPSC essay strategy , aspirants should also choose the finest books that comprise multiple essay topics UPSC for the exam. Here, we have shared below the best books and resources to strengthen the preparation of the general essay section:

Monthly Current Affairs Magazines by OnlyIAS
Only IAS Yogana Magazine
Only IAS Praarambh Post-Independence India
Only IAS Kurukshetra Magazine
Only IAS Praarmabh Indian Society
The Hindu (editorial articles)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. How to score 150 in UPSC essay?

Ans. One can score 150 marks on the UPSC essay paper by managing time effectively throughout the exam and avoiding any kind of deviation from the topic.

Q2. What are the topics for UPSC essay?

Ans. Some of the important IAS essay topics include democracy, environment/urbanization, judiciary, social justice/poverty, philosophies, media & society, education, economic sector, etc

Q3. What is essay paper 1 in UPSC?

Ans. The UPSC essay paper 1 is one of the nine papers for the IAS main exam. In this paper, candidates need to write two essays, each with a word limit of 1000-1200 words. The maximum mark is 250 with a duration of 3 hours.

Q4. Is UPSC essay tough?

Ans. Yes, the UPSC essay paper is moderately tough as per the past year’s exam analysis. However, it also depends on the aspirant knowledge of the topic.

Q5. How many pages is 1,000 words in UPSC?

Ans. 2 pages single-spaced or 4 pages double-spaced is about 1000 words in UPSC.

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Day 57: Full Length Test GS I

Question 1. What is UNESCO Creative Cities Network? In what ways does the recognition of Indian cities under the UNESCO creative cities program benefit them? (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 2. Discuss the indelible contribution of Rabindra Nath Tagore in modern Indian history. Also compare his ideology with Mahatma Gandhi. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 3. Discuss the anti-partition movement of 1905. Illustrate how this movement changed the course of national activities? (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 4. Despite India being a secular nation, communalism plays a major role. Analyse the factors contributing to the growth of communism in India. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 5. Social empowerment in India needs to focus on reinforcing the dignity of different sections of society. Comment. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 6. Empowerment of women is the panacea for population control. Comment. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 7. What do you understand by learning poverty? Suggest ways, how can India achieve SDG4? (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 8. Differentiate between tropical and temperate cyclones. Discuss India’s vulnerability with respect to cyclones. (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 9. Gaganyaan is India's first manned space mission. How will this mission strengthen India’s voice at the international forum for space regulation? Will India's space tourism take a new turn as a result of this? (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 10. Describe the major factors of soil formation and types of soils. What steps can be taken to mitigate soil degradation in India? (150 words, 10 Marks)

Question 11. The Magadha empire was one of the most powerful and unique kingdoms in ancient times. Discuss. (250 words, 15 Marks)

Question 12. After 1857, the British used the rebellion as a new opportunity to curtail Indian aspirations and exploit India in order to benefit their selfish interests. Illustrate. (250 words, 15 Marks)

Question 13. Education policy of India is deeply rooted in its colonial past. Discuss how the British shaped India’s education policies as per their interest. (250 words, 15 Marks)

Question 14. Post World War II, there was a trend of decolonisation. Discuss the factors and objective behind decolonisation. Do you agree that the world has achieved decolonisation in a real sense? (250 words, 15 marks)

Question 15. Highlighting the causes and associated issues with internal migration in India, discuss the need for a national policy on internal migration. (250 words, 15 marks)

Question 16. The caste system, in Indian society, has changed in its form and representation in recent times. Do you agree? (250 words, 15 marks)

Question 17. It is not only the destruction of law and order that is perpetrated by mob violence but also the malignation of society's history and civics. Comment. (250 words, 15 marks)

Question 18. How would you describe Operational Oceanography? Describe how it would benefit a country such as India. (250 words, 15 marks)

Question 19. Analyse the various theories tried to explain the distribution of ocean and the continents? (250 words, 15 marks)

Question 20. How far do you agree that cultivation of agroclimatic specific crops and formalisation of local food processing industries/units mitigate twin challenges of unremunerative farming and problem of food wastage? (250 words, 15 marks)

Click Here To Download PDF

Solution 1:

Start by introducing the concept of UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN).
Explain the benefit of UCCN to individual nominated cities as well as other cities by taking an example.
Conclude suitably.

The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development. The 246 cities which currently make up this network work together towards a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively at the international level.

The United Nations General Assembly has designated the 31st of October as World Cities Day.

Recognition of Indian cities under the UNESCO creative cities program:

The network covers seven creative fields: crafts and folk arts, media arts, film, design, gastronomy, literature and music.
Srinagar - Crafts and Folk Arts (2021)
Mumbai – Film (2019).
Hyderabad – Gastronomy (2019).
Chennai – Creative city of Music (2017).
Jaipur – Crafts and Folk Arts (2015).
Varanasi – Creative city of Music (2015).
strengthen the creation, production, distribution and dissemination of cultural activities, goods and services;
develop hubs of creativity and innovation and broaden opportunities for creators and professionals in the cultural sector;
improve access to and participation in cultural life, in particular for marginalized or vulnerable groups and individuals;
fully integrate culture and creativity into sustainable development plans.
The Creative Cities Network is a privileged partner of UNESCO, not only as a platform for reflection on the role of creativity as a lever for sustainable development but also as a breeding ground of action and innovation, notably for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Areas of action

sharing experiences, knowledge and best practices;
pilot projects, partnerships and initiatives associating the public and private sectors, and civil society;
professional and artistic exchange programmes and networks;
studies, research and evaluations on the experience of the Creative Cities;
policies and measures for sustainable urban development;
communication and awareness raising activities.

Apart from the benefits to the common world, there are several benefits to the Indian Cities like:

Aligning the SDGs in cities with the uniqueness of the city and motivating other cities as well.
Boost the cultural economy, tourism and innovation for greater monetisation of the physical, aesthetic and ecological environment.
Influence policy makers to have especial protection to the intangible heritage of the city and bring its recognition at the global stage.
Bring more liberal social structure in the cities and grow as a progressive society.

The UCCN is the unique method to internalise SDGs in the peoples’ socio-cultural and economic life and bring paradiplomacy at the cities level and also provide recognition to the skilled workers of the cities that has preserved valuable intangible culture in the society and the world.

Solution 2:

Introduce the answer by writing about Rabindranath Tagore.
List out the contribution of Rabindranath Tagore in numerous fields.
Mention the ideological differences between Tagore and Gandhiji.

Rabindranath Tagore, a multi-talented personality, was a Bengali poet, novelist, a painter, and also credited with composing the National Anthem of India and Bangladesh.

He had indelible contribution in modern Indian History like:

He was also referred to as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’.
He is regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India and hailed by W.B Yeats, Rabindranath Tagore was highly influential in introducing Indian culture to the west.
He was an exceptional literary figure and a renowned polymath who singlehandedly reshaped the region's literature and music.

Rabindranath’s contribution to Art and Culture:

Rabindra Sangeet: It recreates the music produced by the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore. The music is a mixture of classical elements and Bengali folk strains. To keep one's country above one's own needs, Bengalis sing these songs.
One of the most famous painters of this school was Rabindranath Tagore. Some art historians argue that his paintings can be linked to his writings. Many of his students went on to become famous painters of the Bengal school.
Manipuri dance: Rabindranath Tagore brought back this dance form into limelight when he introduced it in Santiniketan.
School aimed to combine education with a sense of obligation towards the larger civic community.

Literary contribution of Rabindranath Tagore:

He is responsible for modernising Bengali prose and poetry. His notable works include Gitanjali, Ghare-Baire, Gora, Manasi, Balaka, Sonar Tori, He is also remembered for his song ‘Ekla Chalo Re’.
He gave the national anthems for two countries, India and Bangladesh.
Besides all his literary achievements he was also a philosopher and educationist who in 1921 established the Vishwa-Bharati University, a university that challenged conventional education.
In 1913 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work on Gitanjali.
In 1915 he was awarded knighthood by the British King George V.

His ideological contribution:

He was a good friend of Mahatma Gandhi and is said to have given him the title of Mahatma, he has also given the title of 'Desh Nayak' to Subhash Chandra Bose in recognition of his service to the nation and its people.
He had always stressed that unity in diversity is the only possible way for India’s national integration.
Tagore, on the other hand, promoted spiritual values and the creation of a new world culture founded in multiculturalism, diversity, and tolerance.

Contribution in Independence movement: Tagore participated in the Indian nationalist movement from time to time in his own non-sentimental and visionary way.

Opposed Partition of Bengal: Rabindranath Tagore strongly protested against the partition of Bengal in 1905. Tagore wrote many national songs and attended protest meetings against the decision to partition Bengal.
In 1919, following the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, he renounced his Knighthood.

Ideological compare between him and Mahatma Gandhi:

Both of them had a lot of common thoughts and provocations but there were also some basic differences between the two.

Similarities:

Both prophesied humanism and the love of nature based on non-violence and tolerance to each other.
Both were in favour of self-sustenance to alleviate the problems of poor India.
Gandhiji believed that the god is in 'Truth' but Tagore found his godhead in 'Love'. but their paths were different. Gandhi tried to achieve the 'Truth' through the path of Non-violence but Tagore tried to achieve his God/love through co-operation, mutual respect and tolerance.

