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Kerala flood case study
Kerala flood case study.
Kerala is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India. The state has the 13th largest population in India. Kerala, which lies in the tropical region, is mainly subject to the humid tropical wet climate experienced by most of Earth’s rainforests.
A map to show the location of Kerala
Eastern Kerala consists of land infringed upon by the Western Ghats (western mountain range); the region includes high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. The wildest lands are covered with dense forests, while other areas lie under tea and coffee plantations or other forms of cultivation.
The Indian state of Kerala receives some of India’s highest rainfall during the monsoon season. However, in 2018 the state experienced its highest level of monsoon rainfall in decades. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), there was 2346.3 mm of precipitation, instead of the average 1649.55 mm.
Kerala received over two and a half times more rainfall than August’s average. Between August 1 and 19, the state received 758.6 mm of precipitation, compared to the average of 287.6 mm, or 164% more. This was 42% more than during the entire monsoon season.
The unprecedented rainfall was caused by a spell of low pressure over the region. As a result, there was a perfect confluence of the south-west monsoon wind system and the two low-pressure systems formed over the Bay of Bengal and Odisha. The low-pressure regions pull in the moist south-west monsoon winds, increasing their speed, as they then hit the Western Ghats, travel skywards, and form rain-bearing clouds.
Further downpours on already saturated land led to more surface run-off causing landslides and widespread flooding.
Kerala has 41 rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea, and 80 of its dams were opened after being overwhelmed. As a result, water treatment plants were submerged, and motors were damaged.
In some areas, floodwater was between 3-4.5m deep. Floods in the southern Indian state of Kerala have killed more than 410 people since June 2018 in what local officials said was the worst flooding in 100 years. Many of those who died had been crushed under debris caused by landslides. More than 1 million people were left homeless in the 3,200 emergency relief camps set up in the area.
Parts of Kerala’s commercial capital, Cochin, were underwater, snarling up roads and leaving railways across the state impassable. In addition, the state’s airport, which domestic and overseas tourists use, was closed, causing significant disruption.
Local plantations were inundated by water, endangering the local rubber, tea, coffee and spice industries.
Schools in all 14 districts of Kerala were closed, and some districts have banned tourists because of safety concerns.
Maintaining sanitation and preventing disease in relief camps housing more than 800,000 people was a significant challenge. Authorities also had to restore regular clean drinking water and electricity supplies to the state’s 33 million residents.
Officials have estimated more than 83,000km of roads will need to be repaired and that the total recovery cost will be between £2.2bn and $2.7bn.
Indians from different parts of the country used social media to help people stranded in the flood-hit southern state of Kerala. Hundreds took to social media platforms to coordinate search, rescue and food distribution efforts and reach out to people who needed help. Social media was also used to support fundraising for those affected by the flooding. Several Bollywood stars supported this.
Some Indians have opened up their homes for people from Kerala who were stranded in other cities because of the floods.
Thousands of troops were deployed to rescue those caught up in the flooding. Army, navy and air force personnel were deployed to help those stranded in remote and hilly areas. Dozens of helicopters dropped tonnes of food, medicine and water over areas cut off by damaged roads and bridges. Helicopters were also involved in airlifting people marooned by the flooding to safety.
More than 300 boats were involved in rescue attempts. The state government said each boat would get 3,000 rupees (£34) for each day of their work and that authorities would pay for any damage to the vessels.
As the monsoon rains began to ease, efforts increased to get relief supplies to isolated areas along with clean up operations where water levels were falling.
Millions of dollars in donations have poured into Kerala from the rest of India and abroad in recent days. Other state governments have promised more than $50m, while ministers and company chiefs have publicly vowed to give a month’s salary.
Even supreme court judges have donated $360 each, while the British-based Sikh group Khalsa Aid International has set up its own relief camp in Kochi, Kerala’s main city, to provide meals for 3,000 people a day.
International Response
In the wake of the disaster, the UAE, Qatar and the Maldives came forward with offers of financial aid amounting to nearly £82m. The United Arab Emirates promised $100m (£77m) of this aid. This is because of the close relationship between Kerala and the UAE. There are a large number of migrants from Kerala working in the UAE. The amount was more than the $97m promised by India’s central government. However, as it has done since 2004, India declined to accept aid donations. The main reason for this is to protect its image as a newly industrialised country; it does not need to rely on other countries for financial help.
