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English Grammar for Class 12

Class 12 English Grammar - Importance of English Grammar for Class 12 Students

English Grammar for Class 12 is basically the study of grammar to excel in the English language. Thus, the students must take English Grammar as one of the core subjects quite seriously. Also, students who are further attempting to study for masters and higher education in the English language must not fuss with this subject at their basic levels. In these classes, learning effective grammar will take a student on a long career development path.

In this article, we will be studying Class 12 English Grammar and we will be notifying you about the topics that are included in the Class 12th English Grammar Syllabus 2022-23. Students must note that we are discussing the general syllabus for Class 12 English Grammar, you must once cross-check with your own respective school’s or board’s syllabus for 2022-23.

NCERT Solutions - Class 12 English Grammar Solution

NCERT Solutions for English Grammar serves as a comprehensive solution book for the students of Class 12 who are willing to expertise in the English Grammar subject.

The Class 12th English Grammar syllabus is comprehensively mentioned in this NCERT Solutions. Exhaustive Class 12 Grammar topics are present in the NCERT Solutions. Also, this is to be ensured that students from any board can refer to the NCERT Solutions for English Grammar Class 12.

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RBSE Solution for Class 12 English Grammar : Synthesis

RBSE Solution for Class 12 English Grammar: Synthesis

Synthesis में दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक नया Simple, Complex या Compound Sentence बनाया जाता है। Synthesis का अध्ययन निम्न शीर्षकों (headings) के अन्तर्गत किया जाता है –

(1) Combination of Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence (साधारण वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक साधारण वाक्य बनाना)

(2) Combination of Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence (साधारण वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक मिश्रित वाक्य बनाना)

(3) Combination of Simple Sentences into one Compound Sentence (साधारण वाक्यों को मिलाकर एक संयुक्त वाक्य बनाना)

Formation Of Simple Sentences.

दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Simple Sentence बनाना ||

Rule 1. Participle का प्रयोग करके ऐसे Verbs जो Verb तथा Adjective दोनों का काम करें Participle कहलाते हैं । जब दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को जोड़कर एक Simple Sentence बनाना होता है तो उनमें से केवल एक वाक्य के verb को FiniteVerb के रूप में प्रयोग करते हैं तथा अन्य वाक्यों के Verbs को Participles के रूप में बदल देते हैं।

नोट – साधारणतया Participle के द्वारा Simple Sentence को तब जोड़ा जाता है जब विभिन्न Simple Sentences का Subject तो एक ही होता है परन्तु FiniteVerbs भिन्न होते हैं । यदि भिन्न-भिन्न वाक्यों में भिन्न-भिन्न Subjects आये हैं, तो यह नियम लागू नहीं होता ।

Participle के प्रयोग से वाक्य जोड़ते समय यह ध्यान रखना चाहिये कि कौन-सा कार्य पहले और कौन-सा कार्य बाद में हुआ है । जो कार्य पहले हुआ है, उसको दिखाने वाले FiniteVerb को Participle में बदल देते हैं तथा जो कार्य या क्रिया अन्त में हो उसे Finite रहने देते हैं । जैसे —

She saw a snake. She ran away with fear. इन दोनों वाक्यों का कर्ता She है । इनके दोनों Verbs से यह पता चलता है कि दो कार्य किये गये हैं; पहले साँप देखने का, इसके बाद डर कर भागने का । अतः इन्हें इस प्रकार जोड़ दें – Seeing a snake, she ran away with fear. Participle तीन प्रकार के होते हैं जिनसे भिन्न-भिन्न Simple Sentences निम्न प्रकार जोड़े जाते हैं –

(a) Present Participle- यह क्रिया के अन्त में ing लगाने से बनता है । हिन्दी में इसका अर्थ हुए’ या ‘करके’ होता है । इसमें दो कार्य साथ-साथ चलते हैं । बहुधा दूसरा कार्य पहले कार्य का फल होता है।

Separate – I reached home. I took off my clothes. Combined – Reaching home, I took off my clothes.
Separate – I was hungry. I took my food. Combined – Being hungry, I took my food.
Separate – She was tired of walking. She lay down to take rest. Combined – Being tired of walking, she lay down to take rest.

अगर Present Participle का सम्बन्ध वाक्य के Object से हो तो उसे Object के बाद में रखते हैं । जैसे Separate – I saw Ramesh. He was abusing his neighbour. Combined – I saw Ramesh abusing his neighbour. उपर्युक्त वाक्य में Participle का सम्बन्ध वाक्य के Object ‘Ramesh’ से है।

(b) Past Participle- यह क्रिया का third form होता है और इसका प्रयोग Adjective के रूप में होता है । जैसे निम्न उदाहरण में lost का प्रयोग विशेषण के रूप में हुआ है – Separate – I found my pen. It was lost. Combined – I found my lost pen.

(c) Perfect Participle- इसमें having के साथ Verb की third form प्रयोग में लायी जाती है। जब एक कार्य पूर्ण रूप से समाप्त हो जाय और तब उसके बाद दूसरा कार्य प्रारम्भ हो तो जो क्रिया कार्य को समाप्त होना दिखाती है, उसे Perfect Participle Separate – She had completed her written work. She went to the market. Combined – Having completed her written work, she went to the market. Participle का Passive form having been के साथ Verb के third form से बनता है । जैसे – Separate – He was punished by his teacher. He felt sorry. Combined – Having been punished by his teacher, he felt sorry. नोट – ‘He was punished’ Passive Voice में है । अत: Participle के भी Passive form having been punished’

Exercise 1.

Combine each set of the following Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using a Participle:

She went to the garden. She plucked flowers.
I saw a ball. I picked it up.
The servant swept the room. He went away.
He came to me. He gave me this letter.
The poor man worked. He laughed. He thus spent his life.
I was walking in the field. I saw a snake. I ran away.
He went up the hill. He saw an old temple.
He went home. He met his mother. He touched her feet.
The child lost his pen. He began to weep.
He was disguised as a saint. He escaped to Nepal. Answers:
Going to the garden, she plucked flowers.
Seeing a ball, I picked it up.
Having swept the room, the servant went away.
Coming to me, he gave me this letter.
The poor man spent his life working and laughing.
Seeing a snake while walking in the field, I ran away.
Going up the hill, he saw a temple.
Going home and meeting his mother, he touched her feet.
Having lost his pen, the child began to weep.
Disguised as a saint, he escaped to Nepal.

Rule 2. Infinitive का प्रयोग करेके

क्रिया में to जोड़कर Infinitive बनाया जाता है । हिन्दी में अर्थ निकालने पर क्रिया के अन्त में ‘ना’, ‘नी’, ‘ने’ आता है। Infinitive के प्रयोग द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ते समय एक वाक्य के Finite Verb को उसी रूप में रहने देते हैं तथा दूसरे या अन्य वाक्यों के Finite Verb को Infinitive में बदल देते हैं । उद्देश्य या फल दिखाने वाली Finite क्रिया को Infinitive में बदलना चाहिये।

Separate – He took a knife. He wanted to kill the hen. Combined – He took a knife to kill the hen.
Separate – He is very weak. He cannot walk. Combined – He is too weak to walk.
Separate – He wants to study. He has gone to Jaipur. Combined – He has gone to Jaipur to study.
Separate – Iam leaving for Kolkata. I shall live there. Combined – I am leaving for Kolkata to live there.
Separate – The book was very difficult. She could not understand. Combined – The book was too difficult for her to understand.

Exercise 2.

Combine each set of the following Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using an Infinitive:

He has three daughters. He has to get them married.
Give him a chair. He will sit on it.
She is very fat. She cannot run.
I want a knife. I shall cut vegetables with it.
Hari went to Agra. He wanted to see the Taj.
He has no money. He can’t buy a smart phone.
She will go to Jaipur. She will see her father.
He is very old. He cannot walk.
Sita went to Bikaner. She went there to see her sister.
He had a large family. He had to provide for them. Answers:
He has to get his three daughter married.
Give him a chair to sit on.
She is too fat to run.
I want a knife to cut vegetables.
Hari went to Agra to see the Taj.
He has no money to buy a smart
She will go to Jaipur to see her father.
He is too old to walk.
Sita went to Bikaner to see her sister.
He had to provide for a large family.

Rule 3. Nominative Absolute का प्रयोग करके

Nominative Absolute उस कर्ता (Nominative) को कहते हैं, जो वाक्य में स्वतन्त्र (Absolute) रहता है । यह Participle से पहले प्रयोग होता है । ऐसे कर्ता का कोई भी प्रभाव वाक्य के Verb पर नहीं पड़ता, क्योंकि यह न तो किसी FiniteVerb का कर्ता होता है और न कर्म । जैसे – (i) The sun having set, the stars came up in the sky. (ii) The meeting being over, all members left the hall. उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में sun तथा meeting, Nominative Absolutes हैं।

Nominative Absolute का प्रयोग तब होता है जब प्रत्येक वाक्य का Subject एक ही न होकर अलग-अलग होते हैं । दूसरे, उन वाक्यों के Verbs से ऐसा मालूम पड़ता है कि जो कार्य एक दूसरे के बाद होते हैं उनके बीच एक प्रकार का causal relation (कारण और उसके परिणाम का सम्बन्ध) है । Synthesis करते समय जो कार्य पहले हो उसके कर्ता को

Participle के पहले रख देते हैं । जैसे – Separate – The sun set. The stars came up in the sky. Combined – The sun having set, the stars came up in the sky.

उपर्युक्त वाक्य में पहले सूर्य का अस्त होना हुआ और उसके बाद सितारों का आकाश में उदय होना हुआ । इसलिये पहले वाक्य के कर्ता (sun) को Participle (having set) के पहले रखा गया है अर्थात् sun को Nominative Absolute कर दिया गया है तथा दूसरे वाक्य को उसी तरह रहने दिया गया है ।

Separate – The police arrived. The dacoits ran away. Combined – The police having arrived, the dacoits ran away.
Separate – The picture was interesting. We enjoyed it very much. Combined – The picture being interesting, weenjoyed it very much.
Separate – The teacher was absent. The boys did not work. Combined – The teacher being absent, the boys did not work.
Separate – The sun rose. The birds began to fly. Combined – The sun having risen, the birds began to fly.
Separate – The captain was killed. The army fled. (यह Passive वाक्य है) Combined – The captain having been killed, the army fled.

Note- (i) जब वाक्य में क्रियाओं is, are, am, was, were का प्रयोग main verb के रूप में होता है तो Subject के पश्चात् being का प्रयोग होता है । (उदाहरण 2, 3) (ii) Subject के बाद having का प्रयोग Active Voice में करते हैं । (उदाहरण 1, 4) (iii) Subject के बाद having been का प्रयोग Passive Voice में करते हैं । (उदाहरण 5)

Exercise 3.

Combine each set of the following Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using Nominative Absolute:

The sun set. The birds started flying towards their nests.
The play was over, All left the field.
The bell rang. The school closed.
The rain stopped. Children went out to play.
The letter was written. He posted it at once.
The classwork was over. The students left the class.
The police arrived. The mob dispersed.
The sun set. They returned to their homes.
My pocket was picked. I had no money for bus fare.
The college was closed. The boys went home. Answers:
The sun having set, the birds started flying towards their nests.
The play being over, all left the field.
The bell having rung, the school closed.
The rain having stopped, children went out to play.
The letter having been written, he posted it at once.
The classwork being over, the students left the class.
The police having arrived, the mob dispersed.
The sun having set, they returned to their homes.
My pocket having been picked, I had no money for bus fare.
The college having been closed, the boys went home.

Rule 4. Gerund या Noun के पूर्व Preposition का प्रयोग करके । Gerund बनाने के लिए Verb के first form में ing जोड़ना चाहिए । हिन्दी में अर्थ निकालने पर इसमें भी क्रिया के अन्त में ‘ना’ ,’नी’ , ‘ने’ आता है।

Separate – Sita bought a pen. She gave five rupees for it. Combined – Sita bought a pen for five rupees.
Separate – He gave me advice. He also helped me. Combined – Besides giving me advice, he also helped me.
Separate – I made my best efforts. I could not pass B. A. Combined – In spite of my best efforts, I could not pass B.A.
Separate – The moon rose. The journey was not ended. Combined – The moon rose before the end of the journey.
Separate – Sita had failed. She heard the news. She fainted. Combined – On hearing the news of her failure, Sita fainted.
Separate – You helped me. I would have failed. Combined – I would have failed without your help.

यदि दो Simple Sentences, Passive Voice में हों तो उन्हें जोड़ते समय Gerund के Passive form (being + Verb के third form) के पहले Preposition का प्रयोग करना चाहिए । जैसे –

Separate – He was awarded. He was given a trophy. Combined – He was awarded by being given a trophy.

Exercise 4.

Combine each of the following groups of Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using a Preposition before a Gerund or Noun:

My brother is ill. He has high fever.
He saw the moon. He became glad.
He gave them his advice. He helped them liberally.
I bought a watch. I paid Rs 500 for this.
You helped me. I would have been drowned.
He behaved rudely with me. I was quite displeased.
I reached the station. I bought tickets.
The mother saw the child. She was very happy.
He returned safely. All were glad.
Sohan sold his house. He sold it for fifty lac rupees. Answers:
My brother is ill with high fever.
He became glad on seeing the moon.
Besides giving them his advice, he helped them liberally.
I bought a watch for Rs. 500.
I would have been drowned without your help.
I was quite displeased with him for his rude behaviour.
After reaching the station, I bought tickets.
The mother was very happy on seeing the child.
All were glad at his safe return.
Sohan sold his house for fifty lac rupees.

Rule 5.Noun या Phrase in Apposition का प्रयोग करके Apposition का अर्थ है side by side और इसीलिए किसी Noun या Phrase को उस Noun के बगल में रखा जाता है जिसकी व्याख्या की जाती है । जो Noun या Phrase, apposition में रहता है उसे दो अल्पविराम (commas) के बीच रखा जाता है । जैसे Separate – Suresh is a teacher. He is very gentle. Combined – Suresh, a teacher, is very gentle. यहाँ teacher एक Noun है जो दूसरे Noun Suresh की व्याख्या करता है । अत: teacher, Suresh के साथ apposition में है। विधि का प्रयोग तब होता है जब विभिन्न वाक्यों में कोई ऐसे दो Nouns हों जो एक ही वस्तु, व्यक्ति या स्थान को प्रकट करते हों । ऐसी स्थिति में उनका प्रयोग apposition के रूप में होता है । अन्य उदाहरण देखिये –

Separate – Ravi was the best boy in the class. He was the monitor. Combined – Ravi, the monitor, was the best boy in the class.
Separate – Tagore was the author of the Gitanjali. He was a great poet of Bengal. Combined – Tagore, a great poet of Bengal, was the author of the Gitanjali. Or Tagore, the author of the Gitanjali, was a great poet of Bengal.
Separate – My brother went to Delhi. Delhi is the capital of India. Combined – My brother went to Delhi, the capital of India.
Separate – Mahatma Gandhi was a great leader: He is called the Father of the Nation. Combined – Mahatma Gandhi, a great leader, is called the Father of the Nation.
Separate – Columbus was a famous sailor. He was an Italian. He discovered America. Combined – Columbus, a famous Italian sailor, discovered America. Or Columbus, the discoverer of America, was a famous Italian sailor.
Separate – Indira Gandhi was our Prime Minister. She was shot dead by her security guards. Combined – Indira Gandhi, our Prime Minister, was shot dead by her security guards.

Exercise 5.