Disagreements

Tagore's disagreement with Gandhiji was mainly on three issues:

Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement received harsh criticism from Tagore. Because he thought that the public shouldn't be given the option to refuse participation without any kind of self-control. According to him, the concept of NCM has a negative essence and cannot refrain from violence because violence is a natural byproduct of non-cooperation (proved true in the Chauri Chaura Incident).
The burning of foreign clothing for the Swadeshi Movement was the issue with which Tagore disagreed. Gandhi, meanwhile, was of the opinion that someone burned their "shame" when they burned foreign clothing.
On Charkha, Tagore predicted that it would drag India back to the mediaeval Ages.
He claimed that Charkha ingrained a disrespect for science in people's minds and that Gandhiji ignored the power of science to end extreme poverty and misery through the use of this concept.
In order to thrive and lift the nation out of poverty, he advised India to advance and embrace an innovative and inquisitive attitude.

Despite all the differences both were living saints and idealists and had tremendous mutual respect for each other.

Solution 3:

Introduce the anti-partition movement of 1905.
Discuss the effect of the anti-partition movement of 1905, Swadeshi and Boycott movement on future national activities.
The official reason given for the decision was that Bengal had grown too large to be administered. To some extent, this was correct, but the real reason for the partition plan was the British desire to weaken Bengal, the nerve center of Indian nationalism.
Petitions were sent to the government
Public meetings were held, and
Ideas were disseminated through newspapers such as Hitabadi, Sanjibani, and Bengalee.

Ignoring a loud public opinion against the partition proposal, the government announced the partition of Bengal in July 1905.

Failure of anti-partition movement/campaign led to emergence of the widespread movement like Swadeshi and Boycott movement and influenced the national activities at the greater scale.

Swadeshi and Boycott movement: On August 7, 1905, with the passage of the Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting held in the Calcutta Townhall, the formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was made. Activities were under this:

The leaders propagated the message of boycott of Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt.
People fasted, bathed in the Ganga, and marched in processions barefoot while singing Vande Mataram.
'Amar Sonar Bangla,' (national anthem of modern-day Bangladesh) which was sung by huge crowds marching in the streets.
Rakhis were tied to each other's hands as a symbol of Bengal's two halves' unity.

Soon after, the movement spread to other parts of the country, with Tilak (Pune and Bombay), Lala Lajpat Rai, and Ajit Singh (Punjab), Syed Haider Raza (Delhi), and Chidambaram Pillai (Madras).

The anti-partition movement started as the campaign but became a trio of 3 movements named as anti-partition movement, Swadeshi and Boycott movement. The trio of these movements changed the national activities like:

Dadabhai Naoroji declared self-government or swaraj at the Calcutta session (1906) to be the goal of the Congress.
“Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation,” declared Aurobindo. Thus, the Extremists gave the idea of India’s independence the central place in India’s politics.
Boycott of Foreign Goods: Boycott included boycott and public burning of foreign cloth, boycott of foreign-made salt or sugar.
Public Meetings and Processions: Public meetings and processions emerged as major methods of mass mobilisation.
Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’: As a powerful means of mass mobilisation and to generate political consciousness among the masses through magic lantern lectures.
Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas: To reach out to the masses and spread political messages. Eg. Tilak’s Ganapati and Shivaji festivals became a medium of Swadeshi propaganda.
Emphasis Given to Self-Reliance: Self-reliance or ‘atma shakti’ was encouraged.
Programme of Swadeshi or National Education: The movement to boycott British educational institutions. The National Council of Education was set up to organise a system of education—literary, scientific, and technical—on national lines and under national control.
Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises: The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc.
Impact in the Cultural Sphere: Tagore’s Amar Sonar Bangla written on this occasion.
Gandhian techniques practised during the Swadeshi movement such as passive resistance, non-violent non-cooperation, the call to fill the British jails, social reform, constructive work, boycott of foreign-made salt or sugar etc.

Other changes brought by the movement:

The Swadeshi and boycott movements encouraged mass participation (all sections of the society) in modern nationalist politics by a large section of society.
For the first time, women came out of their homes and joined processions and picketing of foreign-made goods shops.
The ideas of non-cooperation and passive resistance, successfully applied many years later by Mahatma Gandhi, found their origin in early 20th century Swadeshi and boycott movements.

From above mentioned characteristic of the movement, it seems a turning point in modern Indian history because-

It proved to be a ‘leap forward’ in more ways than one. Hitherto untouched sections—students, women, workers, some sections of urban and rural population—participated.
All the major trends of the national movement, from conservative moderation to political extremism, from revolutionary activities to incipient socialism, from petitions and prayers to passive resistance and non-cooperation emerged during the Swadeshi Movement.
The richness of national movement was not confined to the political sphere, but encompassed art, literature, science, and industry also.
People were aroused from slumber and now they learned to take bold political positions and participate in new forms of political work.
The swadeshi campaign undermined the hegemony of colonial ideas and institutions.
The future struggle was to draw heavily from the experience gained

All these outcomes of the movement guided the national movement under the numerous ideologies, personalities and techniques in varying strength.

Solution 4:

Introduce the answer with secularism and communalism.
Bring the number of factors that are responsible for the rise of communalism in India.
Mention the possible consequences of communism in India.
Suggest way forward to mitigate the menace of communalism.
Secularism being a constitutional ideology in India inscribed in the constitution of India. Indian secularism emphasises the Gandhian spirit of Sarva Dharma Sambhava.
Ideology of Commmunalism divides the Indian society based on religious belief and emphasises interest of every religion are diverging and even hostile to each other.
Despite of the constitutionally secular India, communalism grown in India because of several reason:

Factor behind the growth of communalism in India:

Communalism in pre-1947 India: It was Driven by the selfish interest of the politically motivated people for the creation of Pakistan.
In the 1960s, it had emerged as a separatist movement in the form of secession demand in the State of Punjab, driven by the Pakistan motivated Khalistani groups. Same situation was repeated in the Jammu and Kashmir during 1980s in form of separatist movement backed by the Pakistan on the name of particular religious identity.
Inevitable exhaustion of political idealism (like secularism) generated by the national movement which inspired the people, particularly youth, and gave impetus to the secular ideas.
Growing laxity of the state apparatuses, especially the police, in their treatment of communal violence. Ex. Delhi Police were accused of apathy in 2020 Delhi riots.
Justification of the minority communalism as understandable, democratic and labled them as less dangerous than majority communalism.
Decision taken by political parties for vote bank politics in favour of religious orthodoxy by going against the decision of another pillar of Govt. like reversion of SC judgement in Shah Bano case even by means of constitutional amendment.
Communalisation of people by communal ideology and communal violence.
Economic hardship, unemployment, social anxiety, inadequate opportunities for the youth also prevailed, a very fertile ground to direct youth against the interest of the whole society.
Contemporary factors like hate speech (Haridwar Dharma Sansad-hate speech 2021), paid news and Fake news increased the communalisation of people. Eg. 2020 Riots of Delhi.
Communalism and communal violence also evoked and strengthen by the anti-social elements by acts like eve teasing (2013, Muzaffarnagar riot), sexual assault, rape, etc.

The communal ideology and communalism can be presented and expressed in various ways. But it has very adverse consequences for the society:

Consequences of the communalism:

It creates an atmosphere of unrest both in society (communal violence and riots) and the human mind (poisoning rational and just thought processes).
The communal violence and ideology destroying lives and property and prevails unproductive atmosphere.
Communalism also brought obstacles for adopting liberal and productive ideas in the society.
Sense of insecurity and violence may prevail migration of people to escape the adverse situations like Kashmiri Pandit migrated from valley and Communal migration from Kairana (a town in U.P.).
At ideological level it prevails Xenophobia.
In small towns and metros communal ideology brings ghettoization of the people of similar belief.

Although communalism emerged with the emergence of society, its intensification must be prevented.

Steps must be taken to curtail the communal ideology in Indian Society:

Need to practise political idealism by the political parties as per constitutional spirit for the welfare of the society and public and refrain from bringing the religious and communal spirit in the political domain.
The law and order must be very agile to tackle the issues like eve teasing, harassment of girls, and communal news to curtail the situation on the spot and prevent a major loss like Muzaffar Nagar.
Police personnel must be part of social media groups, pages related to their society to be vigilant of what is going-on in the society. Police dept must have ventured on the model of Kerala Police’s CyberDome to curtail such issues.
Need to provide more teeth to the National Foundation for Communal Harmony established under MHA for composite and order society.
Social media giants must be accountable for communal, Fake and Paid news which have potential to ignite greater damage in society.
The institutions like the Election Commission must have more teeth to tackle the emerging communal issues in the elections.

Communism cannot be replaced from society but we must be watchful to keep it under control. We must adhere to the spirit of vivekananda i.e. The Christian is not to become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow according to his own law of growth.

Solution 5:

Describe social empowerment and its importance for the deprived sections of the society.
Mention the means of reinforcing the dignity of different sections of society.

Social empowerment is the process of developing a sense of autonomy and self-confidence and acting individually and collectively to change social relationships and the institutions that exclude socially disadvantaged sections and keep them in poverty.

The social empowerment of different sections of population removes the age-old discrimination and suffering received by the weaker section and enables creation of a just, egalitarian and democratic society. This reinforces the principles and values of the constitution enshrined in preamble, fundamental rights and various other schedules.

The empowerment also contributes to the overall strength of a nation through economic contribution of all the sections, removing differences and friction among different communities and bringing harmony which works in tandem to social security and economic strength.

The socially disadvantaged groups in India include the SCs, STs, OBC, minorities and women.