Google provided a donation platform to allow donors to make donations securely. Google partners with the Center for Disaster Philanthropy (CDP), an intermediary organisation that specialises in distributing your donations to local nonprofits that work in the affected region to ensure funds reach those who need them the most.
Google Kerala Donate
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Study report: kerala floods of august 2018 (september, 2018).
- Govt. India
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1.0 Introduction
Kerala State has an average annual precipitation of about 3000 mm. The rainfall in the State is controlled by the South-west and North-east monsoons. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during six monsoon months. The high intensity storms prevailing during the monsoon months result in heavy discharges in all the rivers. The continuous and heavy precipitation that occurs in the steep and undulating terrain finds its way into the main rivers through innumerable streams and water courses.
Kerala experienced an abnormally high rainfall from 1 June 2018 to 19 August 2018. This resulted in severe flooding in 13 out of 14 districts in the State. As per IMD data, Kerala received 2346.6 mm of rainfall from 1 June 2018 to 19 August 2018 in contrast to an expected 1649.5 mm of rainfall. This rainfall was about 42% above the normal. Further, the rainfall over Kerala during June, July and 1st to 19th of August was 15%, 18% and 164% respectively, above normal. Month-wise rainfall for the period, as reported by IMD, are given in Table-1.
Due to heavy rainfall, the first onset of flooding occurred towards the end of July. A severe spell of rainfall was experienced at several places on the 8th and 9th of August 2018. The 1- day rainfall of 398 mm, 305 mm, 255 mm, 254 mm, 211 mm and 214 mm were recorded at Nilambur in Malappuram district, Mananthavadi in Wayanad district, Peermade, Munnar KSEB and Myladumparain in Idukki district and Pallakad in Pallakad district respectively on 9 August 2018. This led to further flooding at several places in Mananthavadi and Vythiri in Wayanad district during 8-10, August 2018. Water was released from several dams due to heavy rainfall in their catchments. The water levels in several reservoirs were almost near their Full Reservoir Level (FRL) due to continuous rainfall from 1st of June. Another severe spell of rainfall started from the 14th of August and continued till the 19th of August, resulting in disastrous flooding in 13 out of 14 districts. The water level records at CWC G&D sites for some of the rivers in Kerala are given at Annex-I. As per the rainfall records of IMD, it has been found that the rainfall depths recorded during the 15-17, August 2018 were comparable to the severe storm that occurred in the year 1924.
1.1 Earlier floods in Kerala
The 1924 witnessed unprecedented and very heavy floods in almost all rivers of Kerala. Heavy losses to life, property and crops etc. had been reported. The rainstorm of 16-18, July 1924 was caused by the South-west monsoon that extended to the south of peninsula on 15th July and caused rainfall in Malabar. Under its influence, heavy rainfall occurred in almost entire Kerala. The area under the storm recorded 1-day maximum rainfall on 17th of July, 2- day maximum rainfall for 16-17, July 1924 and 3-day maximum rainfall for 16-18, July 1924. The centre of the 1-day and 2-day rainstorm was located at Devikulam in Kerala which recorded 484 mm and 751 mm of rainfall respectively. The centre of 3-day rainstorm was located at Munnar in Kerala which recorded a rainfall of 897 mm in 3 days.
The fury of 1924 flood levels in most of the rivers was still fresh in the memory of people of Kerala, the year 1961 also witnessed heavy floods and rise in the water levels of reservoirs. Usually in the State, heavy precipitation is concentrated over a period of 7 to 10 days during the monsoon when the rivers rise above their established banks and inundate the low lying areas. But in 1961, floods were unusually heavy not only in duration, but also in the intensity of precipitation. During the year 1961, the monsoon started getting violent towards the last week of June and in the early days of August, the precipitation was concentrated on most parts of the southern region of Kerala. By the first week of July, the intensity gradually spread over the other parts of the State and the entire State was reeling under severe flood by the second week of July. The worst affected area was Periyar sub-basin and it also impacted other sub-basins. Many of the important infrastructures like highways etc were submerged. After a brief interval, by the middle of July, the monsoon became more violent, affecting the northern parts of the State. The average rainfall was 56% above normal. The maximum daily intensities recorded at four districts in 1961 are given in Table-2.