Combine each of the following groups of Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using a Noun or Phrase in Apposition:

Dr Radha Krishnan was the President of India. He was a great philosopher.
Mohan was the only son of his father. He died in an accident.
Nalanda was once the biggest centre of learning. It is now a heap of ruins.
Mr Saxena was our Principal. He was very learned.
Shahjahan was a great Mughal Emperor. He built the Taj. It is the finest building in the country.
I have never been to Mumbai. It is the biggest seaport of India.
Kalidas was a great Sanskrit poet. He was the author of the ‘Shakuntlam’.
Nehru was a great statesman. He was the first Prime Minister of India:
Lava and Kush were the sons of Sita. They were very brave.
Milton was a famous English poet. He was blind. Answers:
Dr Radhakrishnan, the President of India, was a great philosopher.
Mohan, the only son of his father, died in an accident.
Nalanda, once the biggest centre of learning, is now a heap of ruins.
Mr Saxena, our Principal, was very learned.
Shahjahan, a great Mughal Emperor, built the Taj, the finest building in the country.
I have never been to Mumbai, the biggest sea-port of India.
Kalidas, a great Sanskrit poet, was the author of the ‘Shakuntalam’.
Nehru, the first PrimeMinister of India, was a great statesman.
Lava and Kush, the sons of Sita, were very brave.
Milton, a famous English poet, was blind.

Rule 6. Adverb या Adverbial Phrase का प्रयोग करके

Adverb साधारणतया -ly का प्रयोग करके बनता है । यदि एक वाक्य के कुछ शब्द मिलकर Adverb का कार्य करते हैं तब उसे Adverbial Phrase कहते हैं । यह विधि तब प्रयोग में लायी जाती है जब दोनों वाक्यों में से कोई एक वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य की मुख्य क्रिया की विशेषता प्रकट करता है । जो वाक्य विशेषता प्रकट करता है उसे Adverb या Adverbial Phrase में बदल देते हैं । जैसे (i) He went to college. He was punctual. यहाँ दूसरे वाक्य का punctual शब्द पहले वाक्य की क्रिया went की विशेषता बताता है । अत: punctual शब्द को Adverb में बदल कर दोनों वाक्यों को मिलाकर इस प्रकार लिख सकते हैं : He went to college punctually.

(ii) I finished the work. It took me no time. यहाँ दूसरा वाक्य पहले वाक्य की क्रिया finished की विशेषता बता रहा है । इसको Adverbial Phrase ‘in no time’ में बदलकर दोनों वाक्यों को मिलाकर इस प्रकार लिख सकते हैं – I finished the work in no time.

अन्य उदाहरण –

Separate – Rana Pratap was the glory of Mewar. There is no doubt about it. Combined – Rana Pratap was undoubtedly the glory of Mewar.
Separate – The student read the book. He read it in a hurry. Combined – The student read the book hurriedly.
Separate – The tree was cut down. The cutting down was slow. Combined – The tree was cut down slowly.
Separate – He played cricket. He played happily. Combined – He played cricket happily.
Separate – He did his work. He was not careful about it. Combined – He did his work carelessly.
Separate – The sun set. The boys had not completed the work. Combined – The boys had not completed the work by sunset.

Exercise 6.

Combine each of the following sets of Simple Sentences into a Simple Sentence by using an

Adverb or Adverbial Phrase:

He was at fault. There is no doubt in it.
He went to market. He was ina hurry.
I shall return by the morning. I am definite about it.
I thanked him. I did it with all my heart.
The river was flowing. Its flow was slow.
He did it. He did it with a great success.
He spent all his money. This was foolish.
She will pass the examination. It is certain.
The leader spoke. He spoke for a few minutes.
He failed. It was unfortunate. Answers:
He was undoubtedly at fault.
He went to the market in a hurry.
I shall definitely return by the morning.
I thanked him with all my heart.
The river was flowing slowly.
He successfully did it.
He spent all his money foolishly.
She will pass the examination certainly. Or She will certainly pass the examination.
The leader spoke for a few minutes.
Unfortunately he failed.

Rule 7. Adjective का प्रयोग करके जब दोनों वाक्यों में से किसी एक वाक्य में ऐसे विशेषण का प्रयोग किया गया है, जो दूसरे वाक्य में किसी संज्ञा की विशेषता प्रकट करता है तो उस विशेषण को मुख्य वाक्य में Noun के पास रखकर Simple Sentence बनाते हैं । निम्न उदाहरणों में विशेषण blind, lame तथा notorious को क्रमशः boy, man तथा thief के पास रखकर Simple Sentence बनाया गया है। जैसे

Separate – A boy came to my office. The boy was blind. Combined – A blind boy came to my office.
Separate – Ram gave a rupee to a man. The man was lame. Combined – Ram gave a rupee to a lame man.
Separate – The police caught a thief. The thief was notorious. Combined – The police caught a notorious thief.

Exercise 7.

Combine each set of Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using an Adjective:

Tagore was a Bengali. He was a great poet.
He is my brother. He is intelligent.
The Principal fined a boy. The boy was naughty.
I bought a pen. It was costly.
A boy was weeping bitterly. He was hungry.
They killed a snake. It was poisonous.
I met a woman. She was poor.
I saw a woman. She was very old.
A girl was sitting in the chair. She was young.
He left his home one night. It was very dark. Answers:
Tagore was a great Bengali poet.
My brother is intelligent.
The Principal fined a naughty boy.
I bought a costly pen.
A hungry boy was weeping bitterly.
They killed a poisonous snake.
I met a poor woman.
I saw a very old woman.
A young girl was sitting in the chair.
He left his home one very dark night.

Exercise 8.(Miscellaneous)

Combine each of the sets of Simple Sentences into a Simple Sentence:

There are three prisoners in the jail. They are to be hanged.
He found a purse. He was walking on the road.
Archana lost her book. It was a costly book. She lost it last evening.
The teacher entered the room. He took his seat.
Ashok was the emperor of India. He worked for the betterment of his people. He was very kind and generous.
He has an old car. He wants to sell it.
He dismissed his servant. He was a fool.
I went to the market. Mohan also went with me. Answers:
There are three prisoners in the jail to be hanged.
While walking on the road, he found a purse.
Archana lost her costly book last evening.
Having entered the room, the teacher took his seat.
Ashok, a very kind and generous emperor of India, worked for the betterment of his people.
He wants to sell his old car.
He dismissed his foolish servant.
Mohan and I went to the market.

Formation Of Complex Sentences.

दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Complex Sentence बनाना

Complex Sentence में एक PrincipalClause तथा एक या अधिक Subordinate Clause (आश्रित उपवाक्य) होते हैं । इसलिये दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Complex Sentence बनाते समय यह आवश्यक है कि दिये हुए Simple Sentences में से एक को Principal Clause तथा अन्य वाक्यों को Subordinate Clause में बदलना चाहिए।

Subordinate Clause तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

(i) Noun Clause (ii) Adjective Clause (iii) Adverb Clause

अत: Simple Sentences से Complex Sentences निम्न तीन प्रकार से बनाये जाते हैं –

Rule 1. Noun Clause ant trattato Noun Clause only Ita gott fel I Hahal

Separate – You are a thief. It is known to all. Combined – That you are a thief, is known to all. (Subject to a Verb)
Separate – Ram is a dull boy. Every teacher knows it. Combined – Every teacher knows that Ram is a dull boy. (Object to a Verb)
Separate – I told you that yesterday. You must rely on it. Combined — You must rely on what I told you yesterday. (Object to a Preposition)
Separate – Ram has failed in the examination. The reason is his carelessness. Combined – The reason of Ram’s failure in the examination is that he is careless. (Complement to a Verb)
Separate – Gandhiji was shot dead. The news spread all over the country like a wild Combined – The news, that Gandhiji was shot dead, spread all over the country like a wild fire. (In apposition to a Noun)

Note- (i) Synthesis के लिए दिये गये वाक्यों का हिन्दी में अर्थ निकालने के पश्चात् उन्हें पहले हिन्दी में जोड़ना चाहिये और उसके पश्चात् उसका अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद करना अच्छा रहता है। (ii) Noun Clause aree Hall of caref can I Who, which, where, why, what, when, that Friifoto द्वारा जब Noun Clause बनाया जाता है तो इनका अर्थ हिन्दी में कोई ऐसा शब्द होता है जो ‘क’ से आरम्भ होता है ।

जैसे– ‘कि’, ‘कौन’, ‘क्या’, ‘कि कहाँ’, ‘कि क्यों’, ‘कि कब’ । कभी-कभी ‘जो कुछ’ का भी अर्थ हो सकता है । जैसे —

Separate – He does not know. Who is she? Combined – He does not know who she is.
Separate – Tell me. Where is she? Combined – Tell me where she is.

(iii) If या whether के द्वारा भी Noun Clause बनाया जाता है, जब उसका अर्थ ‘कि क्या’ होता है। जैसे –

Separate – He may be innocent. I do not know. Combined – I do not know if/whether (कि क्या) he is innocent.

Exercise 9.

Combine each set of Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence by using a Noun Clause:

It is clear. You have committed a crime.
The earth moves round the sun. My teacher told me.
He is very sincere. Nobody doubts it.
Who wrote the Ram Charit Manas? Can you tell me?
You are kind to me. I will not forget it.
He is very honest. I do not doubt it.
You have acted wrongly. I believe so.
The rains would come. That was our hope. Our hope was wrong.
The clouds would disperse. That was our hope. Our hope was cheering.
Honesty is the best policy. That is known to all. Answers:
It is clear that you have committed a crime.
My teacher told me that the earth moves round the sun.
Nobody doubts that he is very sincere.
Can you tell me who wrote the Ram Charit Manas?
I will not forget that you are kind to me.
I do not doubt that he is very honest.
I believe that you have acted wrongly.
Our hope that rains would come was wrong.
Our hope that clouds would disperse was cheering.
That honesty is the best policy is known to all.

Rule 2. Adjective Clause at reason

यदि एक वाक्य के अन्तर्गत आये हुए Noun या Pronoun के लिये दूसरे,वाक्य में कोई बात कही गयी है तो दूसरे वाक्य को Adjective Clause बना देते हैं। जैसे – Separate – I saw a dog.

The dog was lying on the road. यहाँ पहले वाक्य में dog के बारे में कहा गया है और दूसरे में उसी के बारे में बात कही गई है । इसीलिए इन्हें Adjective Clause के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। अन्य उदाहरण देखिये –

Separate – I gave him a camera: The camera was very cheap. Combined – I gave him a camera which was very cheap.
Separate – This is the school. I was taught here in my childhood. Combined – This is the school where I was taught in my childhood.
Separate – The man was caught. He stole my watch. Combined – The man who stole my watch was caught.
Separate – He was weeping for some reason. Nobody knew the reason. Combined – Nobody knew the reason why he was weeping.

Note- Adjective Clause किसी Relative Pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that) अथवा किसी – Relative Adverb (how, why, when, where) से शुरू होता है । यह ध्यान रखना चाहिये कि जहाँ तक सम्भव हो इन शब्दों को उन शब्दों के पास रखना चाहिये जिनकी विशेषतायें प्रकट की जा रही हों अर्थात् Relative Pronoun तथा Relative Adverb का Antecedent (पूर्ववर्ती) उनसे पहले प्रयोग होना चाहिये।

Exercise 10.

Combine each set of Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence by usįng an Adjective

My brother will come from Delhi. I do not know the time.
The pen is mine. It is on the table.
Ramesh is a good boy. He belongs to a good family.
I have a dog. It is very faithful.
We came upon a certain cottage. Here a shepherd was living with his family.
The boy is standing there. He is my brother.
He did not come to school today. Do you know the reason?
Will you give me the watch ? It is on the table.
I bought a pen a few days back. I have lost it.
The book is in my hand. I like it most. Answers:
I do not know the time when my brother will come from Delhi. Or The time when my brother will come from Delhi, is not known to me.
The pen which is on the table is mine.
Ramesh, who belongs to a good family, is a good boy.
I have a dog which is very faithful.
We came upon a certain cottage in which a shephered was living with his family.
The boy who is standing there is my brother.
Do you know the reason why he did not come to school today?
Will you give me the watch which is on the table?
I have lost the pen which I bought a few days back.
I like the book which is in my hand.

Rule 3. Adverb Clause का प्रयोग करके

Adverb Clause का प्रयोग time,place, reason, condition, comparison, contrast, result, purpose तथा manner प्रकट करता है । उसी के अनुसार Adverb Clause जोड़ने के लिए भिन्न-भिन्न Conjunctions का प्रयोग होता

Time (समय) प्रदर्शित करने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions whenever, when, while, till, until, before, after, as long as, as soon as, since आदि हैं । इनके प्रयोग से एक वाक्य को AdverbClause बनाकर Synthesise करना। जैसे

Separate – I waited for Ram Gopal. I waited till his arrival. Combined – I waited for Ram Gopal till he arrived. (showing time)

Place (स्थान) प्रदर्शित करने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions where, wherever हैं । इनके प्रयोग से Adverb Clause of Place बनाकर Synthesise करना । जैसे –

Separate – Nehru went to many places. He was welcomed everywhere. Combined – Nehru was welcomed wherever he went. (showing place)

Reason (कारण) प्रदर्शित करने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions because, since तथा as हैं । इनके प्रयोग से Adverb Clause of Reason बनाकर Synthesise करना । जैसे

Separate — He is weak. I shall teach him. Combined – I shall teach him because he is weak. (showing reason)

Condition (शर्त) प्रदर्शित करने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions if, unless, in case आदि हैं । इनके प्रयोग से । Adverb Clause of Condition बनाकर Synthesise करना । जैसे –

Separate – Do not work too hard. You will lose your health. Combined – If you work too hard, you will lose your health. (showing condition)

5.Comparison (तुलना) बताने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions than, so, as….as तथा so….as आदि हैं । इनके प्रयोग से Adverb Clause of Comparison बनाकर Synthesise करना । जैसे

Separate – Sita is beautiful. Sarla is equally beautiful. Combined – Sarla is as beautiful as Sita is. (showing comparison)

6.Contrast (अन्तर, विरोध) बताने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions though, although और even if हैं । इनके प्रयोग से Adverb Clause of Contrast बनाकर Synthesise करना । जैसे

Separate – He is poor. He is honest. Combined – Although he is poor, he is honest. (showing contrast)

Result (परिणाम) प्रदर्शित करने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions पहले Clause में so तथा दूसरे में that हैं । इनके प्रयोग से AdverbClause of Result बनाकर Synthesise करना । जैसे

Separate – He was very poor. He could not buy this book. Combined – He was so poor that he could not buy this book. (showing result)

Purpose (उद्देश्य) प्रदर्शित करने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions so that (ताकि), in order that (ताकि), lest आदि हैं So that, in order that के बाद may या might तथा lest के बाद should का प्रयोग होता है । इनके प्रयोग से AdverbClause of Purpose बनाकर Synthesise करना । जैसे –

Separate – I drew my sword. I wanted to defend myself. Combined – I drew my sword so that I might defend myself. (showing purpose)

Manner (ढंग) प्रदर्शित करने के लिए – मुख्य Conjunctions as, so far as हैं । इनके प्रयोग से Adverb Clause of Manner le Synthesise II –

Separate – You have treated me in a certain way. I will treat you in the same way. Combined – I will treat you as you have treated me. (showing manner)

Exercise 11.

Combine each of the following sets of Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence by using an Adverb

He waited for his brother. He waited till his arrival.
Work hard. You will get success.
He was quite tired. He could scarcely stand.
He worked hard. He failed in the examination.
You shall have to marry. You are already 30 years old.
You must work harder. You will not pass.
The bell rang. They all came up at once.
He ran so quickly. He soon overtook his father.
Lila is more intelligent. I am less intelligent.
I will return. Do not go till then. Answers:
He waited for his brother till he arrived.
If you work hard, you will get success.
He was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
Though he worked hard, he failed in the examination.
You shall have to marry because you are already 30 years old.
If you don’t work harder, you will not pass.
When the bell rang they all came up at once.
He ran so quickly that he soon overtook his father.
Lila is more intelligent than I am.
Do not go till I return.