Broader goals for ensuring dignity to socially disadvantaged

Providing an enabling environment: Social empowerment of these sections include creating an enabling environment that is conducive for these groups to exercise their rights freely, enjoy their privileges and be able to lead a life with confidence and dignity. For instance, institutions, public spaces and private relationships are free of biases and discriminations
Removal of disparities: Ensuring removal of disparities, eliminating exploitation and suppression and providing protection to the disadvantaged groups through laws, institutional set-ups, positive discrimination to create a level playing field for all communities.
Inclusive growth: Ensuring that developmental benefits reach the socially disadvantaged through equitable distribution of resources at all levels.
Participatory development process: Ensuring the involvement of the socially disadvantaged groups in the process of planning not merely as beneficiaries but also as participants in the formulation of need-based projects, as well as their implementation.

Agents of Social Empowerment

Education: Education is the basic requirement and the most effective instrument of social empowerment. Right to Education Act 2009, declared education as a fundamental right for children of 6-14 years of age.
Economic empowerment: Economic empowerment of the weaker sections of SCs, OBCs and minorities is being carried out through promotion of employment and income generating activities e.g. Skill India, Stand Up India for SCs/STs and women.
Social Justice: The Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, 1955, and the SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (PoA Act) are two important legislations to address the problems of social discrimination, prevalence of social evils like untouchability and the increasing cases of exploitation and atrocities against disadvantaged groups
Political Empowerment: 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments provide reservations for SCs/STs/OBCs/women paving way of their political empowerment by providing reservations in institutions of local governance of both rural and urban areas.
Gender budgeting: Gender Budgeting is a powerful tool for achieving gender mainstreaming so as to ensure that the benefits of development reach women as much as men. It ensures focused spending on health, nutrition, and education needs of women.
Tribal sub-plan: The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) is a strategy for the rapid Socio-economic development of tribal people. It forms a part of the annual Plan of a State/UT.
Minorities social empowerment: Minorities are empowered through schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK) which is designed to address the development deficits of the identified Minority Concentration Areas, Nai roshni for women by providing knowledge, tools and techniques for interacting with Government systems, banks etc.
Socially disadvantaged groups often lack the skills and confidence to engage in community decision-making due to traditional social barriers.
Therefore, it is important to specifically target marginalised groups in order to ensure that they can be socially empowered, ensuring inclusive and sustainable development.

Solution 6:

Introduce the answer with concept of empowerment.
Illustrate how women empowerment would help in population control.

Empowerment should be viewed as a process in which all voices are encouraged to be heard for the ultimate goal of securing mutually beneficial solutions. Women empowerment is not only a solution to check population growth but is also important for overall progress of the society.

It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one’s life and claiming one’s rights.
India is set to become the most populous nation in 2023, surpassing China, according to an estimation by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. India’s population has ballooned from 555.2 million in 1970 to 1,366.4 million in 2017.

Hence, India needs enough and concrete steps for sustained population growth to mitigate futuristic population explosion.

Lack of empowerment hamper both women’s interest in society and create population evil for the society:

Women are at times financially weak to pay for needed family planning and health services.
E.g., UNFPA estimates that more than 200 million women in developing countries have an unmet need for modern contraception, meaning they do not wish to become pregnant but are not using safe and effective contraceptive methods.
Uneducated families cannot grasp the issues and problems caused by the increasing population rate.
Fertility rates are high because of misinformation about side-effects of contraceptives, lack of knowledge about the benefits of small families, and religious or male opposition to contraception.
Any woman with multiple children spends most of her life as a mother and wife. She cannot play any meaningful role in her community and society until she is able to limit her family to a proper size.

Let’s examine how women’s empowerment in various sectors can help in achieving population control:

Political Empowerment will increase women’s participation in the political processes and enhance her voice at different platforms. Hence, women will be able to raise awareness about the need of small families and birth control and the associated benefits.
Economic Empowerment will lead to the participation of women in economic activities and will increase the family income and financial autonomy to women. It would check the population growth because a developed society needs less children than a backward one.
Subsequently Improved status and boost confidence of the women will lead to Social Empowerment of women and ultimately affect the decision- making structure in society and provide qualitative health and reproductive rights to women.
More women in STEM will lead her Technological Empowerment and address all the needs in a better manner. A working woman tends to have a proportionally lower fertility (TFR) rate than non-working e.g., Women in western Europe and women in Saudi Arabia.
Consequently, Self-Sufficiency among the women will result in their Empowered and they can have smaller families, which is suitable for effective population control.
Education has a transformative impact on girls. Educated girls tend to work more, earn more, expand their horizons, marry, and start having children later with fewer children.
Family planning will not only improve family welfare but also contribute to achieving social prosperity and personal happiness.
Access to and control over re-productive resources will result in increased voice, agency and meaningful participation in decision-making at all levels from family planning to the time of conceiving.

The unbridled growth of population is a problem that our country needs to overcome. The government, NGOs and the people of society have to work together to solve the problem of overpopulation in our country. India, however, needs to put more efforts on empowering its women who can help the country curb the growth of its population. As also mentioned by Nehru, to awaken the people, first women need to be awakened, because once a woman has been awakened then the whole nation and family get awakened with her.

Solution 7:

Define Learning Poverty.
Show India's position in the context of learning poverty and suggest ways to achieve SDG4 and overcome learning poverty.

As per World bank, Learning poverty is defined as being unable to read and understand a simple text by age 10. It is expected that by this age, children should be able to “independently and fluently read simple, short narrative and expository texts,” “locate explicitly stated information” and “interpret and give some explanations about the key ideas in these texts.” If they can do this, it allows them to ‘read to learn’ in later years.

It is different from the literacy definition provided by the Indian Govt. As per census 2011, a person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is not literate.

All foundational skills are important, but we focus on reading because:

Reading is a student’s gateway to learning in every other area.
World Bank analysis shows that the global learning crisis is still severe – one out of every two children in the developing world is not learning to read by late primary school age.

Learning Poverty in India and SDG 4:

Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) 4 is to "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all".
In India, nearly 55% of children are ‘learning-poor’ today, in spite of high levels of enrolment. However, this is based on data from the country’s National Large-Scale Assessment (NLSA) – India has not participated in the World Bank’s Learning and Assessment Platform (LeAP) diagnostics.

Some of the challenges in India’s primary learning sphere:

Lack of infrastructure is a serious issue, as evidenced by dilapidated buildings, single-room classrooms, a lack of drinking water facilities, separate restrooms, and other aspects of the educational infrastructure.
A large number of intermediaries are involved in the funding transfers from the central to state to local to school systems.
Eg. Bengal teacher recruitment Scam raised the question on the quality of teachers.
With unnecessary reports and administrative duties, the teachers are overworked. Eg. In the U.P. Teachers of primary school have the responsibility to buy milk and distribute it among the children.
Teachers receive pitiful salaries, which has an impact on their interest in and commitment to their jobs. In order to persuade the pupils to attend, they will look for alternative channels, such as coaching centres or tuition.
There are frequently teachers absent during class time. The issues are made worse by a lack of accountability and inadequate governance frameworks.
School dropout rates are relatively high, particularly for female students.
Due to poor student enrollment, a shortage of teachers, and inadequate infrastructure, many schools are shuttered. Government schools face a lot of difficulty competing with private institutions.

Measures to reduce learning poverty:

Open Schools and reach every child to ensure that all of them re-enroll.
Assess learning to know where kids are today.
Prioritize teaching the fundamentals.
Increase catch-up learning. To achieve this, teachers will need to group students within the classroom not according to the grade or according to the age, but according to where they are.
Work on emotional support for both children and teachers.
Reduce the digital divide by investing in not the software or the hardware but the entire digital ecosystem.
Government needs to take measures to focus practical knowledge. And ensure all-round creative learning.
Various reforms need to recruit and train teachers who are passionate about teaching.
Our education must be all round development. It must be based on creativity rather than memorization. Practical or Visualised education must be promoted.
As all in-country efforts have failed, we should go in for a radical overhaul of our educational infrastructure with the help of countries that have an amazing record in providing quality school education — Finland, for instance. We can surely afford to pay for that.
Providing universal quality education depends not on the performance of teachers alone but is the shared responsibility of several stakeholders: governments, schools, teachers, parents, the media and civil society, international organisations, and the private sector.
Skilling has to improve across higher education sectors and it has to be diverse. Let’s not forget that only about 5% of the Indian workforce is trained in any sort of skills today; we are staring in the face of a demographic disaster if skill development is not undertaken.
India’s education system requires more flexibility between the general and technical tracks. It must focus more on building socio-behavioural skills like self-efficacy and teamwork.
Value education be introduced in pre-school and strengthened in primary.

Solution 8:

Define tropical and temperate cyclones in the introduction.
Mention the impact of cyclones on India and specifically highlighting India's vulnerability with respect to cyclones.
Conclude by giving the importance of mitigation and adaptation techniques as a way forward.

Tropical cyclone:

Tropical cyclone is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterised by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. They are known by different names:
Cyclones (Indian Ocean), Hurricanes (Atlantic), Typhoons (Western Pacific and South China Sea), willy-willies (Western Australia).

Temperate Cyclone:

Temperate cyclones are also known as Extra-tropical cyclones.
The direction of movement is from west to east and more pronounced in the winter seasons. It is in these latitude zones the polar and tropical air masses meet and form fronts.

Major Differences between Tropical Cyclone and Temperate Cyclone


It moves from east to west.	These cyclones move from west to east.
It has an effect on a comparatively smaller area.	It affects a much larger area.
Its wind speed is much higher and more damaging.	The velocity of air is comparatively lower.
It forms only on seas with temperature more than 26-27 degree C and dissipate on reaching the land.	It can be formed on both land and sea.
It doesn’t last for more than 7 days.	It can last for a duration of 15 to 20 days.