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Kerala Floods 2018: Impacts and Lessons Drawn
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- Ajinder Walia 2 ,
- Pallvi Sharma 2 &
- Naima Nusrat 3
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Kerala, the southwest coastal state of India which ranks high on the Human Development Index, became vulnerable to severe flooding during the southwest monsoons of 2018. The state faced the worst floods in the century due to above-normal rainfall from June to August 2018. The above-normal rainfall was supplemented by a lack of integration of sustainable development practices and disaster risk management strategies. The floods affected all the districts of the state and led to the loss of over 400 precious lives along with extensive damage to infrastructure and property. It also triggered about 341 landslides in the area. The community including fishermen and women-centric organizations like Kudumbashree participated actively in responding to the disaster. Technology including WhatsApp, GIS, and crowdsourcing was used actively by the community during the search, rescue, and relief phase. The floods highlighted many constraints like lack of proper management and monitoring of critical natural resources such as water and land which left the state unprepared for major disasters caused by natural hazards. The disaster also highlighted crucial lessons to be adopted by other coastal states of the country which are expected to face increased flooding in the coming times due to climatic changes.
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Walia, A., Sharma, P., Nusrat, N. (2022). Kerala Floods 2018: Impacts and Lessons Drawn. In: Singh, A. (eds) International Handbook of Disaster Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8800-3_188-1
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8800-3_188-1
Received : 18 May 2022
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- Preprint hess-2018-480
The Kerala flood of 2018: combined impact of extreme rainfall and reservoir storage
Abstract. Extreme precipitation events and flooding that cause losses to human lives and infrastructure have increased under the warming climate. In August 2018, the state of Kerala (India) witnessed large-scale flooding, which affected millions of people and caused 400 or more deaths. Here, we examine the return period of extreme rainfall and the potential role of reservoirs in the recent flooding in Kerala. We show that Kerala experienced 53 % above normal rainfall during the monsoon season (till August 21st) of 2018. Moreover, 1, 2, and 3-day extreme rainfall in Kerala during August 2018 had return periods of 75, 200, and 100 years. Six out of seven major reservoirs were at more than 90 % of their full capacity on August 8, 2018, before extreme rainfall in Kerala. Extreme rainfall at 1–15 days durations in August 2018 in the catchments upstream of the three major reservoirs (Idukki, Kakki, and Periyar) had the return period of more than 500 years. Extreme rainfall and almost full reservoirs resulted in a significant release of water in a short-span of time. Therefore, above normal seasonal rainfall (before August 8, 2018), high reservoir storage, and unprecedented extreme rainfall in the catchments where reservoirs are located worsened the flooding in Kerala. Reservoir operations need be improved using a skillful forecast of extreme rainfall at the longer lead time (4–7 days).
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Nov 2023 | 7,858 | 3,484 | 78 |
Dec 2023 | 8,018 | 3,497 | 79 |
Jan 2024 | 8,213 | 3,520 | 79 |
Feb 2024 | 8,430 | 3,539 | 81 |
Mar 2024 | 8,693 | 3,565 | 85 |
Apr 2024 | 8,903 | 3,584 | 87 |
May 2024 | 9,093 | 3,605 | 93 |
Jun 2024 | 9,335 | 3,618 | 97 |
Jul 2024 | 9,691 | 3,620 | 98 |
Aug 2024 | 9,972 | 3,633 | 100 |
Sep 2024 | 9,981 | 3,634 | 100 |
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45 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Assessment of extreme rainfall events over Kerala using EVA and NCUM-G model forecasts V. Abhijith et al. 10.1007/s12040-023-02171-5
- Flood impact assessment using field investigations and post-flood survey A. Mathew et al. 10.1007/s12040-021-01657-4
- Landslide susceptibility investigation for Idukki district of Kerala using regression analysis and machine learning S. Jones et al. 10.1007/s12517-021-07156-6
- Persistent Scatterer Interferometry in the post-event monitoring of the Idukki Landslides J. Jennifer et al. 10.1080/10106049.2020.1778101