Exercise 12. (Miscellaneous)

Combine each of the following sets of Simple Sentences into a Complex Sentence:

The two friends quarrelled. I could not know the reason.
I know the boy. He stole your watch.
The rose is a beautiful flower. It is certain.
He saw a snake. Soon he ran away.
I was going on a road. I saw two dogs. They were fighting.
He died in an accident. This news is not true.
The milkman came to my house last evening. The sun was setting then.
I do not know the reason. He did not come.
I met Harish yesterday. He lives at Allahabad. Allahabad is a sacred city of the Hindus.
It will rain. It is certain. Answers:
I could not know the reason why the two friends quarrelled.
I know the boy who stole your watch.
It is certain that the rose is a beautiful flower.
As soon as he saw a snake, he ran away.
While going on a road, I saw two dogs which were fighting.
That he died in an accident is not true.
When the milkman came to my house last evening, the sun was setting.
I do not know the reason why he did not come.
Yesterday I met Harish who lives at Allahabad which is a sacred city of the Hindus.
That it will rain is certain.

Formation Of Compound Sentences.

दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Compound Sentence बनाना

Rule 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions or yet anedo दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक Compound Sentence बनाने के लिए Co-ordinating Conjunctions का प्रयोग होता है | Co-ordinating Conjunctions निम्नलिखित चार प्रकार के होते हैं जो चार प्रकार के वाक्यों को जोड़ने के काम आते हैं –

(a) Cumulative (जोड़ बताने वाले) Conjunctions and; as well as; both…..and; not only…..but also आदि ] का प्रयोग करके यदि एक कथन (statement) को दूसरे कथन से जोड़ा जाता है तो ऊपर के किसी Conjunction का प्रयोग होगा । जैसे –

Separate – He took my pen yesterday. He returned it today. Combined – He took my pen yesterday and returned it today.
Separate – He was marked absent. He was turned out of the class. Combined – He was marked absent and turned out of the class. Or He was marked absent as well as turned out of the class. Or He was not only marked absent but also turned out of the class.

(b) Alternative (वैकल्पिक) Conjunctions का प्रयोग करके – [either (या तो)…..or (या); neither (न तो)….nor (न); or; otherwise (नहीं तो, अन्यथा) आदि] यदि एक कथन दूसरे कथन का विकल्प (choice) हो तो ऐसे Conjunctions से जोड़ते हैं। जैसे –

Separate – Make haste. We shall miss the train. Combined – Make haste or we shall miss the train. Or Make haste otherwise we shall miss the train.
Separate – Come in time. Do not come at all. Combined – Either come in time or do not come at all.

(c) Adversative (विरोध बताने वाले) Conjunctions [but, however, still (तो भी), yet (तो भी), nevertheless, whereas, while आदि का प्रयोग करके – यदि दो वाक्यों के कथन में परस्पर विरोध हो तो ऐसे Conjunctions से जोड़ते हैं । जैसे

Separate – He is lazy. He is clever. Combined – He is lazy but he is clever.
Separate – He is poor. He is honest. Combined – He is poor yet he is honest.
Separate – He is ill. He works hard. Combined – He is ill still he works hard.
Separate – Wise men show their faults. Fools avoid them. Combined – Wise men show their faults whereas fools avoid them.

(d) Illative (परिणाम बताने वाले) Conjunctions [therefore; for; so; hence आदि का प्रयोग करके – यदि दो कथनों में कारण-परिणाम का भाव प्रकट हो तो ऐसे Conjunctions से जोड़ते हैं । जैसे –

Separate – I cannot die in peace. I am a sinner.
Separate – He is the son of a professor. He is intelligent. Combined – He is the son of a professor therefore he is intelligent.
Separate – He left his studies. He had no money. Combined – He had no money so he left his studies.

Rule 2. Relative Pronouns या Relative Adverbs at an area ota Relative Pronouns या. Relative Adverbs for per continuative sense Sentences of taat Compound जैसे –

Relative Adverbs of em continuative sense tant Compound Sentences of old –
Separate – I met Harish. He gave me a book. Combined – I met Harish, who (= and he) gave me a book.
Separate – He shot the bird. It flew away. Combined – He shot the bird, which (= and it) flew away.
Separate – We went to Kolkata last year. We stayed there for four days. Combined – Last year we went to Kolkata, where (= and there) we stayed for four days.

Exercise 13.

Combine each of the following sets of Simple Sentences into a Compound Sentence:

You did not obey me. You failed.
He is intelligent. He is not proud.
He grew very weak. He did not break the fast.
I met Mohan. He was a lecturer.
The Rajputs were victorious. They were brave.
I visited Delhi. It is the capital of India.
He is rich. He is not contented.
I tried my best. I could not succeed.
Speak the truth. You will be respected by all.
Give me your money bag. You will be shot dead. Answers:
You did not obey me so you failed.
He is intelligent yet he is not proud.
He grew very weak but he did not break the fast.
I met Mohan, who (and he) was a lecturer.
The Rajputs were brave so they were victorious.
I visited Delhi, which (and it) is the capital of India.
He is rich yet he is not contented.
I tried my best yet I could not succeed.
Speak the truth and you will be respected by all.
Give me your money bag or you will be shot dead.

Exercise 14 (Miscellaneous) :

Combine the sentences as indicated in the brackets:

The boy wrote a letter. The boy went to school. (Simple)
He saw his mother. He was glad. (Simple)
I have two books. I have to read them. (Simple)
I want to take the pen. It is lying on the table. (Simple)
I am sure. I will finish the work. (Simple)
Do it. You will be punished. (Compound)
Be quick. You will be late. (Compound)
Touch it. You will die at once. (Compound)
We cannot help you. We have no money at present. (Compound)
I have a watch. It does not work well. (Complex)
We went to the hospital. There we saw a dead body. (Complex) Answers:
Having written a letter, the boy went to school.
He was glad to see his mother.
I have two books to read.
I want to take the pen lying on the table.
I am sure of finishing the work.
Do it or you will be punished.
Be quick otherwise you will be late.
Touch it and you will die at once.
We have no money at present so we cannot help you. Or We cannot help you because we have no money at present.
I have a watch which doesn’t work well.
We went to the hospital where we saw a dead body.

Exercise 15.

Combine each of the following sets of Sentences as directed:

Sarita is an intelligent girl. She can do any exercise of this book. (use ‘such-that’)
The question was hard. Boys failed to do it. (use ‘so-that)
The Prime Minister reached the meeting hall. The organisers greeted him warmly. (use ‘when’)
We went to Jaipur. We stayed for five days there. (use ‘where’)
‘He is quite rich. He can arrange a good party. (use ‘enough to’)
He likes to go home. He does not like to go to the cinema. (use ‘would rather-than)
Rahman is a singer. He is a dancer, too. (use ‘both-and’)
He is very honest. He cannot accept a bribe. (use ‘too-to’)
He made all efforts. He couldn’t get the job. (though)
He made all efforts. He couldn’t get the job. (use ‘in spite of)
They walked very fast. They wanted to catch the train. (use ‘in order to’)
Do your work. The teacher will come. (use ’till’) Answers:
Sarita is such an intelligent girl that she can do any exercise of this book.
The question was so hard that the boys failed to do it.
When the Prime Minister reached the meeting hall, the organisers greeted him warmly.
We went to Jaipur where we stayed for five days.
He is rich enough to arrange a good party.
He would rather go home than go to the cinema.
Rahman is both a singer and a dancer.
He is too honest to accept a bribe.
Though he made all efforts, he could not get the job.
In spite of all his efforts, he could not get the job.
They walked very fast in order to catch the train.
Do your work till the teacher comes.

Exercise 16.

Combine these sentences into one simple sentence:

I have many books. I have to read them all.
It was his birthday. We congratulated him.
He sent his son to America. He wanted to educate him.
Naveen is tired. He needs rest.
Yogita took a pen. She wanted to write a story.
He was tired. He went to bed so early.
Hiroshima was once a prosperous town. It is now a heap of ruins.
The holidays are at end. Boys are returning to school.
Mother lit fire she had to cook food.
He got up early. He went to station. Answers: No Answers

Exercise 17.

Combine each of the following sets of Simple Sentences into one sentence as directed:

He heard a noise. He stopped. [use – participle]
The boy finished his work. He slept. [use – participle]
She was proud. She refused the gift. [use – participle]
He cannot buy a bicycle. He is very poor. [use – infinitive]
He studied hard. He wanted to secure first division. [use – infinitive]
She is going to Delhi. She will buy a car. [use – infinitive]
The school was over. The boys went home. [use – Absolute Phrase]
The sun had set. It became dark. [use – Absolute Phrase]
It was cold. No one went out. [use – Absolute Phrase]
Delhi is an old city. It is the capital of India. [use – phrase in apposition]
My brother is a doctor. His name is Suresh Kumar. [use – phrase in apposition]
The sun set. The journey was not ended. [use – preposition before gerund/noun]
Ram killeu Ravan. He returned to Ayodhya. [use – preposition before gerund/noun]
She read a book. She was in a hurry. [use – adverb or adverbial phrase]
Do this work. There should be no delay. [use – adverb or adverbial phrase] Answers:
Hearing a noise, he stopped.
Having finished his work the boy slept.
Being proud she refused the gift.
He is too poor to buy a bicycle.
He studied hard to secure first division.
She is going to Delhi to buy a car.
The school, being over, the boys went home.
The sun, having set, it became dark.
It, being cold, no one went out.
Delhi, the capital of India, is an old city.
My brother, Suresh Kumar, is a doctor.
The sun set before the end of the journey.
After killing Ravan, Ram returned to Ayodhya.
She read a book hurriedly.
Do this work without delay.

Exercise 18.

Combine the following sets of sentences into one sentence using the words given in brackets:

The two friends quarreled. I could not know the reason. (why)
Ramesh bought a book. It was very interesting. (which)
Work hard. You will get success. (if)
He finished his work. He went to the hospital. (having finished)
Will he come? I don’t know. (whether)
You must rise early. You will improve your health. (infinitive)
The rose is a beautiful flower. It is certain. (certainly)
He will get through the examination. It is sure. (that)
The sun rose. It filled the sky with light. (and)
Good boys work. Bad boys make mischief. (but)
Forests check soil erosion. They also give us timber. (not only……….but also)
The boy wrote a letter. He went to school. (after)
He was hungry. He ate two apples. (so)
I have two books. I have to read them. (infinitive)
He is leaving for Delhi. He will live there. (infinitive) Answers:
I could not know the reason why the two friends quarreled.
Ramesh bought a book which was very interesting.
Having finished his work, he went to the hospital.
I don’t know whether he will come.
You must rise early to improve your health.
The rose is certainly a beautiful flower.
It is sure that he will get through the examination.
The sun rose and filled the sky with light.
Good boys work but bad boys make mischief.
Forests not only check soil erosion but also give us timber.
After the boy had written a letter, he went to school.
He was hungry so he ate two apples.
I have two books to read them.
He is leaving for Delhi to live there.

Exercise 19.

Work hard. You will not pass. (unless)
Work hard. You will not pass. (if)
Be quick. You will be late. (or)
Mohan was punished. He disobeyed his teacher. (because)
We have no money. We cannot help you. (so)
The horse is very wild. It cannot be controlled. (too………..to)
This ceiling is very high. You cannot touch it. (enough……..to)
He was very weak. He could not run fast. (so…………that)
They pulled very hard. The log came out on to the bank. (so……..that)
She hired a taxi. She could reach the examination centre in time. (so that)
He reached the school gate. The first period started. (as)
The poetess stood to recite her poems. The audience applauded her warmly. (no sooner…than)
He entered the room. The snake bit him. (as soon as)
He couldn’t take flight. It was a bad weather. (owing to)
Anurag was studying. A thief entered the room. (while) Answers:
Unless you work hard, you will not pass.
If you do not work hard, you will not pass.
Be quick or you will be late.
Mohan was punished because he disobeyed his teacher.
We have no money so we cannot help you.
The horse is to wild to be controlled.
This ceiling is high enough for you to touch.
He was so weak that he could not run fast.
They pulled so hard that the log came out on to the bank.
She hired a taxi so that she could reach the examination centre in time.
As he reached the school gate, the first period started.
No sooner did the poetess stand to recite her poems than the audience applauded her warmly.
As soon as he entered the room, the snake bit him.
Owing to a bad weather, he couldn’t take flight.
While Anurag was studying, a thief entered the room.

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RBSE Solutions

Rajasthan Board Textbook Solutions for Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory & Literature

Rajasthan Board NCERT New Syllabus RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory & Literature Flamingo & Vistas, Kaleidoscope, A Tiger for Malgudi Guide Pdf free download are part of RBSE Solutions for Class 12 . Here we have given RBSE Class 12th English Compulsory & Literature Book Solutions.

RBSE Class 12 English Compulsory Solutions Flamingo & Vistas

Rbse class 12 english flamingo prose.

Chapter 1 The Last Lesson
Chapter 2 Lost Spring
Chapter 3 DeepWater
Chapter 4 The Rattrap
Chapter 5 Indigo
Chapter 6 Poets and Pancakes
Chapter 7 The Interview
Chapter 8 Going Places

RBSE Class 12 English Flamingo Poetry

Poem 1 My Mother at Sixty-Six
Poem 2 An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
Poem 3 Keeping Quiet
Poem 4 A Thing of Beauty
Poem 5 A Roadside Stand
Poem 6 Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers

RBSE Class 12 English Supplementary Reader Vistas

Chapter 1 The Third Level
Chapter 2 The Tiger King
Chapter 3 Journey to the End of the Earth
Chapter 4 The Enemy
Chapter 5 Should Wizard Hit Mommy?
Chapter 6 On the Face of It
Chapter 7 Evans Tries an O-Level
Chapter 8 Memories of Childhood

RBSE Class 12 English Grammar

Phrasal Verbs
The Prepositions

RBSE Class 12 English Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension Unseen Passage Type-I
Reading Comprehension Unseen Passage Type-II

RBSE Class 12 English Writing

Advertisement Writing
Notice Writing
Writing Description of Arguments For or Against a Topic
Writing Accepting and Declining Invitations
Report Writing
Translate the Passage into Hindi
Letter Writing Letters Business Letters
Letter Writing Official Letters
Letter Writing Letters to Editors
Letter Writing Application for a Job

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Solutions Kaleidoscope & A Tiger for Malgudi

Rbse class 12 english kaleidoscope short stories.

Chapter 1 I Sell my Dreams
Chapter 2 Eveline
Chapter 3 A Wedding in Brownsville
Chapter 4 Tomorrow
Chapter 5 One Centimetre

RBSE Class 12 English Kaleidoscope Poetry

Poem 1 A Lecture Upon the Shadow
Poem 2 Poems by Milton
Poem 3 Poems by Blake
Poem 4 KublaKhan
Poem 5 Trees
Poem 6 The Wild Swans at Coole
Poem 7 Time and Time Again
Poem 8 Blood

RBSE Class 12 English Kaleidoscope Non-fiction

Chapter 1 Freedom
Chapter 2 The Mark on the Wall
Chapter 3 Film-making
Chapter 4 Why the Novel Matters
Chapter 5 The Argumentative Indian
Chapter 6 On Science Fiction

RBSE Class 12 English Kaleidoscope Drama

Chapter 1 Chandalika
Chapter 2 Broken Images

RBSE Class 12 English Fiction A Tiger for Malgudi

A Tiger for Malgudi Short Answer Type Questions
A Tiger for Malgudi Long Answer Type Questions
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 1
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 2
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 3
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 4
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 5

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Reading

Reading Unseen Passage
Reading Unseen Poem

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Writing

Essay Writing Argumentative Essays
Essay Writing Discursive Essays
Essay Writing Reflective Essays
Essay Writing Descriptive Essays
Article Writing
Speech Writing

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Literary Terms

RBSE Class 12 English (Compulsory) Syllabus

The Examination Scheme for the subject is as follows:

Section – A

1. Reading – Passages for comprehension (15 Marks) Two unseen passages (about 700-900 words in all) The passages will include two of the following: (a) Factual passages – e.g. instructions, descriptions, reports. (b) Discursive passage involving opinion – e.g. argumentative, persuasive or interpretative text. (c) Literary passage – e.g. extract from fiction, drama, poetry, essay, or biography.