India’s Vulnerability with Tropical Cyclones:

Most of India's cyclones formed the Bay of Bengal due to favorable climatic conditions in the region (cyclones formed in South China Sea also moved to BoB). It makes the eastern coast of India more vulnerable to cyclones due to westward movement of cyclones under eastern jet streams.
Low sediment coast, low coastal vegetation along the eastern coast enables most of the cyclone to penetrate inside the mainland and harm both humans and material.
On the western coast the region of Gujrat, Kerala and Karnataka are more vulnerable to tropical cyclones due to its curvature movement from Bay of Bengal to Arabian sea and the returning towards mainland India.
The infrastructure devoid eastern coast and the industrialised western coast, both have proportional vulnerabilities to cyclones for men and material respectively.
Economic losses due to Loss of livelihood for the fishermen and negative impact on the tourism industry.
Some tropical cyclones like Cyclone Fani (2019), Titli (2018), Phailin (2013).

India’s Vulnerability with Temperate Cyclones:

Temperate cyclones enter India from the Mediterranean Sea in the winter season. These cause rainfall over the Northern plains and snowfall in the mountains in the months of December and January. They are very important for the cultivation of ‘rabi’ crops.

Vulnerabilities:

The Snowfall, avalanches in the hilly area of northern India are influenced by the Temperate cyclones.
Hail Storms in the winter season used to destroy the crop of mustard and other Rabi crops.
Increased the intensity of the cold due to western disturbance brings several medical complexities ranging from plains to hills like Hypothermia, first bite, chilblains, etc.
Occasionally, in hilly areas the rain caused by the western disturbance brings flood like situations (2015, Kashmir).

Measures need to be taken to mitigate the vulnerability of the people against the cyclones:

India has to constantly upgrade its disaster mitigation and adaptation techniques with modern infrastructure and capacity development of the local people with support of the public agencies.
Need to develop coastal green infra as a first line of defence against disasters like cyclones and the tsunami.
Need to increase cyclone Risk Mitigation project, increased disaster preparations including building shelters, evacuation planning, and strengthening embankments.
For adaptation and mitigation for farming communities need to adopt practices like Kuttanad technique and Koraput technique of farming.
Cyclones are the natural event we have to adopt ways to reduce its impact on humans.

Solution 9:

Introduce the Mission Gaganyaan.
Illustrate how the mission will strengthen India’s voice for Space regulation.
Discuss how the mission will boost India’s space activities mainly tourism.
The Gaganyaan Programme envisages undertaking the demonstration of human spaceflight to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) in the short-term and will lay the foundation for a sustained Indian human space exploration programme in the long run.

Mission Gaganyan and India’s voice at international space regulation:

Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 1967 (the Outer Space Treaty) in 1967
Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 1972
Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space 1968, etc.
Its growing space activities by both private players (Economic Survey Report 2022, total start-ups entering the Indian space sector are 101) and govt sector (ISRO, DRDO, etc.).
India also accounts for a 2% share in the global space economy, and it will take an exponential boost in near future due to liberalised policy of the government and competitive environment by the venture of the private sector.
India’s extraordinary success in space like the moon and mars mission will be complemented by the Gaganyaan Mission and will make India the 4th nation of the world to create history.
These milestone and policy endeavour will strength the India’s voice to persuade the space regulation policy at international stage in the interest of all and create a competitive environment and bring a new sustainable development goal i.e., “Life Above the Land”.

Mission Gaganyaan and India's space tourism:

According to a ‘Space Report’ by Space Foundation, the global economy rose to $447 billion which is touted as a hike of 55% higher than a decade ago. In 2020, the commercial space activity globally grew 6.6% to nearly $357 billion, representing close to 80% of the total space economy.
India’s share in the global space economy is only 2% and mostly driven by satellite launching activities.
To assume the futuristic growth in the sector and possibility of space tourism beyond the celestial body, the Indian public sector has taken several steps to bring the private players on board and prevail in the environment for space tourism. The steps taken by the public authorities like:
Spacecom Policy 2020: By ISRO to promote increased participation of commercial Indian industry.
It acts as a single-point interface between Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and everyone who wants to participate in space-related activities or use India’s space resources.
New Space India Limited (NSIL): Announced in Budget 2019, its aim is to use research and development carried out by ISRO over the years for commercial purposes through Indian industry partners.
Indian Space Association (ISpA): ISpA aspires to be the collective voice of the Indian Space industry.
FDI: Govt planning to introduce FDI in the Space sector.

Along with these policy steps the Mission Gaganyaan will boost the real progress in private space start-ups and space industrial players like:

The Human spaceflight programme (Gaganyaan programme) has both tangible and intangible benefits for the nation, which includes:
Progress towards a sustained and affordable human and robotic programme to explore the solar system and beyond.
Advanced technology capability for undertaking human space exploration, sample return missions and scientific exploration.
Future capability to actively collaborate in global space station development & to carry out scientific experiments of interest to the nation.
Unique opportunity to inspire and excite Indian youth and steer many students toward careers in science and technology towards challenging jobs that encourage knowledge, innovation and creativity.
Human rated launch vehicle
Crew escape systems
Crew selection and training and associated crew management activities
As per the ISRO after the successful completion of Gaganyaan programme, the next step will focus towards achieving capability for a sustained human presence in space by activities associated with the Space station and it will be an extension of Gaganyaan Programme.

All these fusions of public-private, industry-academia, startups-industry, and skill-wisdom will introduce an era in the Indian space domain and it will boost the venture like Space station, Space tourism and other intercelestial space missions.

Solution 10:

Define Soil, its type and its formation.
Suggest what steps can be taken to mitigate soil degradation in India:
Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials which develop on the earth’s surface.
‘Horizon A’ (topmost zone) where organic materials have been incorporated.
‘Horizon B’ (transition zone) between the ‘horizon A’ and C’, and contains matter derived from below as well as from above.
‘Horizon C’ is composed of the loose parent material.

There are several factors of the soil formation like:

Besides these, human activities also influence it to a large extent.

Classification of Soils

On the basis of genesis, colour, composition and location, the soils of India have been classified into: (i) Alluvial soils (ii) Black soils (iii) Red and Yellow soils (iv) Laterite soils (v) Arid soils (vi) Saline soils (vii) Peaty soils (viii) Forest soils.

Alluvial Soils

It is widespread in the northern plains and the river valleys (Spread over 40% area of the country).
They are depositional soils (also called Azonal soil), transported and deposited by rivers and streams.
Black soil covers most of the Deccan Plateau. It is also known as the ‘Regur Soil’ or the ‘Black Cotton Soil’.
Black soil retains the moisture for a very long time, which helps the crops, especially, the rain fed ones, to sustain even during the dry season

Red and Yellow Soil

It develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern part of the Deccan Plateau.
The soil develops a reddish colour due to a wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. The fine-grained (normally fertile), & coarse-grained soils (poor in fertility).

Laterite Soil

The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall.
Hence, laterites are not suitable for cultivation. It is more suitable for tree crops like cashew nuts.
Laterite soils are widely cut as bricks for use in house construction.
Arid soils range from red to brown in colour and sandy in structure and saline in nature.
Lower horizons of the soil are occupied by ‘kankar’ layers because of the increasing calcium content downwards.
These soils are poor and contain little humus and organic matter. In some areas, the salt content is so high.

Saline Soils

They are also known as Usara soils, contain a larger proportion of sodium, potassium and magnesium, and thus, they are infertile.
Saline soils are more widespread in western Gujarat, deltas of the eastern coast and in Sundarban areas of West Bengal.

Peaty / marshy soil

Areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity.
A large quantity of dead organic matter/humus which makes the soil alkaline.
Heavy soil with black colour.

Forest soil

Regions of high rainfall.
Humus content is less and thus the soil is acidic.

Mountain soil

In the mountain regions of the country.
Immature soil with low humus and acidic.

Soil Degradation

Soil degradation can be defined as the decline in soil fertility. Soil conservation is a methodology to maintain soil fertility, prevent soil erosion and exhaustion, and improve the degraded condition of the soil.

Steps can be taken to mitigate soil degradation in India:

Lands with a slope gradient of 15-25 per cent should not be used for cultivation.
Stop or limit ploughing experimenting with zero-tillage, also known as conservation agriculture.
Organic farmers who add compost and manure to the soil replenish nutrients while reducing flooding risk and capturing carbon.
Over-grazing and shifting cultivation: It should be regulated and controlled by educating villagers about the consequences.
Contour bunding, Contour terracing, regulated forestry, controlled grazing, cover cropping, mixed farming and crop rotation are some of the remedial measures which are often adopted to reduce soil erosion.
Gullies can be prevented by terracing and constructing a series of check dams (for large gullies).
In arid and semi-arid areas, efforts should be made to protect cultivable lands from encroachment by sand dunes through developing shelterbelts of trees and agroforestry.

The final responsibility for achieving the conservation of land will rest on the people who operate on it and receive the benefits.

Solution 11:

Introduce the answer with Magadha Empire.
Illustrate the things which had made the Magadha empire the most powerful and unique kingdoms in ancient times.
Janapada means the land where a Jana (a people, clan or tribe) sets its foot or settles. It is a word used in both Prakrit and Sanskrit.
One of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, or "Great Kingdoms" of the Second Urbanisation in the eastern Ganges Plain (600–200 BCE), Magadha was a great kingdom among the sixteen Mahajanapadas.
Brihadratha, Pradyota, Haryanka, and the Shishunaga dynasties all ruled over Magadha between 682 and 544 BCE (413–345 BCE). Villages had their own assemblies run by their Gramakas, or local leaders. Executive, judicial, and military responsibilities made up their administrations.
Jainism and Buddhism both developed significantly in Magadha.