- Endemism-based butterfly conservation: insights from a study in Southern Western Ghats, India M. Anto et al. 10.1186/s41936-021-00221-2
- Spatiotemporal dependence of soil moisture and precipitation over India A. Manoj J et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127898
- Microplastic pollution of Calicut beach - Contributing factors and possible impacts A. Kumar & G. Varghese 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112492
- Identifying Flood Prediction using Machine Learning Techniques M. Helen Joyice et al. 10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAR112
- Real-time flood forecasting using an integrated hydrologic and hydraulic model for the Vamsadhara and Nagavali basins, Eastern India G. Venkata Rao et al. 10.1007/s11069-023-06366-3
- Probabilistic Mapping of August 2018 Flood of Kerala, India, Using Space-Borne Synthetic Aperture Radar S. Sherpa et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2020.2970337
- Increase in Population Exposure Due to Dry and Wet Extremes in India Under a Warming Climate R. Kumar & V. Mishra 10.1029/2020EF001731
- A novel heuristic algorithm for disruption mitigation in a global food supply chain M. Bakhshi Sasi et al. 10.1016/j.cie.2024.110334
- Classification of Sub-Watersheds with Respect to Flooding Susceptibility in a Tropical River Basin Using Multi Criteria Approach Based on VIKOR A. Nair et al. 10.1007/s11269-024-03900-1
- Vulnerability and resilience of the tourism sector in India: Effects of natural disasters and internal conflict M. Barbhuiya & D. Chatterjee 10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100616
- Increased flood risk in Indian sub-continent under the warming climate H. Ali et al. 10.1016/j.wace.2019.100212
- A diagnostic study of extreme precipitation over Kerala during August 2018 Y. Viswanadhapalli et al. 10.1002/asl.941
- Assessment of land surface temperature dynamics over the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India J. John et al. 10.1007/s11600-021-00593-7
- Impacts of Flood on Water Quality of Periyar River and Remediation Using Natural Fibers P. Ayyappan Vasantha et al. 10.1080/15440478.2022.2057382
- Modeling the concurrent impact of extreme rainfall and reservoir storage on Kerala floods 2018: a Copula approach A. Anandalekshmi et al. 10.1007/s40808-019-00635-6
- Association of Flood Risk Patterns with Waterborne Bacterial Diseases in Malaysia N. Shafii et al. 10.3390/w15112121
- Combined signatures of atmospheric drivers, soil moisture, and moisture source on floods in Narmada River basin, India J. Nanditha et al. 10.1007/s00382-022-06244-x
- Evaluating the long-term trends of the climatic variables over three humid tropical basins in Kerala, India A. Abraham & S. Kundapura 10.1007/s12517-022-10056-y
- Development of flood susceptibility map using a GIS-based AHP approach: a novel case study on Idukki district, India Z. Khan & B. Jhamnani 10.1080/14498596.2023.2236051
- SAR based flood risk analysis: A case study Kerala flood 2018 N. Pramanick et al. 10.1016/j.asr.2021.07.003
- Epizootics of epizootic ulcerative syndrome among estuarine fishes of Kerala, India, under post-flood conditions T. Sumithra et al. 10.3354/dao03465
- Assessment of Nonstationarity and Uncertainty in Precipitation Extremes of a River Basin Under Climate Change S. Ansa Thasneem et al. 10.1007/s10666-021-09752-y
- C-band polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar observations during an extreme precipitation event and associated dynamics over Peninsular India K. Subrahmanyam & K. Kumar 10.1007/s11069-022-05426-4
- Simulation of an extreme rainfall event over Mumbai using a regional climate model: a case study M. Pant et al. 10.1007/s00703-021-00845-7
- Country‐wide flood exposure analysis using Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar data: Case study of 2019 Iran flood S. Sherpa & M. Shirzaei 10.1111/jfr3.12770
- Coordination and control – limits in standard representations of multi-reservoir operations in hydrological modeling C. Rougé et al. 10.5194/hess-25-1365-2021
- Sensitivity analysis applied to two extreme rainfall events over Kerala using TIGGE ensembles B. George & G. Kutty 10.1007/s00703-022-00863-z
- Evaluating the 2018 extreme flood hazard events in Kerala, India P. Lal et al. 10.1080/2150704X.2020.1730468
- Interaction of a Low-Pressure System, an Offshore Trough, and Mid-Tropospheric Dry Air Intrusion: The Kerala Flood of August 2018 V. Kumar et al. 10.3390/atmos11070740
- Impacts of a massive flood event on the physico-chemistry and water quality of river Pampa in Western Ghats of India A. Saha et al. 10.1080/03067319.2020.1843026