The details are as under-

Section – B

2. Writing (15 Marks) (i) One out of two short compositions (about 80 words) (4 Marks) (It includes advertisements and notices, descriptions of arguments for or against a topic, and accepting and declining invitations.)

(ii) A report on an event based on some verbal input or Translating the passage into Hindi (about 100 words) (5 Marks)

(iii) Letter (6 Marks) (one out of two based on some verbal input) The letters will include the following: (a) Business or Official Letters (for making enquiries, registering complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders, and sending replies). (b) Letters to the editor on various social, national and international issues. (c) Application for a job including CV (Curriculum Vitae)/Resume.

3. Grammar (8 Marks) (a) Clauses (Noun Clauses, Adverb Clauses, Relative Clauses) (2 Marks) (b) Synthesis (2 Marks) (c) Phrasal Verbs (break, bring, carry, come, get, put, turn) (2 Marks) (d) Prepositions of motion, time, space, and mental attitude (2 Marks)

Section – C

4. Text Books (42 Marks) Flamingo – Prose (14 Marks) (i) One extract from different prose lessons included in Text Book (Approximately 100 words each) 4 comprehension questions testing local and global understanding and 2 questions on vocabulary One testing the knowledge of a similar word and the other testing the knowledge of the opposite word. (6 × 1 = 6)

(ii) One out of two Long Answer Type Questions based on the text to test global comprehension to be answered in about 80 words. (4 Marks)

(iii) Two Short Answer Type Questions based on the lessons to be answered in about 20-25 words. (2 × 2 = 4)

Flamingo – Poetry (14 Marks) (i) One out of two references to the context from the prescribed poems. (6 Marks) (ii) One out of two Long Answer Type Questions based on the text to test global comprehension of about 80 words. (4 Marks) (iii) Two Short Answer Type Questions to be answered in 20-25 words. (2 × 2 = 4)

Vistas (14 Marks) (i) One out of two Long Answer Type Questions based on Supplementary Reader to test comprehension and extrapolation of theme, character, and incidents about 80 words. (4 Marks) (ii) Two Short Answer Type Questions to be answered in about 20-25 words. (2 × 2 = 4) (iii) Six Multiple Choice Questions. (6 × 1 = 6)

Prescribed Books: 1. Flamingo – NCERT’s Book Published under Copyright 2. Vistas – NCERT’s Book Published under Copyright

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Syllabus

One Paper Time: 3.15 Hours Marks: 80

1. Reading (16) (an unseen passage and poem) (a) One literary or discursive passage of about 400 – 500 words followed by short questions (8) (b) A poem of about 15 lines followed by short questions to test interpretation and literary appreciation (8)

2. Writing (16) (a) An Essay on argumentative/discursive/reflective or descriptive topic (150 – 200 words) (8) (Students should be taught all kinds of essays. Anyone can be asked) (b) A Composition such as an article, report, speech (150 – 200 words) (8) (Students should be taught all kinds of compositions. Anyone can be asked)

3. Literary Terms (6) Metaphysical Poetry, Impressionism, Stream of Consciousness, Interior Monologue, Anglo-Indian Literature, Indo-Anglian Literature (The two out of four terms are to be attempted) (2 × 3 = 6)

4. Textbook for Detailed Study – Kaleidoscope (32) Prose: (a) A passage for comprehension from the textbook three short answer-type questions testing comprehension, interpretation, and drawing inferences in prose. (2 × 3 = 6) (b) One out of two textual questions to be answered in 100 words testing global comprehension, etc. (6) (c) One out of two textual questions to be answered in about 60 words testing comprehension, characterization, interpretation, etc. (4)

Poetry: (a) One out of two extracts from the prescribed poems with three short answer questions for comprehension, interpretation, and drawing inferences in the poem. (3 × 2 = 6) (b) One out of two textual questions to be answered in 100 words testing global comprehension, etc. (6) (c) One out of two textual questions to be answered in about 60 words testing comprehension, characterization, interpretation, etc. (4)

5. Fiction (10) (a) One out of two textual questions to be answered in about 60 words seeking comments, interpretation, etc. (4) (b) One out of two textual questions in about 100 words to test evaluation and appreciation of characters, events, episodes, and interpersonal relationships. (6)

Books Prescribed: 1. Kaleidoscope – NCERT’s Book Published under copyright 2. A Tiger for Malgudi – Published by Rajasthan Textbook Board, Jaipur

RBSE Class 12 English Solutions (Old Syllabus)

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory (English Course):

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Rainbow

Chapter 1 Water
Chapter 2 A Room 10′ × 8′
Chapter 3 Third Thoughts
Chapter 4 Lost Spring
How Yoga Heals
Purity is Power
Chapter 6 On Reading in Relation to Literature
Chapter 7 Indigo
Chapter 8 A Journey to the End of the Earth
Chapter 9 A Walk Through the Fire
Chapter 10 Deep Water
Chapter 11 On the Face of It
Chapter 12 The Noble Nature
Chapter 13 A Boy’s Song
Chapter 14 The Hope
Chapter 15 The Seven Ages of Man
Chapter 16 The Snare

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Panorama

Chapter 1 The Tiger King
Chapter 2 The Portrait of a Lady
Chapter 3 (i) The Guitar Player
Chapter 3 (ii) Svayamvara
Chapter 4 Drought
Chapter 5 Love Across the Salt Desert
Chapter 6 Trouble in Bohemia
Chapter 7 Dead Men’s Path
Chapter 8 The Gift of the Magi
Chapter 9 The Last Lesson
Chapter 10 Going Places
Chapter 11 The Rattrap

RBSE Class 12 English Reading

RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages

Unseen Passages Type-I

Unseen Passages for Comprehension Factual
Unseen Passages for Comprehension Discursive
Unseen Passages for Comprehension Literary

Unseen Passages Type-II

Note-Making and Summary

RBSE Class 12 English Short Composition

Poster Writing
Description of Arguments For or Against a Topic
Accepting and Declining Invitations

RBSE Class 12 English Report/ Factual Description

Factual Description

RBSE Class 12 English Letter Writing

Business Letters
Official Letters
Letters to Editors on Various Social, National and International Issues
Application for a Job including CV (Curriculum Vitae)/Resume

RBSE Class 12 English Long Composition

Article Writing (Verbal Input)
Article Writing (Visual Input)
Speech Writing (Verbal Input)
Speech Writing (Visual Input)

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Literature:

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Prudence

Short Stories

Chapter 1 To-morrow
Chapter 2 One Centimetre
Chapter 4 Eveline
Chapter 5 A Cup of Tea
Chapter 6 The Cow of the Barricades
Chapter 1 A Lecture Upon the Shadow
Chapter 2 On Time
Chapter 3 On Shakespeare-1630
Chapter 4 The Divine Image
Chapter 5 The Human Abstract
Chapter 6 Trees
Chapter 7 Time and Time Again
Chapter 8 If
Chapter 9 The Tiger and the Deer
Chapter 10 Transformation

Non-Fiction

Chapter 1 Does Culture Matter?
Chapter 2 Why the Novel Matters
Chapter 3 The Argumentative Indian
Chapter 4 On the Ignorance of the Learned
Chapter 1 Broken Images
Chapter 2 How He Lied to Her Husband

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Inside The Haveli

Inside The Haveli Introduction
Inside the Haveli Section-I
Inside the Haveli Section-II
Inside the Haveli Section-III
Unseen Passages
Unseen Poems
Essay Writing
Editing and Error Correction of Words and Sentences
Changing the Narration of a Given Input

We hope the given Rajasthan Board NCERT New Syllabus RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory & Literature Flamingo & Vistas, Kaleidoscope, A Tiger for Malgudi Guide Pdf free download will help you. If you have any queries regarding RBSE Class 12th English Compulsory & Literature Book Solutions, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory & Literature

Rajasthan Board NCERT New Syllabus RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory & Literature Flamingo & Vistas, Kaleidoscope, A Tiger for Malgudi Guide Pdf free download are prepared by our subject experts in such a way that the students understand all the topics covered in the syllabus. Here we have given RBSE Class 12th English Compulsory & Literature Book Solutions.

The questions presented in the RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English are solved in a detailed manner. Get the accurate RBSE Solutions for Class 12 all subjects will help students to have a deeper understanding of the concepts. Our team has come up with job letter class 12 to ensure that students have basic grammatical knowledge.

RBSE Class 12 English Compulsory Solutions Flamingo & Vistas

Rbse class 12 english flamingo prose.

Chapter 1 The Last Lesson
Chapter 2 Lost Spring
Chapter 3 DeepWater
Chapter 4 The Rattrap
Chapter 5 Indigo
Chapter 6 Poets and Pancakes
Chapter 7 The Interview
Chapter 8 Going Places

RBSE Class 12 English Flamingo Poetry

Poem 1 My Mother at Sixty-Six
Poem 2 An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
Poem 3 Keeping Quiet
Poem 4 A Thing of Beauty
Poem 5 A Roadside Stand
Poem 6 Aunt Jennifer's Tigers

RBSE Class 12 English Supplementary Reader Vistas

Chapter 1 The Third Level
Chapter 2 The Tiger King
Chapter 3 Journey to the End of the Earth
Chapter 4 The Enemy
Chapter 5 Should Wizard Hit Mommy?
Chapter 6 On the Face of It
Chapter 7 Evans Tries an O-Level
Chapter 8 Memories of Childhood

RBSE Class 12 English Grammar

Phrasal Verbs
The Prepositions

RBSE Class 12 English Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension Unseen Passage Type-I
Reading Comprehension Unseen Passage Type-II

RBSE Class 12 English Writing

Advertisement Writing
Notice Writing
Writing Description of Arguments For or Against a Topic
Writing Accepting and Declining Invitations
Report Writing
Translate the Passage into Hindi
Letter Writing Letters Business Letters
Letter Writing Official Letters
Letter Writing Letters to Editors
Letter Writing Application for a Job

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Solutions Kaleidoscope & A Tiger for Malgudi

Rbse class 12 english kaleidoscope short stories.

Chapter 1 I Sell my Dreams
Chapter 2 Eveline
Chapter 3 A Wedding in Brownsville
Chapter 4 Tomorrow
Chapter 5 One Centimetre

RBSE Class 12 English Kaleidoscope Poetry

Poem 1 A Lecture Upon the Shadow
Poem 2 Poems by Milton
Poem 3 Poems by Blake
Poem 4 KublaKhan
Poem 5 Trees
Poem 6 The Wild Swans at Coole
Poem 7 Time and Time Again
Poem 8 Blood

RBSE Class 12 English Kaleidoscope Non-fiction

Chapter 1 Freedom
Chapter 2 The Mark on the Wall
Chapter 3 Film-making
Chapter 4 Why the Novel Matters
Chapter 5 The Argumentative Indian
Chapter 6 On Science Fiction

RBSE Class 12 English Kaleidoscope Drama

Chapter 1 Chandalika
Chapter 2 Broken Images

RBSE Class 12 English Fiction A Tiger for Malgudi

A Tiger for Malgudi Short Answer Type Questions
A Tiger for Malgudi Long Answer Type Questions
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 1
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 2
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 3
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 4
RBSE Class 12 English A Tiger for Malgudi Translation in Hindi Part 5

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Reading

Reading Unseen Passage
Reading Unseen Poem

RBSE Class 12 English Literature Writing

Essay Writing Argumentative Essays
Essay Writing Discursive Essays
Essay Writing Reflective Essays
Essay Writing Descriptive Essays
Article Writing
Speech Writing
RBSE Class 12 English Literature Literary Terms

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 8 Going Places
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 7 The Interview
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 6 Poets and Pancakes
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 5 Indigo
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 4 The Rattrap
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 3 Deep Water
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 2 Lost Spring
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 1 The Last Lesson
RBSE Class 12 English Literature Speech Writing
RBSE Class 12 English Literature Report Writing
RBSE Solutions for Class 12
RBSE Solutions for Class 11
RBSE Solutions for Class 10
RBSE Solutions for Class 9
RBSE Solutions for Class 8
RBSE Solutions for Class 7
RBSE Solutions for Class 6

UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 4 Syntax

UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 4 Syntax, The students can refer to these answers to prepare for the examinations. The solutions provided in the Free PDF download of UP Board Solutions for Class 12 are beneficial in enhancing conceptual knowledge.

Note : निम्नलिखित उठारों में आशुद्ध शब्दों के सामने शुद्ध शब्द दिए गए है अर्थात् आशुद्ध शब्द = शुद्ध शब्द तथा जहाँ पूरे वाक्य में परिवर्तन करना आवश्यक है वहाँ शुद्ध वाक्य दिया गया है।

Syntax Class 12 UP Board Exercise 1

Trouser = trousers,
month’s = month’s,
rupees = rupee,
was = were,
spectacle = spectacles,
furnitures = pieces of furniture,
fish = fish,
Sadhna = Sadhna’s
Mohan’s sister’s song = song of Mohan’s sister,
house is = houses are,
dozens = dozen,
informations = information or items of information,
a black shoe = a pair of black shoes,
hundreds = hundred,
have = has,
sceneries = scenery, are = is,
table’s leg = leg of table.

Class 12 English Grammar Notes UP Board Exercise 2

spirit = spirits,
surrounding is = surroundings are,
mark = marks,
clothings = clothing,
these informations = this information,
was = were, lot of mistakes = a lot of mistakes,
regard = regards,
arm = up arms,
lot = a lot,
offsprings = offspring.

UP Board Solution Class 12 English Grammar Exercise 3

surrounding = surroundings,
light travels faster than sound.
arrear = arrears,
furnitures = furniture,
hound = hounds,
these news have = this news has,
any brain = any brain,
our room’s roof = the roof of our room,
The son of Mr. Brown’s = Mr. Brown’s son.

Excellent General English Grammar Class 12 Solutions Exercise 4

Their = his,
myself = 1,
whom = who,
either = any,
their = his,
his = one’s,
were = was, their = his/her, uniforms = uniform,
are = is, their = her,
that = whom,
absents = lf
life = lives,
other = another,
Everyone = Each, are = is,
who = that,

Syntax English Grammar Class 12 Exercise 5

Resigned = resigned myself,
John and you = you and John,
which = that,
neither = none,
that = which,
their = theirs,
your house is large,
none = neither,
those of ours = ours,
himself = him,
the country of ours = our country,
what = that

Excellent English Grammar Book Class 12 UP Board Exercise 6

latest = last,
Remove ‘more’,
any newspaper = all newspapers,
the best = better,
The great Ashoka = Ashoka the great,
last = latest,
than = to that,
Haldwani = than that of Haldwani,
much = very,
latter = later,
seven days = seventh day,
the two first = the first two,
any = any other,
more = the most,
little = the little,
whole = the whole.

English Grammar Class 12 UP Board Exercise 7

some = any,
only = only for few days,
older = elder,
elder is correct,
all the = all other,
The easiest = easier,
any = some,
little = a little,
outermost = outer.

English Grammar Book For Class 12 UP Board Exercise 8

will again = again
were = was,
has written = wrote,
If you will run = If you run,
is reading = has been reading,
has = have,
shall = should, tomorrow = the next day,
am = have been
have been = are,
did = had done,
did he fail = he failed,
have = has, their = his,

Grammar Class 12 UP Board Exercise 9

Who went with you to the movie ?
I don’t know where all the money has gone.
What does all this lecture mean?
When was your work completed ?
Why do you not take the matter seriously.?
How much does this book cost in the market ?
The teacher asked me what languages I knew.
I want to learn how to speak English.
Which question will you answer first ?
I can’t understand why Sudhir failed in Hindi.