Magadha empire was one of the most powerful and unique kingdoms: The various factor of that contemporary time contributed to the greatness of the Mahajanapada of Magadha:

He had great diplomatic prestige (sent his physician Jiwak to his rival Ujjain to cure him of jaundice).
Availability of iron allowed him to develop advanced weapons and was the first kings to use elephants in the army. He also established a good administration.
He also conquered Varanasi and Vaishali to his kingdom and convened 1st Buddhist Council.
Udayin: Built a fort at the confluence of the Ganga and Son rivers in Patliputra (now Patna).
Sisunaga: annexed Avanti and ended the long-term confrontation between Magada and Avanti.
Kalasoka: presided over the second Buddhist Council in Vaishali.
Mahapadma Nanda: He is called "India's first historical emperor" and conquered many kingdoms, including Kalinga.
Dhana Nanda: He is the last ruler of Nanda. Alexander invaded northwestern India but refrained from entering in the magadha due to its powerful army.
Rajgir (the capital) is strategically situated in a valley surrounded by seven hills (Cyclopean Wall is a 40-kilometer-long stone wall encircling the entire Rajgir. It was built to protect the city from invaders and enemies).
It had a large population that could be used for agriculture, mining, city building, and the military. The dominance of the Ganges meant economic hegemony.
Cultural Factors: Magadan society has an unorthodox character. Buddhism strengthened the liberal tradition. Society preferred trade and commerce, peace instead of war and rigidity.
Kammikas: Custom officials.
Shulk-adhyaksha: Toll officials.
Rajabhatas: Deputed to safeguard the lives and property of travellers.
Rulers had an efficient system to govern cities and collect tax like Bali (Tax) and Balisadhakas (As a tax collector).
Raids on neighbouring states were recognised as a legitimate means of acquiring wealth, Magadha had dominated all the mahajanapadas of the contemporary time.
In Magadha, first time civil and criminal laws were composed. Eg. Brahmanas began composing Sanskrit texts known as the Dharmasutras. These laid down norms for rulers (as well as for other social categories). Adultery was a criminal act.
Kings also collect taxes (one-sixth of the produce) and tribute from cultivators, traders and artisans.
Early series of punch-marked coins called Nishka and Satamana were generally made up of Silver, though a few copper coins were also there.
Artisans and merchants organised themselves into their respective guilds. Sethi was a high-level businessman.
Vessas (or merchant streets) - where artisans and merchants live in fixed localities.
Trade routes called Uttarapatha (Taxila to Rajagriha and later extended to Tamrilipti) and Dakshinapatha were under influence of the magadha.
Typical villages consisted of mixed castes, communities. Most of the villages were of this type:
Suburban villages: These were Craft villages, Chariotmakers’ villages, Carpenter’s village (Vaddhaki-grama).
Border Villages (Aramika-grama): Situated on the periphery of the countryside
Brahmadeyas: Granted to Brahmanas (Brahamana used to persuade people to abide by the law and respect kings that prevent situations like civil wars).

All the Socio-politico-economic setup and geographical, entrepreneurial advantage made Magadha a dominant kingdom of ancient India. The archeological evidence and the religious texts like Budduhist, Jainism and Ajivikas mentioned the grandeur of the Magadha king and kingdom.

Solution 12:

Introduce the 1857 revolt.
Discuss how the policies of the British due to the 1857 revolt brought a new opportunity to curtail Indian aspirations and exploit India in order to benefit their selfish interests.
Revolt of 1857 was a product of the character and policies of colonial rule after 1757, and after which noteworthy changes took place in the British policy of ruling over India.
Lord Canning at a durbar at Allahabad in the ‘Queen’s Proclamation’ issued on November 1, 1858.
As per the Queen’s proclamation, there were numerous favourable provisions for the Indians like:
The British promised to respect the dignity and rights of the native princes.
The people of India were promised freedom of religion without interference from British officials.
The proclamation also promised equal and impartial protection under law to all Indians, and equal opportunities in government services irrespective of race or creed.

With this proclamation britishers initiated numerous policies and strategies that were only to realise the selfish end of colonial power by exploiting the Indians and further curtail the opportunity for the Indians:

Rebellion as a new opportunity to curtail Indian aspirations and exploit India:

All higher posts in the army and the artillery departments were reserved for the Europeans.
The commissions of 1859 and 1879 insisted on the principle of a one-third white army (as against 14 per cent before 1857).
The concept of divide and rule was adopted, separate units being created on the basis of caste/community/region, and labelling recruits as ‘martial’ races and non-martial race to bring enmity between the armed units and suppress both armed units and civilians, in case revolt raised in any section of the Indian.
Keeping the army away from the civilian population was also one of many such steps.
Revolt of 1857 showed the glaring shortcomings in the Company’s administration and its army, which they rectified promptly. It strengthened the army for further suppression of Indians.
Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 rules framed for the conduct of the civil service examination had the effect of keeping the higher services a close preserve of the colonisers. Rules like:
Examination was held only in England (till 1921) in the English language, and was based on classical learning of Greek and Latin only.
The maximum permissible age was gradually reduced from 23 (in 1859) to 19 (1878).
All key positions of power and authority and those which were well-paid were occupied by the Europeans.

On Publication and media front:

To further suppress the voice against the bitter legacy of racial bitterness between the ruler and the ruled, after the 1857 revolt, the Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was designed to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively punish and repress “seditious writing” in “publications in oriental languages”. These Acts were directed against the press development in India.
The policy of annexation was abandoned but pushed a policy to punish or depose but not to annex.
Now the ruler inherited the gaddi not as a matter of right but as a gift from the paramount power, Britishers used to interfere in the internal spheres of states for British interest in India.
The British government had been encroached by modern developments in communication—railways, roads, telegraph, canals, post offices, press, and public opinion.
Curzon adopted a policy of patronage and ‘intrusive surveillance’ for Indian states.
The Butler Committee (1927) on relationship between the princely states and the government, given the following recommendations:

Economic Exploitation: After the 1860s was:

He said that the British transformed India into a supplier of foodstuffs and raw materials to the metropolis, a market for metropolitan manufacturers and a field for investment of British capital.
Economic Drain theory incorporated all threads of the nationalist critique that it denuded India of its productive capital.
One-Way Free Trade and Tariff Policy.
The third stage of colonisation (began around the 1860s) is often described as the Era of Foreign Investments and International Competition for Colonies.
British rule was declared as permanent ‘trusteeship’ over the Indians and Indians were declared to be permanently immature-a ‘child’ people—needing British control and trusteeship (in the name of civilising a barbaric people- “the White Man’s burden”).

From the above arguments it shows that all these socio-economic, political and administrative changes made after the revolt of 1857 was directed only to exploit India in the selfish interest of colonial Britain and to further curtail the aspiration of Indians in India.

Solution 13:

Introduce the British interest in India and their education policies.
Illustrate how the education policy brought by Britishers was mainly in their selfish interest.
The Calcutta Madrasa (by Warren Hastings in 1781) and Sanskrit College (by Jonathan Duncan in 1791) to study of Muslim and Hindu law respectively. Because understanding of socio-religious culture was necessary to form policy so that their interest remained intact in India.
Fort William College was set up by Wellesley in 1800 for training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802).
Enlightened Indians and missionaries started exerting pressure on the government to promote modern, secular, Western education, as they thought that Western education was the remedy for social, economic, and political ills of the country. Missionaries thought that modern education would destroy the faith of Indians in their own religions and they would take to Christianity.

To realise the above interest Britishers brought education policies like:

The Charter Act of 1813, promoting knowledge of modern sciences in the country.
The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a class “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect” who would act as interpreters between the government and masses.
Efforts of Thomson: James Thomson, governor of NW Provinces (1843-53), brought the scheme of village education through vernacular languages to train personnel for the newly set up Revenue and Public Works Department.
Responsibility for education of the masses
Use of vernacular in education
Secular education and grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise
In 1857 universities at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were set up, and later, departments of education were set up in all provinces.
The above-mentioned schemes mostly neglected primary education because it was economically non beneficial to the EIC.
Due to agitation in favour of modern education by early nationalist and later by INC (Indian National Congress) britishers taken several policies for education even after the takeover of crown (aftermath of 1857 revolution) Like:
Hunter Education Commission (1882–83): It recommended state’s special care for improvement of primary education, but next two decades saw rapid growth and expansion of secondary and collegiate education with the participation of Indians and no significant progress on primary education by the Britishers.
the number of fellows of a university and their period in office were reduced, and most fellows were to be nominated by the government;
Curzon justified greater control over universities in the name of quality and efficiency, but actually sought to restrict education and to discipline the educated towards loyalty to the government.
The nationalists saw in it an attempt to strengthen imperialism and to sabotage nationalist feelings. Gokhale called it a “retrograde measure”.
National leaders urged the government to do so for British India like Gokhale, who raised the issue in the Imperial Legislative Council. Due to this the government came up with its Education Policy in 1913.
The government refused to take up the responsibility of compulsory education, but shifted responsibility to the provincial governments and Private individuals.
Government grants sanctioned since 1902 were stopped.
Financial difficulties prevented any substantial expansion but still education grew, especially under philanthropic Efforts.
In 1929 Hartog Committee presented a gloomy picture of primary education.
It was brought to the development of Indian education after World War II.
The Sargent plan was not acceptable to many Indian educationists.
The cost of implementing the plan also seemed to be exorbitant.