- Deciphering the extreme rainfall scenario over Indian landmass using satellite observations, reanalysis and model forecast: Case studies U. Saha et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104943
- Temporal soil loss scenarios and erosional dynamics of a slopping landmass in the southwestern India before and after the 2018 severe rainfall and mega flood events N. Valappil et al. 10.1007/s11069-024-06790-z
- Role of Extreme Precipitation and Initial Hydrologic Conditions on Floods in Godavari River Basin, India S. Garg & V. Mishra 10.1029/2019WR025863
- Flood 2018 and the status of reservoir-induced seismicity in Kerala, India S. Ramasamy et al. 10.1007/s11069-019-03741-x
- Bias-Corrected Extended-Range Forecast Over India for Hydrological Applications During Monsoon 2020 P. Kumar et al. 10.1007/s00024-022-02998-x
- The anomalous weather parameters that lead to the extreme rainfall of Kerala in August 2018 S. Suneela et al. 10.1007/s00703-023-00974-1
- Impact of Time Step Size on Different Cumulus Parameterization Schemes in the Numerical Simulation of a Heavy Rainfall Event Over Tamil Nadu, India K. Singh et al. 10.1007/s00024-021-02896-8
- Constructing a complete landslide inventory dataset for the 2018 monsoon disaster in Kerala, India, for land use change analysis L. Hao et al. 10.5194/essd-12-2899-2020
- Assessment of the impact of flood on groundwater hydrochemistry and its suitability for drinking and irrigation in the River Periyar Lower Basin, India A. Krishnakumar et al. 10.1007/s11356-021-17596-y
- Flooding study in the desert climate zone: case study of M’zab valley (Algeria) O. Gueciouer Teffah et al. 10.1080/23249676.2022.2030253
- Eliciting social themes of flood mitigation and community engagement studies through text mining T. Egbelakin et al. 10.1108/IJBPA-02-2023-0022
Vimal Mishra
Saran aaadhar, rahul kumar, dushmanta ranjan pattanaik, amar deep tiwari.
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Data reveals that between 2017 and 2019, floods affected over 18 million hectares of crops in India [1]. ... Similarly, in the Kuttand Region of Kerala, floating-bed agriculture is an important source of livelihood for residents and is used to grow a variety of crops, including rice, vegetables, fruits, and flowers. ... a case study of ...
Using the Thiessen polygon method, the study area is divided into rain gauge control zones based on rain gauge locations (Fig.S1). Each zone is with an area of 925.15km 2 (Mananthavady region), 374.25km 2 (Vythiri region), 346.35km 2 (Ambalavayal region) and 483km 2 (Kuppady region). The rainfall measured by each rain gauge was assumed to be reflective of the region in which it is located, and ...
However, the monsoon of 2018 and 2019, brought excess rainfall to many parts of Kerala, with heavy inland flooding during August 2018. An excess rainfall of 225 cm was received by Kozhikode ...
Kerala experienced extremely heavy rainfall from 8th to 11th August 2019, which caused a widespread flood throughout the state and disrupted thousands of lives as well as a substantial amount of property. The novel approach of utilising the observed and merged satellite rainfall products along with remotely sensed optical and microwave images was applied to monitor the event. The results ...
In some areas, floodwater was between 3-4.5m deep. Floods in the southern Indian state of Kerala have killed more than 410 people since June 2018 in what local officials said was the worst flooding in 100 years. Many of those who died had been crushed under debris caused by landslides.
A flooded road at Angamaly. On 8 August 2019, due to heavy rainfall in the monsoon season, severe flood affected Kerala. [3] As a security measure in the prevailing situation of heavy rains, the India Meteorological Department had issued a red alert in the 9 districts in Northern and Central Kerala, orange alert in 3 districts of Central Kerala, and yellow alert in the 2 districts of southern ...
In August 2018, the Indian state of Kerala received an extended period of very heavy rainfall as a result of a low-pressure system near the beginning of the month being followed several days later by a monsoon depression. The resulting floods killed over 400 people and displaced a million more. Here, a high resolution setup (4 km) of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in ...
This resulted in severe flooding in 13 out of 14 districts in the State. As per IMD data, Kerala received 2346.6 mm of rainfall from 1 June 2018 to 19 August 2018 in contrast to an expected 1649.5 ...