Syntax Exercise With Answer Exercise 10

is containing = contains,
read = are reading,
am never missing = never miss,
are needing = need.
knocks = is knocking,
is usually getting = usually gets,
are usually watching = usually watch,
make = are making,
is owning = owns,
am hearing = hear,
learns = is learning,
am liking = like.

UP Board 12th English Grammar Book Exercise 11

has returned = returned
has sunk = sank
finished = finish
just spoke = have just spoken
completed = have completed
have passed = passed
He has already paid his income tax
hasn’t mentioned = did not mention
have met = met
have known = know.

UP Board English Grammar Exercise 12

has been not = has not been
only wrote = wrote only
not to copy = to copy
enough low = low enough
too = extremely
chiefly wrote = wrote = wrote chiefly
have taught = have not taught
comes late often = often comes late
golden always = always golden
easily walks = walks easily
fainted = almost fainted
earnestly को end में लिखे
no any’ = no
Firstly = first
than = but.

Syntax Chapter English Grammar Exercise 13

on a violin = the violin,
Earth = The earth,
Darkest = The darkest,
The both = Both the
The gold = Gold,
Kalidas = The Kalidas,
Ganges = The Ganges,
The man = Man
White cat = a white cat,
The carriage = carriage,
a beautiful = beautiful.

Class 12 UP Board English Grammar Exercise 14

Moon = The moon,
map = a map,
Peacock = The peacock,
best = the best, is sold = are sold,
easy = an easy,
such a = so,
at early = at an early,
The last = Last,
scholar = a scholar,
a valuable = valuable.

UP Board English Grammar Solution Exercise 15

does not come = comes
then = there,
then = at that time,
then = when
do not request = request,
then = when,
only I was not fined but punished also = I was not only fined but also punished.
Lions are both found in Asia and in Africa = Lions are found in both Asia and Africa.
but = but also,
Both teachers as well as students = Teachers as well students both
Your are either a fool or a wicked.
My friend will give me either a book or some money.

Class 12 English Grammar UP Board Exercise 16

behind = after,
with = beside,
from Monday = since Monday,
I go on Sunday to temple.
before = to, of = for,

Exercise 17

from, till.

Exercise 18

1. not to tell = not tell,
2. to weep = weep,
3. to invited to be invited,
4. to pass = to have passed,
5. to break = to have broken,
6. ought obey = ought to obey,
7. to prosper and to progress = to prosper and progress,
8. to sleep = sleep,
9. to see = to have seen,
to have gone = to go,
to immediately go = to go immediately,
need not to come = need not come.

Exercise 19

to play = playing
to go = going,
to talk = from talking,
to walk = of walking ,
to win = in winning,
Reading of = The reading of,
friend = friend’s,
to get= of getting,
Time = the time
knowing = knowing about us,
to go for to see = to see,
Hunting = The hunting,
playing of = playing, studying of = studying,

Exercise 20

Being = He being,
retiring = retired,
Being = It being
Eating = Having eaten,
Playing = While playing,
tiring = tired,
defeating = defeated,
Reading = While reading,
The information of murder having got, he was arrested.
Going = While going,
killed = Having killed.

Exercise 21 (From U.P. Board Examination Papers) (2011)

1. (i) Nitin is a university student. (ii) Vipin is Rahul’s eldest brother. (iii) Milk is preferable to coffee. (iv) One hundred rupees is not a big sum these days. (v) Your shirt is inferior to mine. (vi) The train had started before he reached the station.

2. (i) He has been ill ever since he left us. (ii) He went to Lucknow yesterday. (iii) The ship with all its passengers was sunk. (iv) There is very little water in the glass. (v) Kalidas is one of the greatest poets of India. (vi) Unless you work hard, you cannot pass.

3. (i) This is a useful book. (ii) My friend is in great trouble. (iii) It is they who have done this work. (iv) I heard the news an hour ago. (v) He was absent from the examination.

4. (i) He has gone home. (ii) The patient had died before the doctor came. (iii) Love is its own reward. (iv) I saw three deer in the forest. (V) He is junior to my brother. (vi) I want to study in a university.

5. (i) Neither he nor his father was accident. (ii) This pen is better than that of this make. (iii) Mrs. Gandhi delivered her last speech at Bhubaneshwar. (iv) The streets of Kolkata are wider than those of Varanasi. (v) Few of the remarks that he made were very suggestive.

6. (i) It is a world where the rich hate the poor. (ii) Though he is poor yet honest. (iii) You yourself are responsible. (iv) For health, milk is preferable to tea. (v) I do not pay heed to his nonsensical talks. (vi) He is very proud.

7. (i) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (ii) The kind man will pity the poor. (iii) Your information is false. (iv) His poems are mystic. (v) I like vegetables. (vi) Some thief has robbed me of my watch. (2012)

8. (i) He needs a pair of spectacles. (ii) The game has come to an end. (iii) Sohan and I were present. (iv) Her eldest brother is not here. (v) He reached the railway station in time. (vi) Be kind of those who are poor.

9. (i) I prefer walking to swimming. (ii) He died of fever. (iii) He goes to temple at 7 o’clock. (iv) Of the two boys he was more intelligent. (v) She resembles her father. (vi) You are always late.

10. (i) I came to Varanasi a month ago. (ii) He prevented me from doing it. (iii) Gopal has been ill for four days. (iv) The rise and fall of the tide is due to the moon. (v) The news of the war is good today. (vi) One should not boast of one’s wealth.

11. (i) She has done it. (ii) If I were you I would never do that. (iii) The news is true. (iv) The furniture of my class was disposed of. (v) She is senior to me. (vi) He is coming from Varanasi.

12. (i) The smell of these flowers is very sweet. (ii) Two and two make four. (iii) Her answer was. such as I had expected. (iv) He is a university student. (v) What kind of man is he ? (vi) Seldom have I read such an interesting novel.

13. (i) Where are you coming from ? (ii) My trousers are dirty. (ii) I will avail of this chance. (iii) They themselves are responsible. (v) You cannot find such a nice man anywhere. (vi) There is a best solution to every problem. (2013)

14. (i) Jealousy is bad. (ii) This is a good poem. (iii) He is in debt. (iv) The Himalayas lie to the north of India. (v) Is he in jail ? (vi) The more you get the more you want.

15. (i) The general as well as the soldiers are running away. (ii) I avoid going there. (iii) My brother told me that the earth is round. (iv) I move slowly lest I should get tired. (v) He complained against Ram to the teacher. (vi) This is the man who met me yesterday.

16. (i) American people are rich. (ii) Everyone of them has a blanket. (iii) It is he who has done it. (iv) Sarita is senior to me. (v) She is cleverer than her sister. (vi) The books on the table are mine.

17. (i) Mumps is a dangerous disease. (ii) This book is mine. (iii) You are junior to me. (iv) He is the best boy in the class. (v) If you come, I shall help you. (vi) Neither of these children has stolen your pen.

18. (i) Neither of them was there. (ii) I do not understand why is he so angry with the. (iii) I have been ill for two days. (iv) No fewer than five boys were absent. (v) He o the man who I know is trustworthy. (2014)

19. (i) This is better of the two. (ii) Mohan is miser. (iii) The Indus is a long river in the Punjab. (iv) He has no book. (v) He has been ill since Sunday. (vi) We made him our captain.

20. (i) Don’t hanker on money. (ii) Please knock at the door before you enter the house. (iii) She ordered his dismissal. (iv) This food tastes sweet. (v) I am very happy to see you. (vi) Neither of the films is worth seeing.

21. (i) That is the extreme view. (ii) Sita is more charming than any living woman. (iii) Can you lend me some money ? (iv) I returned the book last Sunday. (V) Iron is a useful metal. (vi) He insisted him to leave the class.

22. (i) The poor are unhappy. (ii) One must do one’s duty carefully. (iii) You are junior to me. (iv) Gold is a costly metal. (v) You need not go there. (vi) It being Sunday, I did not go to college.

23. (i) I saw a wounded bird. (ii) The dog ran fast. (iii) He knocked at the door. (iv) It is I who did it. (v) Sweet are the uses of adversity. (vi) The rich prosper and the poor suffer. (2015)

24. (i) It is the same watch that I purchased today. (ii) He went to Mumbai yesterday. (iii) I myself can do it. (iv) Your claim is prior to your sister’s. (v) Your knowledge is perfect. (vi) My brother is elder to me.

25. (i) I prefer coffee to tea. (ii) He reached the Railway station well in time. (iii) He is a European, not an Asian. (iv) I like to read the Hindu. (v) He runs very fast. (vi) Many a patriot has died for his motherland.

26. (i) He is taller of the two brothers. (ii) He enjoyed himself during the holdings. (iii) The philosopher and the poet have come. (iv) Bid him for finishing the work. (v) The coat being torn needs mending. (vi) Although he was poor yet he was honest

27. (i) He says he has a car besides a scooter. (ii) The teacher called Ravi and asked him to describe the incident. (iii) I have been in this profession for five years. (iv) Bread and butter are what we usually have in breakfast. (v) The population of Delhi is larger than that of Lucknow. (vi) Of the two students, the one from Agra is the better.

28. (i) The kind man will pity the poor. (ii) I lost hundreds of books. (iii) The game came to an end. (iv) Where is the envelope of this letter? (v) Columbus discovered America. (vi) His poetry is mystic.

29. (i) Ravi is the elder of his two sons. (ii) This wood is superior to that. (iii) He was a frightened child. (iv) He went to Lucknow by car. (v) He and I are working on a project. (vi) Walk carefully lest you should fall.

30. (i) The more you have, the more you covet. (ii) Gold is a precious metal. (iii) Mohan and Ram have lost their books. (iv) Ask him to go. (v) The water of Ganga and Yamuna is said to be different in colour. (vi) Whose cattle are these? (2016)

31. (i) We must help the poor. (ii) Physics is an interesting subject. (iii) I convey may thanks for his support. (iv) One must love one’s country. (v) He prefers coffee to milk. (vi) He is braver than we expected.

32. (i) The mother forbade the son to tell lies. (ii) The scenes of Kashmir are charming. (iii) He ran a hundred mile race. (iv) Unless you work hard, you cannot succeed. (v) A scorpion, sitting on the gate, stung him. (vi) The soldiers are passing into the tunnel.

33. (i) The sun rises in the east. (ii) He gave alms to the beggar. (iii) The wages of sin is death. (iv) He reached the railway station quite well in time. (v) He is my elder brother. (vi) Both the brothers love each other.

34. (i) This is one of the most interesting books that have ever been printed. (ii) Knowledge is preferable to riches. (iii) I forbade you to enter this room. (iv) Two years have passed since my father died. (v) He was angry with me. (vi) He carefully investigated the case.

35. (i) It is I who am to blame. (ii) There is intimacy between him and me. (iii) A modest man does not boast upon his merits. (iv) You are right in holding that opinion. (v) They repented on going on strike. (vi) When a person is tired, he should relax for a while.

36. (i) Two miles is not a long distance. (ii) He returned only yesterday. (iii) The news is too good not to be true. (iv) He is much interested in games. (v) I wrote this letter last evening. (vi) The sun gives us light and life. (2017)

37. (i) The gold is heavier than iron. (ii) Kind man will pity poor. (iii) I went out for a walk. (iv) I know French and the English languages. (v) Who (vi) Who was the inventor of gunpowder? (vii) His poetry are mystic.

38. (i) He aims to stand first this year. (ii) He is too weak to walk. (iii) The step taken is either right or wrong. (iv) He washed neither his hands nor his face. (v) She has no other aim than to see her mother. (vi) It is four by my watch.

39. (i) Columbus discovered America. (ii) I am not on taking terms with him. (iii) On seeing the snake he got very much afraid. (iv) A ship sail in water. (v) I congratulate you on your success. (vi) The climate of India is warmer than England.

40. (i) Please inform me about the details of your publications. (ii) Every book and every journal in the library is in a bad shape. (iii) I find getting up early in the morning ignore preferable. (iv) It is true that I had met her last year. (v) He is the same man who came here yesterday. (vi) Potatoes were introduced in India long before the arrival of the British.

41. (i) His mother is confined to her bed. (ii) He as well as you are innocent. (iii) Pull chain to stop the train. (iv) I doubt if he will pass. (v) Hard work is the key to success. (vi) I have not seen him lately.

42. (i) Guests are encouraged to avail of themselves the full range of hotel facilities. (ii) Police suspect a local gang. (iii) There are many types of deer. (iv) Each of the two houses was slightly different. (v) The choice was of him. (vi) Ram is the eldest of their two sons. (2018)

43. (i) All the articles of furniture were destroyed. (ii) The summons has been issued. (iii) I have a ten-rupee note. (iv) Can one not do what one likes. (v) Neither of them was invited to the party. (vi) I do not know who you are.

44. (i) The stars were the only guide of ours. (ii) He had gone before you came. (iii) I am confident of winning. (iv) What do you aim at? (v) You need not worry. (vi) Your examination will begin on Monday.

45. (i) One of the members of his family is a brigadier. (ii) I have disposed of my house. (iii) They sat in the shade of a tree. (iv) Either my son or those children have damaged this window. (v) If get a promotion I will get a higher salary. (vi) Five times five is twenty five.

We hope the UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 4 Syntax help you. If you have any query regarding UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 4 Syntax, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Excellent General English Grammar Book Class 12th Pdf

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Synthesis for Class 12 in English Grammar

Synthesis किसे कहते हैं.

परिभाषा: दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक नया वाक्य बनाया जाता है। यह नया वाक्य Simple, Complex और Compound में से किसी भी प्रकार का एक वाक्य हो सकता है। इस विधि को Synthesis कहा जाता है।

Work hard. You will pass. (separate)
By working hard, you will pass. (simple)
If you work hard, you will pass. (complex)
Work hard and you will pass. (compound)

Synthesis का अध्ययन तीन विधियों के अन्तर्गत होता है –

दो या दो से अधिक simple sentences को मिलाकर एक simple sentence बनाना
दो या दो से अधिक simple sentences को मिलाकर एक complex sentence बनाना
दो या दो से अधिक simple sentences को मिलाकर एक compound sentence कहलाता हैं

To Combine Simple Sentences into One Simple Sentence

परिभाषा: जब दो या दो से अधिक simple sentences को इस प्रकार जोड़ा जाता है कि वाक्य में केवल एक finite verb आये तो इस प्रकार जुड़ने के पश्चात् आने वाला नया वाक्य भी simple sentence होगा।

दो Simple Sentences को एक Simple Sentence में बदलने के नियम :-

1. Participle का प्रयोग करके :-

Participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly an adjective. Participle वह शब्द होता है जो क्रिया (verb) और विशेषण (adjective) दोनों रूपों में कार्य करता है।

Example: Hearing the noise, I went into the room.

इस वाक्य में Hearing शब्द verb, hear से बना है अतः यह verb के रूप में है तथा यह वाक्य के दूसरे भाग में आये subject (I) की विशेषता स्पष्ट कर रहा है अतः यह adjective के रूप में भी है। Participle निम्नलिखित तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-

Present Participle (V, + ing)
Past Participle (V)
Perfect Participle (Having + V₁)

1. Present Participle के द्वारा –

जब दो वाक्यों द्वारा ऐसी दो घटनाओं का वर्णन हो जिनमें पहली घटना के प्रभाव से तुरन्त दूसरी घटना हुई हो यहां पहली घटना को Present Participle के रूप में लेते हैं तथा इसके पश्चात् comma (,) लगाकर दूसरी घटना को लिखते हैं-

He saw the lion, He ran away. (separate)
He took the leave, he went to his village. (separate)
I opened the door. I saw a big black snake. (separate)
She was tired of play. She sat down to take rest. (separate)
Ram is angry. He does not want to talk to you. (separate)
The child was hungry. It cried for milk. (separate)
Seeing the lion, he ran away.
Taking the leave, he went to his village.
Opening the door, I saw a big black snake.
Being tired of play, she sat down to take rest.
Being angry, Ram does not want to talk to you.
Being hungry, the chalk cried for milk.