Although Britishers brought every educational policy only in their selfish interest but unintentionally the policy brought various noble values in the Indian society and the education system like secularism, equal opportunity of education for all irrespective of gender, religion and caste. Eventually, due to the effect of these policies, Indian society adopted various western-liberal values.

Solution 14:

Introduced concepts of colonisation and decolonisation.
Discuss the factors behind the decolonisation and objective behind them.
Analyse whether the decolonisation has provided self-rule, in real sense, to the newly independent countries.

Colonialism is a process of a nation establishing and maintaining its dominations of overseas territories. Decolonisation is the undoing of colonialism. The concept of decolonisation, in particular, applies to the dismantlement of European colonies in Africa and Asia towards the second half of the 20th century.

The great colonial powers divested themselves of their subordinate possessions, not because internal pressures within their colonies left them with no other choice, but in the wake of a revisionist process whereby imperial roles came to be seen as incongruent with more 'modern' goals in the fields of foreign and economic policy.

Several European countries had colonies in Africa and Asia like Belgium (Congo, Rwanda), Portuguese (Angola, Mozambique and Guinea), Britain (Largest empire in Asia from middle east to east and southeast Asia including India and China.) etc.

Factor and Objective Behind Decolonization:

Nationalist movement in colonial countries like India (against Britain), Vietnam (against French), Etc. it had forced colonial power to grant significant power sharing with natives like formation of Interim govt in India.
The Effects of World War 2 (WW2) weakened the colonial powers and also revealed their weakness from military, ideological and economic context (colonial powers were unable to sustain the empire anymore, by force). E.g., In WW2, Militarily, Japan and Egypt defeated Britain and Italy respectively.
African and Asian had demanded greater social and political rights due to their participation in WW2 for European causes.
Effect of liberal ideas like 1941 Atlantic Charter between the USA and Britain regarding prevention of imperialism and colonialism, right to choose their own form of government. It raises demand for implementation of the spirit of Atlantic charter in the colonies as well e.g. In India by nationalist leaders.
Pressure on European colonial powers by other victors of WW2 like USSR, China and USA for the decolonisation on the name of free trade. Process was accelerated by the formation of UNO.
Pan-Africanism, the idea that unified peoples of African descent for common interests. Pan-Africanism as a political or cultural movement by African global diaspora ignited demand for independence and de-colonialism.
Politico-Economic interests of powers like the USA raised demand for decolonisation for colonies to prevent the spread of communism and to facilitate free trade.

After the effort of various stakeholders, the colonies got independence sooner or later after WW2. Although prima facie it seems that all the nations of the world have sovereign authority over its people and their decisions but in reality, countries (less developed and developing) yet to achieve sovereignty and independence.

Factors which reflect the present conditions of the countries:

Neo-colonialism is the practice of (mainly economic) exploitation and domination of independent but economically backward countries, by powerful countries. E.g., the Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 was due to opposition to Neo-colonialism by Egypt.
Neo-imperialism is domination and sometimes even hegemony over others primarily by way of formally free legal agreements, economic power, and cultural influence. E.g., Western economic and cultural dominance on Asian and African countries like Japan and South Korea completely westernised themself. Many African nations have lost their native languages and became Francophone countries.
Dominance of western nations over international financial (World Bank), monetary (IMF), Judicial (ICJ) and Institution for Peace and Security (UNSC) to extract undue advantage from newly independent nations in financial and economic terms. Like the US led Iraq invasion on the name of Weapon of mass destruction, non-implementation of the verdict of ICJ like China in case of South China Sea.
Lobbying and campaigning to realise the selfish interest by the stronger nation and violate the sovereign decision making of the newly independent countries. E.g. Like propagation of free market economy in eastern Europe and southern America though it harmed the nation in form of shock therapy, it destabilised the local economy.
Newly predatory techniques in international relations like Debt Trap diplomacy bringing generations in the poverty of smaller nations buy the stronger one. E.g., Economic crisis of Sri Lanka and Pakistan.

It is crystal clear from the above arguments that the international system works in the form of predator and prey philosophy and not in zeal of cooperation among the nations for the wellbeing of the respective society. So, we need to develop independent and neutral international organisations that must work by considering individuals in the centre of policy and refrain from campaigning and lobbying for or against particular ideologies.

Solution 15:

Define Migration and give its types with special emphasis on trend of internal migration
Also list down the causes of migration, issues faced by migrants and steps taken by the government to address the issue of migrants.
Discuss how a national migration policy will help tackle migration issues.

As per UN, a migrant is any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a State away from his/her habitual place of residence.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be over a short or long distance, be short-term or permanent, voluntary, or forced, intranational or international.

According to the Economic Survey 2016-17 in the last five years from 2011 to 2016, an average of nine million people migrated between states within India every year for either education or work. There are several factors responsible for migration, like:

Push and pull factors

Pull factors include things like better opportunities in that area like education, job prospects, higher quality of life, security, freedom etc.
The core pull factors of migration are employment (in context of men) and marriage (in context of women).
Insurgency, Naxalism, terrorism and militant groups in modem times force people to move out of their home.

Trend of Internal Migration in India:

Some states like Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, etc. Maharashtra occupied first place among migrants, followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana.
Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of net out-migrants from the state.

Benefits of migration

The areas of destinations benefit due to the reduction in the cost of production, availability of the human resource, rising productivity, size of consumer and capital market.
At the same time, areas of origin also benefit through the flow of remittances, information, and innovations influencing the households and people left behind.

Issues related to migration

Low quality jobs: Migrants mostly dominate the low-paying, hazardous and informal market jobs in key sectors in urban destinations, such as construction, hotel, textile, manufacturing, transportation, services, domestic work etc.
Access to employment: Certain states have introduced domicile requirements with regard to employment. This puts migrants at a disadvantage.
Housing and sanitation: One of the key issues with regard to housing is poor supply, for both ownership and rental. Short-term migrants do not have access to short-duration accommodation. So, migrants live in overcrowded colonies in unhygienic conditions.
Exploitation and intimidation: Usually migrants are exploited at the behest of majoritarian native populations, they are targets of social profiling, stereotyping, abuse and are made to work under exploitative conditions with no social security cover. For ex: Gujarat migrant crisis.
Lack of portability of benefits: Migrants registered to claim access to benefits at one location lose access upon migration to a different location. This is especially true of access to entitlements under the PDS. Ration card is required to access benefits under the PDS is issued by state governments and is not portable across states.

Steps taken by govt to tackle the issue of migration:

Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM): to deliver integrated project-based infrastructure in the rural areas, and prevent rural to urban migration.
One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): To make food security portable throughout the country under National Food Security Act (NFSA) beneficiaries, especially migrant beneficiaries.
Skill India Mission: to train people in different skills of vocational training and certification of Indian youth for a better livelihood and respect in the society.
Shram Shakti- a National Migration Support Portal: launched to collect data related to tribal migrant workers and link them with the existing welfare schemes.

Although govt has taken several steps in context migrants but need of a comprehensive National Migration Policy is yet to formulated:

Need for National Migration Policy

To address the issues related to migration it is necessary to have a national policy on migration.
A national policy will help in addressing the issues related to the working condition of the migrants, their wages.
It will help ensure social protection and medical benefits to migrant workers in the place they migrated to.
It will help in addressing the issue of access to benefits such as PDS under legal and social entitlements (such as PDS) at their source location.

Thus, a National Policy on internal policy must be framed to address all the issues faced by migrants and other stakeholders involved in facilitating the benefits to migrants including public, private and civil society and change the migration as an issue to movers of economy as a whole.

Solution 16:

Describe the caste system as a salient feature of Indian society.
Highlight change in form and representation of the caste system through illustrations.

Caste as a social stratification system is a salient feature of Indian society. Traditionally, caste system is defined as a system of hierarchically arranged endogamous social groups according to purity and pollution of occupation which is hereditarily fixed in India. To a very large extent the caste system has changed in its form and representation in recent times.

Change in Caste system’s Form and Representation:

Change in the occupational role: Due to industrialisation and urbanisation, the hereditary association between occupation and caste has been broken. An individual is free to choose his occupation as per his/her merits and skills.
Inter-caste marriage: The relevance of endogamy feature of caste is decreasing as there is an increase in inter-caste marriages.
Caste as a tool for political mobilisation: Caste identity is being used for political mobilisation. E.g. Bahujan Samaj Party. Further, most of the political parties allot tickets after taking careful analysis of caste arithmetic of the region.
Caste as pressure groups: Caste is being used as pressure groups for seeking favorable changes in policies e.g., demands for affirmative action by Patels of Gujarat, Marathas of Maharashtra and Jats of Haryana.
Social and behavior change: Traditionally, under the caste system, elaborate restrictions related to food sharing have been followed. In recent times, these restrictions are getting diluted due to various factors like migration, modern values, westernisation, globalisation etc.
Constitutional safeguards for equality (Article 14), against untouchability (Article 17) and discrimination (Article 15) have largely attempted to remove the hierarchical manifestations of the caste system in the country. Supported by these measures, in recent times the legislative orientation towards the caste system is changing.
Increasing caste associations: Caste is playing an important role as a basis for the formation of new groups. These caste associations are important agencies for the mobilisation and coordination of collective effort to achieve the goals of their members.
For example - even though untouchability and caste-based discrimination is barred under the Constitution of India, occupations like manual scavenging have the majority of workers from lower castes.
The matrimonial advertisements are frequent in the newspapers that especially demand brides and grooms from particular communities.
Considering that these divisions offer solidarity and psychological strength to various marginalized groups, even if the caste-based discrimination is diffused through the legislative enforcement the divisions of identity will be difficult to erase.