The study covered four districts of Kerala (Alappuzha, Kottayam, Thrissur, and Pathanamthitta) to assess the full effect of the floods in 2018. From the analysis, it may be concluded that the districts of Alappuzha and Kottayam were severely affected by floods, followed by Thrissur and Pathanamthitta.
The resultant flood claimed the lives of more than 400 people, and millions were displaced (Hunt and Menon, 2020). According to IMD, in the year 2018, the amount of rainfall received by Kerala between June 1 and August 20 was 23466 mm, which is 40% - 42% higher than usual, compared to the expected 1649.5 mm rainfall from 1 to August 19 ...
Kerala Floods August 2018 Page 1 Kerala Flood of August 2018 1.0 Introduction Kerala State has an average annual precipitation of about 3000 mm. The rainfall in the State is controlled by the South-west and North-east monsoons. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during six monsoon months. The high intensity storms prevailing during the monsoon months
For example, the state's literacy rate is 94%, compared to the national average of 73%. The country's average life expec-tancy at birth was 68.8 years in 2013 -2017, whereas Kerala at the same time had 75.2 year life expectancy (RBI, 2020, 15 -16). Among all the states, it has the highest life expectancy at birth.
The example of "Kudumbashree" which is a poverty eradication and women empowerment program of the Government of Kerala can be used as a case study where women have responded to a disaster of such high magnitude in an effective manner . ... M., & Sheikh, S. (2019, March 17). Kerala floods: What led to deluge that reminded people of the great ...
However on a case filed by its devotee, the Kerala High Court, in December 2020, ruled that the ₹ 10 crore (US$1.42 million) the state government received from the board (including donations from 2018 and 2019 floods) should be returned. The court argued that temple funds should prioritize the development of the shrine and its allied services.
1. Introduction. Flooding is a major global hazard. Floods are expected to increase in frequency and severity as a consequence of climate change, as well as urbanisation and land use change, especially in the developing world [1, 2]. In this paper, we will examine the Kerala flood event in 2018.
A Case Study on Kerala Floods P. Srija *, G. Nithin , V. Chaithanya*, ... 1961, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. In these, the flood in the year 2018 was the most highly devastating floods, despite the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority framing a Disaster Management Plan, in 2016.Dam failure is the main cause for 2018 flood. ...
Exploring factors influencing resilience among flood victims in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(6), 969-981. Pandey, R., & Jangid, S. (2018). Coping mechanisms of children affected by natural disasters in India: A case study of Kerala floods.
Abstract. Extreme precipitation events and flooding that cause losses to human lives and infrastructure have increased under the warming climate. In August 2018, the state of Kerala (India) witnessed large-scale flooding, which affected millions of people and caused 400 or more deaths. Here, we examine the return period of extreme rainfall and the potential role of reservoirs in the recent ...
National Institute of Disaster Management
Each year, lood-ing in India from extreme rains results in a loss of around $3 billion, which constitutes about 10% of global economic losses (Roxy et al. 2017). In August 2018, the state of Kerala experienced its worst flooding since 1924. The devastating flood and associated landslides afected 5.4 million people and claimed over 400 lives.
The study was carried out between October 2018 and January 2019. Eight study locations were explored in the flood-affected areas of Pandalam Municipality (PN1, PN2, PN3, PN4, PN5, PN6, PN7, and PN8).
The flood was very unprecedented and rainfall in hilly districts were three times more, and the State was also not prepared such mega scalefor , as it has not experienced a flood of this magnitude, except the recorded one in 1924. This flood can be as the called 'Flood of this Century', which hit Kerala continuously from 8th to 18th of August.
Kerala Floods 2018: Impacts and Lessons Drawn. October 2023. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-8388-7_188. In book: International Handbook of Disaster Research (pp.1045-1061) Authors: Ajinder Walia. Pallvi ...
Kerala is one of India's most vulnerable states in India when it comes to climate-induced disasters. Kerala's public health department grappled with a flood of unprecedented magnitude in August 2018. Situating the flood in the context of Kerala's state and society, this paper addresses three questions: What was the level of flood-prevention ...
1-day m aximum rainfall aver aged over the entire state in August 2018 had a return period of ab out 75 years. However, 2 and 3-day maximum rainfall had the return per iod of about 200 and 100 ...