नोट: वाक्य में is, am, are, was तथा were होने पर Being का प्रयोग करते है तथा वाक्य passive voice में होने पर being + V, का प्रयोग करते हैं।

2. Past Participle के द्वारा –

Past Participle के प्रयोग द्वारा ऐसे दो वाक्यों को जोड़ा जाता है जिनमें से एक वाक्य किसी वस्तु व्यक्ति आदि के बारे में कोई सूचना प्रदान करता है तथा दूसरा वाक्य उस (वस्तु व्यक्ति) की कोई विशेषता प्रकट करता है। Past Participle, main verb की III form होती है और जोड़े गये वाक्यों में Adjective का कार्य करती है।

Yesterday I found my book. The book was lost. (separate)
He was teasing the child. The child was irritated. (separate)
He saw a dead body. It was covered with white shirt. (separate)
Yesterday I found my lost book.
He was teasing the irritated child.
He saw a dead body covered with white shirt.

3. Perfect Participle के द्वारा –

Having + III form of main verb को Perfect Participle कहते हैं। Present Participle के समान ही इसमें भी दो ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ा जाता है जिनमें उन दो घटनाओं का वर्णन हो जिनमें पहली घटना के प्रभाव से दूसरी घटना घटित हो जाती है। अन्तर केवल इतना है कि Present Participle के प्रयोग वाली घटनाओं में जहाँ समय अन्तराल (time gap) की कमी प्रतीत होती है, अर्थात् एक घटना के प्रभाव से तुरन्त दूसरी घटना हो जाती है, वहीं Perfect Participle से जोड़ी जाने वाली दो घटनाओं के मध्य कुछ समय का अन्तर प्रतीत होता है, अर्थात पहली घटना के समाप्त हो जाने या पूर्णता को प्राप्त हो जाने के पश्चात दूसरी घटना घटित होती है। जैसे-

My elder brother failed to get promotion. He applied for the retirement. (separate)
I finished my dinner. I went to sleep. (separate)
He drew his sword. he rushed at the man. (separate)
He wrote a letter. He gave it to his friend. (separate)
Having failed to get promotion, my elder brother applied for the retirement.
Having finished my dinner, I went to sleep.
Having drawn his sword, he rushed at the man.
Having written a letter, he gave it to his friend.

नोट:- Perfect Participle का प्रयोग एक अन्य रूप में होता है। जब दोनों वाक्यों में कत्ता (subject) भिन्न भिन्न होते हैं। अतः समान subject बनाने के लिये पहले पाक्य को passive voice में बदल कर लेते है। इस प्रकार के वाक्य को Perfect Participle में बदलने के लिये having + been + v, का प्रयोग करते हैं।

Ram beat a boy. The boy began to weep.
My neighbour rebuked him. He complained to his father.
– Having been beaten by Ram, the boy began to weep.
– Having been rebuked by my neighbour, he complained to his father.

Combine each pair of the following sentences into one simple sentence:

The patient heard the sound. He became restless. (separate)
A boy of the class abused me. I went to the principal. (separate)
The thief took out the knife. He tried to kill a woman. (separate)
I completed my essay. I started for my school. (separate)
I have a bag. It is torn. (separate)
Turn to left. You will find the bank. (separate)
Ram was angry with me. He took back his book. (separate)
Hearing the sound, the patient became restless.
Having been abused by a boy of the class, I went to the principal.
Taking out the knife, the thief tried to kill a woman.
Having completed my essay, I started for my school.
I have a torn bag. 6. Turning to left, you will find the bank.
Being angry with me, Ram took back his book.

2. Infinitive का प्रयोग करके

Main Verb की 1 form (मूल अवस्था) से पहले to लगाकर Infinitive बनाया जाता है, अर्थात् to + V को Infinitive कहते हैं। Infinitive का प्रयोग किसी कार्य का उद्देश्य (purpose) अथवा परिणाम (result) प्रकट करने के लिए किया जाता है तथा इसके द्वारा दो Simple Sentences को एक Simple Sentences में बदला जाता है।

The teacher took a stick. He intended to beat the boy. (separate)
He is very small. He can not ride a bicycle. (separate)
He is running fast. He wants to catch the train. (separate)
He is very immature. He can not be married. (separate)
I want to educate my daughter. I send her to school. (separate)
The teacher took a stick to beat the boy.
-He is too small to ride a bicycle.
He is running fast to catch the train.
– He is too immature to be married.
– I send my daughter to school to educate her.

Combine each set of the following sentences into one simple sentence:

I bought a pen. I wanted to give it to my nephew. (separate)
He was very poor. He could not afford a high-class marriage. (separate)
The curd is very sour. I can not cat it. (separate)
He is going to Agra. He has a desire to see the Taj. (separate)
I wanted to go to market. I took a rickshaw. (separate)
I bought a pen to give it to my nephew.
He was too poor to afford a high class marriage.
The curd is too sour for me to eat.
He is going to Agra to see the Taj.
I took a rickshaw to go to market.

3. Gerund का प्रयोग करके

main verb की ing form वाक्यों में main verb के रूप में प्रयोग न होकर noun या adjective के रूप में प्रयोग होता है तो उसे Gerund कहते हैं।

I like hockey. I like playing it. (separate)
He has a hobby. It is swimming. (separate)
Do not get down the bus. The bus is moving. (separate)
Her husband died. She lost conscience. (separate)
I like playing hockey.
His hobby is swimming.
Do not get down the moving bus.
On hearing the news of her husband’s death, she lost conscience.

4. Conjunction ‘and’ का प्रयोग करके :-

जब दो वाक्यों में एक ही subject द्वारा दो समान्तर कार्य किये जा रहे हो अथवा दो अलग-अलग subjects द्वारा एक ही जैसे कार्य किये जा रहे हो तो उन वाक्यों को and के प्रयोग द्वारा जोड़कर एक simple sentece बनाया जाता है। ( a) जब एक ही subject द्वारा दो समानान्तर कार्य किये जा रहे हों

Ram beat a dog. Ram beat a cat. (separate)
My elder brother hired a man. He also hired a woman. (separate)
Ram beat a dog and a cat.
My elder brother hired a man and a woman.

(b) जब दो अलग-अलग subjects द्वारा एक ही कार्य किया जा रहा हो –

Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence –

Do not touch the baby. It is sleeping. (separate)
The children are playing. You should not disturb them. (separate)
Mohan brought a bicycle. His friend too brought a bicycle. (separate)
I met my English teacher yesterday. I also met my Geography teacher. (separate)
Nobody should tease the weak. Nobody should tease the poor. (separate)
I like cricket. I like watching it. (separate)
He has a desire. It is mountaineering. (separate)
Do not touch the sleeping baby.
You should not disturb the playing children.
Mohan and his friend bought bicycles.
Yesterday I met my English and Geography teachers.
Nobody should tease the weak and the poor.
I like watching cricket.
His desire is mountaineering.

5. Preposition का प्रयोग करके :-

दो या दो से अधिक simple sentences को किसी Preposition जैसे on, before, after, of, by, for, besides आदि का प्रयोग करके एक simple sentence में जोड़ा जा सकता है। इसके लिये वाक्य में कुछ अन्य परिवर्तन भी करने पड़ते हैं। जैसे-

(a) Noun से पहले Preposition का प्रयोग

I feel asleep. I had not completed my study. (separate)
He has faced many difficulties. Still he is not discouraged. (separate)
In spite of his many attempts, he could not qualify for final
In spite of many difficulties, he is not discouraged.

(b) Gerund से पहले Preposition का प्रयोग-

India became free in 1947. She has been making rapid progress after that. (separate)
He ran fast. He finished top. (separate)
He entered the gate. He locked it. (separate)
He worked hard. He got good marks. (separate)
India has been making rapid progress after becoming free in 1947.
By running fast, he finished top
After entering the gate, he locked it.
By working hard, he got good marks.

नोट: यदि simple sentence में also प्रयुक्त होता है तो उसके स्थान पर besides, still के स्थान पर inspite of तथा otherwise के स्थान पर but for लगाते है।

He gave me five hundred rupees. He also promised me all help. (separate)
He is very rich. Still he is not proud. (separate)
You must support him. Otherwise he will lose the election. (separate)
Besides giving five hundred rupees, he promised me all help.
Inspite of being very rich, he is not proud.
But for your support, he will lose the election.

Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence

He has succeeded a lot. Still he is not a bit proud. (separate)
He jumped into the river. He saved the drowning child. (separate)
Madan saw an old man. The old man was weak. He helped him. (separate)
My father gave me good advice. He helped me a lot. (separate)
My mother was ill. I got the telegram. I went to see her. (separate)
In spite of a lot of success he is not a bit proud.
By jumping into the river he saved a drowning child.
On seeing a weak old man, Madan helped him.
By giving good advice my father helped me a lot.
After getting the telegram of my mother’s illness. I went to see her.

6. Phrase in Apposition का प्रयोग करके –

Apposition का तात्पर्य है placing side by side’ अर्थात पास-पास रखना। परन्तु synthesis के सन्दर्भ में इसका तात्पर्य होता है “the placing of a word next to another, in order to explain or qualify the first.” अर्थात पहले noun की विशेषता या विशिष्ट पहचान प्रदर्शित करने के लिये उसके साथ दूसरे noun का संयोग। अधिक स्पष्ट शब्दों में यह कहना उचित होगा कि Apposition का प्रयोग करके ऐसे दो simple sentences को जोड़ा जाता है जिनमें एक ही noun (व्यक्ति, वस्तु) आदि के सम्बन्ध में दो ‘समान्तर जानकारियां दी गयी हो। जैसे –

Rohit Sharma is the captain of Indian cricket team. He is a great batsman.(Separate) Rohit Sharma, a great batsman, is the captain of Indian cricket team.

Tagore founded Vishwa Bharti University. He was a great poet.(Separate) Tagore, a great poet, founded Vishwa Bharti University. Tagore, the founder of Vishwa Bharti University, was a great poet.

Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence:

Mr. Dutta is a simple person. He is my teacher. (separate)
Columbus was a brave sailor. He discovered America. (separate)
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri was our Prime Minister. He was a very simple fellow. (separate)
Calcutta is the capital of West Bengal. It is the biggest city in India. (separate)
Smt. Indira Gandhi was our late Prime Minister. She was a courageous lady. (separate)
Shakespeare was a famous author. He wrote many dramas. (separate)
Kalidas was a great poet of India. He was a block-headed person in his early age. (separate)
Mr. Dutta, a simple person, is my teacher.
Columbus, a brave sailor, discovered America.
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri, our Prime Minister, was a very simple fellow.
Calcutta, the capital of Bengal, is the biggest city in India.
Smt. Indira Gandhi, our late Prime Minister, was a courageous lady.
Shakespeare, a famous author, wrote many dramas.
Kalidas, a great poet of India, was a block-headed person in his early age.

7. Nominative Absolute का प्रयोग करके :-

Nominative Absolute का तात्पर्य है स्वय में पूर्ण कर्ता । अर्थात Nominative Absolute के प्रयोग द्वारा ऐसे दो वाक्यों को जोड़ा जाता है जिनमें कर्ता (subject) अलग-अलग होते है तथा पहली घटना के परिणामस्वरूप दूसरी घटना होती है। इनमें पहली घटना वाले वाक्य में subject के बाद में verb को v + ing या having + v में परिवर्तित करके लिखा जाता है तथा comma (,) लगाकर दूसरे वाक्य को ज्यों का त्यों लिखते है। पहले वाक्य में होने वाले परिवर्तन के निम्नलिखित तीन रूप होते हैं। जैसे-

जब पहली घटना में verb, to be (is, are, am, was या were) का प्रयोग हो-
Ram was a thief. The police arrested him. (separate)
Ram being a thief, the police arrested him. (separate)
The day was hot. I could not do my work satisfactorily. (separate)
-The day being hot, I could not do my work satisfactorily
-The tea was very hot. I could not have it.
– The tea being very hot, I could not have it.

2. जब पहली घटना में main verb का प्रयोग हो-

The sun rose. The fog disappeared. (separate)
The boy shouted. I was frightened. (separate)
The frog jumped. The crane caught it. (separate)
– The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
– The boy having shouted. I was frightened.
– The frog having jumped, the crane caught it.

प्रथम वाक्य में II form of main verb (shouted) के स्थान पर having + III form अर्थात् having shouted का प्रयोग किया गया है। शेष नियम (1) के समान है।

3. जब पहली घटना passive voice में हो –

Combine each of the following sets of simple sentences into one simple sentence:

The story was interesting. I read it many times. (separate)
The inspector was interested in this matter. I told him the facts. (separate)
The sun set. The farmers returned to their homes. (separate)
The moon rose. The little bird sang a sweet song (separate)
The letter was written. The teacher called him to bring his note book (separate)
The college was closed. The students went home. (separate)
The sky was cloudy. It might rain. (separate)
The story being interesting, I read it many times.
The inspector being interested in this matter, I told him the facts.
The sun having set, the farmers returned to their homes.
The moon having risen, the little bird sang a sweet song.
The letter having been written, the teacher called to bring his note book.
The college having been closed, the students went home.
The sky being cloudy, it might rain.

8. Adverbs का प्रयोग करके

Verb किसी अन्य adverb या adjective की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्दों को Adverb कहते हैं। Adverb द्वारा किसी कार्य के करने का तरीका बताया जाता है। जब Adverb के साथ कुछ अन्य शब्द जुड़े होते हैं तो उसे Adverb Phrase या Adverbial Phrase कहा जाता है। Adverb और Adverbial Phrase के प्रयोग द्वारा ऐसे दो वाक्यों को जोड़ा जाता है जिनमें से एक में किसी कार्य का वर्णन किया गया हो और दूसरे में उस कार्य को करने की विधि बतायी गयी हो। जैसे- He went to the station. He went there in a hurry.

You should draft the letter. Do not delay it.(separate)
I am attending this office. I am punctual in it.(separate)
You spent all the money. It was foolish.(separate)
– You should draft the letter without any delay.
– I am attending this office punctually.
– You spent all the money foolishly.

9. Adjective का प्रयोग करके:-

Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता बताने वाले (qualify करने वाले) शब्द को Adjective कहते हैं। जब Adjective के साथ कुछ अन्य शब्द हो तो उसे Adjective Phrase कहा जाता है। Adjective के प्रयोग द्वारा ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ा जाता है जिनमें से एक में किसी subject या object (noun या pronoun) के बारे में कोई बात कही जा रही हो और दूसरे वाक्य में उस subject की कोई विशेषता या पहचान बतायी जा रही हो जैसे –

I met a girl yesterday. The girl was very pretty.(separate)
A boy bought this chair. The boy was clever.(separate)
Yesterday I helped a man. The man was very poor.(separate)
The murderer killed a child. The child was innocent.(separate)
A boy was punished. He was naughty.(separate)
– I met a very pretty girl yesterday.
– A clever boy bought this chair.
– Yesterday I helped a very poor man.
– The murderer killed an innocent child.
– A naughty boy was punished.

To Combine Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence

Complex sentence में एक Principal clause तथा शेष (एक या अधिक) Subordinate clause (आश्रित उपवाक्य) होते हैं। इसलिए दो या दो से अधिक Simple sentences को मिलाकर एक complex वाक्य बनाते समय यह आवश्यक है कि दिये हुए Simple sentences में से एक को Principal clause तथा अन्य वाक्यों को Subordinate clause में बदला जाये। Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-

Noun Clause
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause

1. Noun Clause का प्रयोग करके –

2. adjective clause का प्रयोग करके :-.