Solution 17:

Briefly highlight the current spate of mob violence in introduction.
Discuss the phenomenon of mob lynching vis-à-vis law and order, violation of rights (civics) and India’s traditional pluralistic and composite culture characteristic.
Give way forward.

Introduction

There has been a spate of mob lynchings in recent times on mere suspicion of beef-eating, child kidnapping etc. in various parts of the country, fuelled by agency of social media, fake news, increased radicalisation and fanaticism in society, apathetic or incapable administration and a mercurial population.
These events have raised questions on not only the institutional capacity to enforce law and order but wider questions regarding history and civics of Indian society, its social fabric and spirit of tolerance, brotherhood.
It is the state's responsibility to enforce rule of law rather than people enforcing vigilantism resulting in mob violence. Moreover, state agencies should be proactive against any such vigilantism and prevent such crimes at first instance.
Complicity or indifference of law enforcement agents.
Police reforms despite Model Police Act 2006 and SC instructions in Prakash Singh case remain unimplemented keeping police inept and under political pressure.
Failure of administration in taking timely and adequate action against such incidents, has allowed these crimes to grow with impunity in pockets of the country.
Failure of authorities to contain circulation of misleading messages and rumours, through social media.
Lack of awareness among masses who get influenced by such fake news and misleading rhetoric.
India has always prided itself on being a peaceful nation with a composite cultural ethos, where, since centuries different communities have resided alongside peacefully.
However, the recent spate of mob lynchings has served to polarise this communal harmony. Mob lynching based on identity discriminates against a whole community and violates Fundamental Rights provided by the Constitution of India.
Certain groups, religious minorities and Dalits, are particularly vulnerable to such crimes due to social prejudices and institutional apathy to weaker sections, which is a blot on secular, inclusive cultural fabric of India and question mark on the ethos of our constitution. India’s historical image as a tolerant, pluralist society is negatively impacted.
Being a democratic, secular and plural society, India can ill afford to let such crimes continue with compunction, and the responsibility falls on both the government and society to bring in the sense of justice and security to its marginalised and minority sections.

Way Forward:

As recommended by the Supreme Court, the Parliament should enact a new anti-lynching law.
The Court has directed state governments to appoint police officers, not below the rank of SP as nodal officers in charge of preventing mob violence. The implementation of this direction should be followed diligently.

Solution 18:

Define the term Operational Oceanography and its applications.
Substantiate with examples, the benefits that India can have from Operational Oceanography
Conclude by stating recent steps taken by India in this direction.

The operational oceanography is an activity of conducting systematic oceanographic studies towards providing information services to various sectors viz. fisherman, disaster management, shipping, ports, coastal states, navy, coast guard, environment, offshore industries for conducting their day-to-day operations.

In simple terms, it is like weather monitoring and forecasting for the ocean which can provide estimates of essential ocean variables like sea level, temperature, currents, salinity etc. of the present and the future, as well as for the past.

Providing potential fishing zones advisories to fishermen, ocean state forecasts for mariners, tsunami & storm surge early warnings
Providing warnings about hazards like coastal floods due to cyclones, storm impacts, harmful algal blooms and contaminants.
Providing information about sea state conditions, optimum routes for ships, prediction of primary productivity, ocean currents, ocean climate variability, and modelling of and response to oil spills and dredging.
It can help India to forge cooperation and improve engagement among the countries of the Indian Ocean, including South Asian and African states bordering the Indian Ocean.
It can also help India in achieving Sustainable Development Goal-14 (SDG 14) related to building marine scientific research capacity which will further fulfil India’s commitment to support Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries.
Also, operational oceanography is expected to increase ancillary development leading to employment generation in India.

Thus, citing the importance of operational oceanography, the Indian government has inaugurated a UNESCO Category 2, International Training Centre for Operational Oceanography.

The establishment of the centre would respond to the worldwide increasing need to build technical and management capacity to address marine and coastal sustainability issues and prepare the region for and react efficiently to marine natural hazards.

Solution 19:

Introduce the concept of distribution of first order feature on the earth.
Illustrate the number of theories to explain the distribution of the continents and oceans on the earth with the contribution and weakness of each theory as well.
Conclude Suitably.
Continents and Ocean basins being fundamental relief features of the globe are considered as ‘relief features of the first order’.
The distribution of the continents and the oceans is explained by the number of hypotheses and theories ranging from tetrahedral hypothesis, Continent Drift theories, and Plate Tectonic theory, etc.

Some of the theories:

Tetrahedral hypothesis of lowthian green (1875):.

It is based on geometrical principles and characteristics of tetrahedral. It has explained:
Dominance of land in the northern and water areas in the southern hemisphere.
Triangular shape of the continents and oceans.
Ocean at north pole and Continents at the south pole.
Balance of earth in the form of tetrahedral shape, permanency of continents and oceans are some of the arguments that criticised the theory and paved the way for the Continent Drift Theory of Taylor.

Continent Drift Theory of Taylor:

F.B. Taylor’s concept of ‘horizontal displacement of the continents’ to explain the origin of the folded mountains of the tertiary period.
In the Cretaceous period, there were two land masses called Laurasia and Gondwanaland along with north and south poles respectively.
Taylor’s continents moved towards the equatorward and westward under the tidal force of the moon.
Movement of land mass resulted in tensional forces which caused stretching, splitting and rupture in the landmass.
Gondwana splitted into a number of continents and islands.
Movement of Laurasia towards the south formed the Alps, Caucasus, and Himalayan.
He made the continents move at a very large scale but it required little movement to build present mountains.
If the tidal force of the moon can move such large continents, then it might put a break on the rotary motion of the earth.
Although the theory of F.B. Taylor is not acceptable but his hypothesis raised a voice against the concept of permanency of continents and ocean basins.

Continent Drift Theory of Wegener (1912):

Main objective behind his displacement hypothesis was to explain the global climate changes that took place in geological time of earth.
Continental or sialic masses were floating on sima without any resistance offered by sima.
He had also advocated the concept of a single landmass (Pangaea).
Subsequent division in Pangaea eventually resulted in the present distribution of the landmass.
The Matching of Continents: E.g. The shorelines of Africa and South America (in reality both of the continents can’t be refitted).
Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans as per radiometric dating.
Tillite: The sediments from India are known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere.
Placer Deposits: The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast came from the gold bearing veins in Brazil.
Distribution of Fossils: When identical species are found on either side of the marine barriers, a problem arises regarding accounting for such distribution.
Wegner’s hypothesis assumed that equatorward movement of the sialic (continental) block was caused by the gravitational differential force and force of buoyancy (Earlier he said that Sial is floating on the sima without any friction, a contrasting view).
Westward movement was caused by the tidal force of the sun and the moon (in reality not sufficient to drag continents).
Horizontal displacement of the continents, a central theme of Wegener's theory retained and leads to the Plate Tectonic Theory.

Plate Tectonic Theory (PTT):

H. Hess postulated the concept of the plate tectonic theory in 1960.
Concept of the continental drift and the sea floor spreading were the main concepts behind the PTT.
Theory postulated the Paving Stone Hypothesis where ocean crusts are newly formed at mid-oceanic ridge and destroyed at the trenches.
Constructive Plate Margins: Eg. Mid Oceanic Ridge of Atlantic.
Destructive Plate Margins: Eg. Ring of Fire around the Pacific.
Conservative Plate Margins: Eg. Plates of Indian and Antarctica.
The moving molten magma is considered as the driving force behind the motion of the plate in the plate tectonic theory.
The hypothesis of plate tectonics is considered the most reasonable and acceptable theory till date to explain the motion of plates and formation of the different relief features of the first order.

Hence, we can conclude that the PTT is last in the chain of the theories and the most acceptable one as well.

Solution 20:

Introduce the food wastage in India and unremunerative farming in India.
Mention the significance of the cultivation of the crops as per Agro-climatic region and formalization of local food Units to make the farming more remunerative. Conclude Suitably.
The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation has highlighted that around 40% of the food produced in India is either lost or wasted. It is further estimated that the value of food wastage in India is around Rs. 92,000 crores per annum.
The “Land and Livestock Holdings of Households and Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households” survey of NSO revealed average monthly income per agricultural household is Rs. 10218 in 2021.
Crop income shares only 37% of farmer’s income and it is less than wage income of the farmer i.e., 40%. Data shows farmers as labour due to its income source. It shows the unremunerative farming in India.

Farmers in India mainly face two challenges like higher input cost and lower remuneration of the agri-produce. These twin challenges can be tackled by the practices of the regional cropping pattern as per the agro-ecology of the region and formalisation of local food processing industries/units to maximise the realisation of the value of the agri-produce.

E.g., growing millets in the RAJ, PJ, HR and growing rice in WB, Odisha, and Kerala need very less input and highest percentage growth.
It will reduce the chances of the uncertain change in nature like mysterious dwarfing disease hitting paddy crops in Punjab & Haryana (affecting height growth and yield), Changes in monsoonal rain patterns like (delay arrival, early withdrawal, low rainfall or rain pouring etc.) even when the same paddy crop is flourishing in the original agro-ecological region of the paddy and same is also true for the other crops.
Increasing hybridisation and emergence of the genetic modified (GM) seeds, apart from being economic cost, these seeds bring farmers dependency on the Agri-corporates due to emergence of suicide seed, and threat to the Agri-ecology by the GM seeds. The preference to the regional crops with indigenous seed (they are more tolerant to the regional adverse climate and disease) the above-mentioned problem could be solved.
The crops of different regions have large residual remains of the chemicals and bring rare diseases to the masses like cancer problems in the Punjab and increased the out-of-pocket expenditure on health and reduced the absolute income.
The emergence of the competitive and marketing concept like Geographical indication in Agri-Products and produce, the regional and organic crops can be monetising at the lucrative rate even with little effort and increase the value realisation to the farmers. E.g. Manipuri Black Rice, Kandhamal Haldi Odisha.

Formalisation of local food processing industries/units (FPI):

The Food Processing Industry (FPI) is promoting linkages between the two pillars of the economy, i.e. agriculture and industry. Eg. Amul cooperatives.
Doubling of farmers’ income: With the rise in demand for agri-products there will be commensurate rise in the price paid to the farmer, thereby increasing the income.
Reduce malnutrition: Processed foods when fortified with vitamins and minerals can reduce the nutritional gap in the population.
Reduce food wastage: UN estimates that 40% of production is wasted. Similarly, NITI Aayog estimated annual post-harvest losses of close to Rs 90,000 crore.
Boosts Trade and Earns Foreign exchange: It is an important source of foreign exchange. For e.g., Indian Basmati rice is in great demand in Middle Eastern countries.
Curbing Migration: Food Processing being a labour-intensive industry will provide localised employment opportunities and thus will reduce the rural to urban migration.
Curbing Food Inflation: Processing increases the shelf life of the food thus keeping supplies in tune with the demand thereby controlling food-inflation. For e.g., Frozen Safal peas are available throughout the year and farmers have a choice either to sell or store for sale in off season.
Crop-diversification: Food processing will require different types of inputs thus creating an incentive for the farmer to grow and diversify crops, it directly supports regional cropping patterns.

All the above-mentioned arguments show that regional cropping patterns and FPIs have immense potential either in decreasing the input cost of the farmers in the crops or will increase the marketing value of the produce and solve the twin challenges of the Indian farming sector.

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[Early Bird Discount ends tomorrow] Insights IAS Revamped YLM (Year-long Mains) Test Series for UPSC CSE IAS Exam 2025 2.0| Starts on 11th July 2024

Starts on: 11th July 2024

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Dear student,

We are hereby launching our highly regarded YLM(Year-long Mains) Test Series 2025 2.0 which provides a comprehensive schedule, disciplined approach and features for your Mains preparation. The adage goes: “Read to remember and write to retain.” Based on our extensive experience guiding thousands of aspirants, we’ve found that it’s crucial for candidates not only to read and learn from textbooks but also to analyze, understand, and apply the concepts in a structured format. This approach helps them to make mistakes early, practice more effectively, and enhance both the quality and speed of their answer writing.

This year, the YLM Test Series promises to be special. We’ve incorporated numerous new features to align with the evolving patterns and trends of the UPSC CSE.

Our entire strategy for the YLM TEST SERIES is driven by the unique EBS strategy .

What is the EBS Strategy?

ESSENTIAL approach: emphasizes on building the basics
BREAKTHROUGH approach: tests the ability to link facts and concepts with Current Affairs.
SIMULATION approach: tests aspirants in an exam like environment to help them consolidate and finally put to test the effectiveness of their preparation. Taking tests regularly will ensure that it becomes a part of your routine, preparing you to perform well in every test without the usual accompanying jitters

EBS Approach(Essential, Breakthrough & Simulation) ensures to STEP-UP the difficulty level gradually, making you more competitive and ensuring that you inculcate the art of inter-disciplinary linkages in your answer writing skills for UPSC Mains exam.

Total Number of Tests :

: 21 Mini Tests + 36 Full Length =

: 10 Tests

FEATURES OF IPM Test Series:

	Mains tests are designed to help in + You will start with Mini tests for every subject and then proceed towards the full-length tests.
	The timetable has been drafted carefully keeping in mind the dynamic demands of the exam and also to ensure you complete the entire syllabus with .
	of duration 1.5 hours are also included for Mains tests. This will help you improve in an incremental manner

	An endeavor to help students, motivate them & to provide the right guidance. The mentorship will be
	Time-Bound & Holistic
	will be made available for all the tests. (Only softcopy will be provided)
	Will provide the These discussions will give a precise roadmap for your preparation for the upcoming test.
	Tests can be taken up any time before the MAINS 2025.
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	The will be provided
	Previous Years’ UPSC Papers + Discussion & Strategy Videos. Before the start of the Simulation Round, we will be providing classes with tips and techniques for scoring well in prelims and other strategy classes.

We have incorporated all the constructive feedback received by a good pool of aspirants and this year we have introduced many new features.

	Our first round prioritizes subjects based on their weightage in the exam. We start with Polity, Economy, Modern India, Geography, Environment, and Science and Technology, followed by the remaining subjects.
	We understand that both freshers and veterans find it challenging to tackle full-length subjects and tests right away, leading to procrastination. To address this, we start with Mini-tests and gradually move to Full-Length Tests (FLTs) for each subject, helping you build confidence and comfortably complete the syllabus.
	for students writing on the scheduled date : You all may have many questions about the subject and your performance, especially in the beginning. To clarify all your doubts and to keep you disciplined and motivated, we offer group mentorship sessions in Bengaluru and Delhi from 4 pm – 5 pm for those taking the mains tests on the scheduled date.
	: After completing a set of tests on a subject, we’ll hold live discussions. This ensures you can clarify doubts and achieve a sense of completion for each subject.
	: We have realized, students need a nudge.It is only that small push from our end that can make huge difference in aspirants’ discipline and progress.

Credibility of Our Test Series:

Proven Success : 70% of our top performers were part of our Test Series.

Question Similarity : Check similarities between Insights IAS questions and those of the UPSC.

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Detailed explanation of the timetable and tips to follow the timetable:

It is designed to ensure that you will complete every subject in 4 rounds
1 st Round is Essential round where you can expect the questions to check your conceptual understanding.
2 nd Round is Breakthrough round where you will apply knowledge and skills to solve the questions. The papers will be categorized subject-wise.
3rd Round is Breakthrough Round based on GS-Papers.
4th Round is Simulation round where the entire paper mimics UPSC Papers and prepares you to tackle any kind of question.

2. Time Gap Between tests in Essential round is kept at 5 days for Mini-tests ad 8 days for FLTs . This will provide you ample time to cover the syllabus. Even if you are not able to complete the syllabus, do not panic, as you will be covering it again during the Revision tests and in the 2nd round.

3. Time Gap between the tests in Breakthrough round is kept at 7 days and for Round 3 it is kept at 7 days. Again, Revision Tests of Breakthrough round will equip you with confidence of having covered the syllabus 3 times by now. In the Breakthrough Round you will also be covering important releases by Government from which questions are expected every year – INDIA YEAR BOOK , ECONOMIC SURVEY & BUDGET.

4. Time Gap between the tests in Round 4 is kept at 7 days

5. There will be an Ethics Test before every FLT of Round 1

6. There will be an Essay test at equal intervals

7. The Simulation Round Mimics the UPSC exam and ensures you are well prepared for any kind of paper in the exam.

– The simulation round will be conducted in 2 sets after Prelims exam.

This course brings together all the essential features an aspirant needs to be thoroughly prepared for the exam. What matters is your success – for you and us. Merely joining the Revamped YLM Insights IAS Test Series will not make you Mains ready. We will provide all the resources and support possible. But it is up to you- how resourceful you are & how well you choose to utilize our services and guidance. We want you to join our Insights IAS family ONLY if you are 100% committed to your goals. We want dedicated individuals who are willing to work hard. Insights IAS will be your faithful companion till your last step in this marathon journey.

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How to Write an Essay in UPSC? - Many times during IAS exam preparation, aspirants ignore the essay writing part with the confidence that they are well prepared for the UPSC Essay paper through their General Studies preparation. But to crack the mains exam you must know how to write essay in UPSC Exam.
UPSC Essay
The UPSC essay paper is one of the nine papers for the IAS main exam. With this, the scores obtained in the UPSC essay topics will also be considered in the merit list. Hence, it is important to cover all the aspects of the UPSC essay syllabus. In this paper, candidates need to write two essays, each with a word limit of 1000-1200 words.
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Essay Writing

How to Write a Perfect and Balanced Essay

What is an essay?

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What constitutes a good essay?

Essay Writing Strategy by Vikram Grewal (AIR 51, CSE 2018), A must watch session for more clarity.

A good essay should reflect...

Vikram Grewal's Copy, all the following things are considered by him:

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Brief for practicing essay writing – pre exam hall approach.

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Steps to be followed during examination:

Essay Copy: Vikram Grewal(AIR 51, CSE 2018)

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Essay Syllabus – Civil Services Mains Exam UPSC

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Essay Writing for UPSC - Weekly Essay Writing Programme

Essay Writing for UPSC

Essay Writing for UPSC - What is Expected?

How to Write Essay for UPSC Mains?

Choose the Right Topic

Brainstorm Ideas

Create a Structure

Format for UPSC Essay Writing

Introduction Paragraph of an Essay

Writing in Paragraphs

Conclusion of the Essay

Proofread and Revise the Essay

Vajiram & Ravi Essay Module

Course Objectives:

Through this course, students will:

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Writing a good Essay in UPSC Mains, Explained by Anudeep Durishetty

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7 Easy Steps on Essay Writing for UPSC Mains Exam

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How to write an Essay in IAS Exam

The Right Way To Prepare For Your IAS Essay Paper

2. Open the newspaper’s editorials

3. Keep quotes handy

4. Practice essays on general topics

5. Stick to reality and not theory

6. Include the crucial parameters

7. Mind the time

8. Seek out help from experts