Adjective Clause का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में करना उपयुक्त होता है जब एक वाक्य में किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु के सन्दर्भ में बताया गया है। एवं अन्य वाक्य में उसी Noun के सम्बंध में कुछ कहा गया है। ऐसे में who, whom, whose, which, when, where, that आदि का प्रयोग करके एक याक्य को Subordinate Clause बनाया जाता है तथा अन्य वाक्य को Principal Clause बनाया जाता है। जैसे-

I saw a dog. The dog was lying on the road.(separate)
I gave him a camera. The camera was very cheap.(separate)
This is the school. I was taught here in my childhood.(separate)
The man was caught. He stole my watch.(separate)
– I saw a dog which was lying on the road.
– I gave him a camera which was very cheap.
– This is the school where I was taught in my childhood.
– The man, who stole my watch was caught.

Note: Adjective clause किसी Relative Pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that) अथवा किसी Relative Adverb (how, why, when, where) से शुरू होता है। यह ध्यान रखना चाहिये कि जहाँ तक सम्भव हो इन शब्दों को उन शब्दों के पास ही रखना चाहिए जिनकी विशेषताएं प्रकट की जा रही हो, अर्थात Relative Pronoun तथा Relative Adverb का antecedent (पूर्ववर्ती) उनसे पहले प्रयुक्त होना चाहिये।

Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one complex sentence:

My brother will come from Delhi. I do not know the time.(separate)
A thief came to my house. He was caught by the police.(separate)
Ramesh is a good boy. He belongs to a good family.(separate)
The messenger had to perform a duty. The duty was difficult.(separate)
I do not know the time when my brother will come from Delhi.
A thief who came to my house was caught by then police .
Ramesh who belongs to a good family is a good boy.
The messenger had to perform a duty which was difficult.

3. Adverb Clause का प्रयोग करके :-

जब दो या अधिक वाक्यों के बीच समय (Time), स्थान (Palace), तरीका (Manner), उदेश्य (Purpose), कारण (Cause), शर्त (Condition), विरोध (Contrast), तुलना (Comparison) आदि का सम्बंध हो तो Adverb Clause के द्वारा Simple Sentences को जोड़कर Complex Sentence बनाया जाता है। जैसे-

I waited for Ram Gopal. I waited till his arrival.(separate)
He had left home. He came later.(separate)
He came to the palace. She was sitting there.(separate)
Nehru went to many places. He was welcomed everywhere.(separate)
I waited for Ram Gopal till he arrived.
He had left home before he came.
He came where she was sitting.
Nehru was welcomed wherever he went.

To Combine Simple Sentences into one Compound Sentences

दो या दो से अधिक Simple sentences को मिलाकर एक Compound वाक्य बनाने के लिए co-ordinating conjunctions का प्रयोग होता है। Co-ordinating conjunctions निम्नलिखित चार प्रकार के होते हैं जो चार प्रकार के वाक्यों को जोड़ने के काम आते हैं

1. Cumulative Conjunctions :-

They join one idea to another and one statement or fact to another. ये वे संयोजक होते हैं जो एक कथन को दूसरे कथन से जोड़ते है । Both-and, And, Not only-but also, As well as, No less than आदि को Cumulative Conjunctions कहते हैं। जैसे:-

He took my pen yesterday. He returned it today.(separate)
He was marked absent. He was turned out of the class.(separate)
Ram is hard-working. He is honest.(separate)
He took my pen yesterday and returned it today.
He was marked absent as well as turned out of the class.
Ram is both hard-working and honest.

2. Alternative Conjunction:-

3. adversative conjunctions.

वे संयोजक जो दो विरोधाभाषी वाक्यों को जोड़ने का कार्य करते है अर्थात दूसरा कथन पहले के विपरीत होता है। But, Yet, Nevertheless, Where as, While, However, Still, आदि को Adversative Conjunctions कहते हैं। जैसे

He is lazy. He is clever.(separate)
He is poor. He is honest.(separate)
He is ill. He works hard.(separate)
– He is lazy but he is clever.
– He is poor yet he is honest.
– He is ill still he works hard.

4. Illative Conjunctions:-

They prove one fact from another and they also indicate cause reason and result, वे संयोजक जो ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ते है जिनमे से एक वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य का परिणाम होता है। Therefore, so, for, thus, hence आदि को Illative Conjunctions कहा जाता है। जैसे –

He did not work hard. He failed the examination.(separate)
He is the son of a professor. He is intelligent.(separate)
I can’t take class. I am ill.(separate)
– He did not work hard therefore, he failed the examination.
– He is the son of a professor, therefore he is intelligent.
– I am ill so/thus I can’t take class.

Combine the following simple sentences into one compound sentence :

You did not obey me. You failed.(separate)
The boy was beaten. He was turned out of the class.(separate)
Speak the truth. You will be pardoned.(separate)
Somebody pulled the chain. The train stopped.(separate)
He grew very weak. He did not break the fast.(separate)
The Rajputs were victorious. They were brave.(separate)
You did not obey me, so you failed.
The boy was not only beaten but also turned out of the class.
Speak the truth and you will be pardoned.
Somebody pulled the chain so the train stopped.
He grew very weak but he did not break the fast.
The Rajputs were victorious for they were brave.

Complex Sentences: Definition, Structure and Examples

What is a complex sentence? Definition: A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. An independent clause, also known as a …

Synthesis किसे कहते हैं? परिभाषा: दो या दो से अधिक Simple Sentences को मिलाकर एक नया वाक्य बनाया जाता है। यह नया वाक्य Simple, Complex और Compound में से किसी …

A compound sentence: Definition, types and examples

What is a compound sentence? Definition: A compound sentence consists two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction or punctuation and both. Independent clauses are clauses that can …

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

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NCERT S olutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers - This article covers NCERT Class 12 Chemistry solutions chapter 11. You are going to study the Chemistry of three classes of compounds which are alcohols, phenols and ethers and also this chapter will discuss the reactions involved in the preparation of alcohols, phenols and ethers .

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Alcohols are formed when a hydrogen atom in an aliphatic hydrocarbon is replaced by -OH group and Phenols are formed when a hydrogen atom in an aromatic hydrocarbon is replaced by –OH group while Ethers are formed by the substitution of an H-atom in a hydrocarbon by an alkoxy(R-O) or by an aryloxy(Ar-O) group. The NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers are prepared by Chemistry subject experts. These NCERT solutions help students in their preparation for the CBSE Board exam and in competitive exams like JEE Mains, NEET etc.

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Find NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Below:

Solutions to In-Text Questions Ex 11.1 to 11.12

Question 11. 1 (1) Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:

To classify we look at the OH bonded carbon.

Here, only 1 carbon is attached to it, hence it is primary alcohol .

Question 11.1 (2) Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:

Here, only 1 carbon is attached to it, hence it is primary alcohol.

Question 11.1 (3) Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:

$CH_3 -CH_2- CH_2 -OH$

Question 11.1 (4) Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:

Here, 2 carbons are attached to it, hence it is secondary alcohol.

Question 11.1 (5) Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:

Question 11.1 (6) Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols :

Here, 3 carbons are attached to it, hence it is tertiary alcohol.

Question 11.2 Identify allylic alcohols in the above examples.

The alcohols (ii) and (vi) are allylic alcohols. Because -C=C-C-OH is the skeleton of allylic alcohol.

Question 11.3 (1) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

3-Chloromethyl-2-isopropylpentan-1-ol

Question 11.3 (2) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

2, 5-Dimethylhexane-1, 3-diol

Question 11.3 (3) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

3-Bromocyclohexanol

Question 11.3 (4) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

Hex-1-en-3-ol

Question 11.3 (5) Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

2-Bromo-3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol

Question 11.4 (1) Show how are the following alcohols prepared by the reaction of a suitable Grignard reagent on methanal ?

The reaction of a suitable Grignard reagent on the methanal is mentioned below:

Question 11.4 (2) Show how are the following alcohols prepared by the reaction of a suitable Grignard reagent on methanal ?

Product of the given reaction is-

Product of the given reaction is

Question 11.6 (1) Give structures of the products you would expect when each of the following alcohol reacts with

$HCL- ZnCl_2$

Primary alcohols do no react with Lucas’ reagent.

Hence no reaction.

$HCl - ZnCl_2$

Question 11.6 (3) Give structures of the products you would expect when each of the following alcohol reacts with HBr with Butan-1-ol

Reaction of HBr with Butan-1-ol

Question 11.6 (4) Give structures of the products you would expect when each of the following alcohol reacts with HBr with 2-Methylbutan-2-ol

Reaction of HBr with 2-Methylbutan-2-ol

Question 11.7(1) Predict the major product of acid catalysed dehydration of 1-methylcyclohexanol

Dehydration of 1-methylcyclohexanol

1-Methylcyclohexene is the major product.

Question 11.7 (2) Predict the major product of acid catalysed dehydration of butan-1-ol

Dehydration of butan-1-ol

But-2-ene is the major product.

Question 11.8 Ortho and para nitrophenols are more acidic than phenol. Draw the resonance structures of the corresponding phenoxide ions.

Resonance structure of ortho-nitrophenol

Resonance structure of para-nitrophenol

Question 11.9 (1) Write the equations involved in the following reactions: Reimer - Tiemann reaction

Reimer - Tiemann reaction

Question 11.9 (2) Write the equations involved in the following reactions: Kolbe’s reaction

Kolbe’s reaction

Question 11.10 Write the reactions of Williamson synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3-methylpentane starting from ethanol and 3-methylpentan-2-ol.

1.Reaction of ethanol with hydrogen bromide.

2. Reaction of 3-methylpentan-2-ol with sodium

3. Reaction of product formed in 1st and reaction with the product formed in the 2nd reaction.

Question 11.11 Which of the following is an appropriate set of reactants for the preparation of 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene and why?

Question 11.12 (1) Predict the products of the following reactions:

$CH_3 -CH_2 -CH_2 -O - CH_3 +HBr$

Reaction is

Question 11.12 (2) Predict the products of the following reactions:

The reaction between ethoxybenzene and HBr is

Question 11.12 (3) Predict the products of the following reactions:

Question 11.12 (4) Predict the products of the following reactions:

Reaction between ter - butyl ethyl ether and HI

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers - Exercise Questions

Question 11.1 (1) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 2,2,4-Trimethylpentan-3-ol

Question 11.1 (2) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 5-Ethylheptane-2,4-diol

Question 11.1 (3) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is Butane-2,3-diol

Question 11.1 (4) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is Propane-1,2,3-triol

Question 11.1 (5) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 2-Methylphenol

Question 11.1 (6) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 4-Methylphenol

Note : Also called p-cresol

Question 11.1 (7) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 2,5-Dimethylphenol

Question 11.1 (8) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 2,6-Dimethylphenol

Question 11.1 (9) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 1-Methoxy-2-methylpropane

Question 11.1 (10) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is Ethoxybenzene

Question 11.1 (11) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 1-Phenoxyheptane

Question 11.1 (12) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

IUPAC name of the given compound is 2-Ethoxybutane

Question 11.2 Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (i) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol

Structure of 2-Methylbutan-2-ol

Question 11.2 Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (ii) 1-Phenylpropan-2-ol

Structure of 1-Phenylpropan-2-ol

Question 11.2(iii) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (iii) 3,5-Dimethylhexane –1, 3, 5-triol

structure of 3,5-Dimethylhexane –1, 3, 5-triol

Question 11.2(iv) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (iv) 2,3 – Diethylphenol

structure of 2,3 – Diethylphenol

Question 11.2(v) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (v) 1 – Ethoxypropane

structure of 1 – Ethoxypropane

Question 11.2(vi) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (vi) 2-Ethoxy-3-methylpentane

structure of 2-Ethoxy-3-methylpentane

Question 11.2(vii) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (vii) Cyclohexylmethanol

Structure of Cyclohexylmethanol

Question 11.2(viii) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (viii) 3-Cyclohexylpentan-3-ol

The structure of 3-Cyclohexylpentan-3-ol is as follows:

Question 11.2(ix) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (ix) Cyclopent-3-en-1-ol

structure of Cyclopent-3-en-1-ol

Question 11.2(x) Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows: (x) 4-Chloro-3-ethylbutan-1-ol.

structure of 4-Chloro-3-ethylbutan-1-ol

The structures of all isomeric alcohols of C 5 H 12 O are given below:

Question 11. 3 (ii) Classify the isomers of alcohols in question 11.3 (i) as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.

Primary Alcohol: Pentan-1-ol; 2-Methylbutan-1-ol; 3-Methylbutan-1-ol; 2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol

Secondary Alcohol: Pentan-2-ol; 3-Methylbutan-2-ol; Pentan-3-ol

Tertiary Alcohol: 2-Methylbutan-2-ol

Question 11.4 Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane?

Propanol forms intermolecular H-bonds because of the presence of -OH group while butane cannot. To break these bonds, extra energy will be required. This causes a higher boiling point for propanol as compared to butane.

Question 11.5 Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. Explain this fact.

Alcohols form hydrogen bonds with water due to the presence of –OH group whereas hydrocarbons cannot. Due to this inter molecular hydrogen bonding, alcohols are more soluble in water.

Question 11.6 What is meant by hydroboration-oxidation reaction? Illustrate it with an example.

Hydroboration-oxidation reaction also called HBO reaction is the addition of borane followed by oxidation to produce alcohol.

Eg: Hydroboration-oxidation reaction of propene. In this reaction, propene reacts with diborane (BH 3 ) 2 to form trialkyl borane. This addition product is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide to form propan-1-ol.

$C_7 H_8 O$

Question 11.8 While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.

Due to inter-molecular H bonding in para-nitrophenol, it gets tightly bonded with water. But ortho nitrophenol has intra-molecular H bonding and hence is steam volatile.

Question 11.9 Give the equations of reactions for the preparation of phenol from cumene.

Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is oxidised in the presence of air to form cumene hydroperoxide. On treating with dilute acid it is converted to phenol and acetone.

Question 11.10 Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.

Chlorobenzene, when fused with NaOH, produces sodium phenoxide which on acidification produces Phenol.

Question 11.11 Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.

Ethanol is yielded from ethene by acid catalysed hydration.

The mechanism:

Step 1. Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack of hydronium ion.

Step 2. Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation .

Step 3. Deprotonation to form an alcohol.

Question 11.13 Show how will you synthesise: (i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.

Styrene on acid catalysed hydration gives 1-phenylethanol.

Question 11.13 (2) Show how will you synthesise: (ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an SN2 reaction.

On adding NaOH to chloromethylcyclohexane, cyclohexy methanol is formed.

Question 11.13 Show how will you synthesise: (iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide?

when 1-chloropentane reacts with NaOH it gives pantan-1-ol

Question 11.14 Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of phenol. Compare acidity of phenol with that of ethanol.

1. Phenol reacts with sodium to give sodium phenoxide, liberating hydrogen gas.

2. Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide and water.

Phenol is more acidic than ethanol. This is because phenol after losing a proton becomes phenoxide ion which is highly stable due to resonance whereas ethoxide ion does not.

Question 11.15 Explain why is ortho nitrophenol more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol ?

Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho- methoxyphenol . The presence of the nitro group, which is an electron withdrawing group, at the ortho position decreases the electron density in the O-H bond. Also, the o- nitrophenoxide ion formed after the loss of protons is stabile due to resonance. Hence, ortho nitrophenol is a stronger acid. Whereas the methoxy group is an electron-releasing group. Thus, it increases the electron density in the O-H bond.

Question 11.16 Explain how does the –OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activate it towards electrophilic substitution?

The -OH group is an electron-donating group (EDG). Thus, it increases the electron density in the benzene ring in the resonance structure of phenol. As a result, the benzene ring is activated towards electrophilic substitution.

$KMnO_4$

Question 11.17(ii) Give equations of the following reactions:

$CS_2$

Question 11.17(iii) Give equations of the following reactions:

(iii) Dilute HNO3 with phenol.

When dilute HNO3 reacts with phenol it gives o-bromo phenol and p-bromo phenol

Question 11.17(iv) Give equations of the following reactions: (iv) Treating phenol with chloroform in presence of aqueous NaOH.

Treating phenol with chloroform in presence of aqueous NaOH.

This reaction is known as the Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

Question 11.18(i) Explain the following with an example. (i) Kolbe’s reaction.

Kolbe’s reaction: Phenol with carbon dioxide under pressure followed by treating the product with sulphuric acid produces Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid). Phenoxide ion generated is more reactive than phenol towards electrophilic aromatic substitution. Hence, it undergoes electrophilic substitution with carbon dioxide, a weak electrophile.

Question 11.18(ii) Explain the following with an example. (ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, a –CHO group is introduced at the ortho position of the benzene ring. This reaction is known as Reimer - Tiemann reaction

Question 11.18(iii) Explain the following with an example. (iii) Williamson ether synthesis.

Williamson ether synthesis is a reaction forming ether from a primary alkyl halide via S N 2 reaction.

Question 11.18(iv) Explain the following with an example.(iv) Unsymmetrical ether.

If the alkyl or aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom are different, then it is mixed or unsymmetrical ether.

$C_2H_5-O-CH_3\ and\ C_2H_5-O-C_6H_5$

Question 11.19 . Write the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.

Alcohols undergo dehydration (removal of a molecule of water) to form alkenes on treating with a protic acid. Ethanol undergoes dehydration by heating it with concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K.

Acid catalysed hydration of propene produces propan-2-ol.

Benzyl chloride treated with NaOH followed by acidification produces benzyl alcohol.

Ethyl magnesium chloride treated with formaldehyde followed by hydrolysis produces propan-1-ol.

Methyl magnesium bromide treated with propane, gives 2-methylpropane-2-ol on hydrolysis.

Question 11.21(i) Name the reagents used in the following reactions: (i) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.

$(KMnO_4)$

Question 11.21(ii) Name the reagents used in the following reactions: (ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.

The reagent used for oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde is Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) .

Question 11.21(iii) Name the reagents used in the following reactions: (iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol.

Reagents used in the bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol is Bromine water

Question 11.21(iv) Name the reagents used in the following reactions:

(iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.

Question 11.21(v) Name the reagents used in the following reactions: (v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene.

Reagents used in the dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene is Concentrated Phosphoric acid.

Question 11.21(vi) Name the reagents used in the following reactions: (vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol.

$LiAlH_4\ or\ NaBH_4$

Question 11.22 Give reason for the higher boiling point of ethanol in comparison to methoxymethane.

Ethanol undergoes intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of -OH group. Therefore, extra energy is required to break those hydrogen bonds. Whereas methoxymethane does not make H-bonds and hence ethanol has a higher boiling point than methoxymethane.

Question 11.23(i) Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

IUPAC names of the given ether is 1-Ethoxy-2-methylpropane

Question 11.23(ii) Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

IUPAC names of the given ether is 2-Chloro-1-methoxyethane

Question 11.23(iii) Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

IUPAC names of the given ether is 4-Nitroanisole

Question 11.23(iv) Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

IUPAC names of the given ether is 1-Methoxypropane

Question 11.23(v) Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

IUPAC names of the given ether is 4-Ethoxy-1, 1-dimethylcyclohexane

Question 11.23(vi) Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

IUPAC names of the given ether is Ethoxybenzene

Question 11.24(i) Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following ethers by Williamson’s synthesis: (i) 1-Propoxypropane

Names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the 1-Propoxypropane ether by Williamson’s synthesis:-

Question 11.24(ii) Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following ethers by Williamson’s synthesis: (ii) Ethoxybenzene

Names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the Ethoxybenzene ether by Williamson’s synthesis:-

Question 11.24(iii) Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following ethers by Williamson’s synthesis: (iii) 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane

Names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane ether by Williamson’s synthesis:-

Question 11.24(iv) Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following ethers by Williamson’s synthesis: (iv) 1-Methoxyethane

Names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the1-Methoxyethane ether by Williamson’s synthesis:-

Question 11.25 Illustrate with examples the limitations of Williamson synthesis for the preparation of certain types of ethers.

$S_N2$

Question 11.26 How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-1-ol? Write mechanism of this reaction.

Propan-1-ol on dehydration using protic acids such as sulphuric acid gives 1-propoxypropane.

Mechanism of this reaction:

Formation of protonated alcohol.

Formation of carbocation: It is the slowest step and hence, the rate determining step of the reaction.

Formation of ethene by the elimination of a proton.

Question 11.27 Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method. Give reason.

The formation of ethers by dehydration of a primary alcohol is an S N 2 reaction. In case of secondary or tertiary alcohols, the alkyl group is hindered and hence elimination dominates substitution. Therefore alkenes are formed in place of ethers.

Question 11.28(i) Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with: (i) 1-propoxypropane

1-propoxypropane reacts with HI to give propan-1-ol and 1-iodopropane as the products.

Question 11.28(ii) Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with: (ii) methoxybenzene

Methoxybenzene reacts with HI to give phenol and iodomethane.

Question 11.28(iii) Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with: (iii) benzyl ethyl ether.

Benzyl ethyl ether reacts with HI to give benzyl iodide and ethanol.

Question 11.29(i) Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers (i) the alkoxy group activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution

Due to the +R effect of the alkoxy group, it increases the electron density of the benzene ring pushing electrons into the ring making the benzene ring activated towards electrophilic substitution reactions.

Question 11.29(ii) Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers (ii) it directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring.

The above resonating structures shows that the electron density increases more at the ortho and para positions as compared to the meta positions. Hence, the alkoxy group directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in the benzene ring.

Question 11.30. Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI with methoxymethane.

Following is the mechanism:

1. Protonation of methoxymethane

3. If HI is in excess, then methanol formed in step 2 reacts with another HI molecule and gets converted to methyl iodide at a high temperature.

Question 11.31(i) Write equations of the following reactions: (i) Friedel-Crafts reaction – alkylation of anisole.

Fridel Craft reaction(Alkylation):

Question 11.31(ii) Write equations of the following reactions: (ii) Nitration of anisole.

Nitration of anisole:

Question 11.31(iii) Write equations of the following reactions: (iii) Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.

Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium:

Question 11.31(iv) Write equations of the following reactions: (iv) Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole.

Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole:

Question 11.32 Show how would you synthesise the following alcohols from appropriate alkenes?

Question 11.33 When 3-methylbutan-2-ol is treated with HBr, the following reaction takes place:

Mechanism for the reaction 3-methylbutan-2-ol is treated with HBr

Chemistry Chapter 11 NCERT Solutions Insights

Alcohols Phenols and Ethers Class 12 NCERT solutions has answers to a total of 12 topic wise questions and 33 questions in the exercise. In the CBSE boards exam, the weightage of this chapter is 4 marks hence it is recommended to solve all the exercises of the book to get good marks. You will find all the NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers here free of cost.

By referring to the NCERT solutions for class 12 , students can understand all the important concepts and practice questions well enough before their examination. Alcohols are the basic compound for the formation of detergents, phenols are the basic compound for the formation of antiseptics and ethers is the basic compound for the formation of fragrances.

Topics and Sub-topics of NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers-

11.1 Classification

11.2 Nomenclature

11.3 Structures of Functional Groups

11.4 Alcohols and Phenols

11.5 Some Commercially Important Alcohols

11.6 Ethers

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter Wise

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Subject wise

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NCERT solutions for class 12 maths
NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry
NCERT Solutions for class 12 physics

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Benefits of NCERT Solutions for class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

The answers presented in a comprehensive manner in the NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers will help in understanding chapter easily.
It will be easy to revise because the detailed solutions will help you to remember the concepts and fetch you good marks.
Homework problems won't bother you anymore, all you need to do is check the detailed NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers and you are good to go.

If you have a doubt or question that is not available here or in any of the chapters, contact us. You will get all the answers that will help you score well in your exams.

Also Check NCERT Books and NCERT Syllabus here:

NCERT Books Class 12 Chemistry
NCERT Syllabus Class 12 Chemistry
NCERT Books Class 12
NCERT Syllabus Class 12

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

For complete solutions refer to this website: https://school.careers360.com/ncert/ncert-solutions-class-12-chemistry

Important topics:

Chemical Reactions of Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers
Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Preparation of Alcohols
Chemical Reactions of Ethers
Physical Properties of Ethers
Preparation of Ethers
Preparation of Phenols
Some Commercially Important Alcohols
Introduction and Classification of Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers
Nomenclature

This chapter holds weightage of 4 percent in NEET examination. Practice NEET previous year papers, NCERT question and NCERT exemplar questions for a good score.

Questions worth 5-6 marks are asked from this chapter in CBSE Board exam. Follow the NCERT syllabus for good score in board exam.

This chapter holds the weightage of 4-5 Marks in JEE Main

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Questions related to CBSE Class 12th

Hello aspirant,

The purpose of graphic design extends beyond the brand's look. Nevertheless, by conveying what the brand stands for, it significantly aids in the development of a sense of understanding between a company and its audience. The future in the field of graphic designing is very promising.

There are various courses available for graphic designing. To know more information about these courses and much more details, you can visit our website by clicking on the link given below.

https://www.careers360.com/courses/graphic-designing-course

Hope this information helps you.

Yes you can appear for the compartment paper again since CBSE gives three chances to a candidate to clear his/her exams so you still have two more attempts. However, you can appear for your improvement paper for all subjects but you cannot appear for the ones in which you have failed.

I hope this was helpful!

Hello dear,

If you was not able to clear 1st compartment and now you giving second compartment so YES, you can go for your improvement exam next year but if a student receives an improvement, they are given the opportunity to retake the boards as a private candidate the following year, but there are some requirements. First, the student must pass all of their subjects; if they received a compartment in any subject, they must then pass the compartment exam before being eligible for the improvement.

As you can registered yourself as private candidate for giving your improvement exam of 12 standard CBSE(Central Board of Secondary Education).For that you have to wait for a whole year which is bit difficult for you.

Positive side of waiting for whole year is you have a whole year to preparing yourself for your examination. You have no distraction or something which may causes your failure in the exams. In whole year you have to stay focused on your 12 standard examination for doing well in it. By this you get a highest marks as a comparison of others.

Believe in Yourself! You can make anything happen

All the very best.

Hello Student,

I appreciate your Interest in education. See the improvement is not restricted to one subject or multiple subjects and we cannot say if improvement in one subject in one year leads to improvement in more subjects in coming year.

You just need to have a revision of all subjects what you have completed in the school. have a revision and practice of subjects and concepts helps you better.

All the best.

You just need to give the exams for the concerned two subjects in which you have got RT. There is no need to give exam for all of your subjects, you can just fill the form for the two subjects only.

Colleges After 12th

Explore career options (by industry).

Construction
Entertainment
Manufacturing
Information Technology

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi .

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.

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UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 2 Synthesis
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Rajasthan Board RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Synthesis Exercise Questions and Answers. The questions presented in the RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English are solved in a detailed manner. Get the accurate RBSE Solutions for Class 12 all subjects will help students to have a deeper understanding of the concepts.
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NCERT Solutions for English Grammar serves as a comprehensive solution book for the students of Class 12 who are willing to expertise in the English Grammar subject.. The Class 12th English Grammar syllabus is comprehensively mentioned in this NCERT Solutions. Exhaustive Class 12 Grammar topics are present in the NCERT Solutions. Also, this is to be ensured that students from any board can ...
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UP Board Class 12 English Book Solutions. SECTION - A. Prose. Chapter 1 A Girl with a Basket. Chapter 2 A Fellow Traveller. Chapter 3 The Secret of Health, Success and Power. Chapter 4 The Homecoming. Chapter 5 I am John's Heart. Chapter 6 Women's Education.
UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English
UP Board Class 12 English Book Solutions. SECTION - A. Prose. Chapter 1 A Girl with a Basket. Chapter 2 A Fellow Traveller. Chapter 3 The Secret of Health, Success and Power. Chapter 4 The Homecoming. Chapter 5 I am John's Heart. Chapter 6 Women's Education.
RBSE Solution for Class 12 English Grammar : Synthesis
Answers: The sun having set, the birds started flying towards their nests. The play being over, all left the field. The bell having rung, the school closed. The rain having stopped, children went out to play. The letter having been written, he posted it at once. The classwork being over, the students left the class.
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory & Literature
RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Panorama. Chapter 1 The Tiger King. Chapter 2 The Portrait of a Lady. Chapter 3 (i) The Guitar Player. Chapter 3 (ii) Svayamvara. Chapter 4 Drought. Chapter 5 Love Across the Salt Desert. Chapter 6 Trouble in Bohemia. Chapter 7 Dead Men's Path.
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RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English Compulsory & Literature
Here we have given RBSE Class 12th English Compulsory & Literature Book Solutions. The questions presented in the RBSE Solutions for Class 12 English are solved in a detailed manner. Get the accurate RBSE Solutions for Class 12 all subjects will help students to have a deeper understanding of the concepts. Our team has come up with job letter ...
Synthesis in English grammar
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Class 12 / By Safia. UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 4 Syntax, The students can refer to these answers to prepare for the examinations. The solutions provided in the Free PDF download of UP Board Solutions for Class 12 are beneficial in enhancing conceptual knowledge. Board. UP Board.
UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 2 Synthesis
UP Board Solutions for Class 12 English Grammar Chapter 2 Synthesis. Exercise 1. He came in singing. Seeing a lion he ran away. Opening the cupboard, he took out his shirt. It being cold, we stayed indoors. While playing, I fell down. Beaten by the police, he fainted. Turning to the right you will reach my house.
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Synthesis for Class 12 in English Grammar
Yesterday I found my book. The book was lost. (separate) He was teasing the child. The child was irritated.(separate) He saw a dead body. It was covered with white shirt.(separate) Answers: Yesterday I found my lost book. He was teasing the irritated child. He saw a dead body covered with white shirt. 3. Perfect Participle के ...
Solved English Grammar Exercises with Answers for Class 12, 11, 10, 9
Preparing the English Grammar helps the students to score good marks in the exams. English is one of the most interesting subjects in school life. Here we are giving the Tamilnadu Board English Grammar for Classes 9 to 12. Samacheer Kalvi Class 9 English Grammar. Samacheer Kalvi Class 10 English Grammar. Samacheer Kalvi Class 11 English Grammar.
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Answer : Reaction between ter - butyl ethyl ether and HI. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers - Exercise Questions. Question 11.1 (1) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds: Answer : IUPAC name of the given compound is 2,2,4-Trimethylpentan-3-ol.
Solutions Intermediate Teachers Book
That family argument gave me the push I needed. Of course, I've got a lot of talent too! Exercise 7 $ 1 page 11 Speaker 1: C; Speaker 2: A; Speaker 3: D; Speaker 4: B Transcript See exercise 6. 1D Grammar used to Exercise 1 $ 1 page 12 nostalgic Transcript See Student's Book, page 12. Exercise 2 page 12 affirmative You used to have great hair!
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Class 12 English Grammar - Importance of English Grammar for Class 12 Students

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RBSE Solution for Class 12 English Grammar : Synthesis

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RBSE Solution for Class 12 English Grammar: Synthesis

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Synthesis for Class 12 in English Grammar

Synthesis का अध्ययन तीन विधियों के अन्तर्गत होता है –

To Combine Simple Sentences into One Simple Sentence

1. Participle का प्रयोग करके :-

1. Present Participle के द्वारा –

2. Past Participle के द्वारा –

3. Perfect Participle के द्वारा –

Combine each pair of the following sentences into one simple sentence:

2. Infinitive का प्रयोग करके

Combine each set of the following sentences into one simple sentence:

3. Gerund का प्रयोग करके

4. Conjunction ‘and’ का प्रयोग करके :-

Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence –

5. Preposition का प्रयोग करके :-

(a) Noun से पहले Preposition का प्रयोग

(b) Gerund से पहले Preposition का प्रयोग-

Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence

6. Phrase in Apposition का प्रयोग करके –

7. Nominative Absolute का प्रयोग करके :-

8. Adverbs का प्रयोग करके

9. Adjective का प्रयोग करके:-

To Combine Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence